• List of Articles Wage

      • Open Access Article

        1 - An analysis of the role of empowerment and education of citizens in the development of urban infrastructure; Case study: Tehran Water and Sewerage Company
        shirin shirvani zahra akipour abasali ghayomi
        10.30495/sarzamin.2023.22560
        Given the scope and complexity of educational activities and the need to know the results of their performance, evaluation of programs, staff and their services can play an effective role in providing educational quality and thus increase the performance of individuals. More
        Given the scope and complexity of educational activities and the need to know the results of their performance, evaluation of programs, staff and their services can play an effective role in providing educational quality and thus increase the performance of individuals. Evaluation goals are mainly intended to improve the organization and improve the individual, and are used in many cases such as promotion, transfer, change of post and appointment, and ultimately lead to development. If the evaluation is done properly and correctly, many problems of management and staff will be reduced. Accordingly, this study tries to evaluate the empowerment of human resources through the comprehensive education system of Tehran Water and Sewerage Company. This research is applied in terms of purpose research classification and descriptive-survey in terms of the nature of data and their collection method. The statistical population of the study is all employees of Tehran Water and Sewerage Company who have attended training courses held in this company. The tool for collecting dimensional data of the proposed research model is a questionnaire. In this study, the mean test of a population and regression analysis were used to test the research hypotheses. SPSS was used to perform statistical tests. Based on the data analysis, seven hypotheses were confirmed. Finally, according to the confirmed hypotheses, practical and research suggestions were presented for managers and researchers. Manuscript profile
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        2 - Investigating the effects of soil and sewage sludge on some vegetative traits of Garadagh plant (Nitraria schoberi)
        رحیم رضایی حمیدرضا کریم زاده شهباز مهرابی
        More than two thirds of Iran is located in arid and semiarid regions encountered with the challenges of water shortages. This emphasizes the need to reduce water consumption and to use other water sources. For this the present study deals with effect of sewage and waste More
        More than two thirds of Iran is located in arid and semiarid regions encountered with the challenges of water shortages. This emphasizes the need to reduce water consumption and to use other water sources. For this the present study deals with effect of sewage and wastewater on some vegetative traits of Nitraria schuberi as a species adapted to arid and semiarid areas. Its design was a split plot design with six replications in desert Research Station, plain Segzy Isfahan. This study had irrigation with wastewater treatment at five levels ( 0 , 25 , 50 , 75 and 100 % ) , sludge at two levels ( presence or absence of sludge ) and two soil types ( soil and soil Segzy plain ) and analyzes morphological characteristics of the plant using a software SPSS software was used. Results showed that the highest rate of increase in height and canopy, basal diameter and canopy in prairie soil treatment sludge 100 percent and non- sludge effluent level for height, basal area and canopy diameter was 100, 50 and75% respectively. Also, results showed that the lowest height, basal diameter and canopy cover for Segzy soil under control treatment for height, basal diameter and canopy cover was 0, 25 and 25% respectively. Also, as for soils under sewage treatment for height, basal diameter and canopy cover were 0, 25 and 50% respectively and for wastewater application treatment it was 75,0 and 0% respectively. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Comparison of gamma ray and ultraviolet radiation on regrowth control of microorganism in urban sewage effluent
        Amir Hossein Madah Maral khodadadi sanaz khorami pour
        10.22034/jest.2021.35819.4263
        Background and Objective:Due to the severe shortage of water resources in Iran, the application of wastewater effluent for agriculture has become inevitable. Disinfection is one of the crucial steps in water treatment. Common disinfection technologies such as chlorinati More
        Background and Objective:Due to the severe shortage of water resources in Iran, the application of wastewater effluent for agriculture has become inevitable. Disinfection is one of the crucial steps in water treatment. Common disinfection technologies such as chlorination can effectively control microbial pathogens; however, undesirable disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are known to be toxic and carcinogenic. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare disinfection efficiency and regrowth control of microorganisms in urban wastewater effluent using gamma radiation and Ultra Violet treatments. Method: The pre-disinfection effluent (before chlorination unit) was collected from south Tehran wastewater treatment plant, Tehran, Iran. The applied gamma radiation doses were 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 kGy. UV disinfection systems were developed using a reactor with 1 L of liquid volume. The disinfection efficiency was evaluated based on the total colony count and total Coliform. For bacterial regrowth evaluation, the samples were incubated at 22 ◦C, 100rpm for three days in dark condition. Findings: The number of total Coliform in all gamma ray doses was zero at the beginning of the experiment. The re-growth of total Coliform was observed at doses less than 2 kGy. In the treatment of ultraviolet radiation, at the beginning of the experiment, the lowest flow rate had the highest disinfection efficiency. However, after three days, the total Coliform population was higher than the allowed limit in all of the inflow rates. Discussion and Conclusion: Gamma radiation can be applied as an effective alternative technique to UV treatment for disinfection processes without bacterial regrowth. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - A Survey on Efficiency of Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems and Activated Sludge for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
        Reza Shokoohi Abdollah Dargahi Amir Karami
        10.30495/jest.2018.15742.2426
        Background and Objective: Consumption of dissolved oxygen by organic substances in water resources result in undesirable environment for living organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of natural wastewater treatment systems and activated sludge f More
        Background and Objective: Consumption of dissolved oxygen by organic substances in water resources result in undesirable environment for living organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of natural wastewater treatment systems and activated sludge for municipal wastewater treatment.Methods: This one year-cross-sectional study was conducted on wastewater treatment plants in Kermanshah province. During the study, sampling of raw sewage and effluent of treatment plant was carried out and the efficiency of treatment plant was evaluated by measuring TSS, BOD5 and COD. All the sampling and testing procedures were adopted from the standard method.Findings: The results showed that the annual average of BOD5 in effluent for Wetland, stabilization pond, extended aeration and conventional activated sludge was 55, 25, 21 and 23 mg/l respectively. Also the annual average was 143, 43, 40 and 40 mg/lfor COD, and 47, 101, 40 and 33 mg/l for TSS, respectively. For COD removal the conventional activated sludge (86.97%) and Wetland (61.6%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. For BOD5 removal the stabilization pond (85.18%) and Wetland (72.01%) were the most efficient and least efficient systems. The BOD5 / COD ratio in influent were respectively 0.56, 0.62, 0.59 and 0.55 in these systems.Discussion and Conclusion: In all of the mentioned wastewater treatment systems, the effluent parameters comply with the Iran environmental protection agency standards and it can be reused or discharged to water bodies. Also it can be concluded that, for above-mentioned parameters the removal efficiency of natural systems was more than activated sludge. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Study on some nutrients in urban sewage vermicompost (NASSAJI small town) by rice Straw as compared in international standard
        fatemeh razzaghian ghadikolaei Ghasemali omrani Amirhesam hassani
        10.22034/jest.2021.25939.3490
        Background and Objective: the aim of this survey was prevent the environmental pollutant, urban sewage sludge management and vermicompost production by beneficial usage of rice straw as an agricultural trash which burn in arable rice grounds. Method: This study conduct More
        Background and Objective: the aim of this survey was prevent the environmental pollutant, urban sewage sludge management and vermicompost production by beneficial usage of rice straw as an agricultural trash which burn in arable rice grounds. Method: This study conduct to evaluate the nutrition matter consist of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash in (21±4˚c) temperature and pH (7±0.5) in urban sewage management, and provided the suitable vermicompost by pure dehydrate urban sewage mixed in rice straw as compared with rice straw and manure complex and pure dehydrate urban sewage (control; PDUS) containing E. feothida from three replication in 8 week. At the end of the test amount of nutrition matter was compared between treatments in (p<0.05) value. Findings: Results shown, significant difference between treatment and reduced the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potash (p<0.05).So, the best level of nitrogen (1.21±022)% ,phosphorus(0.69±0.03)% and potash(0.07±0.01)%  was determined in rice chaff and manure complex treatment. After this treatment, the PDUS mixed by rice chaff group had best point than control group innutrition matter except in amount of potassium. In potassium level after rice chaff and manure complex, control group was set in second station and the lower point was in dehydrate urban sewage mixed by rice chaff group. Discussion and Conclusion: Followed our results, we can say that rice chaff was more effective to produce the urban sewage vermicompost. Also this is good agricultural manure cause to best nutritional value and it could be help us in urban sewage management. Manuscript profile
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        6 - Study on Biological Removal of Cyanide from Artificial Sewage and Identify Resistant Microorganisms to Cyanide
        mirmehrdad mirsanjari gholamreza siyadati
        10.22034/jest.2020.23305.3237
        Background and Objectives: One of the consequences of industrial activities is the entry of toxic compounds such as cyanide into the environment, the neglect of which threatens the health of humans and other living organisms. The present study was performed to investiga More
        Background and Objectives: One of the consequences of industrial activities is the entry of toxic compounds such as cyanide into the environment, the neglect of which threatens the health of humans and other living organisms. The present study was performed to investigate the biological removal of cyanide from wastewater and to identify resistant microorganisms. Materials and methods: Artificial sewage Potassium by concentrations of 5, 20, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/l was studied in batch reactors with a capacity of 2 liters. Secondary sludge of Wastewater Treatment Plant with mixed media was used as the medium in reactor. Volatile suspended solid, total suspended solid, CN, NH3, NO3 factors were measured based on the standard method book. Rotifers, ciliates and algae were also identified using microscopy version IIS. Results: The results showed that biological treatment can remove cyanide up to concentration of 150 ppm and higher initial MLVSS played a main role in increasing removal of cyanide from sewage. Finally, Pseudomonas cyanide, coliforms (except fecal coliforms), bacillus, fungi and also Carchesium (one of ciliates), Philodina (one of rotifers) and Oscillatoria (one of algae) identified as resistant strains to cyanide and Aspidisca, Proals and Ulothrix detected as the most sensitive rotifers, ciliates and algae, respectively. Conclusion: Results indicated that biological treatment of activated sludge for cyanide removal from sewage is an efficient way specially when substrate include only resistant microorganisms and can be consider as viable alternative for cyanide removal instead of chemical removal methods. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Increasing the efficiency of consuming cotton water using refined domestic sewage water under the conditions of applying different irrigation levels
        Ali Neshat Farzin Forouzesh
        10.30495/jest.2023.73132.5853
        Background and Objective: The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of More
        Background and Objective: The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of refined sewage on the performance and performance elements of cotton in the city of Kerman.  Material and Methodology: The experiment treatments were considered as three percent water requirement of plant as main factors: I1 =100, I2=85, and I3 =70 and two water quality as secondary factors: Q1 = well water and Q2 = domestic refined sewage.  Findings: The results showed that the 15 percent deficit-irrigation in comparison with the full water requirement when the domestic refined sewage is used in providing the full water requirement of the plant caused 14.8 percent increase in the water use efficiency and economizing 2405m3 water in conditions and the crop performance and morphologic characteristics remain constant relatively.Discussion and Conclusion: Accordingly, the refined sewage can face the water deficit problem of the country and increase the efficiency of irrigation. Also, the 15 percent deficit irrigation in comparison with the full providing of water requirement is recommended in the cotton planting in the Kerman province in order to economize the water use. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - Study on Quantity and Quality of Hospital Wastewater in Tehran City in 1385
        Akbar Mokhtari Azar Amir Hesam Hassani Mohammad Reza Khani
        Introduction: Different types of sewage including hospital sewage are important especially from health point of view because of pathogenic organisms due to sewage and other risk factors. Method: In this research, the quantity and quality of hospitals’ sewages in selecte More
        Introduction: Different types of sewage including hospital sewage are important especially from health point of view because of pathogenic organisms due to sewage and other risk factors. Method: In this research, the quantity and quality of hospitals’ sewages in selected Tehran hospitals are studied. 14 similar with same basis hospitals are selected, general, specialized and highly specialized hospitals and sanatoriums. from each selected centre, two series of sampling under the form of instantly and mixed forms are taken and qualitative parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), potential of Hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solid (TSS), and total dissolved solid (TDS) were studied. Results: This research results show that average of BOD5 ,COD ,TSS ,TDS ,pH and EC in mix sampling of refined sewage were 42, 86, 54, 768, 7.1, 768 mg/lit and in mix sampling of non-refined sewage was 320, 507, 380, 743, 6.97 and 561 mg/lit accordingly. Minimum and maximum of BOD5 in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 25 and 68, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 281 and 381. Minimum and maximum of COD in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 37 and 113, and for non-refined sewage equal was 419 and 687. Minimum and maximum of TSS in mix sampling for refined sewage equal was 28 and 82, and for non-refined sewage equal 300 and 1309. Minimum and maximum of TDS in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 626 and 857, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 469 and 695. Minimum and maximum of pH in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 6.5 and 7.8, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 5.9 and 7.8. Minimum and maximum of EC in mix sampling for refined sewage was equal to 398 and 1483, and for non-refined sewage was equal to 481 and 928. In this side average hospital sewages flow in unit research for small hospitals with maximum 400 beds, is calculated 1300 lit/bed/day (l/b/d) and for great hospital with up to1000 beds, is calculated 750 l/b/d. Findings of this research showed, that changes of BOD5 rate with number of hospital section have direct relation and quantities of qualitative parameters in hospital sewage with a little increase is approximately equivalent of those rate in urban sewage. Moreover, findings of research of instant sampling in comparison with mix sampling showed credit and recommendation to use mix sampling. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - The Investigation of Heavy Metal Content and Their Chemical Forms in Tehran Sewage Sludge for Agricultural Application
        Sumayyah Naji Rad Akbar Ghavidel Hossein Ali Alikhani Ali Ashraf Soltnai Toolarood
        10.22034/jest.2018.12454
        Background and Objective: Among sewage sludge disposal options, land application is more preferred because of economic benefits and decreasing fertilizer cost for farmers. However, if sludge has excess amount of heavy metals and microbial infections, land application ma More
        Background and Objective: Among sewage sludge disposal options, land application is more preferred because of economic benefits and decreasing fertilizer cost for farmers. However, if sludge has excess amount of heavy metals and microbial infections, land application may lead to soil and environmental pollution. Method: In this research, the amount of total, DTPA-extractable and soluble forms of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn and Ni and population of coliform bacteria were determined in the sludge samples of three different sewage sludge treatment plants including Shahrak-e-Gharb, Ekbatan and Shoush and the results were compared to the world pollution limit standards of these metals and the coliform population. Findings: Results showed that 0.01% of all metals accumulatively in sewage sludge were in soluble form, 1.32% in DTPA-extractable form and 98.67% in other forms, which are unavailable. Shoush sludge had largest amount of sum of eight metals (39.73 gr/kg dry sludge), Ekbatan sludge (28.42 gr/kg dry sludge) and Shahrak-e-Gharb sludge (22.95 gr/kg dry sludge) were the second and third in the rank, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Because of high amounts of Zn and Cu in the sludge samples in compare to the standards, the samples from all the treatment plants did not categorized as the exceptional quality which can be used in agriculture. A comparison between the coliform population and the standards showed that in this regard, sludge samples were in B quality and there would be limitations in their land application. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Effective removal of phosphorus from sewage using a modified biological method
        Feyzollah Paserh S. Mahdi Borghei seyyed nezameddin hosseini Amirhossein Javid
        10.22034/jest.2017.11621
        Abstract Background and Objective: Proper management of sewage is one of the most important environmental issues, organic matter and nutrients, including phosphorus compounds, are the potential pollutants of the receiving waters. Release of phosphorus from municipal was More
        Abstract Background and Objective: Proper management of sewage is one of the most important environmental issues, organic matter and nutrients, including phosphorus compounds, are the potential pollutants of the receiving waters. Release of phosphorus from municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent to the environment is one of the main reasons for the phenomenon of the Eutrophication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the amount of nutrients and organic matter in wastewater of Yasouj city and efficient removal of nutrients such as total phosphorus by modified Bardenpho system. Method: This is a cross-sectional study. The sampling method as Composite Sampling and study population was samples of treatment system input (after screening system) and output of treatment system (after sedimentation). In order to identify of affecting factors on phosphorus removal use of modified Bardenpho pilot. The amount of nitrate, total phosphate, COD and BOD5 removal for 9 months was evaluated. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS software (version 16). Findings: According to the results, the average of input COD in system (674.55±228.54), input phosphorous (21.26±4.8), input nitrate (25.91±19.63), input BOD (378/33±106/66) mg per liter and the input pH (7.22±0.35). There is a significant Relationship between the input COD and percentage of phosphorus removal (P.value=0/004), but there is not significant relationship between the pH input and phosphorus removal percentage (P.value=0.339). Most phosphorus removal was observed in Solids Retention Time (SRT) of 15 days (69.72%). Internal recycle of 200 percent (68/96%) showed the highest percentage of phosphorous removal. Discussion and Conclusion: According to obtained information, the optimum conditions for phosphorus removal showed SRT =15, HRT =0/5-1 in anaerobic tank, the internal recycle percentage of 200%, recycled activated sludge (75%) and keep the DO =2-3. Therefore, for removal of phosphorus addition of physical and chemical methods can use of modified biological processes. In this systems, by replacing of an anaerobic stage at the beginning of the process, improve phosphorus removal. This method can be a good alternative to treatment plants with activated sludge system. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - Impact of Irrigation by Municipal Sewage on Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil
        Masoud Tabari Azade Salehi
        Impact of irrigation with municipal sewage on accumulation of soil by heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) was investigated in two artificial stands Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Meadow.), 1) irrigated by municipal sewage and 2) irrigated by well water in the suburban area More
        Impact of irrigation with municipal sewage on accumulation of soil by heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb and Cd) was investigated in two artificial stands Eldar pine (Pinus eldarica Meadow.), 1) irrigated by municipal sewage and 2) irrigated by well water in the suburban areas of Tehran. In each stand, soil profiles were dug and soil samples taken from depths of 0-15, 15-30 and 30-60 centimeter. Municipal sewage and well water were sampled daily (3 days in each month) from early June to late November. Results indicated that municipal sewage had significantly (P < 0.01) higher amounts of Fe, Mn, Cr and Pb compared to well water. Level of these heavy metals in municipal sewage was upon the internationally recommended (WHO) maximum permissible limits set for land use. Application of municipal sewage resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in the concentrations of soil Fe, Mn, Cr and Pb. These heavy metals showed their greatest values in the upper layer of soil (0-15 cm). The concentration of soil heavy metals, with the exception of Pb, was below the critical limits. Cd was not detected in water and soil samples. With regard to high concentration of heavy metals in sewage, it was concluded that the long-term use of municipal sewage in irrigation might enriched soil with heavy metals to concentrations that may pose potential environmental and health risks. Hence regulations about the utilization of sewage in irrigation should consider in order to: 1-Control the content of heavy metals that may be added to soil and 2- Minimize the risk of negative effects to ecosystem health. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - Studying some of the qualitative properties and concentration of heavy metals in dried sewage sludge from Shahin-Shahr WWTP in Isfahan
        Hamid Reza Rahmani Masoud Moayyeri Zohreh Mazaheri Kouhanestani Narjes Khodabakhsh Hossein Sharifi
        Introduction:Land application of sewage sludge is one of the most important disposal methods, which allows thesludge nutrients to be used beneficially. However, it should be noted that its pollutants and pathogenicorganisms can pose a high risk to the public health and More
        Introduction:Land application of sewage sludge is one of the most important disposal methods, which allows thesludge nutrients to be used beneficially. However, it should be noted that its pollutants and pathogenicorganisms can pose a high risk to the public health and it should be monitored before land application.The aim of this study was to investigate the dried sewage sludge quality from Shahin-Shahr WWTPSfor its heavy metals concentration.Material and Methods:Samples were collected seasonally from Shahin-Shahr sewage sludge (in three replicates) within2011-2012, and the concentration of some heavy metals along with microbial and chemical parametersof sludge were measured using DTPA, atomic absorption and standard methods. The results were thencompared with the standard levels (EPA) using t-test, and seasonal variations were studied by one wayANOVA and Duncan’s post-hoc test.Results and Discussion:The total and fecal coli forms values did not fall within any standard ranges, so re-application of thesewage in the given conditions was restricted due to hygienic precaution. The pH, total solids, organicmatter and moisture values were in normal ranges. Seasonal variations of sludge structure showed thatthe best conditions in terms of absorbable heavy metals concentration lowness belonged to winter. The1- PhD Student of Geomorphology, Department of Geography, Isfahan University and Faculty Member of Soiland Water Institute of Iran2- Department of Geography, Faculty of Geographic Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran3- PhD Student of Environmental, Fishery and Range Management Department, Gorgan University, Gorgan,Iran4- MSc of Environmental Science, University of Hamadan, Hamadan, Iran5- Soil and Water Department, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Isfahan, IranJ.Env.Sci,TechJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 16, No.2, Summer 2014157maximum and minimum annual loads of absorbable concentration belonged to Fe and Cr respectively.Considering the total concentrations, most of the measured elements had the minimum concentrationin winter (except for Zn, Pb and Cu) and the maximum concentration in spring and summer (exceptfor As, Zn and Cu).All of the studied metals, except as, and their annual loads (kg/ha/year) had a concentration below theacceptable level. The annual load of as was estimated to be 1.6 kg/ha/year for. Although the annualload of as was below the standard level, it should be taken into account due to being close to this level. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        13 - A Study on the Effects of Food Industry Sewage on the Agricultural Water in Dezful
        neda mohamadi Ali Dadolahi sohrab
        Food industries are one of the most important industries in our country that have significant ratio in the production of crop, the usage of water and the production of sewage. Food industries located in Dezful consist of: Golestan Agric-industrial Company (Saei oil), De More
        Food industries are one of the most important industries in our country that have significant ratio in the production of crop, the usage of water and the production of sewage. Food industries located in Dezful consist of: Golestan Agric-industrial Company (Saei oil), Dez Dasht Company (Takin meaty productions), Khuzestan leaven Company and poultry Company that their sewage vacates into agricultural drain. This research is aimed on the effect of company sewage in the quality of drain waste for agricultural usages under the support and protection of General agency of Khuzestan Environmental Protection. Considering the facilities and restriction, it's considered sampling four stations around each factory, first station (upward factory as first Shahed), second station (exit sewage factory), third station (200 meter from drainage), forth station (500 meter from drainage). Samples are done in both summer and winter. Physical-chemical parameters of water and sewage in each factory such as PH, turbidity, ISS, EC, BOD, COD,, , oil and fat, phosphate, Koli Form sums, Nickel, Kadiom and Iron are analyzed. Statistical analysis on final results from sampling of observational stations showed that there wasn't a meaningful difference in % 95 confidence levels between measured parameter in both summer and winter in all factories. Also, there wasn't a meaningful difference in both summer and winter with the same confidence level between stations. The discussion on changing the procedure showed the more increase of factories from Shahed station and their decrease in 4 stations (500meter); however, they had maximum distance from standard of Iran Environmental Protection Agency. Manuscript profile
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        14 - A model for evaluating monetary equivalent of social costs stemmed from noise pollution in implementation of urban infrastructures (Case Study: Tehran Sewage Network)
        Borna Mirahmadian Masoud Babakhani
        A large number of implementation projects regarding construction or rehabilitation of urban infrastructure systems are conducted in heavily populated areas; As a result, noise pollution generated from these operations is not limited to only a few people and will annoy c More
        A large number of implementation projects regarding construction or rehabilitation of urban infrastructure systems are conducted in heavily populated areas; As a result, noise pollution generated from these operations is not limited to only a few people and will annoy community in large scale. Noise pollution may cause sleep disturbance, stress, loss of productivity in schools, offices, etc; This fact necessitates the need for considering social costs of noise pollution more carefully in urban areas. In this paper a model for evaluating monetary equivalent of noise pollution social costs in implementation of urban infrastructures has been proposed; General approach in this model is based on determining maximum allowable noise pollution in the affected area as well as determining intensity of the noise generated from operations in the adjacent receptors; Difference between the “existing” and “maximum allowable” noise levels is considered as part of the social costs of the project; Some methods for evaluating monetary equivalent of this social cost has been proposed in this paper; if the estimated value was large, some mitigation measures shall be taken to reduce the social costs of noise pollution; A number of these measures are also reviewed in the final part of the paper. In the end, suggested model has been utilized for quantification of noise pollution social costs in a small pilot area of Tehran where a sewage network has been implemented. Manuscript profile
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        15 - Identify, rank and allocate critical risk the stages of public – Private partnership by Delphi technique in the context of resistance economy (case study: water and sewage industry Guilan Province)
        Bahman Rassouli Sina Kheradyar Bahman Banimahd
        Public-private partnership is one of the new financing tools in developed and developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate risks and allocation of vital risks in water and wastewater industry projects in various stages of Guilan province a More
        Public-private partnership is one of the new financing tools in developed and developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate risks and allocation of vital risks in water and wastewater industry projects in various stages of Guilan province and within each stage. In this study, to extract critical risks of executives with direct responsibility in the contracts concluded by B.O.T was used for public-private partnerships. By systematically removing 37 samples were identified for the study. Delphi technique with the priority risk 17 times and more than 3 extracted from the sample questionnaires were distributed. Information collected at each stage and different stages of public–private partnership (feasibility, procurement, construction, operation and transfer) were analyzed by nonparametric statistical methods. The results showed that the risk of the importance of public-private partnerships the top three in various stages of Guilan water and sewage industry there is a significant relationship. The relationship of the individual risks within each stage with the exception of one case is significant. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Investigation of Accumulation of Lead and Cadmium in Mint (Mentha Piperital) and Spinach (Spinacia Oleracea) Under Treated Sewage Sludge
        Zahra Shamlo Azita Behbahaninia Soheil Sobhan
        Abstract Background and Purpose: One of the problems caused by the use of stabilized sewage sludge as fertilizer is the uptake of heavy metals by the plant. In the present study, the accumulation of heavy metals of lead and cadmium in the mint and spinach plant species More
        Abstract Background and Purpose: One of the problems caused by the use of stabilized sewage sludge as fertilizer is the uptake of heavy metals by the plant. In the present study, the accumulation of heavy metals of lead and cadmium in the mint and spinach plant species treated with sewage sludge was investigated. Materials and Methods: By designing the pilots as control and treated with sludge, plant species of mint and spinach were grown in them. 30 samples were considered from both plants and the concentrations of heavy metals lead and cadmium were measured after harvesting by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: The average lead concentration in mint was 0/98 under sludge treatment and 0/043 in control sample, the spinach under sludge treatment was 0/82 and in the spinach control, 0/063. The average concentration of cadmium in mint was 0/58 and in control sample 0/073, in spinach under sludge treatment 2/68 in spinach control sample 0/067 mg /kg. Conclusion: Comparison of the results with the standards shows that the amount of lead in both plants and in all treatments is lower than the standard value, but the uptake of cadmium in the sludge treatments is higher than the standard. This can be due to the similarity of cadmium to calcium and its greater absorption by the plant. Statistical analysis also showed with 0.99 confidence that there is a significant difference between spinach and mint grown in sludge treatment and control treatment in terms of lead and cadmium concentrations.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        17 - Evaluation of Performance and Quality of Effluent in Birjand Wastewater Treatment Plant for Agricultural Purposes
        Mohammad Hosein Fathabadi Mohammad Hosein Ahmadi Shadmehri Seyed Masoud Faiz Sayyid Ali Banihashemi
        Basis and Goal: Today, the most basic action to control pollution from wastewater and their reuse is the construction of a wastewater treatment plant and strict monitoring of their operation. Disposal of non-standard effluents and their use in agriculture or surface wat More
        Basis and Goal: Today, the most basic action to control pollution from wastewater and their reuse is the construction of a wastewater treatment plant and strict monitoring of their operation. Disposal of non-standard effluents and their use in agriculture or surface water discharge will lead to many health and environmental risks. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of auditing the environmental performance and quality of Birjand wastewater treatment plant for agricultural use. Method of Studing: This study was conducted in 1399 using a cross-sectional study method from 1396 to 1398 on the wastewater treatment plant of Birjand. Finding: The findings showed that the COD index with an average of 225 had the highest non-compliance with the standard in 1396. TSS index with an average of 153 is in the second place, total coliform with an average of 1300 in the third place and gastrointestinal coliform with an average of 502.5 are in the fourth place. In 1398, these indicators are in a standard and optimal condition. Results: Comparison of the results of the current study with the effluent standards showed that the use of the effluent of this treatment plant for agricultural purposes is recommended due to compliance with the effluent standards. This trend has shown a favorable situation during the years 1396 to 1398. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Feasibility study of application of sewage for arti!cial injection of aquifer in the plain of Yazd-Ardakan
        maryam Morovati masoud Monavari amir hesam Hasani zahra Rosta
        One of the aims of consuming urban purified sewage is using it for artificial injection of the plains without surface water flows. Using the sewage, specially in the plains where there is slump of underground water surface because of the irregular take of these waters, More
        One of the aims of consuming urban purified sewage is using it for artificial injection of the plains without surface water flows. Using the sewage, specially in the plains where there is slump of underground water surface because of the irregular take of these waters, are more essential. The plain of Yazd-Ardakan as one of the main plains of Yazd province has the main population, industrial and agricultural activities. Since 40 years ago, there has been a slump of underground water surface because of the irregular take of water in the plain, so that the plain was forbidden since 1967 by ministry of Energy in order to prevent more slump in the water surface. Statistics indicate that the slump is continous. Low quality of some wells water and settling of the ground in some land of the region show that the situation is critical. So using any kind of water resources especially refined sewage in order to reduce and compensate the slump of Yazd-Ardakan plain is suggested Manuscript profile
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        19 - Feasibility study of application of sewage for artificial injection of aquifer in the plain of Yazd-Ardekan
        maryam Morovati seyed masoud Monavari amir hesam hassan
        One of the aims of consuming urban purified sewageis using it for artificial injection of the plains withoutsurface water flows. Using the sewage, specially inthe plains where there is slump of underground watersurface because of the irregular take of these waters,are m More
        One of the aims of consuming urban purified sewageis using it for artificial injection of the plains withoutsurface water flows. Using the sewage, specially inthe plains where there is slump of underground watersurface because of the irregular take of these waters,are more essential. The plain of Yazd-Ardekan asone of the main plains of Yazd province has the mainpopulation, industrial and agricultural activities. Since40 years ago, there has been a slump of undergroundwater surface because of the irregular take of water inthe plain, so that the plain was forbidden since 1967by ministry of Energy in order to prevent more slumpin the water surface.Statistics indicate that the slump is continous. Lowquality of some wells water and settling of the groundin some land of the region show that the situation iscritical.So using any kind of water resources especiallyrefined sewage in order to reduce and compensatethe slump of Yazd-Ardekan plain is suggested. Manuscript profile
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        20 - A Study of the Relationship between Women's Presence in Corporations' Managerial Pyramid, Financial Reporting Quality, and Accountancy Wage
        Somayeh Rahimi Godratollah Talebnia
        Purpose: Accountancy wage is one of the components in the analysis of accountancy quality under the influence of different factors such as features of the employee and auditor as well as the procedure of accountancy. Thus, searching for the causes that are effective on More
        Purpose: Accountancy wage is one of the components in the analysis of accountancy quality under the influence of different factors such as features of the employee and auditor as well as the procedure of accountancy. Thus, searching for the causes that are effective on accountancy wage is very important. This study deals with the relationship between women's presence in corporations' managerial pyramid, financial reporting quality, and accountancy wage.Methods: The research statistical population consisted of corporations accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange in 2020. Based on the conditions for sample extraction, 115 stock exchange corporations from different industries were analyzed during a 7-year period. The research purpose was practical and in terms of method, it was considered descriptive and retrospective. For data collection, the financial statements of corporations and the information existing in the database of the Stock Exchange, Codal website, and Rah Avard-e Novin software were applied. Excel software was used for saving, classification, and calculation of the variables and for statistical analysis of the data, E-Views software was applied.Results: The results showed that there is a significantly positive relationship between women's presence in corporations' managerial pyramid and profit management through real activities as a criterion for decreasing financial reporting quality. Furthermore, there is a significantly positive relationship between profit management through real activities as a criterion decreasing the quality of financial reporting quality and accountancy wage. However, women's presence in corporations' managerial pyramid has no significant impact on the relationship between profit management through real activities as a criterion decreasing financial reporting quality and accountancy wage.  Manuscript profile
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        21 - بررسی تغییرات اکسیژن محلول و راندمان حذف COD در تصفیه خانه فاضلاب دزفول
        سعید طاهری قناد
        در این تحقیق به منظور بکارگیری پساب خروجی تصقیه خانه فاضلاب دزفول در بخش صنعت و کشاورزی، برخی پارامترهای کیفی تصفیه مطابق دستورالعمل کیفی سازمان محیط زیست مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. از آنجایی که در تصفیه خانه فاضلاب با سیستم لاگون­ های هوادهی بدون برگشت لجن، زمان هواده More
        در این تحقیق به منظور بکارگیری پساب خروجی تصقیه خانه فاضلاب دزفول در بخش صنعت و کشاورزی، برخی پارامترهای کیفی تصفیه مطابق دستورالعمل کیفی سازمان محیط زیست مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. از آنجایی که در تصفیه خانه فاضلاب با سیستم لاگون­ های هوادهی بدون برگشت لجن، زمان هوادهی بیشترین تاثیر را بر روی روند فعالیت­ های بیولوژیکی دارد؛ لذا در این تحقیق تغییرات DO و راندمان حذف پارامتر کیفیCOD  در زمان­ های کارکرد 4، 5 و 7 ساعته مورد بررسی قرار گرفت؛ و بهترین زمان هوادهی به لاگون­ ها انتخاب گردید. Manuscript profile
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        22 - A comparative study of the relationship between organizational culture and organizational health in Iran's state-owned companies in order to provide a suitable model
        Mehran Darya Gholi Beighi alireza manzari tavakoli sanjar salajeghe Ayob sheikhy
        This research was conducted with the aim of comparative investigation of the relationship between organizational culture and organizational health in Iran's state-owned companies in order to provide a suitable model. First, the components of each of the variables w More
        This research was conducted with the aim of comparative investigation of the relationship between organizational culture and organizational health in Iran's state-owned companies in order to provide a suitable model. First, the components of each of the variables were identified according to library studies and then confirmed using experts' opinions. According to the purpose, this research was developmental-applicative. The data collection method was a combination of library and field studies. First, the components of organizational culture were identified through library studies and confirmed by using the Delphi method and asking the opinions of research experts. The statistical population of this research includes two groups of experts and employees of the Gas, Water and Urban Wastewater Company of Kerman province. One-sample t-test, two-sample t-test and structural equation modeling were used to check the hypotheses. 25 spss and Smart pls3 software were used for data analysis. The results of the comparison showed that from the point of view of the experts, the components in the two statistical communities were not different, and with the same components, the organizational culture in the two companies can be measured, but the organizational culture in the two companies had a significant difference. Also, the results showed that there was a positive relationship between the organizational culture and its components: collaborative culture, identity culture, adaptability culture, mission culture and organizational health in the city gas and water and sewage company of Kerman province. Manuscript profile
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        23 - Design And Numerical Analysis of Propeller for Khazar Dredger
        احد عابدینی سهیل اسدی
        In this article, using a central composite design response surface methodology is that design of the optimal propeller geometry for khazar dredger will be discussed. B_Wageningen standard series is designed propeller-type licenses. To verify the performance and Check no More
        In this article, using a central composite design response surface methodology is that design of the optimal propeller geometry for khazar dredger will be discussed. B_Wageningen standard series is designed propeller-type licenses. To verify the performance and Check non-occurrence of cavitation ,the propeller designed using Computational Fluid Dynamics, numerical modeling and compare with B_Wageningen series. The results show the ability of response surface methodology in finding the optimal geometry propeller. Numerical solution of fluid flow, to prove non-occurrence of cavitation in the propeller designed for kazar dredger. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Study of Administrative Body of Robe' Rashidi
        mahmud ghorbani mohammad mehdi broshki
        Robe' Rashidi was an old school in Tabriz established in the first half of the eighth century. It should be mentioned that the applied principles and methods in this school were based on management organization. By a deep glance, it can be found that overall principles More
        Robe' Rashidi was an old school in Tabriz established in the first half of the eighth century. It should be mentioned that the applied principles and methods in this school were based on management organization. By a deep glance, it can be found that overall principles of management and education in this complex were in the fields of management and leadership, human resources management, organization and management through compatible modern management and sometimes quite common. In this essay, the researchers applied the granted letter from Robe' Rashidi written by Vaghef which the original version is in Tabriz University.    Manuscript profile
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        25 - Investigating the current status of the quality of wastewater entering the sewage treatment plant of Kerman city
        Ziba Kazemi
        Determining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw wastewater entering the treatment plants is one of the main pillars of designing the wastewater treatment plants. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the quantitative and quali More
        Determining the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the raw wastewater entering the treatment plants is one of the main pillars of designing the wastewater treatment plants. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the wastewater entering the sewage treatment plant of Kerman city. In addition to the continuous measurement of wastewater entering the treatment plant, five-day biochemical oxygen demand concentration (BOD), chemical oxygen demand concentration (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and total Kejdal nitrogen (TKN) in 24-hour composite samples according to Flow rate was measured. The average value for three years from 2016 to 2018 for BOD is equal to 287.6 mg/liter, COD is equal to 413.9 mg/liter, TSS is equal to 140.9 mg/liter, and TKN is equal to 1.48 mg/liter. Which shows that it is higher than the design values of modules 1 and 2 and requires changes in the qualitative specifications of the wastewater entering modules 1 and 2. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Response of Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to Type and Amount of Organic Fertilizer Applications in Intercropping with Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
        Alaleh Mottaghian Hemmatollah Pirdashti Mohammad Ali Bahmanyar Bahareh Motaghian
        To investigate the effect of organic fertilizer applications on yield and competition indices of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in different combinations of intercropping with sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized comp More
        To investigate the effect of organic fertilizer applications on yield and competition indices of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in different combinations of intercropping with sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), an experiment was carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replicates in 2011. The main plots were six fertilizer treatments consisted of 20 and 40 Mg ha-1 of vermicompost and sewage sludge plus 50% recommended chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer alone (100 kg ha-1 of urea, triple super phosphate and potassium sulfate) and control (no fertilizer application). Subplots were different planting ratios (sole cropping of basil and sesame, 75% + 25%, 50% + 50 %, 25% + 75% of basil+sesame). In this experiment, the 25% basil+75% sesame and 50% basil + 50%sesame under40 Mg. ha-1 of enriched sewage sludge application had the highest economical yield (up to 3097.47 kg ha-1) with a land equivalent ratio (up to 1.24). According to the aggressivity coefficient estimates of two plant species basil incombination of 25% basil + 75% sesame and sesame in 50% basil + 50% sesame and 75% basil + 25% sesame under organic fertilizer application would be dominant species competitave in ranges of 0.12 to 0.30 and 0.11 to 0.57, respectively.   Manuscript profile
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        27 - Differential Concentrations of some Nutrient Element in Forage of Corn (Zea mays L.) as Affected by Organic Fertilizers and Soil Compaction
        N. Najafi A. Mohammadnejad
        Soil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also suppl More
        Soil compaction is one of the most important limiting factor for normal crop growth, because it reduces absorption by the plant. Application of organic fertilizers in agricultural soils can reduce the detrimental effects of soil compaction on plant growth and also supply some nutrients to plant. Thus, a factorial experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and 14 treatments to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers in mitigating soil compaction. The first factor in this study was the source and amount of organic fertilizer at seven levels (control, farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost and each of organic fertilizers at two levels of 15 and 30 g/kg of soil). The second factor was soil compaction at two levels (bulk density of 1.2 and 1.7 g/cm3). To perform this experiment, 10 kg of dry soil was poured into special PVC pots and then seeds of single cross 704 corn were planted. At the end of the growth period, the corn shoot was harvested and concentrations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were determined by dry ashing method. The results showed that concentrations of Cd and Pb in the shoot, related to the different treatments, were negligible. Concentrations of P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn in the corn shoot were increased significantly by application of farmyard manure, sewage sludge compost and municipal solid waste compost at both levels of soil compaction. However, Na concentration of shoot did not change significantly. Soil compaction significantly reduced P, Fe, Mn and Zn concentrations of corn shoot, but it affected concentrations of Na and K significantly. Application of organic fertilizers and increasing their levels reduced the negative effects of soil compaction on nutrients uptake by corn plant. This study showed that to improve forage corn nutrition, application of 15 or 30 g of farmyard manure or sewage sludge compost or municipal solid waste compost per kg of soil can be recommended to similar compacted and non-compacted conditions. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Historical Investigation on the Rule of Wage Earning for Performing Obligatory Prayers
        Ali Jabar golbaghi Abbasali Soltani Mohammadtaghi Fakhlaei
        This article deals with the impact of critical notion of Shahib Al- Orweh plus high position of the scholars of Shiite jurisprudence in the course of time. It also clarified the first appearance and the process of growth and explanation of this issue. The votes of Sahib More
        This article deals with the impact of critical notion of Shahib Al- Orweh plus high position of the scholars of Shiite jurisprudence in the course of time. It also clarified the first appearance and the process of growth and explanation of this issue. The votes of Sahib Al- Orweh has left great impact in this domain. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with sewage sludge of Qods town’s treatment plant, Tehran
        سهیل Sobhanardakani مهدی Habibi آزیتا Behbahaninia
        This study was carried out to investigate the accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with municipal sewage sludge of Qods town’s treatment plant, Tehran. For this purpose, after soil prep More
        This study was carried out to investigate the accumulation of Pb and Cd in tissue of leek (Allium ampeloprasum persicum) and peppermint (Mentha piperita) treated with municipal sewage sludge of Qods town’s treatment plant, Tehran. For this purpose, after soil preparation, sampling of sewage sludge and assessment of the physicochemical properties of the samples, leek and peppermint plants were divided as treatment and control groups. Afterwards, using ICP-OES the concentrations of Pb and Cd were determined in the tissues of peppermint and leek. Results showed that the concentration (mean ± SD) of Pb in the control and treatment groups was 0.26±0.08 and 0.55±0.16 mg/kg, respectively. Pb concentration in peppermint samples was estimated as 0.26±0.06 and 2.41±0.79 mg/kg for control and treatment group, respectively. Moreover, the mean concentration of Cd in control and treatment groups of leek was 0.083±0.003 and 0.26±0.05 mg/kg and for peppermint 0.057±0.002 and 0.14±0.02 mg/kg, respectively. Comparative evaluation of the evaluated treatments showed that except for Cd in leek and peppermint treatment samples, the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd in both vegetables were significantly lower than EPA permissible limits for human consumption. The results of this study indicated that for reducing the health risks of long-term use of sewage sludge as fertilizer, further monitoring should be performed.   Manuscript profile
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        30 - The Effect of Productivity and Unemployment Rate on Wages in the Economy of Iran from 1971 to 2016: The ARDL Approach
        samad karrari Mustafa Ersungur
        10.30495/qjopm.2019.668696
        The study of the relationship between wage and macro variables of productivity and unemployment, as the link in employment economy, is of particular importance in the economy of Iran. The present study was conducted with the aim of offering a dynamic pattern for examini More
        The study of the relationship between wage and macro variables of productivity and unemployment, as the link in employment economy, is of particular importance in the economy of Iran. The present study was conducted with the aim of offering a dynamic pattern for examining the effects of productivity, unemployment, training, and inflation on wage rate between 1971 and 2016. To this end, the ARDL Dynamic Model, along with short-term and long-term methods and error correction model, was employed. The results of estimating the research model indicated both short-term and long-term relationships among the research variables. Moreover, inflation rate, productivity and training were found to be positively and significantly correlated in such a way that an increase in training and productivity was found to promote a parallel raise the work force rage. However, unemployment was found to have a negative effect on the rate of workforce wage. Besides, the obtained results of the error correction model used to analyze short-term and long-term relationship indicated an error correction coefficient of-0.30. In addition, the current difference of wage rate in the short run was found to be significantly affected by the current difference between productivity of the workforce and the inflation rate but not by the current difference of training. Finally, the current difference of wage rate was found to be negatively and significantly affected in the short run by the current difference of unemployment rate. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Impressibility of Wages from Labor Force Productivity in Iran (Application of Johansen-Juselius Method)
        Roya Aleemran Seyyed Ali Aleemran
        Wage and labor productivity are two key variables of labor market and are of interest to the economics connoisseurs on two levels – micro and macro – from the viewpoint of economic logic and policy-making. These two variables are related, on the one hand, to More
        Wage and labor productivity are two key variables of labor market and are of interest to the economics connoisseurs on two levels – micro and macro – from the viewpoint of economic logic and policy-making. These two variables are related, on the one hand, to the efficacy of the economic secrots’ decisions and on the other, to the economic growth, development, and welfare. The purpose of the present research is to investigate the impressibility of wages from the labor productivity in Iran during the period from 1978 to 2012. For the theoretical analysis of the subject, Johansen - Juselius method has been used. The results obtained from the research indicate that the impact of the variable coefficients accorded with the theoretical foundations and were statistically significant. The results show that the increase in each variable – average productivity of labor, minimum wage, educational level of the labor force, and the rate of labor force employment – causes the increase in average wage. Also, the results of vector error correction model indicate that in each period, 0.79 of short run imbalances are adjusted to achieve long run balance. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Evaluation of Nominal Wage Rigidities' Sensitivity in Dynamic Stochasic General Equilibrium by Considering the Stock Price Bubbles
        Kiomars sohaili shahram fatahi narges rahmaniani
        The main goal of this study is to introduce a general stochastic dynamic equilibrium model with sensitivity analysis for the wage rigidity in Iran's economy using the seasonal data from 1995-2014. The results showed, capital market dynamics influence the real sector of More
        The main goal of this study is to introduce a general stochastic dynamic equilibrium model with sensitivity analysis for the wage rigidity in Iran's economy using the seasonal data from 1995-2014. The results showed, capital market dynamics influence the real sector of Iranian economy. The monetary policy shock has a significant impact on macroeconomic variables and stock prices. The volatilities in stock prices helps to explain the Iranian business cycles. In the case of bubble in asset prices, credit constraint in firms was decreased and their opportunity cost decreases and causes a downward pressure on the marginal costs and finally inflation decreases. By assuming wage rigidity, possibility of wage adjustment with regard to monetary shock decreases and the reaction of labour and labour supply is been more strict. And changes in production is slower than when the wage perfect flexibility exist.  Based on the results, using of the model with wage rigidity in order to better simulate the real world is suggested. Manuscript profile
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        33 - New Keynesian Phillips Curve and Analysis of Pricing Models
        Hosein Amiri Teymoor Rahmani Meisam Rafei
        Gradual adjustment of nominal wages and prices is the basis of New Keynesian models. The survey of microeconomic bases of slow adjustment is necessary for the welfare analysis. The reasons for incomplete adjustment of nominal wages and prices are the uncertainty, cost i More
        Gradual adjustment of nominal wages and prices is the basis of New Keynesian models. The survey of microeconomic bases of slow adjustment is necessary for the welfare analysis. The reasons for incomplete adjustment of nominal wages and prices are the uncertainty, cost information, and re-negotiations. Note that the correct relationship between inflation and unemployment is important in the political and economic decision. So, in this article, we derive Phillips curve regarded to the incomplete adjustment of nominal wages and prices. In other words, Phillips curve based on the condition is New Keynesian Phillips curve which is related to incomplete adjustment of nominal wages and prices. Manuscript profile
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        34 - The Impacts of Tariff Cuts on the Iranian Labor Market: Case Study of Agricultural, Food, Apparel and Textile Sectors
        mohammad mehdi barghi oskooee
        Abstract In this paper, the effect of trade openness on the level of employment and the rate of wages has been evaluated by using a computable general equilibrium model. The results represent that through the cuts of general imports tariff, the percentage changes of to More
        Abstract In this paper, the effect of trade openness on the level of employment and the rate of wages has been evaluated by using a computable general equilibrium model. The results represent that through the cuts of general imports tariff, the percentage changes of total employment level as well as the employment level of unskilled labor will be increased. Likewise, by decreasing the percentage of skilled labor wages to follow more tariff cuts, wages inequality is improved. Also, it is clear that more tariff cuts on food, apparel and textile commodities will decrease the percentage changes of total level employment and unskilled labors. Since, the percentage changes of skilled labor wages will be increased in comparison with unskilled labors by increasing tariff cuts. Thus, it can be concluded that wider trade openness in the food, apparel and textile commodities leads to the increase of wages inequality. However, under the effect of the tariff cuts in agricultural commodities, the percentage changes of total employment as well as the employment of unskilled labors will be increased and by the decline of percentage changes of skilled labor wages, there is a decrease in the inequality of wages between skilled and unskilled labors. Manuscript profile
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        35 - The Reasons of Differences Between the Wages of Large Industries in Iran
        hamid kordbacheh Ali souri
        Based on the efficiency of wage hypothesis, this paper examines the determinants of wage dispersion of large manufacturing industries using a panel of 4-digit ISIC data during the period of 1998-2007 in Iran. The findings explain that there is a significant difference b More
        Based on the efficiency of wage hypothesis, this paper examines the determinants of wage dispersion of large manufacturing industries using a panel of 4-digit ISIC data during the period of 1998-2007 in Iran. The findings explain that there is a significant difference between wages in the sampled data. By eliminating the effects of individual measured and firm characteristics such as gender, education, expert, experience, efficiency, firm size and so on. The differences in wages have remained significant yet. The results confirm the efficiency of wage theory, in which the wages dispersion cannot merely attribute to labor force characteristics. Manuscript profile
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        36 - Dynamic Efficiency-Wage Model with Real Business Cycle
        seyed fakhr aldin fakhrhoseini
        The purpose of this paper is to examine the cyclical consequences of Efficiency Wage theory when changing the workers efforts based on Dynamic Real Business Cycle model by using the data collected during 1966-2014. The equations are estimated through oleic approach (199 More
        The purpose of this paper is to examine the cyclical consequences of Efficiency Wage theory when changing the workers efforts based on Dynamic Real Business Cycle model by using the data collected during 1966-2014. The equations are estimated through oleic approach (1999) as a space-state model in MATLAB context. The results represent that the increase of efforts variability to efficiency wage consideration causes the variables like production, consumption, labor and employment rate react less to technology shock. According to this model, higher level of workers efforts will lead to the increase of employment rate.   Manuscript profile
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        37 - Efficiency of cyanobacterium Spirulina in removal of orthophosphates from simulated municipal wastewater
        S. Jafari A. A. Hosseini
        In this study the efficiency of bioreactors containing Spirulina algae in removal of orthophosphates from municipal wastewater was investigated. Physical factors such as light, temperature, pH, agitation and aeration, and chemical factor such as culture medium can be an More
        In this study the efficiency of bioreactors containing Spirulina algae in removal of orthophosphates from municipal wastewater was investigated. Physical factors such as light, temperature, pH, agitation and aeration, and chemical factor such as culture medium can be an important factor influencing the growth of micro-algae. Spiral Helical photobioreactor and Zarrouk medium as culture medium were used for the removal of phosphorus from municipal wastewater. Microalgae stabilized in the culture medium with different amounts of air (zero and 1.3 L/ min) were added to 4.5L municipal wastewater in photobioreactor. The concentration of orthophosphates absorbed was measured by a spectrophotometer (DR/4000 HACH) at different time intervals. In an 18-day period, performance of the bioreactor containing Spirulina algae in removal of orthophosphates from municipal wastewater was studied. The results showed that without aeration, orthophosphate concentration of 38.46 mg / L reduced to 11.54 mg/L. Aeration flow of 1.3 L/min reduced orthophosphate concentration from 60gr/Lit to 20gr/L. In other words, the bioreactor containing Spirulina algae, had an efficiency of 69.9% for the removal of orthophosphates, without aeration, and an efficiency of 80%, with aeration (flow rate of 1.3 L/min) (The percentages quoted are average of three replicates). Manuscript profile
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        38 - Homogenizing Electric Field of Lightning in L.P.S. XLPE Descending Conductor
        Ali Amirjalali Seyed Mohammad Hassan Hosseini
        Manuscript profile
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        39 - Designing a paradigm model of the organization's human resources interaction with subscribers in order to optimize energy consumption (drinking water)
        Reza Khordedan Reza Shabannezhad Khas Ali Mokhtari
        Energy consumption management is the one of the most important and fundamental issues in to-day's world. One of the sources of energy is the management of drinking water consumption. Considering the high per capita water consumption in Iran, it is the necessary to More
        Energy consumption management is the one of the most important and fundamental issues in to-day's world. One of the sources of energy is the management of drinking water consumption. Considering the high per capita water consumption in Iran, it is the necessary to emphasize the increase of water productivity through measures such as demand management and water con-sumption and social enhancement. In this article, it deals with the design of the interaction model of the organization's human resources with the subscribers in order to optimize drinking water consumption in Qazvin Province Water and Wastewater Company. This research is the descrip-tive-analytical, and the research method is qualitative. The statistical population of this research is university experts and executive managers of water and sewage industry in Qazvin province, 11 people were selected using snowball sampling method and theoretical saturation point. The re-sults of this research are explained in the form of five main categories and subcategories. The findings showed Causal factors include social factors, individual factors, government bodies, senior managers, legal, legal and technical-engineering factors and other factors, contextual fac-tors include individual background conditions and socio-economic shortcomings. Intervening factors include "the way of thinking and support of managers, the performance of those in charge, and the will and desire of society", strategic factors include "correct and correct perfor-mance, continuous training at different levels and advertising and media information" and the consequences of the model are: Short-term outcomes, individual outcomes, long-term outcomes, national and regional outcomes. Manuscript profile
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        40 - Isolation and identification of toluene-degrading bacteria from oil spills of Gharehsoo River located in Kermanshah city
        Narges Shamsi Roya Moravej
        Background & Objectives: Biodegradation is one of the most useful methods for elimination of oil spills and is recently considered as a promising approaches due to numbers of advantages, including low costs, high efficiency and being environment friendly. Gharehsoo More
        Background & Objectives: Biodegradation is one of the most useful methods for elimination of oil spills and is recently considered as a promising approaches due to numbers of advantages, including low costs, high efficiency and being environment friendly. Gharehsoo river is one of those regions which have been contaminated by oil spills during recent years due to its vicinity to Kermanshah Oil Refining Company. This study was aimed to isolate and identify the toluene-degrading bacteria from oil spills in Gharehsoo river located at Kermanshah city. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, the samples were collected from water, soil and active sludge of the contaminated areas. Two isolates were achieved by enrichment of the samples into a selective medium containing toluene. Then, the isolates were identified using morphology, Gram staining, biochemical methods and 16S rRNA sequencing. Also, the ability of isolates to eliminate toluene was testes based on Gas chromatography. Results: Both isolates were identified as Pseudomonas putida strains. Gas chromatography tests showed that the isolates 1 and 2 were able to degrade toluene into the selective medium (0.5% v/v) 89% and 87%, at 72 C, respectively. The isolates were also able to resist and grow under harsh conditions of temperature, pH and osmolality. It was proved that the isolates were able to continue their activity and growth in the presence of other crude oil pollutants (benzene, xylene, ethyl-benzene). Conclusion: Our results showed that these isolates were very efficient for elimination of oil pollutants due to their high growth rate in the presence of relatively high toluene concentration and to the ability to degrade a wide range of oil toxic compounds. Manuscript profile
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        41 - A Comparative study of ICC-RT-PCR and Cell Culture methods for detection of Enteroviruses in Sewage
        Mohammad Kargar Sara Sadeghipour Hamideh Tabatabaee Rakhshandeh Nategh
        Background and objectives: Enteroviruses are one of the most important enteric viruses which produce a broad range of human diseases. But being time consuming and also the necessity to perform confirmed tests for Enteroviruses detection, using molecular direct methods h More
        Background and objectives: Enteroviruses are one of the most important enteric viruses which produce a broad range of human diseases. But being time consuming and also the necessity to perform confirmed tests for Enteroviruses detection, using molecular direct methods have been recently considered. The aim of this research is evaluation of ICC-RT-PCR and cell culture methods for detection of enteroviruses in sewage system. Materials and methods: In this research 63 specimens were provided through Grab sample method which concentrated by pellet & Two-phase method and cultured in RD and HEp-2 cells respectively. All specimens, then, were inoculated using sensitive cell cultures of RD and HEp-2. After 24 hours incubation at 360C by means of Pan E.V primers and afterwards Pan P.V Primers along with specific sabin primers, test of RT-PCR was carried out on the cell culture specimens. Results: Out of all collected specimens, enteroviruses were isolated from 33 specimens (52.38%) and 41(65.01%) specimens which utilized cell-culture & ICC-RT-PCR methods respectively. Polioviruses were also isolated from 6 specimens. Conclusion: Statistical analysis indicated that there is a significant relationship (p= 0.05) between cell culture and ICC-RT-PCR methods for isolating enteroviruses. Further the sensitivity of ICC-RTPCR method to detect enteroviruses less than 0.01 TCID50 was evaluated, which can indicated the acceptability and sensitivity of this method for detection of enteroviruses in sewages. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        42 - The Minimum Wage Effects on Employment in Manufacturing Industry
        Safura Javadi Hassan Taee
        This paper aims at investigating the effect of minimum wage on employment composition among Iran's manufacturing industries، using a microeconomic model which has been estimated by GLS and panel data collected from 1375 to 1384.Estimations show that an increase in minim More
        This paper aims at investigating the effect of minimum wage on employment composition among Iran's manufacturing industries، using a microeconomic model which has been estimated by GLS and panel data collected from 1375 to 1384.Estimations show that an increase in minimum wage statistically has significant effect on the unskilled employment، and the employment rate of unskilled workers increases when the minimum wage is increased. An important implication of this research is that government requires reconsidering the criteria used for determining the minimum wage in Iran in order to diminish the imbalance in the current labor market. Economic development and level of productivity should be considered as two important criteria of determining the minimum wage Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        43 - Minimum wage and its economic effect
        S. Eisazadeh R. Elmian
        The Minimum wage determination and its effects in different economies is an important subject. The reason of that was originated by the impacts of minimum wage on the employment of enterprises and its inflationary effects in an economy as well. In this paper we revie More
        The Minimum wage determination and its effects in different economies is an important subject. The reason of that was originated by the impacts of minimum wage on the employment of enterprises and its inflationary effects in an economy as well. In this paper we review the minimum wage regulations and international related conventions. Then the different effects of minimum wage are investigated. Finally the main objectives of wage determination will review. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        44 - Simplex design method in simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of silicate and phosphate in boiler water of power plant and sewage sample by partial least squares
        Ali Mohammad Hajishabani Masoud Rohani Moghadam Shayesteh Dadfarnia Jahanbakhsh Ghasemi
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        45 - Evaluation of performance sewage treatment in Ravanj
        mohsen Najarchi ali safdar Heidari
             The Ravanj sewage treatment plan is in south of Delijan located in Markazi province. Rananj is located in mounted area and stoned layer coursed a dangerous condition because of no water drainage. So, water and sewerage management company decided More
             The Ravanj sewage treatment plan is in south of Delijan located in Markazi province. Rananj is located in mounted area and stoned layer coursed a dangerous condition because of no water drainage. So, water and sewerage management company decided to solve this problem by evaluation of its treatment. Refining of waste water done by Hans bioshoft package is used. This package is a safe, trouble free and environmentally friendly, has on biological filtering of odors, and can be installed on the ground in different levels. After installation the Hans bioshaft system, BOD and COD for out flow samples were measured. The results shown that the BOD and COD out flow are higher than standard BOD and COD proposed environment standard. We proposed some of recommendation for solving this problem. At the end, the results shown that the BOD and COD out flow were gone to suitable range. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        46 - Trace Analysis of Pharmaceutical Residues in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
        Aldo Pacheco Ferreira
        10.22034/jchr.2018.544050
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        47 - The Effect of the Unpleasant Odor of Gohar Rood River in Rasht on the Quality of Life of Human Communities
        Azadeh Mohammadi golrang Fatemeh Shariati Shahab Shariati Mehdi Assmar
        10.22034/jchr.2021.1911778.1198
        Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        48 - Investigating and identifying the effects of rural wastewater in Dena protected area and presenting an environmental management pattern
        Mohammad Reza Sadegh Ali Ali Zare Mansour Pournouri
        10.22034/ap.2021.1914771.1084
        Manuscript profile

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