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Open Access Article
1 - Investor Sentiment Based on the Crude Oil Business Cycle
Samad Ayazi Mansour Garkaz Parviz Saeedi Alireza MatoofiThe study of business cycles is important because economic planning does not make sense without understanding how GDP fluctuates and the root of these fluctuations. Therefore, making attempts to recognize the structure of business cycles fluctuations created in the econ MoreThe study of business cycles is important because economic planning does not make sense without understanding how GDP fluctuates and the root of these fluctuations. Therefore, making attempts to recognize the structure of business cycles fluctuations created in the economy can help us improve the decision making process. The greater the economic fluctuations or business cycles, the more instability in the economy, and investors can't predict a clear image of the future. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of Iran crude oil business cycles on the 266 companies in Iran stock exchange during the period from 2005 to 2015. Thus, the crude oil business cycle was calculated using Hedrick Prescott filter and then the effects of crude oil business cycle was on the investors' sentiments was estimated using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) approach. The results of the study indicated that when the crude oil business cycle shows a boom, investors' sentiments is greater than the time when the crude oil business cycle shows a period of recession; meaning that the crude oil boom leads to an increase in investor sentiments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The relationship between risk Premium varies over time and spot prices: a case study Crude oil futures market
Muosa Khoshkalam Rouhollah MahdaviThe various studies results Illustrate about the presence of time-varying risk premium in oil futures market. This paper investigates existence of risk premium, varying of its in time and its effectiveness on oil spot price using data for period 1986-2016. The research MoreThe various studies results Illustrate about the presence of time-varying risk premium in oil futures market. This paper investigates existence of risk premium, varying of its in time and its effectiveness on oil spot price using data for period 1986-2016. The research method in present research is in term of purpose applied, in term of method descriptive-correlation and in term of data nature quantitative. For insight to goals, the paper use from GARCH method, Co-integration test and Vector Error Correction model (VECM). The results of estimations point to risk premium fixed in period 1986-2016, but risk premium is time varying in short period (2004-2016). Also, the results of Co-integration test and vector error correction model indicate to coefficient of risk premium be negative in the period 1986-2016, whereas this coefficient is positive in the period 2004-2016. The coefficients show to oil market estate in Contango position in the period 1986-2016 and normal backwardation in the period 2004-2016 Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Proposing a synthetic approach (FARIMA) by employing ARIMA and fuzzy regression methods in order to forecast crude oil price
قدرت الله امام وردی مریم شهابی طبریThe ARIMA model is a precise forecasting model for short time periods, but the limitation of a large amount of historical data is required. However, in our society, due to uncertainty and rapid development of new technology, we usually have to forecast future situations MoreThe ARIMA model is a precise forecasting model for short time periods, but the limitation of a large amount of historical data is required. However, in our society, due to uncertainty and rapid development of new technology, we usually have to forecast future situations using little data in a short span of time. The historical data must be less than what the ARIMA model employs which limits its application. The fuzzy regression is able to forecast model which is suitable for the uncertain condition and with little attainable historical data. But the results of this model cannot be encouraging because the spread is wide in some cases. The researchers do try to combine the advantages of the fuzzy regression and ARIMA models to formulate the FARIMA model and to overcome the limitations of the fuzzy regression and ARIMA model. Therefore, in this study, a synthetic fuzzy auto regressive integrated moving average (FARIMA) is employed to forecast crude oil price. The findings show that the proposed method can get more satisfactory results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Legal Analysis of Futures Contracts in Energy Exchange
Alireza MashhadizadehRecently financial instruments designed and produced to oil market. The main objective of designing these instruments is to improve portfolio risk management and also increasing efficiency of capital markets for making more efficient the Stock Exchange Which the financi MoreRecently financial instruments designed and produced to oil market. The main objective of designing these instruments is to improve portfolio risk management and also increasing efficiency of capital markets for making more efficient the Stock Exchange Which the financial instruments called Derivatives. It is require to issue different securities with diverse risk and return. Issuing new securities it must be considered that dealing such securities should not be in conflict with Islamic regulations. In this article, content and mechanism of dealing Options, Futures contracts discussed first and answering to some criticisms raised in respect of this kind of transaction being such transactions as Ghrry Sale, being such transactions as a kali be kali (as named in Islamic Law) and being such transactions non-recognition of the sale right the Sale may be noted as this article s result. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - The Investigation of Effect of Soil Moisture and Temperature on Crude Oil Bioremediation by Pseudomonas Putida
Akbar Ghavidel Sumayyah Naji rad Hossein Ali AlikhaniBackground and Objective: Bioremediation is an approach that exploits the ability of microorganisms to increase the rate and extent of degradation of pollutants and thereby removing pollutants from the environment. The moisture content and temperature are of the main en MoreBackground and Objective: Bioremediation is an approach that exploits the ability of microorganisms to increase the rate and extent of degradation of pollutants and thereby removing pollutants from the environment. The moisture content and temperature are of the main environmental factors affecting growth and activity of microorganisms and accordingly affecting the efficiency of organic pollutant biodegradation.Method: To study the effect of these two factors a factorial experiment was carried out as completely randomized design with three replications. The factors were moisture in three levels (30%, 55% and 80% of Field Capacity), temperature in three levels (25, 30 and 35 degrees of Celsius) and inoculation with bacteria in two levels (with and without inoculation by Pseudomonas putida) which were triplicated.Findings: The results showed that highest biodegradation rate was observed in the treatment with the moisture content of 55% F.C, temperature of 30 degrees of Celsius and inoculation with Pseudomonas putida which was 92.8% and the lowest biodegradation rate was observed in the treatment with the moisture of 30% F.C, temperature of 30 degrees of Celsius and without inoculation which was 42.3%.Discussion and Conclusion: These results shows that the optimization of the environmental conditions in bioremediation process may lead to 50.5% increase in the efficiency of removal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Ex-situ removal of crude oil from a contaminated soil using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)
Mehdi Hosnani Hossein Amani Mohammad Reza Sarmasti EmamiBackground Objective: Soil is the basic component of environment and the main source of food production and its contamination can cause pose many challenges for humans and other living organisms. Although many studies have been done separately to eliminate organic pollu MoreBackground Objective: Soil is the basic component of environment and the main source of food production and its contamination can cause pose many challenges for humans and other living organisms. Although many studies have been done separately to eliminate organic pollutants such as benzene and phenolic compounds from soil, a few studies yet have been done on the removal of crude oil which contains different types of hydrocarbon compounds from the soil. The aim of this study is to determine the removal of crude oil from the soil and provide a comprehensive model. Method: In this study, the ex-situ soil washing method with surface active agent has been used to remove crude oil from soil. For this purpose, first, the soil was artificially polluted with crude oil and then the effects of various parameters such as surfactant concentration in aqueous solutions, the initial concentration of contaminant in the soil, pH, volume of detergent solution, stirring rate, duration of the process and system temperature were evaluated. Findings: The results showed the optimal conditions for the removal of crude oil were concentration of surfactant in aqueous solution of 0.5% (w/w), initial concentration of crude oil of 5% (w/w), detergent solution pH=11, detergent solution volume of 50 ml, stirring rate of 200 rpm, experiment duration of 15 m and temperature of 45 °C. In optimal condition, about 96% of crude oil was removed from the soil. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the obtained results, surfactants can be used as a proper substance to remove oil contaminants from soil with a good efficiency. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Relationship between Laboratory Exposure to Crude Oil and Anti-oxidative Responses of Tetraclita Rufotincta Barnacles
Mojgan Emtyazjoo Lida Salimi Majid Zeinali Bahar SHahabi Maryam Ghasempour malekiIntroduction: Nowadays the destructive effects of oil pollutions that produced by different resourcesin waters and aquatic organisms have been defined with the intention of studying effects of crude oilin different concentration, on variations of anti-oxidant enzymes le MoreIntroduction: Nowadays the destructive effects of oil pollutions that produced by different resourcesin waters and aquatic organisms have been defined with the intention of studying effects of crude oilin different concentration, on variations of anti-oxidant enzymes level (SOD, CAT)in Tetraclitarufotincta and the possibility of introduce these enzymes as biomarkers.Metod: Barnacles Tetraclita rufotincta were sampled in Bahrekan region. Barnacles exposed to250ppb, 125ppb, 62.5ppb, 31.25ppb, 15.625ppb and 3ppb as a control, crude oil after 24,48,72 and 96h. 15 barnacles removed from aquarium in average. Animals were examined for levels of Antioxidantsenzymes (SOD, CAT) in their tissues.Results: this study detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24,48,72 and 96 hSuperoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 128/98, 30/04, 75/8, 62/05U/ml/mg protein.In aquarium 2 and 3, with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the period mentioned,superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively 104/45, 74/95, 13/57, 109U/ml/mg proteinand 69/96, 61/56, 60/5, 86/46 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppbconcentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities shown respectively98/79, 193/9, 42/75, 124/77 U/ml/mg protein and 69/22, 40/08, 81/86, 59/95U/ml/mg protein and inaquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities shown respectively 62/11, 87/1, 20/71, 93/47U/ml/mg protein.The results also detected that in aquarium 1, with 3ppb concentration, after 24,48,72 and 96 h Catalase(CAT) activities shown respectively 13/29, 15/31, 15/5, 16/25 U/ml/mg protein. In aquarium 2 and 3,with 15.625ppb and 31.25ppb concentration, after the mentioned period, Catalase (CAT) activitiesshown respectively 13/03, 16/74, 13/65, 13/61U/ml/mg protein and 11/46, 16/54, 15/7, 13/58U/ml/mgprotein. In aquarium 4 and 5, with 62.5ppb and 125ppb concentration, after the mentioned period,Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 18/74, 11/86, 11/91, 16/22U/ml/mg protein and 21/1,1- PhD, Asst. Prof., Biology Dept, Islamic Azad University, Iran2- PhD, Instructor, Environment Pollution, Islamic Azad University, Iran3- PhD, Researcher, Biochemistry Dept, Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, Iran4- Department of Iranian offshore Oil company5- M. Sc, Marin Biology Dept, Islamic Azad University, IranAbstracts of Articles in EnglishJ.Env. Sci. Tech., Vol 17, No.1, Spring 201520415/8, 15/04, 39/22U/ml/mg protein and in aquarium 6, with 250ppb concentration, after the mentionedperiod, Catalase (CAT) activities shown respectively 15/54, 18/8, 15/81, 15/97U/ml/mg protein.Conclusion: There was no correlation between Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and differentconcentrations of crude oil, during the animals exposed to crude oil. It also detected that CAT enzymeis sensitive parameter than SOD and that could be useful biomarker for the evaluation of contaminatedaquatic ecosystems in Tetraclita rufotincta barnacles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Investigation of Weak Form Efficiency Hypothesis in Both High and Low Volatility Regimes of OPEC Crude Oil Market
mahmood mohammadi alamuti mohammad reza haddadi younes nademiCrude oil is a strategic commodity that has been one of the largest commodity market over the past 40 years in the world. The main players in the market, such as manufacturers, financial institutions and individual traders are interested in recognizing and benefiting fr MoreCrude oil is a strategic commodity that has been one of the largest commodity market over the past 40 years in the world. The main players in the market, such as manufacturers, financial institutions and individual traders are interested in recognizing and benefiting from some moving trends and practices in oil prices and returns. A market where prices always and fully reflect information is called efficient. Thus, there are 3 types of market efficiencies: weak form, semi strong form and strong form efficiency. In research, the weak form efficiency is often tested. In this study, the weak form efficiency of the OPEC crude oil market for daily data during the period from 4 January 2010 to 29 December 2017 by the two mode Markov regime switching GARCH model has been examined and the results of the estimation indicate a lack of efficiency in both high and low volatile regimes of the crude oil market. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Feasibility study of the pricing of crude oil by OPEC and OECD countries using game theory in the form of a win– win
Reza Fahimi Doab Ahmad Sabahi M. H. Mahdavi Adeli Ahmad SeyfiIn international economy, countries are specially importer or pure supplier of crude oil .The OECD and OPEC are the organizations that respectively are considered as the most importer and exporter of crude oil in the world and therefore have a significant role in determ MoreIn international economy, countries are specially importer or pure supplier of crude oil .The OECD and OPEC are the organizations that respectively are considered as the most importer and exporter of crude oil in the world and therefore have a significant role in determining the oil price .This paper examines the impact strength of each of the organization on the price of crude oil and also estimate the relative bargaining power for determining the price of oil in the game bilateral monopoly market model similar to the prisoners dilemma game model to describe the situation on the oil market between the two organization is presented. In this model ,the price extend in a moment is depend on player bargaining power and player wait rates. In this research, set to empirical and econometric models by using data from 1980 to 2012 and also use the same pattern johansen – juselius and the simultaneous equation system approach. Finding of this research suggest in OECD oil bazaar bargaining power is high and in compare with OPEC received more welfare also, it is possible to design win - win game model based on Rising mutual benefit trade. but because of uncoordinated and heterogeneous character of OPEC,the model cannot be considered as a long term and stable cooperative game Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The Impact of the Corona Virus on the Global Oil and Gas Market and Its Future Prospects
Ashkan Abdalisousan Mostafa Khalatbari shayesteh Ebrahimi zaker Nastaran Heidari Mohammad amin Tavana Mohammad reza GharehdaghiThe outbreak of Corona virus has led to instability in the global economy, especially in the oil and gas industry, and has boosted volatility in financial markets. The reaction to the price of oil for the virus was gradually accepted until March 9, 2020 and internationa MoreThe outbreak of Corona virus has led to instability in the global economy, especially in the oil and gas industry, and has boosted volatility in financial markets. The reaction to the price of oil for the virus was gradually accepted until March 9, 2020 and international prices fell by more than 20 percent in one day. Increase in the number of patients and the strengthening of financial market volatility have a long-term negative impact on the recent dynamics of crude oil and gas prices. Due to the recession in 2020 and the re-growth projected in 2021, the annual growth of global oil demand will increase. Between 2019 and 2025, global oil demand is expected to grow at an average annual rate of under 1 million barrels per day, and demand will increase by 5.7 million barrels per day over the entire period. Given the current situation, the trend of demand for oil and gas will continue to decline, which will lead to an increase in global demand for renewable energy and its replacement in the world. This article examines the effects of the spread of the virus on prices, supply, demand, exports and imports of crude oil and gas in the world and the factors that can calm this economic chaos. Its results include reducing OPEC production and preventing price failures that weaken the global economy, or maintaining sustainable production and accepting the risk of price failure. At the end, several solutions are presented for quick use of the opportunity in the crisis of the Corona outbreak and separation of the country's economy from fossil fuels and move towards clean and sustainable energy, which leads to reducing environmental pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Unconventional hydrocarbon resources: Environmental impact and future challenges
leila mohajeri Mohammad ali Zahed Morteza pakravanWith the advancement of three-dimensional seismic exploration technologies, horizontal drilling, and hydraulic fracturing, the exploration and production of unconventional hydrocarbon resources have become profitable. The environmental problems of the development of thr MoreWith the advancement of three-dimensional seismic exploration technologies, horizontal drilling, and hydraulic fracturing, the exploration and production of unconventional hydrocarbon resources have become profitable. The environmental problems of the development of three main groups of unconventional oils, including oil shale, oil sands, and extra heavy crude oil, have been evaluated. The use of unconventional hydrocarbon resources has significant environmental hazards for the planet that must be clearly identified. Although these resources are important in terms of economics and energy security, environmental issues are the most critical challenge for the future of the industry. This descriptive-analytical survey study employed data from databases, United States government data resources, and literature review. The development of unconventional energy sources has significant environmental effects on water, air, land, and communities that need to be discussed. Land degradation, waste generation, water consumption, and hazardous wastewater production, air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, ecological threats, and biodiversity damage are among the most noticeable complications. Sustainable development is dependent on the management of environmental costs. Discussion and Conclusion: The enactment and implementation of efficient environmental laws and the enforcement of appropriate standards can be effective in reducing the destructive effects on ecosystems and in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Determination of Saturates, Aromatics, Resins and Asphaltenes (SARA) Fractions in Iran Crude oil Sample with Chromatography Methods: Study of the Geochemical Parameters
Elham Keshmirizadeh Somayeh Shobeirian Mahmoud Memariani -
Open Access Article
13 - Characterization and Evaluation of Light Hydrocarbon in Northwestern Iranian Crude Oil by Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis (D.H.A)Gas Chromatography
E. Keshmirizadeh M. Memariani S. Shobeirian -
Open Access Article
14 - Study The Effect of Reducing the Toxicity of Oil Pollution by Crude Oil-Degrading Bacteria Symbiotic with the Gastropod Isolated From the Persian Gulf on the Quality of Seafood
Nasrin Ansari Farokh Rokhbakhsh-Zamin Mehdi Hassanshahian Majid AskariThe Persian Gulf is the most important marine environment in the world. Because annually about 25000 oil tankers transfer in this Gulf and oil spill and pollution are so much in this area. The relationship between marine animals and degrading bacteria not well understan MoreThe Persian Gulf is the most important marine environment in the world. Because annually about 25000 oil tankers transfer in this Gulf and oil spill and pollution are so much in this area. The relationship between marine animals and degrading bacteria not well understand. The aim of this study is the characterization of symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria in some Gastropods in the Persian Gulf. Gastropods were collected from five stations at the Persian Gulf. Symbiont crude oil-degrading bacteria were isolated from collected Gastropod by enrichment in ONR7a medium after 4 subcultures. The isolated bacteria were identified by biochemical and molecular methods. The effect of reducing the toxicity of heavy metals and the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons on farmed fish and shrimp meat was investigated by decomposing bacteria. The degradation of crude oil was determined by spectrophotometry methods for each strain. In this study, 2 crude oil-degrading bacteria IAUK3585, IAUK3586 were isolated from Gastropod. The efficient strain that had the Thalassospira profundimaris and strain IAUK3586 the efficient strain that had the highest crude oil degradation belonged to genera. The results of reducing the toxicity of heavy metals and the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons proved that the total amount of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in the pond with decomposing bacteria compared to the pond without decomposing bacteria and oil contamination and the pond without any These conditions were significantly reduced. This result proves that the decomposing bacteria that coexist with the abdomen have a significant effect on increasing the quality of fish and shrimp meat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Synergistic effect of disordered mesoporous silica and nonionic surfactant on demulsification efficiency of water-in-crude oil emulsions
Forough Mohammadi Haleh Sanaeishoar Elham Tahanpesar -
Open Access Article
16 - Estimation model of oil productions Price in Iran
ramiar refaei Mostafa BaghbanyanAbstract:One of the most important factors in determining the price of oil products is the price of crude oil and the exchange rate. Crude oil is the main source of refiners in the production of petroleum products, and exchange rate changes are expected to be expected b MoreAbstract:One of the most important factors in determining the price of oil products is the price of crude oil and the exchange rate. Crude oil is the main source of refiners in the production of petroleum products, and exchange rate changes are expected to be expected by producers and demanders, and ultimately oil products. In this paper, taking advantage of influential factors, using The convergence approach (FMOLS, CCR, DOLS) and for the period 1969-1999, the oil price model is evaluated. The estimated results showed that in three models (except for the model of furnace as dependent variable), the price of crude oil has a positive and significant effect on the price of long-term oil products, and in all four models, the exchange rate has positive effects of meaning You have the price of oil products in Iran. Short-term results also indicate that the process of moving the variables toward satisfactory long-term equilibrium is satisfactory. Among the other points examined in the paper is the comparison of the relative effect of these two variables on the price of oil products, which indicate that the exchange rate coefficient in the models is larger than the crude oil price coefficient, ie any increase in the price of crude oil, the price of the products to the exchange rate, will further increase. Therefore, for the Iranian economy, stabilizing the exchange rate and reducing its fluctuations will create a more stable trend in the price of oil products. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Consideration of crude oil pollution (Water Soluble Fraction) in lelation to PAHs accumulation in Cynoglossus bilineatus of Persian Gulf
Sh. Oryan M. Gharibkhany M. Tatina One of the compounds of crude oil is Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs). This study was conducted in order to consider the effect of water soluble fraction of crude oil on the accumulation of PAHs in muscle tissue of Cynoglossus bilineatus of Pers More One of the compounds of crude oil is Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs). This study was conducted in order to consider the effect of water soluble fraction of crude oil on the accumulation of PAHs in muscle tissue of Cynoglossus bilineatus of Persian Gulf. It was performed in spring 2005 in the ecology research center of Persian Gulf. Two solutions with 0ppm and 18.25ppm dosages of crude oil were prepared through by Anderson method and the use of seawater. Then 48 fish caught from different stations of Persian Gulf were exposed (to 8 fish for each dosage) for 8 days in long-term bioassay examination with three replicates. After 8 days, exposed fish were frozen and packed seprately and sent to the laboratory for determination of PAHs accumulated in their muscle. PAHs measurment was done with GC-FID model varian 3400. In total 16 different compound of PAHs were detected. Then total PAHs in each dosage was calculated seprately. The result of data analysis shows that mean accumulation amount of PAHs (STD) in tissue of testifier fish (0 ppm dosage) and exposed to 18.25 ppm dosage of crude oil was 1622±13 ppb and 3983±9.16 ppb respectively. According to Kruskal-wallis test there is a significant difference (P<0.05) between two mentioned dosages of crude oil from their accumulation point of view in muscle tissue. In other words exposing fish to 18.25ppm of crude oil can increase the accumulation of PAHs in comparition with testifier fish. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Experimental Investigation of Fe3O4-Chitosan Nanocomposite as a Nano-Demulsifier for Water in Crude Oil Separation
Zahra Hasanshahi Payam Parvasi Mohamad Mahdi Zerafat Samad Sabbaghi -
Open Access Article
19 - Solvent Selection in Impregnation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles into MCM-41 Investigation of Its Ability Toward H2S Removal from Crude Oil
Ali Akbar Miran Beigi Nastaran Hazrati Majid Abdouss Amir Vahid -
Open Access Article
20 - Experimental Investigation of Fe3O4-Chitosan Nanocomposite as a Nano-Demulsifier for Water in Crude Oil Separation
Z. Hasanshahi P. Parvasi M. M. Zerafat Samad Sabbaghi -
Open Access Article
21 - The effects of crude oil prices in the world market on regional prices of gas, Vector Error Correction approach
Ali Aghili Moghaddam Ebrahim Abbassi Shahriar Nessabian Marjan DamankeshidehThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationships between the behavior of gas and oil prices in regional markets and their impact on each other using the VECM correction method during the period 2000-2019. For this purpose, due to th MoreThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the long-term and short-term relationships between the behavior of gas and oil prices in regional markets and their impact on each other using the VECM correction method during the period 2000-2019. For this purpose, due to the wide range of variables in each region, proxy technique has been used to analyze the markets of gas and oil regions. The findings show that among the regional prices of the gas and oil market in Asia and Europe (unlike the US market), due to the relationship of aggregation, the influence of oil market fluctuations is very high. Due to the importance of the role of financial markets in facilitating oil and gas transactions, it is suggested that the major supply of oil and gas through the energy exchange be considered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Effect of OPEC Statements on Fluctuations in Crude Oil Prices
Fariba Shahbodaghlou Aliasghar Esmaeilnia gatabi azadeh mehrabian ROYA SEIFIPOUR The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of OPEC statements (whether increasing, decreasing or not changing supply) on oil price fluctuations in crude oil markets. For this purpose, conditional heterogeneity and variable control variance models have b More The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of OPEC statements (whether increasing, decreasing or not changing supply) on oil price fluctuations in crude oil markets. For this purpose, conditional heterogeneity and variable control variance models have been used to investigate the effect of statements on Brent and WTI crude oil price fluctuations during the period 1987-2019 based on the event analysis approach. The findings show that OPEC statements have a significant effect on the turmoil in the oil market, and the type of statements varies on crude oil market fluctuations, and this effect has diminished over time. Based on the results, members' solidarity in the field of planning and coordinated implementation of decisions for maximum impact on the crude oil market is proposed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Modeling Extreme Dependence of Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) to Crude Oil Price: An Approach based on Copula Functions
Hamid Abrishami Mohsen Mehara Mojtaba MohammadianThe objective of this study is to model the extreme dependence structure from the crude oil price to Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) index. For this purpose, the conditional extreme value theory (C-EVT) was used to model the marginal distribution of returns on stock and oil MoreThe objective of this study is to model the extreme dependence structure from the crude oil price to Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) index. For this purpose, the conditional extreme value theory (C-EVT) was used to model the marginal distribution of returns on stock and oil market during the period 2008 to 2021. Then, the dependence structure of the extreme return was estimated by Copula models. The results showed that the crude oil market has contagion effects on the TSE. These effects are asymmetric and there is more dependence on the left tail. In other words, as crude oil price falls, decline of the total index is expected and these effects are greater when a positive simultaneous change occurs between variables. Due to the financial risks of the existence of contagion, considering structural extreme dependence can calculate the portfolio risk accurately and reliably. Therefore, it is suggested to pay attention to the structure of extreme dependencies between assets in order to optimize the portfolio. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Economic Growth in the Middle East Countries
amirreza souri mohammad hassan sabouri deilami javad attaranThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between crude oil demand and economic growth in Middle East by panel unit root and co-integration developed techniques during 1980-2007. By developing a model, the crude oil demand, oil price and GDP and their gro MoreThe purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between crude oil demand and economic growth in Middle East by panel unit root and co-integration developed techniques during 1980-2007. By developing a model, the crude oil demand, oil price and GDP and their growth rates will be explained. In continue, we are going to estimate two various models for oil demand function and the effect of economic growth on Middle East oil demand. The findings represent that the demand function is asymmetric in respect to price and income. Also, economic growth rate is the most important factor for increasing crude oil consumption in Middle East countries. On the other hand, these countries’ oil demand elasticity based upon the price and income is low, but income elasticity is higher than price. However, the findings suggest that oil demand is more important than economic growth. It is because of these countries’ disability in replacing crude oil by new energy sources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the environment
vida dawoodiCrude oil is a naturally occurring complex mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds. Oil-based products are the main source of energy for industry and daily life. However, today's environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons and its adverse effects on t MoreCrude oil is a naturally occurring complex mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds. Oil-based products are the main source of energy for industry and daily life. However, today's environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons and its adverse effects on the environment is significant among the many problems. The effect of oil on microbial populations depends upon the chemical composition of the oil and on the species of microorganisms present. Populations of some microbes increase; typically, Many of microorganisms are capable of utilizing petroleum hydrocarbons as nutrient. The process of bioremediation, defined as the use of microorganisms to detoxify or remove pollutants owing to their diverse metabolic capabilities is an evolving method for the removal and degradation of many environmental pollutants including the products of petroleum industry. Biodegradation by natural populations of microorganisms represents one of the primary mechanisms by which petroleum and other hydrocarbon pollutants can be removed from the environment and is cheaper than other remediation technologies. This paper presents an updated overview of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation by microorganisms.Keywords: Biodegradation, crude oil, microorganisms Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Biodegradation of crude by fungi isolated from contaminated soils of Maroon and Haftkel
vida dawoodi abdolah raeisi sarasiyabAccidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxic organic pollutants. Fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem as major decompose MoreAccidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxic organic pollutants. Fungi play an important role in the soil ecosystem as major decomposers. The aims of this study were to isolate and identity of the crude oil degradation indigenous fungi from contaminated soils of Maroon and Haftkel. Samples of contaminated soils with oil spill were collected. For isolation petroleum-utilizing fungi was used MSM supplemented with Streptomycine and 1% crude oil. Fungi that grow on this medium were subcultured into PDA plates until to obtain pure cultures. Potential of fungi for crude oil biodegradation was studied using of Bacto Bushnell-Haas broth medium containing 1% ( v /v) of crude oil, 0.1% ( v /v ) Tween 80 and 0.008 g/50 ml of redox indicator. The isolated fungi included Acremonium spp, Alternaria spp, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium spp, Paecilomyces spp and Penicillium spp. Of these 8 isolates, ability Alternaria spp, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Paecilomyces spp and Penicillium spp. was confirmed for crude oil biodegradation. Hence, these fungal species can be used for bioremediation of contaminated sites to oil spill. Currently the nature became more familiar with biological control solutions to remove hazardous from the environment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Effects of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil on Biomass Accumulation in Jatropha curcas L. Seedlings
O.M Agbogidi,A study was conducted in 2010 to investigate the effects of crude oil contaminated soil on biomass accumulation inJatropha curcas seedlings in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Oil levels used were 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0% w/w. The trial was arranged in a randomized MoreA study was conducted in 2010 to investigate the effects of crude oil contaminated soil on biomass accumulation inJatropha curcas seedlings in Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria. Oil levels used were 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0% w/w. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and monitored for 12 weeks after transplanting. Results showed that contamination of soil with crude oil significantly reduced (P£ 0.05) biomass accumulation when compared with seedlings grown in the uncontaminated subplots. A negative interaction was observed between the soil crude oil level and weight gained inJ. curcas seedlings. For instance, while the fresh weight of seedlings grown in 0.0% w/w of oil was 3.0g, as low as 2.1g was recorded for seedling exposed to 10.0g w/w of the oil. This study has demonstrated that crude oil contamination of soil has a significant effect of reducing the biomass accumulation in the seedlings of Jatropha cruces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Experimental study of pour point and improving the rheological properties of Crude Oil using imidazolium-based ionic liquids
ali asghar paseban ali akbar miran beigi majid abdousIn this research, fluidity of crude oil at low temperatures was investigated on several Iranian oil samples by using two imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs). Both ILs have high solubility in crude oil. A 2000 ppm solution of [C14 mim][NTf2] exhibited more ability in d MoreIn this research, fluidity of crude oil at low temperatures was investigated on several Iranian oil samples by using two imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs). Both ILs have high solubility in crude oil. A 2000 ppm solution of [C14 mim][NTf2] exhibited more ability in decreasing pour point down to 12 °C. Wax crystals nucleation and growth were studied before and after of the addition of ILs. The results revealed that both the studied ILs could significantly decrease pour point of samples via delay in nucleation mechanism of wax crystals. Furthermore, in the presence of ILs rheological behavior of tested crude oils was improved. Besides, the viscosity at 23.5 °C and 15 °C was decreased 73% and 87%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - A comparative assessment of the heavy metals lead and nickel in Litopaeneus vanammei in the vicinity of crude oil and two dispersants
A. Shamsizadeh M. Emtyazjoo M. S. Sadeghi M. RabaniThe aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metals (nickel and lead) that has accumulated in Litopenaeus vannamei in vicinity of two types dispersants, Naft roob (Iranian dispersants) and Radiogreen OSD (foreign dispersant). For this study, a control group and 5 tre MoreThe aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metals (nickel and lead) that has accumulated in Litopenaeus vannamei in vicinity of two types dispersants, Naft roob (Iranian dispersants) and Radiogreen OSD (foreign dispersant). For this study, a control group and 5 treated with different concentrations and combinations and each with three replications were considered. Shrimp samples exposed to crude oil and combination of crude oil and two dispersants for 48 hours. The accumulated heavy metals were then measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results showed that the highest average concentration of nickel in shrimp, was found to be in the combined treatment of Naft roob at 4.484 ppm,. The highest average concentration of Pb was found in L. vannamei, which was exposed to foreign oil dispersant, Radiogreen OSD, at 2.443 ppm. Finally, it was found that by increasing crude oil and dispersant concentration, higher levels of heavy metals were absorbed by the shrimp in vicinity of crude oil and crude oil combined with dispersants. Nickel was also found to be accimulated at much higher concentrations compared to lead in shrimp exposed to crude oil and crude oil combined with dispersants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of indigenous oil-degrading bacteria from soil of Karoon area in Ahvaz
Mohammad Hossein Arash Assadirad Mahnaz Mazaher Asadi Hamid Rashedi Taher Nejadsattari Background & Objectives: Bioremediation is the promising technology for the treatment of the contaminated sites since it is cost-effective and will lead to complete mineralization. This study was aimed to isolation and phylogenetic identification of indigeno More Background & Objectives: Bioremediation is the promising technology for the treatment of the contaminated sites since it is cost-effective and will lead to complete mineralization. This study was aimed to isolation and phylogenetic identification of indigenous oil-degrading bacteria from soil of Karoon area in Ahvaz. Materials & Methods: The crude oil contaminated soil of Karoon area in Ahvaz was sampled accidentally and under sterile condition. The amount of absorbable phosphorus was determined using Olson method and also, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen by CHN meter device. Mineral salt medium containing 2% crude oil was used for isolation of oil eating bacteria. Following sieving the soil samples, the total carbon content of the soils were analysed by gas chromatography. Biochemical tests and PCR method were used to identify the dominant bacteria. Results: In this study, 44 bacterial strains were isolated, among them 20 isolates in the first and one in the second screening methods were selected, which was nominated as S31.This strain belonged to Bacillus licheniformis. The growth of the selected isolate in the media with 2% crude oil was better than the standard strain and remediated 84% of the crude oil in 30 days incubation time at about 30o C. Conclusion: The selected Bacillus could use 2% of crude oil as source of carbon and energy and we suggest further studies on this bacterium in bacterial consortia. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Isolation and identification of petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from oil reservoirs located at Asmari, Ahwaz
Rahil Kianpour Barjoei Hossein Motamedi Zahra BamzadehBackground & Objectives: Bioremediation is a technology to remove oil pollution. Microbial bioremediation id the best technology to remove contaminants in which pollutants are converted to non-toxic chemicals in expenses of lowest amount of energy, chemicals and tim MoreBackground & Objectives: Bioremediation is a technology to remove oil pollution. Microbial bioremediation id the best technology to remove contaminants in which pollutants are converted to non-toxic chemicals in expenses of lowest amount of energy, chemicals and time. This study aimed to isolate and identify the petroleum hydrocarbons degrading bacteria from oil reservoirs located at Asmari Ahwaz. Materials & Methods: This field study was performed in the oil reservoirs located at Asmar, Ahvaz. The primary isolation was performed using a salt containing base medium through a multistep process, and the salt tolerance of isolates were tested by this medium. The elimination of the hydrocarbons by isolated bacteria were studied using gas chromatography. The identity of bacteria was determined based on biochemical tests and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Results: In this study, a halotolerant Gram-positive bacteria, belonged to Streptomyces, was isolated from the field. This isolate showed an acceptable growth into 7.5% salt concentration and was able to use oil as the sole source of carbon. Also, this strain was able to reduce the level of hydrocarbons to 71.58 % through incubation in the saline medium for 10 days. Conclusion: According to the results, the isolated strain is capable to tolerate high concentrations of salts and is desirable to remove the hydrocarbons, which is beneficiary due to the difference in salt concentration in contaminated areas. As a result, this isolate can be useful for removal of pollutants from the environment and reduction of their side effects on life. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Evaluation of crude oil biodegradation by Alcanivorax dieselolei, an isolated strain from the coastal sediments of Persian Gulf
Narges Boroomandi Mohammad Mehdi Mahmoodi Dariush Mowla Abas Ali Rezaeian Masood BoostaniBackground & Objectives: Oil pollutions are one of the major problems threatening environment. Biodegradation using hydrocarbon-degrading indigenous bacteria is considered as a convenient method both economically and environmentally. The genus Alcanivorax is known a MoreBackground & Objectives: Oil pollutions are one of the major problems threatening environment. Biodegradation using hydrocarbon-degrading indigenous bacteria is considered as a convenient method both economically and environmentally. The genus Alcanivorax is known as a petroleum hydrocarbon degrader in petroleum-contaminated marine environments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity of Alcanivorax dieselolei, isolated from the coastal sediments of Persian Gulf for crude oil biodegradation. Material & Methods: In this applied-fundamental study, first oil degrading bacteria were isolated from the coastal sediments of Persian Gulf and were enriched in media. The isolated bacterium was identified using molecular identification based on 16S rRNA sequence. The oil degrading ability of the isolates was assessed using various concentrations of crude oil. Results: Based on molecular approaches the isolated bacterium was identified as Alcanivorax dieselolei. This bacterium was able to disintegrate oil droplets stably in less than one minute. Results showed that the biodegradation rates at 1, 2.5 and 5% concentrations of crude oil were 68.37, 67.97 and 13.2% respectively. Conclusion: Since Alcanivorax genus is an indigenous bacterium in hydrocarbon polluted marine environments and its capability in biodegradation of crude oil has been proved, using this bacterium to remove oil pollutants is certainly possible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Lubrication and oil recovery by biosurfactant produced by Acinetobacter johnsonii ABR6
Elham Akbari Kaivan Beheshti Maal Behnam Rasekh Zarrin dokht Emami Meisam OmidiBackground and Objectives: Solid and semi-solid wastes are produced as oil sludge at different stages of crude oil refining. Accumulation of oil waste in the refinery reduces the efficiency of oil refining and its release causes environmental pollution. The purpos MoreBackground and Objectives: Solid and semi-solid wastes are produced as oil sludge at different stages of crude oil refining. Accumulation of oil waste in the refinery reduces the efficiency of oil refining and its release causes environmental pollution. The purpose of this study is to lubricate crude oil in pipelines and recycle oil using a biosurfactant produced by an indigenous strain. Materials and Methods: The biosurfactant-producing isolates were obtained from petroleum reservoir in Isfahan Oil Refinery, Isfahan, Iran. Screening was performed by oil displacement method. Also the surface tension was measured by tensiometer. Biosurfactant chemical structure was identified by using chemical analysis. Oil recovery from the sludge was measured under controlled condition. The effect of biosurfactant lubrication was investigated on crude oil in the pipelines in vitro. The stability of biosurfactant in different environmental conditions was also determined. Results: The best biosurfactant-producing bacterium was identified as Acinetobacter johnsonii ABR6, and its 16S-rDNA genomic sequence was deposited in GenBank under the accession number of MK100470. Chemical analysis of TLC and FTIR confirmed that the produced biosurfactant was lipopeptide. The biosurfactant obtained from this bacterium recovered 50% of crude oil from petroleum sludge and also reduced transportation speed from 64 to 35 seconds. This biosurfactant had high stability in 5% w/v NaCl, pH range of 8 to 10, temperature of 60°C and autoclave conditions. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the biosurfactant produced by the native strain of Acinetobacter Johnson ABR6, in addition to operating in extreme conditions, also has the ability to recover oil and increase the transfer rate of crude oil in pipelines. Therefore, the use of this biosurfactant can be considered as an asset in the petroleum industry Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Utilization and biodesulfurization of crude oil by Bacillus spp.
Abbas Akhavan Sepahi Isar Dejban Golpasha Masoud Emami Arjang Mohammad NakhodaBackground and objectives: Today use of microorganisms for removing crude oil pollution from contaminated sites (bioremediation) was considered by scientists because other methods such as surfactant washing and incineration lead to production of more toxic compounds and MoreBackground and objectives: Today use of microorganisms for removing crude oil pollution from contaminated sites (bioremediation) was considered by scientists because other methods such as surfactant washing and incineration lead to production of more toxic compounds and they are non-economic. Materials and methods: Fifteen crude oil degrading Bacillus spp. were isolated from contaminated sites. Two isolated showed best growth in liquid media with 1-3% ( v/v) crude oil and mineral salt medium. Results: The results show maximal increase in optical densities, total viable count and total protein concomitant with decrease in pH on fifth day of experiment period for Bacillus S6. Typical generation time on mineral salt with 1% crude oil is 18h and 25-h respectively for Bacillus S6 and S35. These bacilli reduce surface tension from 60 (mN/m) to 31 and 38 (mN/m) it means that these bacilli can produce sufficient surfactant. Total of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen was measured before and after of treatment by using ASTM D5291 method. The results reflect that total of carbon was decreased from 85.6 (mass %) to 41 and 48.8 (mass %) respectively by Bacillus S6 and S35. Biodesulfurization of crude oil was investigated by using IP 242 method. After one month of treatment at 30°C, 42% and 80% of total sulfur content was removed respectively by Bacillus S6 and S35. Conclusion: Quantitative analysis using gas chromatography carried out to demonstrate the effect of biodegradation on n-alkanes (C13-C30). In our study the amounts of hydrocarbons lost by biological processes. The results confirm that isolated Bacillus can use crude oil as source of carbon and energy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Screening of crude oil degrading bacteria from industrial effluents in Shiraz
Mehdi Hassanshahian Hajar MoradiBackground & Objectives: Pollution of the environment with petroleum and its derivatives is a serious threat to human health and the environment, so treatment of these substances is of great importance. The bioremediation process is defined as the use of microorgani MoreBackground & Objectives: Pollution of the environment with petroleum and its derivatives is a serious threat to human health and the environment, so treatment of these substances is of great importance. The bioremediation process is defined as the use of microorganisms to remove many industrial effluents, including petroleum products. The aim of this research is the isolation and characterization of crude oil degrading bacteria from some industrial sewage in Shiraz. Material & Methods: This study was performed to isolate crude oil degrading bacteria from some industrial areas of Shiraz. To investigate the effect of crude oil on the frequency and variety of microbial populations of soil and water sampling, identification and counting of crude-oil degrading bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria were performed by CFU and MPN methods. Preliminary identification of the strains was carried out based on biochemical characteristics. Then properties such as oil-spreading,emulsifying activity, growth and degradation rate of these bacteria were investigated. Results:After screening, it was found that 20 strains were capable of growing and decomposing crude oil. The highest oil-spreading,bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbon, emulsifying activity were related to PE3, SN1, DS1, 23%, 16% and 22%, respectively. Using these results seven suitable strains were selected and crude oil removal rates determined by spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods for each strain. One strain with the highest rate of crude oil degradation was Cellulosimicrobium cellulans by molecular method. This strain had the best efficiency of degradation (67 %) in 1.5 parentage of crude oil. By optimization of factors affecting crude oil degradation such as carbon source, nitrogen source, time and mixed culture the best degradation (100%) was take place. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of these microorganisms by creating optimal conditions can be an important step in the removal and control of oil pollution. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Modeling and Forecasting Evaluation of Different Models of Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory, Markov Switching and Hyperbolic GARCH in Forecasting OPEC Crude Oil Price Volatility
mahmood mohammadi alamuti Mohammadreza Haddadi Younes NademiPredictability in financial markets is very complex, and the reasons for this complexity can be summarized as non-standard data, nonlinear data flow, and large variations in data. Determining the proper pattern for forecasting volatility can play a significant role in d MorePredictability in financial markets is very complex, and the reasons for this complexity can be summarized as non-standard data, nonlinear data flow, and large variations in data. Determining the proper pattern for forecasting volatility can play a significant role in decision making. In the old econometric models it is assumed that the component of error constant during the sample period. But in many financial time series it is observed that during periods of volatility is very sever. Under these conditions, the assumption of the exictence of the equivalence of variance is no longer reasonable. In the present paper, the GARCH, IGARCH, EGARCH, GJR-GARCH, FIEGARCH, HYGARCH, and MRS-GARCH two-regime models were evaluated in prediction of OPEC crude oil price volatility during 2010-2016 based on their RMSE error criterion. The results of this evaluation show the superiority of the Markov Switching GARCH Model on the 5 and 22-day horizons. Also, the long-term FIEGARCH memory model in predicting horizons of 1 and 10 days has better performance in predicting oil price volatilities than other competing models. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Biodegradation of the Most Heavier Fraction of Crude Oil, Asphaltene, by Bacillus toyonensis BCT-7112
Malihe Honarmand Kashi Mitra Sadat Tabatabaee Nazila Arbab Soleimani -
Open Access Article
38 - Effects of Process Parameter on Crude Oil Biodegradation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent using Response Surface Optimization
Ani Amechi Ezeugwu Felix -
Open Access Article
39 - Study of Crude Oil Effect on Cytogenetic Damage by Using Micronuclei (MN) Test in Anodonta cygnea (mollusca,bivalvia) as a Bioindicator
صابر اسکندری پرگل قوام مصطفوی حسین مزدارانی علی ماشینچیان مرادی محمدحسن شاه حسینیOil spills can result in the deposition of large quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons intointertidal and shallow waters seriously impacting bivalve populations. Petroleum hydrocarbonsare enriched in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH analogs many ofwhich ma MoreOil spills can result in the deposition of large quantities of petroleum hydrocarbons intointertidal and shallow waters seriously impacting bivalve populations. Petroleum hydrocarbonsare enriched in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH analogs many ofwhich may have potential chromosomal aberration. The micronuclei (MN) test is useful for assessing chromosomal aberration and DNA damage and has been used to a limited degree with aquatic organisms, but mostly with studies in vitro. This study carried out with the MN test to assess the DNA damaging potential of crude oil the complex mixtures of petroleum hydrocarbons for bivalves.Micronucleus test, one of the most popular and promisingtest ofenvironmental genotoxicity, has served as an index ofcytogenetic damagefor over 30 years. Micronuclei (MN) are produced from chromosome fragmentsor whole chromosomes that lag at cell division due to lack ofcentromere, damage in centromere or defect in cytokinesis. Intissues with actively dividing cells, micronuclei records reflectaction of clastogenic or aneugenic compoundsThis study presents the data on rate of MN numbers with use of micronuclei (MN) test in gill cells offreshwater bivalve molluscs (Anodonta cygnea) exposed to crude oil. Bivalves were exposed for ten days to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of crude oil. For the micronuclei (MN) test Two branches of mussel gills were placed in a big drop of 3:1 ethanol acetic acid (or methanol acetic acid) solution separately on two clean microscopic slides and gently nipped with tweezers for 2andndash;3 minutes (until cells spread within a drop). Then the cell suspension was softly smeared on the whole surface (except label place) of both slides. Dried slides were fixed in methanol for 10 min. and stained with 5% Giemsa solution in phosphate buffer pH = 6.8. The stained slides were analyzed under the light microscope at a final magnification of 1000andtimes;. a statically significant increase in level of micronuclei (MN) was found with 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 ppm of crude oil. The rate of MN frequency was measured 1.6 , 2.6 and 2 MN/1000 gill cells, respectively. The frequency of micronuclei was varied from 0 to 2.6 andpermil; (MN/1000 cells).This study has demonstrated a potential for DNA damage in bivalvesexposedto crude oil as well as potential for interspecies sensitivity. Manuscript profile
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