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Open Access Article

1 - Baghdād's Shûnȋzȋyyas in the History of Sufism
Sayedeh Fatemeh Zare Hosseini Hamid Reza Sanaei

10.30495/jhcin.2023.21782

The term “Shûnȋzȋyya” is derived from Persian term “Shūnīz” (Nigella Sativa) that frequently mentioned throughout Sufi writings. According to the biographers, geographers, and historians, Shûnȋzȋyya is the name of five places in Baghd More

The term “Shûnȋzȋyya” is derived from Persian term “Shūnīz” (Nigella Sativa) that frequently mentioned throughout Sufi writings. According to the biographers, geographers, and historians, Shûnȋzȋyya is the name of five places in Baghdād: the cemetery, mosque, convent, district and the monastery of Shûnȋzȋyya. But the Shûnȋzȋyya cemetery and mosque are mentioned in Sufi writings more than others. Famous Sufis who had close ties with Shûnȋzȋyya mosque were buried in the Shûnȋzȋyya cemetery. In spite of the fact that the mosque was distinguished and characterized by Sufi congregations, and the cemetery was well known in the history of Sufism, but their history, geography, and situation in Sufism have not been examined so far. The present study focuses on so-called locations as Shûnȋzȋyya and particularly studied the situation and significance of Shûnȋzȋyya mosque and cemetery in the history of Sufism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The Rules and Ritual of Pātimokkha (Prātimoksa) in Buddhist Monasticism
محمدرضا عدلی

Buddhist monasticism (Sangha) like other monastic orders has its ownrituals and communal ceremonies. However, the word ritual maybeleads to misunderstanding, because Buddha himself intensely criticizedritualism. Sangha’s ceremonies are formalized, but purely funct More

Buddhist monasticism (Sangha) like other monastic orders has its ownrituals and communal ceremonies. However, the word ritual maybeleads to misunderstanding, because Buddha himself intensely criticizedritualism. Sangha’s ceremonies are formalized, but purely functional.They fashioned in fact to review the Acts of the Sangha. They are tothis day carried out without ritual elaboration. Two of these ceremoniesare crucial: the higher ordination (upasampadā) and the communalrehearsal of the pātimokkha or the rite of confession. Every fortnight,on the uposatha days of the new and full moons, the monks areenjoined to gather to recite some parts of Vinaya and by so doing, theyproclaim their loyalty to the Sangha and its rules. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Nirvana in Hinayana and Mahayana
یحیی Nosrati ابوالفضل Mahmoudi

The ultimate goal of religiosity and mystical discipleship in Buddhism is rescue from suffering and the circle of rebirth. Nirvana is the main common teaching among Buddhist schools and explains that goal. There are different approaches to interpret the meaning of Nirvā More

The ultimate goal of religiosity and mystical discipleship in Buddhism is rescue from suffering and the circle of rebirth. Nirvana is the main common teaching among Buddhist schools and explains that goal. There are different approaches to interpret the meaning of Nirvāna. The most important approaches are the positive, negative and paradoxical ones. Although this doctrine is accepted in both Hinayāna and Mahayāna, each of them has its own specific interpretations about the doctrine. It can be said that the meaning of the concept of Nirvāna in Mahāyāna has been widely expanded than its meaning in Hinayāna. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Simulation and prediction some of climate variable by using multi line SDSM and Global Circulation Models (Case study: Bar Watershed Nayshabour)
Siavash Taei Semiromi Hamid Reza Moradi Morteza Khodagholi

One of the weaknesses of GCMs model are large spatial scale in  simulated of climatic variables that for hydrological studies and water resources in the range of watershed area are not sufficiently accurate. So should by using the different techniques that downscal More

One of the weaknesses of GCMs model are large spatial scale in  simulated of climatic variables that for hydrological studies and water resources in the range of watershed area are not sufficiently accurate. So should by using the different techniques that downscale. Then downscaled outputs are used for assessing the impact of climate change on hydrological studies. Among downscaling approaches, statistical methods are of great importance among hydrologists due to their easy and quick performance. In this study, statistical model (SDSM) was evaluated for simulating and predicting minimum and maximum temperature, precipitations in the bar Nayshabur watershed. For executing SDSM model outputs of CGCM1 and Hadcm3 models were applied. Daily data of minimum and maximum temperatures precipitations for the basic period (1970-2000) were simulated under three A1, A2 and B1 scenarios. Based on Statistical parameters, outputs of Hadcm3 model under A2 more compatible with the basic period. Obtained results showed that during 2010-2039, 2040-2069and 2070-2099, the average temperature 0.01, 0.3 and 0.6, the average minimum temperature 0.3, 0.5 and1. 4 and the average maximum temperature 0.7, 1.4 and 2.7 ° C will increase compared to the basic period in the studied basin. Also, the results showed that within three studied periods, the average rainfall will decrease 6, 10 and 17 mm respectivity comparing to the basic period. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Accompany and awe and its educational aspects in Hadigheh Sanayi and Mathnavi ma'navi
Samaneh Mansouri Al-Hashem Ramin Moharami

10.30495/dk.2021.686462

"Accompaniment" and "awe" are from mystical couple concepts. Most mystics consider "Accompaniment" and "awe" as mystical. Because mystic experiences both things and these states are fluctuate in moments of life; therefore, They provide comments on " awe and Accompanimen More

"Accompaniment" and "awe" are from mystical couple concepts. Most mystics consider "Accompaniment" and "awe" as mystical. Because mystic experiences both things and these states are fluctuate in moments of life; therefore, They provide comments on " awe and Accompaniment, but according to their thinking style, they prefer one to another. In their mystical works, they also offer their own views to their audience. In this study, using content analysis method, the problem of"Accompaniment","awe" and its educational aspect were discussed in Hadigheh Sanayi and Mathnavi ma'navi. Accompaniment and awe in"Hadigheh and Mathnavi ma'navi" are also from mystical couple concepts and at the rank Higher than"fear and hope" and"Sadness and mystical joy" and is part of mystical life. So these two mystics introduce some of the Seekers to the owner of the awe and some of the Seekers as the owner of the Accompaniment. Although the mystical works represent the entire state of the speakers of it, but sometimes the educational aspect prevails over the notion of life, and the creator of the work tends to fit into one of these awe or Accompaniment and refers to the attributes of torment or mercy God gives more emphasis. Sanayi, as the mysterious eremite, always fears God and makes readers aware of the awe of God. But moulavi, as the mystic of the romance method, further emphasizes the Accompaniment with the Lord and His beautiful attributes. The expression of the similarity and difference between the Sanayi and Moulavi School of thought and the mystical tendencies of these two mystics, and the expansion of their interpretation of the two awe and Accompaniment, are the main goals of this paper. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Exhorting to Good and Dissuading from Evil in Quranic Verses and Prophet’s Tradition in Hakim Sanayi’s Poems
Mah Nazari

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Compare this famous story of Salaman and Absal
Sakineh Najjarian

One of  the  allegory  stories  of  Persian  literature  is  salaman  and  absal which  is originated  from Greek mythology. In the Persian  literature,  there  are  different  narrativ More

One of  the  allegory  stories  of  Persian  literature  is  salaman  and  absal which  is originated  from Greek mythology. In the Persian  literature,  there  are  different  narratives  about  this  story among  them,  Honayn-ebn-Eshagh’s  narrative (third  century) and  jami’s narrative (ninth century) are more similar to each other, it  shows, that  jami  in this story has used  Honayn-Ebn-Eshagh’s narrative and  has  had some  modifications  to  approach  it  to  Islamic- Iranian  culture. Jami’s  attentuion  to Eskandar, Eskandar’s  wisdom  and  Greek  culture has  made  this  story  to  promote   after 6 centuries – from  Honayn- ebnEshagh’stranslation to Jami’sera. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Interpretation and analysis of symbolic and mythological plants in Hadiqa al-Haghigha and Sharia al-Tarikh Senayi Ghaznavi
fazlalah jahanara sayedmahmood Sayedsadeghi javad kabutariuq

    Among the works of Ghaznavi Hadiqeh al-Hagiqah and Shriya al-Tariqah, there is a significant feature of the theme; a variety of stories, sets of themes, and references and applications are presented to the audience. Al-Hagiqa is a poem that has influe More

    Among the works of Ghaznavi Hadiqeh al-Hagiqah and Shriya al-Tariqah, there is a significant feature of the theme; a variety of stories, sets of themes, and references and applications are presented to the audience. Al-Hagiqa is a poem that has influenced many poets. With the compilation of this system, Sanai opened up a new Bible in mystical verses in the history of literature and mysticism. The great poets such as Khaghani and Military, respectively, dowload the al-Iraqiqin and the reservoir of al-Asrar under the direct influence of this poem, and years later, Attar and Maulana evolved into the reign of mystical masnavi. Among these symbols, the application of elements of the material, especially plants, is noteworthy. Some of these herbs are symbols, which are not only an effect on their effects, which are manifest among cymerolls. The authors of this paper, which have been written in a documentary and a book, have studied the applications of such as Banafsheh, , Saffron, Chamran, Susan, Seyzanbar, Wheat, Laleh, Narcissus and Nilevfr. The result obtained from this study is that the Sanai in the Hediqeh al-Hagiqah and Sharia Like other works, he has used his masterpiece to express the best of mysticism and mysticism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Political teachings in eulogy of Sanayi poems
maryam mohammadzadeh

Sanayi's  pioneering  in  different poetic  issues  such  as  inserting  mytical  concept   into persian  poet, establishing  the  bases  of  social  and  critical  poems More

Sanayi's  pioneering  in  different poetic  issues  such  as  inserting  mytical  concept   into persian  poet, establishing  the  bases  of  social  and  critical  poems and  creating  lyrics  is always  taken  for  granted. The  points  that  have  recieved  little  attention  are Sanayis  eulogy  poem  and  his  innovation  in  presentment   of  Political teachings  and creating a new  style  in panegyric poem  which  has  a  great  influence on  sadie  and  his panegyric,and  its  being  unknown  has  created  a  sense  of  doubt  in   poets  awaking  and  accusations  in  this  field  as well. Therefore, present  paper, using  descriptive – analytical method, besides  analyzing  different types of  sanaies  poems, it  has  introduced  these Political teachings. Finding  show  that  in  the  form  of  parody and  expression  of  tales from  the  past, Sanayi  has  been  advised  the  rulers in  eulogy poems, and  encourages them  to   performance  justive, to carefull  in  selection of employees  and  to deal with  wrongdoers.Also, he warns against shedding  the blood of innocents.                    Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - The Study of Comparative literaturein Arab World: Ghonaymi Helal's Al-hayat Al-atefiah bayn Al-Ozriah va Al-sofiah
hadi nazari monazzam reyhaneh mansori

Studying through comparative literature in Arab world, we can find out that Arabic-Persian approach is one of the most important and fundamental elements in comparative literature studies among Arab countries. Obviously, we can also find out that studies in the case o More

Studying through comparative literature in Arab world, we can find out that Arabic-Persian approach is one of the most important and fundamental elements in comparative literature studies among Arab countries. Obviously, we can also find out that studies in the case of the Arab's relations with Iranians in the cultural and literal areas, especially through ancient era, is limited or stopped. Most of the Arab researchers and comparativists, in their studies have ignored current period. The ancient period is full of mutual interactions between the two cultures and many influences from the two sides. But in recent periods western culture has the deep impression on the two mentioned literatures as well. In this article, the most important comparative works in Arab world has been investigated critically, that is Al-hayat Al-atefiah bayn Al-Ozriah va Al-sofiah written by Dr. Ghonaymi Helal. Manuscript profile

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11 - Love Regarding Sanayee and Mola Sadra
Hossein Esmaeelie Mehdi Tadayon

‘Love’ is one of the most important issues to which both spiritual and gnostic philosophers have had eyes on and have had orated about. They recognize ‘love’ as the foundation of the universe because of  which, all creatures from the lowest More

‘Love’ is one of the most important issues to which both spiritual and gnostic philosophers have had eyes on and have had orated about. They recognize ‘love’ as the foundation of the universe because of  which, all creatures from the lowest to the highest, are moving toward the source and origin of ‘love’ i.e., the almighty God. Sanayee Ghaznavi and Mola Sadra Shirazi are from the two spiritual and gnostic philosophers who have had ‘love’ as the key role in their works. The similarity in their views can be straightforwardly seen in Sananyee’s works and poems and Mola Sadra’s masterpiece; Shavahed Alrabobye. ‘The significance of love’, ‘the flow of love’,  dividing love into ‘real’ and ‘virtual’ love, ‘convergence of love with pain and suffering’, and the virtual love as a bridge to reality of ‘annihilation in Allah’ are from the issues about which both Sanayee and Mola Sadra have analogous opinions. After illustrating the concept of ‘love’, this study aims at investigating the correspondence between Sanayee and Mola Sadra’s impressions about the issue. Manuscript profile

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12 - Efficiency of mangrove indices in mapping some mangrove forests using Landsat 8 imagery in southern Iran
Yousef Erfanifard Mohsen Lotfi Nasirabad

10.30495/girs.2022.685675

Background and Objective Mangrove forests are one of the important plant ecosystems established across the intertidal zones and consist of evergreen species. According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports, the area of world mangrove forests is almost 14.6 More

Background and Objective Mangrove forests are one of the important plant ecosystems established across the intertidal zones and consist of evergreen species. According to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports, the area of world mangrove forests is almost 14.6 million ha and more than 40% of them are located in Asia. Indonesia has the largest mangrove forests with 2.3 million ha with the highest richness. Moreover, Iran with approximately 10,000 ha of mangrove forests in northern parts of the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea is one of the countries with mangrove ecosystems. The ecological and socio-economic importance of mangrove forests is evident to researchers and managers, however, an annual quantitative and qualitative decrease in these forests happens due to natural (e.g., storm) and anthropogenic (e.g., overexploitation) factors. Therefore, it seems essential to develop a practical approach in order to protect the present sites and improve the management, monitoring, and assessment of mangrove forests. The first step in every management and conservation plan in mangrove forests is mapping their spatial distribution and monitoring the spatial changes. It is important to find efficient methods for mensuration and assessment of temporal and spatial changes of mangrove forests for their efficient management and conservation. Field measurement difficulties in these ecosystems result in the rapid development of remote sensing data in mangrove mapping. However, previous studies have shown that common vegetation indices are not efficient in mangrove classification because of the high greenness and moisture content of leaves. Assessing the spectral signature of mangrove forests, researchers have designed specific indices for mangrove classification on satellite imagery. Since the mangrove indices have been recently developed, their efficiency in similar conditions has not been investigated, while they have been compared to some vegetation indices or individually investigated in case studies. Additionally, the mangrove indices have not been applied in mapping mangrove forests of southern Iran. Therefore, the aim of this study was a comparison of eight mangrove indices in mapping mangrove forests of Nayband Gulf (Bushehr province), Sirik (Hormozgan province), and Govatr Gulf (Sistan-Baluchestan province) on Landsat 8 imagery.  Materials and Methods Previous studies have shown that mangrove forests in Iran are distributed in 21 sites in 10 cities in Bushehr, Hormozgand, and Sistan-Baluchestan provinces. In order to assess the mangrove indices, a region was selected in each province. Mangroves in Nayband Gulf are concentrated in Bidkhun and Basatin Creeks. In Sirik, mangroves are located in the Azini wetland, and in Govatr Gulf, they are established in Baho and Govatr Creeks. Low- and high-tide Landsat imagery of each study area related to 2020 was downloaded. After pre-processing, the images were used to compute MI (Mangrove Index), NDMI (Normalized Difference Mangrove Index), CMRI (Combined Mangrove Recognition Index), MDI (Mangrove Discrimination Index), MMRI (Modular Mangrove Recognition Index), L8MI (Landsat 8 Mangrove Index), and MVI (Mangrove Vegetation Index). Moreover, low- and high-tide images were implemented in making SMRI (Submerged Mangrove Recognition Index). The classification of soil, water, and mangrove was performed by a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. In addition to common accuracy criteria (i.e., overall accuracy, Kappa coefficient, mangrove producer's and user's accuracies), the results were evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC).Results and Discussion The efficiency of 10 mangrove indices was evaluated in similar conditions. The number of selected indices was eight; however, two of them (i.e., L8MI, MDI) were calculated two times, once with SWIR1 and once with SWIR2, and in total, 10 mangrove indices were used in three regions to classify mangrove forests. Between the indices, SMRI was selected as the most efficient mangrove index. One of the likely reasons for the efficiency of the index can be the application of low- and high-tide imagery to detect mangroves. In addition to PAmangrove and UAmangrove, the overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of soil, water, and mangrove of SMRI were more than other indices. The results of MDI and L8MI showed that they were more efficient with SWIR2 in Nayband Gulf. One of the reasons that likely caused the result can be urban areas and non-mangrove vegetation cover in Nayband Gulf. However, both indices were more accurate in mangrove discrimination when calculated with SWIR1 in Govatr Gulf. Investigation of AUC values proved that SMRI was the most efficient index between all studied indices in mangrove mapping within three study areas. The AUC of mangroves in Nayband Gulf, Sirik, and Govatr Gulf were 0.94, 0.92, and 0.93, respectively. The area of mangrove forests was estimated in Nayband Gulf (260.1 ha), Sirik (1049.2 ha), and Govatr Gulf (649.5 ha) using SMRI.Conclusion In general, the results showed that all mangrove indices were reliable in mangrove discrimination in three study areas and no weak results were achieved. The AUC values of mangroves using SMRI were more than 0.9 in three regions and the index was known as the most reliable index in all regions. The outcome in the study areas revealed that the efficiency of mangrove indices was less in Nayband Gulf compared to two other regions (The AUC of 0.6 for NDMI and L8MI-1). The area of mangrove forests in Nayband Gulf, Sirik, and Govatr Gulf was estimated on Landsat 8 imagery of 2020. The results indicated that between the study sites Sirik (1049.2 ha) and Basatin Creek (43.3 ha) had the highest and the lowest area covered by mangroves. It is suggested to use SMRI in other mangrove forests in southern Iran to approve the achievements of the present study. Manuscript profile

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13 - Evaluation of the Activity of New Species of Jelly Fish Collected from Nayband Bay in Bushehr Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria
Akram Najafi Zahra Amini Khoei Saeid Tajbakhsh Golandam Asayesh Gholam hossein Mohebbi

Inroduction & Objective:Currently, the presence of a wide range of bioactive compounds have been reported from the marine organisms worldwide. This study, for the first time, was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of water extraction of new species of jelly fi More

Inroduction & Objective:Currently, the presence of a wide range of bioactive compounds have been reported from the marine organisms worldwide. This study, for the first time, was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of water extraction of new species of jelly fish collected from Nayband Bay in Bushehr province. Material and Methods:In this study the jelly fish samples (Cassiopea andromeda) were collected from the Nayband Bay in Bushehr province. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the jelly fish extract were determined against five human pathogens. All the data were analyzed by SPSS software.Results: Our results showed that the jelly fish extract has both MIC and MBC effects against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriaThis relation was statistically significant.Conclusion: According to our results jelly fish can be an appropriate marine source for antimicrobial components. Further in vivo investigations need to be carried out on its potential application in other aspects of medicine. Manuscript profile

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14 - A Sudy on the Concept of "Kufr" in Sufism until the 5th Century A.H
Seyyed Amir Muhammad Tabatabayi Waez Seyyedeh Fatemeh Zare Hoseini

One of the basic issues in Sufism and Islamic mysticism, especially in theoretical mysticism, is the concept of "kufr" and its status in the universe as well as its role in religion and faith. By studying written works of Muslim mystics, we can see various views in this More

One of the basic issues in Sufism and Islamic mysticism, especially in theoretical mysticism, is the concept of "kufr" and its status in the universe as well as its role in religion and faith. By studying written works of Muslim mystics, we can see various views in this regard. However, these views are sometimes in clear contradiction, but through studying and putting together these views, we can realize that this concept have had a gradual development in meaning throughout the history of Islamic Sufism. From the 2nd century A.H., when Sufis started to write their thoughts and teachings, this concept was used in meanings similar to the viewpoints of Muslim theologians ans jurists. Then, its meanings changed differently and separately in the writings of Junayd and Hallaj. For a while, this concept received a transcendental point in Sufism and Islamic mysticism and in the thought of Ayn al-Quzat Hamdani, where not only it does not essentially contradict with faith, but also plays a key role in achieving Right and Truth. In this essay, by studying and analyzing the opinions of the Sufis who have spoken or written about the Kufr, we will inquire the semantic evolution of the concept of kufr in Sufism until the 5th century A.H. Manuscript profile

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15 - A Comparative Study of the Elements of Magical Realism in Fiction Moniroo ravanipour and Reza amirkhani
Dr.mandana alimi sara javid mozafari

  Magical realism or magical realism is a new way in the contemporary narrative of the world in which elements of reality and imagination are blended; this blend brings to the reader's wonder, and yet does not make In the natural course of the story a disorder or d More

  Magical realism or magical realism is a new way in the contemporary narrative of the world in which elements of reality and imagination are blended; this blend brings to the reader's wonder, and yet does not make In the natural course of the story a disorder or disorder is created. Among those who have used this method in Iran, are Maniro Rouhanipour and Reza Amirkhani. According to the research conducted, Maniro Psycho-Pourvaria Amirkhani has taken the most from the magical realism narrative method, including Social realism has also shown interest. One of the most important components of magical realism in the works of these two can be noted: the presence of magical elements, reality and imagination, mysterious atmosphere, the presence of spirits of the dead and the use of myths and stories The ancient South of Iran and attention to folk and superstitious beliefs and attention to social and political issues are one of the important components of magical realism in their works. The research method in this research is in terms of purpose, according to its nature, the type of theoretical research based on the study The library has been conducted and from the perspective of the research method, this research work is descriptive-analytical. The authors examine the components of magical realism in the works of these two writers and then adapt these components together. Manuscript profile

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16 - The ministery of Khajeh Ghavam-Al-Din Nezam -Al –Molk KHafi during the sultan Hossian Bayqara Timouri (911-875)
amirtemour rafeei

KHajeh Qavam –AL-Din Nezam –Al-Molk KHafi ,the son of Molana SHahab AL –Din Ismaeel ,was one of Soltan Hussein Mirza Bayqara the Timurid vizier who spend about thirty years of his life in financial and governmental affairs. His administerative activiti More

KHajeh Qavam –AL-Din Nezam –Al-Molk KHafi ,the son of Molana SHahab AL –Din Ismaeel ,was one of Soltan Hussein Mirza Bayqara the Timurid vizier who spend about thirty years of his life in financial and governmental affairs. His administerative activities bgan at the time of Abolghasem Babur Mirza the governor of Heart (853 -861 A.H),and after that he became one of the servants of Sultan Abu Saeed Gurcani(855 -873 A.H). He began his activity as a vizier in 855 a.m when Sultan Hussain Mirza came to the throne of Heart . he was murdered by the order of Timurid Sultan,was one of the viziers of A,Ala Divan in Heart in 903AH. His long Visarat cause political disputes and grounings in the Timurid governmental structure. Infact,his death was the result of political and religious disputes between Turks and Tajics. Sultan Hossein Mirza Bayghara couldnot control the disorganized internalsitution.internal rebels and then Uzbek invaders. Their interference family disputes between Timurid princes worsened the situation. With the death of Sultan Hossein in 911 AH no competent successor was left in Timurid family to prevent the fall of Heart to Uzbaks in 913 AM.  Manuscript profile

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17 - The ministery of Khajeh Ghavam-Al-Din Nezam -Al –Molk KHafi during the sultan Hossian Bayqara Timouri (911-875)
Amir Teymour Rafiei

KHajeh Qavam –AL-Din Nezam –Al-Molk KHafi ,the son of MolanaSHahab AL –Din Ismaeel ,was one of Soltan Hussein Mirza Bayqara theTimurid vizier who spend about thirty years of his life in financial andgovernmental affairs. His administerative activities More

KHajeh Qavam –AL-Din Nezam –Al-Molk KHafi ,the son of MolanaSHahab AL –Din Ismaeel ,was one of Soltan Hussein Mirza Bayqara theTimurid vizier who spend about thirty years of his life in financial andgovernmental affairs. His administerative activities bgan at the time ofAbolghasem Babur Mirza the governor of Heart (853 -861 A.H),and afterthat he became one of the servants of Sultan Abu Saeed Gurcani(855 -873 A.H). He began his activity as a vizier in 855 a.m when SultanHussain Mirza came to the throne of Heart . he was murdered by theorder of Timurid Sultan,was one of the viziers of A,Ala Divan in Heart in903AH. His long Visarat cause political disputes and grounings in theTimurid governmental structure. Infact,his death was the result ofpolitical and religious disputes between Turks and Tajics.Sultan Hossein Mirza Bayghara couldnot control the disorganizedinternalsitution.internal rebels and then Uzbek invaders. Theirinterference family disputes between Timurid princes worsened thesituation. With the death of Sultan Hossein in 911 AH no competentsuccessor was left in Timurid family to prevent the fall of Heart toUzbaks in 913 AM. Manuscript profile

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18 - Study of Vinay and Darbelnet’s Seven Translation Strategies in Four Translations of Divorce Surah of Quran
Zeinab Asadi Sadeghi Azar

Manuscript profile

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19 - Measurement of the relationship between the quality of housing and Security of tenure in urban spontaneous settlements (Case study: Naysar, Sanandaj city)
jila sajadi farid vahedi yeganeh akbar mohammadi

Informal settlements have been one of the major outcomes and features of contemporary urbanization in developing countries, including Iran. Among all the problems that these settlements have, security capture is one of the most important issues that it faces. The right More

Informal settlements have been one of the major outcomes and features of contemporary urbanization in developing countries, including Iran. Among all the problems that these settlements have, security capture is one of the most important issues that it faces. The right to housing is essential to improve the living conditions of residents in these settlements, and the lack of it leads to a lack of willingness to participate, lack of investment in improving housing and psychological harm in the residents. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between occupational safety and physical quality of housing in the urban spontaneous area of Naysar, Sanandaj. The present study is a descriptive-analytic research method. Data were collected using a survey method and a questionnaire. Sampling was purposeful and from the 7730 households in the range, 366 households were selected using a Cochran formula with a confidence level of %93 for questioning. Data were analyzed by SPSS software including factor analysis, multivariate regression, Pearson correlation test, mean test and path analysis. The results showed that the factor of security of occupational security with a numerical value of "0.846" was more effective than contracting and experiencing security factors on the physical quality of housing in Naysar. Also, the results of the path analysis showed that there was a direct and positive relationship between security capture indicators with the quality of housing, the quality of housing in this area will increase as property security indexes increase Manuscript profile

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20 - A Critical Study of the Application of Dhul-Qarnayn to Historical Figures, Based on Dhul-Qarnayn's Personality in Shiite Interpretive Hadiths
Ataollah Bigdeli

The Holy Qur'an and Islamic traditions have mentioned Dhul-Qarnayn as a historical figure. Commentators have considered finding the historical example of Dhul-Qarnayn to be useful and a proof of the authenticity of the verses and hadiths. Two adaptations have received a More

The Holy Qur'an and Islamic traditions have mentioned Dhul-Qarnayn as a historical figure. Commentators have considered finding the historical example of Dhul-Qarnayn to be useful and a proof of the authenticity of the verses and hadiths. Two adaptations have received attention more than other theories: Adaptation to Alexander and Cyrus. The main reason is to pay attention to historical data about the lives of these two characters. The issue of the present research is whether there is evidence for these adaptations in Islamic traditions focusing on Shiite traditions. In the beginning, the historical period of life, name and ancestry, history, extent of power and travels of Dhul-Qarnayn are reported. Then, the opinions of the commentators have been examined according to the historical data and then the traditions about these comparisons. Findings: None of the two comparative theories are compatible with the character introduced by Dhul-Qarnayn. His existence and attributes are among the hidden news in history, which were mentioned by revelation, and there is no need to match them to any of the past kings.     Manuscript profile

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21 - A Sociological study of the Effects of value system and Family power-structure on social deviance: (case of study: Naysar slum of the city of Sanandaj)
یعقوب احمدی maryam aghaei

The extension of slumms in the last century is one of the most important problems in the world, especially in developing countries and it has brought about numerous political, social, economic and security consequences. Slum-dwellers have inappropriate socio-economic st More

The extension of slumms in the last century is one of the most important problems in the world, especially in developing countries and it has brought about numerous political, social, economic and security consequences. Slum-dwellers have inappropriate socio-economic status and rarely can be assimilated to the modern urban structures. This study aimed to investigate the effects of slum-dwelling on social deviations of residents of Naysar slum ofthe city of Sanandaj in the western parts of Iran. The study was non-experimental and was conducted using the survey method. The data were collected using a questionnaire that had good validity and reliability. The results showed that religiosity and cultural values were significantly and negatively relatet (-0/35) to social deviance. Socio-economic status and power structure in family had significant positive impacts on social deviance with coefficients of (0/15) and (0/30). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - A Comparative Study of Form and Content in Women’s style in popular and sublime novel (Tooba Va Ma nay-e Shab by Shahrnoosh Parsipour, and Dalan-e Behesht by Nazi Safavi)
zahra rafiei

The history of women’s style in the form and content of story writing, is as long as their writings. Fiction was, and still is, a suitable institution for the expression of effeminate emotions and thoughts. Some female artists, through the means of art, aimed for More

The history of women’s style in the form and content of story writing, is as long as their writings. Fiction was, and still is, a suitable institution for the expression of effeminate emotions and thoughts. Some female artists, through the means of art, aimed for the truth, and some, artistically, took popular taste as the means to reflect reality. In this study, one of the bestseller popular novels, The Dalan-e Behesht by Nazi Safavi from the category of poplar novels, and Tooba Va Ma nay-e Shab written by Shahrnoush Parsipour, in genre of sublime novels, are selected. The reflection of the time’s culture and the narration of the atmosphere of imposed or self-imposed limitations in form and content, with regards to love and misogynistic themes, women’s behavior in the face of violence and helplessness and their impact on the heroine’s path of growth, are analyzed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Assessing Criteria for Integrated Intervention in Planning Informal Settlements using Urban Governance Approach (Case Study: Naysar District in Sanandaj)
SH. Haidareyan M. Rahimi

Growth of urbanization and development of informal settlements within or adjacent to large cities, resulted from contemporary urbanization and the urbanization of poverty, has necessitated a change in attitude towards urban management This study aims to develop and eval More

Growth of urbanization and development of informal settlements within or adjacent to large cities, resulted from contemporary urbanization and the urbanization of poverty, has necessitated a change in attitude towards urban management This study aims to develop and evaluate integrated intervention criteria in the planning informal settlements with urban governance approach. Nysar District in Sanandaj was selected as the case study. This research is an applied study based on descriptive-analytic approach. Field research, library documents and a questionnaire were used to collect data. First, integrated intervention indicators were selected according to the opinions of 15 experts and then a questionnaire was designed.  Study population consisted of three groups: people, government and public institutions (members of the Empowerment Headquarters), and private sector. A sample of 384 residents was randomly selected with Cochran formula. Also, all the 18 members of the Empowerment Headquarters were selected. Moreover, 400 activists were randomly selected from the private sector using Cochran formula. Then, the questionnaire was distributed among the samples. The obtained data was analyzed through T-test and Pearson correlation method.  The study findings reveal that the indicators are not correlated with integrated measures. In fact, intervention management is not currently integrated because it follows the traditional outlook. In fact, to have an integrated intervention, it is necessary to improve local institutionalization capacity, encourage people participation, encourage public and private management in the urban management process, and support intra- and   inter-institutional social capital. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Assessing the Translation of Parvin Etesami's Selected Poems Using Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model
Nafiseh Emadi Mohammad Hussien Norouzi Behrooz Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari

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25 - Examining the Translations of Forough Farrokhzad’s Selected Poems by a Native and a Non-Native Speaker Using Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model
Enayat A. Shabani Nafiseh Emadi Fatemeh Daftari

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Open Access Article

26 - Representation or Reconstruction: The Structural Evolution of Junayd of Baghdad’s Face in Some Mystical Texts
naser amirmohammadi nemat esfehaniomran hamid tabasi

10.30495/mmlq.2021.680942

Among the famous Muslim mystics, Junayd of Baghdad is a unique figure. He has a privileged position due to his high mystical degrees, admiration and approval of his contemporaries, and the charismatic acts and quotations attributed to him. The Persian-speaking audiences More

Among the famous Muslim mystics, Junayd of Baghdad is a unique figure. He has a privileged position due to his high mystical degrees, admiration and approval of his contemporaries, and the charismatic acts and quotations attributed to him. The Persian-speaking audiences are more familiar with him through Attār of Nishapur’s book Tazkirat al-Awliya; however, the studies show that many mystical works and the biographical books have paid special attention to this character. Further studies show that in the biographical books and the mystical works, we do not encounter a single Junaid, but his personality changes in different periods and by different writers. The present article attempts to study the main structure of these various narratives by descriptive-analytical method. Only by considering and juxtaposing these various narratives, we can present a single image of Junaid in a structured way. The tastes of the authors of these works are not the same for different reasons, but it seems that in these works, Junaid gradually acquired a new and transcendent face different from his character in real life. . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The First Correspondences of Mystics; The Maktoobat of Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Junayd of Baghdad
elaheh Rajabifar bagher sadri niya

10.30495/mmlq.2021.680947

One of the lasting legacies of Islamic mystics and Sufi elders is their maktoobat (writings). Maktoobat are letters that mystics and Sufis used often to write to their contemporaries with the aim of expressing their own teachings, advices and mentioning some of the myst More

One of the lasting legacies of Islamic mystics and Sufi elders is their maktoobat (writings). Maktoobat are letters that mystics and Sufis used often to write to their contemporaries with the aim of expressing their own teachings, advices and mentioning some of the mystical mysteries, theological truths and divine teachings. In other words, maktoobat have long been common among the mystics as a means of teaching, questioning, and answering, and the Sufi elders used letters to express their thoughts. The letters of Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Junayd of Baghdad are the first surviving writings of the pioneers of Islamic mysticism. These letters are among the first-hand sources written in Arabic, with mystical prose and phrases, describing mystical teachings and beliefs. The present article, by using descriptive-analytical method, attempts to analyze the structural and content characteristics of these letters and explore their hidden themes. The results of the research are as follows: compiling a systematic list of scattered correspondences of Dhul-Nun al-Misri and Junayd of Baghdad; providing an analysis of the structure and form of correspondences; explaining the types, elements, styles of writing and contents of the letters; introducing the narrators and the audiences of the letters. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Alexander Dhu al-Qarnayn” as an Archi-myth
Javad Hadavand Bahman namvar motlagh Esmaeel Azar

10.30495/mmlq.2023.698499

Alexander is one of the most important and ambiguous mythological characters of Iranian history and culture that has undergone extensive changes and taken new forms under the influence of grand epistemological narratives (archi-myth) in the Greek, Iranian and Islamic wo More

Alexander is one of the most important and ambiguous mythological characters of Iranian history and culture that has undergone extensive changes and taken new forms under the influence of grand epistemological narratives (archi-myth) in the Greek, Iranian and Islamic worlds. One of the efficient cultural strategies of Muslims is the use of archi-myths by borrowing them from the myths of other nations in order to explain and confirm religious concepts and teachings. The results of the present research show that the poverty of mythological contents among the Arabs of the pre-Islamic period, the rise of the translation movement in the first A.H. centuries, the emergence of the second wave of Hellenism and Alexander's mythical behaviors paved the way for the formation of a new personality of Alexander in the Islamic world, and Alexander was introduced as Dhu al-Qarnayn in the interpretation texts of Quran. In the world of Islam, the myth of Alexander did not have a clear concept at first, but it gradually found its own characteristics and through the generally religious codes, it reached an independent concept in the middle ages, which has continued with changes until now. By using analytical-comparative method, the present research at first attempts to examine "archi-myths" and then to find why Alexander, as a archi-myth, has been center of attention for Muslims.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Exploring the Types of 'Sahv' in the Mystical Worldview of Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi
fatemeh toobaie Mohammad Yusuf Nayyeri

The term "Sahv" (spiritual sobriety) is referenced in the teachings of Bayazid Bastami and Junayd of Baghdad. Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi, akin to many Sufi masters and elders, has explored this concept along his spiritual journey (suluk), delving into its nuances and pres More

The term "Sahv" (spiritual sobriety) is referenced in the teachings of Bayazid Bastami and Junayd of Baghdad. Ruzbehan Baqli Shirazi, akin to many Sufi masters and elders, has explored this concept along his spiritual journey (suluk), delving into its nuances and presenting a fresh perspective on Sahv. This study elucidates the precise meaning of Sahv within the mystical framework of Ruzbahan, categorizing its types, exploring their origins, and delineating their implications within his his intellectual system. Notably, a unique form of Sahv is introduced, exclusive to Ruzbehan Baqli and hitherto unmentioned in Sufi discourse, termed "Ruzbehanian sahv". This form occurs in the spiritual realm of "ain jam" (essence of unity), where one retains sobriety amidst a state of intoxication, exhibiting awareness of this paradoxical state and exercising control over it. Ruzbehan attributes the emergence of this distinct sobriety to the experience of "pure unification" and the spiritual stage of "ain jama", highlighting its divergent outcomes such as unity with the eternal Beloved, expression of ecstatic utterances (shatahāt), and comprehension of Manṭiq-uṭ-Ṭayr - the enigmatic language exchanged between God and prophets/saints. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Evaluation of the ecological potential of tourism and protection of Nayband National Marine Park by zoning the land and offshore sections
nazli moghadam yekta R. Hejazi A. Karimi

In this study, the ecological potential of tourism and protection of the land and offshore section of Nayband National Marine Park, in the southeastern part of the Kangan city in Bushehr province was evaluated. Therefore, after identifying the environmental resources of More

In this study, the ecological potential of tourism and protection of the land and offshore section of Nayband National Marine Park, in the southeastern part of the Kangan city in Bushehr province was evaluated. Therefore, after identifying the environmental resources of the area, investigation and preparation of required maps using Landscape Ecology Method using Geographic Information System (GIS) was started. Using national and international criteria, ecological potential of the region for recreational activities was assessed and by overlaying of maps, suitable recreation areas were identified for both land and offshore regions. Two levels (levels 1 and 2) were identified for the land sector and 1 level for the offshore area. Taking into account the growing of the economic development around the region and considering the location of the protected and sensitive areas within the study area, the recreational package was finalized. After zoning and determining the uses of protected areas, based on the information obtained from the identification of biophysical and socioeconomic resources, the zones were presented to supplement the objectives of management and planning of programs at three levels of long term (25 to 50 years), medium term (5-25 years) and short term (5 years), of the national park. Due to the increase of the immigrant population in the region, and limited capacity of the park for recreational activities, the national park will not answer this volume of tourists. Therefore, two categories were set for the program, the first category was the removal of recreational activities from the National Marine Park of Nay Band to the areas outside the park with a higher priority and the second category was organizing the recreational activities of the park. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Study of composition and abundance of Zooplankton between Nayband Bay & Qeshm Island in Persian Gulf
M. Shapoori

Identification of zooplankton groups and their abundance was conduvted in 5 designated transects along 130 mile between Nayband Bay and Qeshm island from spring 2011 to winter 2012 .Sampling was done by pulling Bongo net of 110 micrometer mesh size obliquely from near t More

Identification of zooplankton groups and their abundance was conduvted in 5 designated transects along 130 mile between Nayband Bay and Qeshm island from spring 2011 to winter 2012 .Sampling was done by pulling Bongo net of 110 micrometer mesh size obliquely from near the sea bed to the surface . Parameters such as salinity, temperature and oxygen were also recorded. Totally, the most dominant group was Copepoda with relative density of 44%, followed by Protozoa 24% and Mollusca 17%, respectively. Maximum zooplankton density was observed in winter (average 3272.1 1927), while minimum density was in spring (average 861/3 285/3). No significant difference was found among seasons. The peak abundance was observed in winter. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Investigation of microbial diversity and prediction of functional genes involved in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in Nyband Gulf
Mahsa Harirforoush Mohammad Ali Amoozegar Mahmoud Shavandi Parvaneh Saffarian

10.30495/jmw.2022.1958743.2019

Background & Objective: Nayband Gulf is subjected to oil pollution due to the proximity to Assaluyeh industrial region. Prolonged exposure to contaminants affects the microbial population and shifts the population to the predominance of oil-degrading microbes. In th More

Background & Objective: Nayband Gulf is subjected to oil pollution due to the proximity to Assaluyeh industrial region. Prolonged exposure to contaminants affects the microbial population and shifts the population to the predominance of oil-degrading microbes. In this study, we  investigate the microbial diversity in Nayband Gulf waters and predict the genes involved in aromatic hydrocarbon degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Materials & Methods: Phenol-chloroform method was performed for extracting DNA from the Nayband Gulf water sample. Extracted DNA sequencing was performed by new generation  sequencing technique. Then 16S rRNA gene-based amplicon sequencing was analyzed. Functional genes involved in the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were predicted from 16S rRNA gene sequences.Results: Our findings indicate that aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in Nayband Gulf water resulted in the enrichment of Oceanospirillales (24.67%), Cellvibrionales (28.95%), SAR11 clade (20.97%), Rhodobacterales (6.17%), Rhodospirillales (7.12%) and Flavobacteriales (5.50%).  Alphaproteobacteria (26.18%) and Gammaproteobacteria (42.23%) had the highest percentage. According to Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States, the genes involved in degradation of naphthalene under anaerobic conditions were most abundant in the sample.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that long-term exposure to oil pollution and oil spills affects the microbial population. The microbial population of Nayband Gulf region, due to its proximity to the South Pars oil & gas region and the entry of oil pollutants into the water, has caused the domination of petroleum hydrocarbons degrading bacteria.  Manuscript profile

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33 - Review of Micro-Particles of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles by Ball Milling
F. Fardi Pour M. Najafi Anaraki M. Karmian

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Open Access Article

34 - Social networks and a new understanding of the identity of the Islamic Revolution
qafar zarei abdosamad khosravi

Social networks are known as an integral part of contemporary politics. For this reason, examining social and political changes regardless of social networks as an influential and inclusive media seems inappropriate. Information technology, including the Internet, is wi More

Social networks are known as an integral part of contemporary politics. For this reason, examining social and political changes regardless of social networks as an influential and inclusive media seems inappropriate. Information technology, including the Internet, is widespread among the Iranian community and has thus created a new discourse in politics and society, or has caused widespread changes in the field of political beliefs and norms after the Islamic Revolution. Therefore, the present research sought to answer the question of how and to what extent social networks contributed to a new understanding of the phenomenon of the Islamic Revolution. In this regard, the following hypothesis was taken into account: social networks, as identity-making agents, have transformed the Revolution’s identity-making after the Islamic Revolution. The present study used Joseph Nye’s idea as a theoretical framework that could provide us with some strategies for a new understanding of the identity of the Islamic Revolution. The research method is qualitative and descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Molaana a saint and beyond
Hassan Jafari Tabar

Maybe it is not going to be possible to find a man more knowledgeable and wise than Molaana lalaledin in the past nor in future. He was blessed and he wanted to share that with us in his own brilliant uniql'~ way. his poems which have let us know that he bared being More

Maybe it is not going to be possible to find a man more knowledgeable and wise than Molaana lalaledin in the past nor in future. He was blessed and he wanted to share that with us in his own brilliant uniql'~ way. his poems which have let us know that he bared being not only a human but a saint as well. this essay is focusing on the first thirty verses of his first book along with some of their explantion and interpretation and some possible suppositions about Molaana's own interpretation on the subject. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - The elements of the story of virtuous woman in Attar’s Elahi Nameh
Fatemeh Emami

Virtuous woman is the title of the first story from the first article taken from the first Attar’s Masnavi, Elahi Nameh.  It is a story with 309 couplets and is considered the third longest after the story of “Sheikh Sanaan”, and “Rabee&rdqu More

Virtuous woman is the title of the first story from the first article taken from the first Attar’s Masnavi, Elahi Nameh.  It is a story with 309 couplets and is considered the third longest after the story of “Sheikh Sanaan”, and “Rabee” in Attar’s Masnavis. The criticism and investigation of this story could penetrate into obscure corners of Attar’s art of storytelling.  The purpose of this article is to analyze the different elements of the story of the virtuous woman and investigate the technique of defamiliarization in order to throw some light on the structure of storytelling used by Attar. The most significant analytical points, expressing the genealogy of the story, studying  different elements of the story such as, point of view, character and characterization, plot, language, tone, and theme made possible the outcome of this research. Manuscript profile

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