• List of Articles Abbasid

      • Open Access Article

        1 - The Representation of Sacred Lineage of Caliphate on the Coins of the Second Century
        Hossein Mohseni Hamidreza Azarinia
        10.30495/jhcin.2023.22301
        The sacred lineage of Imamate/Caliphate is one of the most challenging problems in the Islamic society in the first century.  Prophet's family occupied a privileged position in political atmosphere of Muslims from the earliest period. This article puts forward the More
        The sacred lineage of Imamate/Caliphate is one of the most challenging problems in the Islamic society in the first century.  Prophet's family occupied a privileged position in political atmosphere of Muslims from the earliest period. This article puts forward the history of the controversies on the sacred lineage among the Hashimtes and Umayyids and then the Hashimites and Alavids and Abbasids through the study of the coins minted in this period. The struggles of the Abbasids and Alavids in the sacred lineage and the concession of Caliphate in Imam Ali's progeny caused in long-term disputes that could be traced through the coins. These disputes lead to mint of various coins that contained the representation of sacred lineage of caliphate from the Prophet's progeny via Imam Ali and Fatima in the years 145-200 H. Eventually, the Abbasids had to withdraw their previous approach of the rejection of Alavids legitimacy of leadership in the Ma'mun's reign and tried to have a turn into the Alavids that appeared in the coins of the Imam Reza's crown prince. Manuscript profile
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        2 - War, Peace and a Marriage: The Relationships between Tulūnid Ruler Khumārawayh (270-282 A. H.) and the Abbasid Caliphate
        masoumali panjeh
        This article examines the relationship between the Tulunid, an autonomous dynasty in Egypt and Syria (270-282 A. H.) and the Abbasid Caliphate that was commenced with a war and continued with peace and a marriage. When al-Muwaffaq, brother of Abbasid Caliph and the main More
        This article examines the relationship between the Tulunid, an autonomous dynasty in Egypt and Syria (270-282 A. H.) and the Abbasid Caliphate that was commenced with a war and continued with peace and a marriage. When al-Muwaffaq, brother of Abbasid Caliph and the main enemy of Tulūnids, couldn’t succeed to defeat Ibn Tulun by threats and even psychological warfare, a war sparked with his son Khumārawayh. The outcome was the Abbasids failure that consequently returned the Tulunids domination over Shām(Syria) and the expansion of their territory on the Jazira (Northern Mesopotamia). By absolute authority of Khumārawayh over Shām and Jazira, the Abbasids were forced to accept the peace and affirmed their recognition of the Tulunids as legitimate rulers of the territories between the Euphrates and the Nile. Before the murder of Khumārawayh, which was the beginning of Tulunids decline, his daughter's marriage to Al-Muʿtaḍid caliph strengthened the relationship between the Tulunids and Abbasids.   Manuscript profile
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        3 - The Religious Politics of Khwarazm-Shahs
        ابراهیم باوفا
        Khwarazm-Shahs (491-618 A.H.) who were of Turkish origin,established a state in Khwarazm during Seljuk's declination andfragmentation. This dynasty, regarding their adoption of a theologicaland religious policy to protect Shiites and Mu‘tazilites, created ahistori More
        Khwarazm-Shahs (491-618 A.H.) who were of Turkish origin,established a state in Khwarazm during Seljuk's declination andfragmentation. This dynasty, regarding their adoption of a theologicaland religious policy to protect Shiites and Mu‘tazilites, created ahistorical opportunity and an appropriate background for thedevelopment of their doctrines in Khwarazm, and particularly theirinfiltration of Khwarazm -Shahs’ power system, administrativepositions and chancellor establishments. Examining Khwarazm -Shahs’ political intentions, this article is to recognize the role of thekings of this dynasty in creating necessary backgrounds for thedevelopment of intellectual courses, and also their special attention toMu‘tazilits’ beliefs and their protection of Shiites and Alawids againstAbbasids. (F.S.) Manuscript profile
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        4 - First Abbasid Caliphs, Philosophy and Theology
        محبوب مهدویان
        The advent of Abbasids resulted in fundamental changes ingovernment. The development of knowledge and thought acceleratedin a new background which was formed by Abbasids, and itsmanifestation was “translation movement”. Therefore, philosophy andtheology as t More
        The advent of Abbasids resulted in fundamental changes ingovernment. The development of knowledge and thought acceleratedin a new background which was formed by Abbasids, and itsmanifestation was “translation movement”. Therefore, philosophy andtheology as the important indicators of thought experienced importantchanges due to the new situation.In this article, the attitude of first Abbasid Caliphs to philosophy andtheology; their motivations in challenging with them; their influenceon the development of these knowledges; the interaction oftheological sects and theologian with caliphate; and the process ofthese interactions in the development of philosophy and theology, areconsidered Manuscript profile
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        5 - Meritocracy for the position of ministry in Abbasids Era From theory to practice
        Gh montazeri
        This research consists of two parts: The first part introduces  a brief list of common condition for achieving the position of ministry (viziership) in the views and works of religious scholars and governmental men in Abbasids era. The second part studies the suit More
        This research consists of two parts: The first part introduces  a brief list of common condition for achieving the position of ministry (viziership) in the views and works of religious scholars and governmental men in Abbasids era. The second part studies the suitability of the appointed men along with their qualifications and necessary criteria for taking charge of the position of the ministry (viziership) and finally comes into conclusion that although governmental men had always been emphasizing on Meritocracy in ministers (viziers) appointments, Caliphs did not care about meritocracy and factors like heredity, influence of courtier women and envy, jealousy and opportunism of some of Caliphs friends influenced these appointments. Manuscript profile
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        6 - The Confiscation of Property in the Abbasid Era; its Political and Economic Aims and Performances
        Mahdi Qorbani Hesari Ebrahim Mousapour Besheli Qanbarali Roodgar
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        References Balādhurī, Ansāb al- Ashrāf, Revised by ʿAbd al- ʿAzīz al- Dawrī, Vol. 4, Beirut, German Orientalists, 1978/ 1356. Bayhaḳī, Tārīkh-i Bayhaḳī, Edited by Khalil Khatib Rahbar, (Vol. 3), (4th ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Mahtāb, 1374/ 1995. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, Tārīkh-i Ghaznawiyyān (The Ghaznavids), trans. Hassan Anushah, Vol. 2, Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1385/ 2006. Bosworth, “Musadara”, “Mustakhridj”, EI2, Vol. VII, 1993. Bouvat, Lucien, Barmakiyyān Binā- bar Riwayat-i Muwarrikhān-i Arāb wa Iranī(Les Barmécides d'après les historiens arabes et persans), Trans. Abdol Hossein Meykadeh, (Vol. 5), Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1388/ 2009. Boyle, John Andrew, Tārīkh-i Iran Cambridge( Vol.) az Āmadan-i Saldjuḳiyyān tā Furū- Pāsh-yi Dawlat- Īlkhān(The Cambridge History of Iran), Trans. Hassan Anushah, (6th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 2006/ 1385. Cahen, Claude, Kabir, M., Buwiyhiyān, Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1382/ 2003. Dehkhoda, Lughat-nāma, Electronic Publishing. Djahshiyārī, al- Wuzarā  wa  al- Kuttāb, Revised by Muṣṭafa al- Saḳḳā, Ibrāhīm al- Abyārī & ʿAbd al- Ḥafīẓ al- Shiblī, (1st. ed.) Maktaba Muṣṭafā al- Bānī al- Ḥalabī wa al- Awlāda, Cairo, 1357 AH/ 1938 AD. Dhahabī, Shams al- Dīn Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Tārikh al- Islām wa wafayāt (ṭabaḳāt) al- mashāhīr wa l- alām, Revised by ʿUmar ʿAbd al- Salām Tadmurī, Beirut, Dār al- Kitāb al- ʿArabī, 1993 AD/ 1413 AH. Eqbal,  Abbas, Wizārat dar Ahd-i Salaṭīn-i Buzurg-i Saldjūḳī az Tārīkh Tashkīl-i Iyn sisila tā marg-i Sulṭān Sandjar(432- 552 AH), Revised by Mohammad Taqi Danesh Pajouh & Yahya Zoka, (2st. ed.), Tehran, University of Tehran, 1384/ 2005. Fischer, ZDMG, lxiv(1910). Ghazālī, Kimiyāy-i-Saadat, Revised by Hossein Khadiv Jam, Vol. 2, Tehran, ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1393/ 2014. Ḥusaynī Munshī, Muhammad Mīrak b. Masʿūd, Riyāḍ al-Firdaws-i Khānī, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1385/ 2006. Ibn Aʿtham, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, al- Futūḥ, Beirut, Dār al- aḍwāʾ, 1991 AD/ 1411 AH. Ibn Athīr, ʿIzza al- Dīn Abū al- Ḥasan ʿAlī b. Abī al- Mukarram, al-Kāmil fī al- tārikh, Beirut, Dār Ṣadir, 1965/1343. Ibn Ḥazm Andalusī, Djamharat ansāb al- arab, Revised by Scientific Committee, Beirut, Dār al- kutub al- ʿIlmiyya, 1983 AD/ 1403 AH. Ibn Kathīr Dimāshḳī, Abū ʾl- Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar, al- Bidāya wa l- Nihāya, Beirut, Dār al- fikr, 1986/ 1364. Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al- Raḥmān Muḥammad, al- Ibar wa al- dīwan l- mubtadi wa al- Khabar fī tārikh al- Arab wa al- Adjam wa al- Barbar wa- min āṣarāhum min dhawī al- sulṭān al- akbar, Revised by Khalīl Shiḥāda, Beirut, Dār al- Fikr, 1988 AD/ 1408 AH. Ibid, Muḳaddama Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, (8th. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿilmī wa Farhangī, 1996/1375. Ibid, al- Ibar Tārīkh-i Ibn Khaldūn, trans. Abdolmuhammad Ayati, Mūʾassisa Muṭāliʿāt- wa Taḥḳīḳāt-i Farhangī, 1984/1363. Ibn ḳutayba Dīniwarī, al- Imāma wa- al- Siyāsa, Revised by ʿAlī Shīrī, Beirut, Dār al- Aḍwāʾ, (1st. ed.), 1990 AD/1410 AH. Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, Ṭabaḳāt l--kubrā, Revised by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-  Ḳādir ʿAṭāʾ, Beirut, , Dār al- kutub al- ʿilmiyya, (1st. ed.), 1990 AD/ 1410 AH. Ibn Taghrībirdī, al-Nudjūm al-Zāhira fī mulūk miṣr wa l- ḳāhira, Egypt, The Ministry of Culture, Dār al- Kutub, (Und.). Ḳāḍī al- Tanūkhī, Abī ʿAlī al- Muḥassin b. ʿAlī, Nishwār al- Muḥāḍara wa- Akhbār al- Mudhākara, Revised by ʿAbbūd al- Shalidjī, (2st. ed.), Beirut, Dār al-Ṣayyād, 1995/ 1373. Khwārazmī, Maftātīḥ al- Ulūm, Beirut, (1st. ed.), 1428 AH/ 2008 AD. Klausner, Carla, Dīwān- Salārī dar ʿAhd-i Saldjūḳī (Wizārat dar ʿahd-i Saldjūḳī) (The Seljuk vezirate: a study of civil administration), Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (3th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1389/ 2010. Lane- Poole, Stanley, Tabaḳat-i Salāṭīn-i Islām bā Djadāwil-i Tārīkhī wa Nasab- hā-yi Iyshān ba Ḍamīma-yi Muḳaddamāt-i Tārikh-yi Rādji ba har Sisila, (The Mohammedan dynasties. Chronological and genealogical tables with historical introductions), Trans. Abbas Eqbal Ashtiani, Tehran, Asāṭīr, 1390/2011. Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford, Siyrī dar Tārīkh-i Iran Bad az Islām, Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1391/ 2012. Ibid, Tadāwum wa Taḥawwul dar Tārīkh-i Miyana Iran, Trans. Yaghoub Azhand, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Nashr-i Niy, 1392/ 2013. Lambton, “DIVAN”, EI2, Vol. II, 1991. Levy, “MUSADARA”, EI1, 1913-1936. Malayeri, Muhammad Mahdi, Tārīkh wa Farhang-i Iran dar Dawrān-i Intiḳal az Aṣr-i Sāsānī bih Aṣr-i Islāmī, Vol. 6, Tehran, Tūs, 1379/ 2000. Metz, Adam, Tamaddun-i Islāmī dar Ḳarn-i čahārum-i Hidjrī yā (Runisāns-i Islāmī)(The renaissance of Islam), Trans. Ali Reza Zekavati Gharagozlou, (5th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1393/ 2014. Mustawfī, Hamdullāh, Tārikh-i Guzida, (3th. ed.), Tehran, Amīr Kabīr, 1985/ 1364. Miskawayh al- Rāzī, Abū ʿAlī, Tadjārib al- Umam, Revised by Abolghasem Emami, Tehran, Surūsh, 1379/ 2000. M. Minovi and V. Minorsky. “Nasir al-Din Tusi on finance”, Bulletin of the school of Oriental and African Studies, University of  London, Vol. 10, No. 3(1940), pp.761,759, in www.jstor.org Ravandi, Morteza, Tārikh-i Idjtimāī-yi Iran, (Vol.12), (2st. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i Nigāh, 1382/ 2003. Ṣābīʾ, Hilāl b. Muḥassin, Tuḥfat al- Umara fī Tārīkh al- Wuzarā, Revised by ʿAbd al- Sattār Aḥmad Farādj, Maktaba al- Aʿyān, (Unn.), (Und.). Saʿdī, Kulliyyāt- Sadī, Based on the Foroughi 's Edition, (4th. ed.), Tehran, Piymān, 1381/ 2002. Sajadi, Seyyed Sadegh, Tārīkh-i Barmakiyyān, Tehran, Dr. Afshar's Endowment Foundation, 1385/ 2006. Spuller, Bertold, Djahān-i Islām (1) Dawrān-i Khilāfat(The Muslim World), Trans. Qamar Aryan, Tehran, AmīrKabīr, 1975/ 1354. Ibid, Tārīkh-i Iran dar Ḳurūn Nukhustīn-i Islāmī(Iran : in Fruh-Islamischer zeit), Trans. Javad Flatoori & Maryam Mir Ahmadi, (2st. ed.), Vol.4, Tehran, Intishārat-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1994/ 1373. Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Djarīr, Tārikh al- umam l- Mulūk, Tārīkh al- Ṭabarī, (Vol. 11), (2st. ed.), Beirut, Rawāʾiʿ al- Turāth al- ʿArabī, 1387/ 2008. Tatawī, Ḳāḍī Aḥmad, Ḳazwīnī, Āṣif Khan, Tārīkh-i Alifī, (Vol. 8), Tehran, Intishārat-i ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1382/ 2002. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, (Tehran) “Barmakiyyan”, “Tādjir”, “Kharādj”, “Dīwān”, Electronic Publishing. V. Kremer & A. Freiherrm, Uber Das Einnahmebudget Des Abbasiden Reiches Vom Jahre 306 H. (918-919), Wien, 1887. Digitized by Google. Yaḥyā b. Ādam, Kitab al- Kharādj, Revised by Husayn Mūnis, (1st. ed.), Dār al- Sharḳ, 1987/1365. Yaʿḳūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿḳūb b. Wāḍiḥ, Tārīkh-i Yaūbī, Trans. Mohammad Ebrahim Ayati, (6th. ed.), Tehran, Intishārāt-i ʿilmī wa Farhangī, 1371/ 1992. Zarrinkoob, Abdolhossein, Tārikh-i Iran Bad az Islām, (12th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1387/ 2008. Zaydan, Jurji, Tārīkh Tamaddun-i Islām, Trans.Ali Javaher Kalam, (12th. ed.), Tehran, Amīrkabīr, 1386/ 2007.   The confiscation of delinquent official’s properties for their punishment was started from the early Islamic era, certainly, during Umar reign. The benefits of that persuaded the caliphs to count on the confiscation as a temporary and sometime permanent income source and thereby they established institutions and even dewans to inquest about those properties. In the present paper, the financial reliance of Abbasid caliphate on this source and consequently, the role of confiscation of property in controlofthe wealth and powerof elites have been surveyed     Manuscript profile
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        7 - -Historical Analysis of the Titles Related to Mahdi (with Emphasis on “Mansûr”, “Saffāh” and “Hojjat”)
        Reza Baradaran Nimatullah Safari Foroushani, Khodamorad Salimian
        10.30495/jhcin.2021.18526
        One of the focal points of apocalyptic news goes back to the titles that have been used for the promised savior or the characters around him. In this research, three titles namely “Mansur”, “Saffāh” and “Hojjat” have been studied with More
        One of the focal points of apocalyptic news goes back to the titles that have been used for the promised savior or the characters around him. In this research, three titles namely “Mansur”, “Saffāh” and “Hojjat” have been studied with a historical processing approach .The necessity and purpose of using such an approach, which is rarely seen in Mahdavi and historical works, is to reconstruct the mentality of Muslims in the first centuries on Mahdism and to present new interpretations of the promised endeavors, especially in the half of the second century A.H. That will be obtained by finding the roots, semantics and research application of the titles and by studying the earlier historical and hadith sources and presenting documentary analyzes. It seems that the mentioned titles, which were used by different parties and currents, had significant historical functions, especially in the first centuries of Islam. Because the titles Mansur and Safah later found a prominent place in the Abbasid movement and Hojjat also became a common title among the Shiites, Twelvers and the Isma’ilis, with different utilizations Manuscript profile
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        8 - Position of Baghdad Shurta Institution and Its Power (from Establishment till Early Buyid Period)
        سید هاشم آقاجری علیرضا اشتری تفرشی
        Baghdad shurta was one of the most important governmentalinstitutions in Iraq region during Abbasid caliphate. Alluding to thestory of the formation of this institution and some of its specialfeatures, this article is to consider different political motivations forbein More
        Baghdad shurta was one of the most important governmentalinstitutions in Iraq region during Abbasid caliphate. Alluding to thestory of the formation of this institution and some of its specialfeatures, this article is to consider different political motivations forbeing in control of Baghdad Police; influence of different authoritiesand politicians and their politics on it; backgrounds and ways throughthem political changes and competitions affected the prevalentprocedures of its management, such as choosing its chief; and itsfields of activity and duties. Manuscript profile
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        9 - A Reinterpretation Some of Movements and Revolts in Great KhurÁsÁn
        مسعود صفری
        After annihilation of Umawid dynasty, non–Muslim residents ofKhurÁsÁn started to express their dissatisfaction in the form ofpolitical and religious movements and revolts such as: Beh Afarid,SunbÁz, etc. These revolts reflected the economic an More
        After annihilation of Umawid dynasty, non–Muslim residents ofKhurÁsÁn started to express their dissatisfaction in the form ofpolitical and religious movements and revolts such as: Beh Afarid,SunbÁz, etc. These revolts reflected the economic and social requests,as well as religious motivations and mentality of non–Muslimresidents in KhurÁsÁn. This article reviews these revolts and inaddition discusses the mentality of non–Muslims during first centuriesof Islam, through a reinterpretation of aforementioned period. (R.H.) Manuscript profile
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        10 - The Reasons for the Joining of Social Classes to Bābak Khurramdin's Revolt against the Abbasids: A Social Study Based on the Theory of Relative Deprivation of Ted Robert Geer
        mohammad azagh Fereidoun Allahyari Ali akbar kajbaf
        10.30495/jhcin.2020.16296
        Social movement is a fundamental argument in theories of revolution, and because of this importance, various theories have sought to explain it. One of the most important theories is the theory of relative deprivation. The Siahjamgan uprising sought the support of lower More
        Social movement is a fundamental argument in theories of revolution, and because of this importance, various theories have sought to explain it. One of the most important theories is the theory of relative deprivation. The Siahjamgan uprising sought the support of lower-income groups and relied on them in some of their slogans to raise the level of the value expectations of those social classes, while with the rise of the Abbasids to the caliphate, the level of value ability of the people did not change much. They suffered from frustration and relative deprivation. This situation led to revolt against the Abbasid caliphate, of which Babak Khorramdin's revolt was the most lasting one. The present article tries to investigate the formation and causes of this movement by using the method of historical analysis and sociology in the light of the theory of relative deprivation. The achievement of the article shows that the caliphs and agents of Bani Abbas challenged economic, religious and participatory values and caused relative deprivation, which led to an increase in the participation of social classes to Babak Khorramdin movement.  Manuscript profile
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        11 - Al-Nāsir li-dinillah (575-622 A. H.): Intelligent and Enterprising Abbasid Caliph
        محبوبه شرفی
        By studying the caliphate of Al-Nāsir li-dinillah, the 34th Abbasidcaliph, this article tries to deal with the relations between the politicalintelligence and thought of caliphs and the socio-politicaldevelopment of the caliphate system in the Islamic world. Theoutcomes More
        By studying the caliphate of Al-Nāsir li-dinillah, the 34th Abbasidcaliph, this article tries to deal with the relations between the politicalintelligence and thought of caliphs and the socio-politicaldevelopment of the caliphate system in the Islamic world. Theoutcomes of this research show that the history of the caliphate in Al-Nāsir li-dinillah period had outstanding political, cultural andeconomic developments. This caliph took effective steps in exaltationof material and spiritual power of Abbasid and establishing theconsiderable unity by using the potential capacities of the Islamicworld. This was happened when the material power of the caliphs hadbeen declined and they were not able to control the community. Manuscript profile
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        12 - Relations between Delhi Sultans and Abbasid Caliphs
        محسن معصومی سعید شیرازی
        As the most of Muslim sultans, Delhi sultans had been loyal to the Abbasid caliphate for being legitimate. Symbolic acts such as minting caliphs name on the coins and bringing caliphs name in the sermon by most Delhi sultans that their official religion was Hanafi revea More
        As the most of Muslim sultans, Delhi sultans had been loyal to the Abbasid caliphate for being legitimate. Symbolic acts such as minting caliphs name on the coins and bringing caliphs name in the sermon by most Delhi sultans that their official religion was Hanafi reveals the fact that they theoretically were faithful to the caliphate system. Some of these sultans according to the political conditions in their time and to excel upon their rivals and attract support the Indian subcontinents Muslims that were mostly Hanafi or Shafei, established relation with the Abbasid caliphate of Baghdad and Cairo and received the permission of ruling from them. In this article ,the relationship between the sultans and Abbasid caliphs of Bagdad and Cairo and their motivations and reasons for the establishment of these relations have been studied. Manuscript profile
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        13 - The role of Iranian families in the development of Iranian-Islamic identity Subject of study: the first era of the Abbasid caliphate
        Mohammad ali Asgari fahimeh mokhber dezfuli yunus farahmand
        10.30495/jisds.2023.71478.11843
         One of the important historical developments during the first period of the Abbasid caliphate was therise of Iranian families. As from the beginning of the formation of this caliphate until the conquest of the Turks,almost most of the caliphate powers were in the More
         One of the important historical developments during the first period of the Abbasid caliphate was therise of Iranian families. As from the beginning of the formation of this caliphate until the conquest of the Turks,almost most of the caliphate powers were in the hands of Iranian ministers. The families of Bokhtishua,Nobakhti, Barmakian, and Sahl were among these great families that provided valuable services to the AbbasidCaliphate and at the same time enjoyed a lot of facilities and power. The question that has always been raised iswhat was the historical role of these families in the development of the Iranian-Islamic identity? How did theysucceed in the development of the Iranian-Islamic identity while they were executors of an Arab caliphate andhad to be committed to it? Our hypothesis is that in addition to having an Iranian identity, they also knew thebasics of Islam carefully. The result of our work shows that they not only succeeded in integrating Islam into theIranian identity, but in the long run they succeeded in bringing the Iranian identity into the Arab world andthereby played a colorful role in creating the necessary infrastructure for Islamic civilization. . Here, an attempthas been made to answer these questions by analyzing historical sources and criticizing new researches, whileexplaining the position and conditions of the presence of these families in the body of the Abbasid Caliphate, andalso by separating their roles into two groups of agents and scientists.  Manuscript profile
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        14 - The Influences of Ancient Iranian Culture on Islamic Culture in the Abbasid Period
        Qasem Ahmadi Fatemeh Lajevardi Mohammad reza Adli
        Arab Muslims' familiarity with Iranian culture and civilization after the conquest, influenced the lifestyle of Muslims especially Abbasid caliphs. On the other hand, there was a big change in Iranian' situation. They had opportunity to enter the caliphate and take over More
        Arab Muslims' familiarity with Iranian culture and civilization after the conquest, influenced the lifestyle of Muslims especially Abbasid caliphs. On the other hand, there was a big change in Iranian' situation. They had opportunity to enter the caliphate and take over the affairs of the country. This has made them to appear in the political arena. Also, the transfer of Abbasid political center to the center of historical land of Iran, more than ever influenced the revival of Iranian element in this period. This historical process paved the way for the emergence of Persian language in the bureaucratic system and translating Persian texts to Arabic. Therefore, we are seeing a large number of Iranian scientists in the scientific and their instance on preserving Iranian traditions like the Nowruz and Mehregan celebrities. Hence, the present article attempts to express cultural impact of Iranian on Muslims in the Abbasid caliphate and make it clear what is called the Iranian Islamic culture in Iran what has been related to ancient Iranian culture. Manuscript profile
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        15 - Review of the “Caliph Allah” Doctrine in Islam
        masoud shavarani
        Considering Human as “Caliph of God on the earth” is now accepted as a Muslim doctrine; however, in the Holy Quran, this term is not mentioned and the term “caliphate” is mentioned twice in the Qur'an. The main meaning of the word "Khalifa" is th More
        Considering Human as “Caliph of God on the earth” is now accepted as a Muslim doctrine; however, in the Holy Quran, this term is not mentioned and the term “caliphate” is mentioned twice in the Qur'an. The main meaning of the word "Khalifa" is the succession and replacement of the present person to the absent person, and it seems that the purpose of the Quran was to use this term and derivatives of that meaning, and “the caliph of Allah” has a contradictory meaning, because God The present and the ruler of the world, described in the Holy Qur'an, is not absent from being replaced. On the other hand, historical studies show that this term was not accepted by the Prophet Muhammad and his companions, but gradually, perhaps for political reasons, it was used by the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs in the political literature of that time. The political sphere entered into the fields of commentary, mysticism, philosophy and theology, and human beings were considered as the caliph of the Lord in the earth. This article seeks to examine and critique the meaning of the term “caliphate”. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Reflection of Centennial Celebration in Arabic Poetry in Abbasid Era
        Bahram Amani Chackoli
        Iranians have been glorifying their ancient celebrations through lightening and fireworks. Among these celebrations, centennial (Sadeh) feast has been more acquainted with fire and fireworks in a way that it was called "the feast of fireworks". The present survey i More
        Iranians have been glorifying their ancient celebrations through lightening and fireworks. Among these celebrations, centennial (Sadeh) feast has been more acquainted with fire and fireworks in a way that it was called "the feast of fireworks". The present survey is taking a look at the holiness of fire for Iranians and the resulted challenges of the collision of Islamic custom with centennial feast, taking into consideration its non-Islamic nature, and manifestation of some of the traditions of this feast in Arabic literature of Islamic era.  Manuscript profile
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        17 - A Comparative Study of the Critical Ponderations of Qudāme-bin-ja`far, Aristotle and Plato
        Abbās Madani
        Qudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow h More
        Qudāme-bin-Ja`far is one of the brilliant critics of the Abbasid era who applied Aristotle and Plato’s considerations in his critical ponderations and the present article discusses the main reasons which caused the literary men after him to follow his way. Manuscript profile
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        18 - The aesthetics of employing the galaxy in ancient Arabic poetry until the end of the Abbasid era
        ahmad karami Syed mahmoud Mirzai Al-Husseini ali nazari
        10.30495/cls.2022.1967536.1374
        The sky, with its enchanting beauty and the astronomical phenomena that surrounds it, was and still is a source of inspiration in describing, comparing, similarizing, metaphorizing, and creating wonderful artistic images. Their poetic language and highlighting their abi More
        The sky, with its enchanting beauty and the astronomical phenomena that surrounds it, was and still is a source of inspiration in describing, comparing, similarizing, metaphorizing, and creating wonderful artistic images. Their poetic language and highlighting their ability in it, and they may deprive it of the subtlety of its beauty, the secret of its beauty, to add to it artistic aesthetic values. The galaxy was one of the tributaries that occupy a part of the poetry of Arab poets for purposes such as praise, description, pride and pride, which they use in their poetic discourse, especially in their analogies. They derive their colour, height, shape, appearance and the lights of the stars they possess to depict the wonderful meanings expressing their feelings, emotions and whims. The contents and images derived from them have evolved over the ages. This study, in summary, attempts to extrapolate the poetic verses in the galaxy from ancient poetry until the end of the Abbasid era and to study the aesthetics of their artistic use.Keywords: aesthetics. galaxy. old poetry Abbasid Manuscript profile
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        19 - The aesthetics of employing coffin girls in ancient Arabic poetry until the end of the Abbasid era
        ahmad karami
        10.30495/cls.2023.1973662.1383
        AbstractThe group of coffin girls with its bright and dim stars was and still is a source of inspiration for poets. They draw inspiration from them for meanings, contents, and creative images, and they employ them in various poetic purposes, describing, praising, proud, More
        AbstractThe group of coffin girls with its bright and dim stars was and still is a source of inspiration for poets. They draw inspiration from them for meanings, contents, and creative images, and they employ them in various poetic purposes, describing, praising, proud, or proud in pictorial formations that differ in their artistic level from one era to another. The meanings and images in all of that depended on the mentality of the poets. It is suitable for the natural components of their environments and keeps pace with the social developments surrounding them.The images derived from the daughters of the coffin in the pre-Islamic era were naive and superficial, keeping pace with the era of poets, but they developed and took on a moral character throughout the ages, and they became more beautiful, more splendid, and more dazzling, no matter how mature the mentality of the poets increased. This article - despite its brevity - attempts to monitor the poetic verses in which the poets employed coffin girls or some of their stars in the specified period for research and studying the aesthetics of their employment in a descriptive and analytical approach using library sources Manuscript profile
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        20 - Literary Criticism in the Abbasid Era
        Mohammad Bagher Alhosseini
        The Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theo More
        The Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theories of literary criticism by critics. Manuscript profile
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        21 - Social and Humanistic values in the literature of Abbasid era
        Esmaeil Naderi
        Abbasid era is one of the most precious ears among Islamic Literature ones. Taking no notice of the privileges of the aforementioned period, the critics have considered its abominations. Appraising this era’s literature with scrutiny, one would culminate that on t More
        Abbasid era is one of the most precious ears among Islamic Literature ones. Taking no notice of the privileges of the aforementioned period, the critics have considered its abominations. Appraising this era’s literature with scrutiny, one would culminate that on the contrary, there were lots of famous literati who have endeavored in favor of promulgation of social and human values such as Abotamam, Abol Aala Al Maari, Motenabbi and the prosaic realizations in the following literati such as Jahez, Badi Al Zaman Al hamedani.The underlying incentive for which we have sufficed to enumerating celebrities is to mention that they are meritorious representatives for other literati. Manuscript profile
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        22 - The Problematique of Legitimacy in Islamic Civilization
        Mohammad Ahmadi
        This article claims that up and down of Islamic civilization, more than whatever, are dependent upon power struggles and problem of political legitimacy of the Islamic states. While Islamic civilization peaks during the Abbasid, the golden era of Islamic civilization sh More
        This article claims that up and down of Islamic civilization, more than whatever, are dependent upon power struggles and problem of political legitimacy of the Islamic states. While Islamic civilization peaks during the Abbasid, the golden era of Islamic civilization shows down side in the same state. However, origins of such up and down find shape in political culture and socio-political developments during the previous Umayyad and Nabavi states. The Abbasid state won the political struggles by further having full control of jurisprudence and theology knowledge and achieves supremacy, in continuity, over its archrivals that are the Shiites and the Khwarijites by making changes in legitimizing power knowledge. As a result, Islamic civilization had been fundamentally dependent on weakness and strength of the Islamic states and such weakness and strength originate from formation of political legitimacy problem. This article firstly explains theoretical framework of legitimacy of political justice-based state and secondly it deals with contraction and expansion of problem of legitimacy during the Umayyad regime and the Abbasid’s, afterwards. Manuscript profile
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        23 - A Study of the Causes of the Seljukids’ Need for Religious and Political Legitimacy in the State Structure
        Nesa Bagheri Keivan Loloye Amir Teimour Rafiiee
        10.22034/sej.2021.1918803.1285
        The purpose of the present study is to review the causes of the Seljuk kings’ need for religious and political legitimacy in the state structure and the policy of interaction between the Seljukids and Abbasids. In this regard and using a descriptive-analytic metho More
        The purpose of the present study is to review the causes of the Seljuk kings’ need for religious and political legitimacy in the state structure and the policy of interaction between the Seljukids and Abbasids. In this regard and using a descriptive-analytic method, this question was answered: what policies and methods were undertaken by the Seljuk government to establish a powerful kingdom and acquire legitimacy from Abbasid caliphs? The results showed that the Turk Seljuks who reached power in Iran at early 5th century, like religious rulers, under the rubric of Islam ruled over Iran and made the highest use of the institution of Abbasid caliphate to justify their religious and political legitimacy and attempted to show their governance in front of people as justified, legitimate, and acceptable. This policy adopted by them had an impact on the state structure and gave direction to that. Manuscript profile
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        24 - Reflection of Ancient Iranian Culture in Naser Khosrow's Rhetorical Poems (Based on Arabic Sources)
        Vahid Sabzianpour Touraj Zinivand Muslim Khazli
        Naser Khosrow is one of the famous orators and wise poets of the fifth century of Persian literature. In his poems, he has been influenced by both Islamic and Iranian cultures, but of course less attention has been paid to his influence on Iranian culture. This article More
        Naser Khosrow is one of the famous orators and wise poets of the fifth century of Persian literature. In his poems, he has been influenced by both Islamic and Iranian cultures, but of course less attention has been paid to his influence on Iranian culture. This article also intends to study the influence of Naser Khosrow on the culture and wisdom of ancient Iran, relying on the main and first-hand Arabic and Iranian sources. The main objectives and axes of this article are: a. A brief introduction to the value of wisdom in ancient Iran and the generalities of research. B. Analysis of Naser Khosrow's poems and expression of Naser Khosrow's influence on the wisdom of ancient Iran and the wisdom of Mutnabi. The main finding of this research is that Naser Khosrow has been influenced by the wisdom of ancient Iran through his knowledge of the culture of ancient Iran, which was passed down to him from generation to generation. Nasser Khosrow has also been influenced by Abbasid culture and Arabic literature and its poets, especially Mutnabi, who, of course, have their main roots in ancient Iran.   Manuscript profile
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        25 - The Images of Iranian Characters in the Poetic Mirror of al-Buhturi (the Case Study of Āl Sahl)
        Farshad Jabaruti Aliasghar Ghahramani Moghbel Abolfazl Rezayi
        According to historical books, "’Āl Sahl" was an original Iranian family who played a prominent role in the first Abbasid government after the Barmakids. Fadl ibn Sahl, known as Dhu al-Ri'āsatayn (The man of two chairmanships), Hasan ibn Sahl, his brother and More
        According to historical books, "’Āl Sahl" was an original Iranian family who played a prominent role in the first Abbasid government after the Barmakids. Fadl ibn Sahl, known as Dhu al-Ri'āsatayn (The man of two chairmanships), Hasan ibn Sahl, his brother and wazir of al-Ma'mun), and Ibrahim bin Hasan, hajib (chamberlain) of al-Mutawakkil, were the most distinguished characters of this family. Al-Buhturi (d. 284 H.) despite of his Arab origin, praised this family, after familiarity with them, in several of his odes and confessed their merits, and of course received their generous gifts. Al-Buhturi mixed ’Āl Sahl praises with the names of Sassanid kings, which manifests the desire of this Arab poet to Iranian civilization and culture. The method of this research is comparative one relied on imageologic approach from French school. We can conclude that al-Buhturi, due to his abundant interests in ’Āl Sahl, reflects also in his poems numerous dimensions of the Iranian civilization and culture. He manifested clearly through 'Arab I' the transcendental characteristics of the human beings in the portrait of 'Iranian the other'. Manuscript profile
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        26 - The Role of Translation in Arabs Scientific revolution During Abbasid Era
        Zahra Afzali
        Translation is one of the main mediums of communication among  nations  of  the world.   Familiarity with culture and civilization of other nations requires knowledge of their language. Translation conveys concepts , sciences and cultural techn More
        Translation is one of the main mediums of communication among  nations  of  the world.   Familiarity with culture and civilization of other nations requires knowledge of their language. Translation conveys concepts , sciences and cultural technology to other cultures and results in their growth and  flourishing.Historical  investigation shows that translation played a significant role in the transmission of foreign cultures to Arabic culture and helped it  grow in Abbasid era. In this era , Arabs made connections with civilized nations such as Iran , India and Greece and translated many of their scientific writings. Translated works attracted translators and scientists attention and they began to study, interpret, criticize , and correct these works. This in turn paved the way for Arabs scientific  revolution and soon they began to show initiatives and creativity and made great advances in different fields of science such as medicine , mathematics , astrology ,chemistry , physics , philosophy and so on. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Elegy in Sharif Razi’s Poetry
        Mohamed Ibrahim Khalifa Shooshtari Mohammad Hassan Amrayy
        Sharif Razi has composed different poems on various subjects ,and  he was very good at all different  poems  ,  and  could be distinguished  with his authentic eloquence  and  his remarkable and inimitable ability to be highlighte More
        Sharif Razi has composed different poems on various subjects ,and  he was very good at all different  poems  ,  and  could be distinguished  with his authentic eloquence  and  his remarkable and inimitable ability to be highlighted among poets,  in particular  in elegy and crying on family, relatives, and describing the tribulation of time, and his odes in elegy appeared in passionate feelings and ebullient emotions  . It is noteworthy to say that his odes in lamentation for  Hussein is a full poetic example for poets who came after him and followed him in their tragedy for Hussein, And they imitated him in their tragedy for Hussein, and they had memorized his poems and had kept it . These few  short elegies made Sharif Razi famous and led him to be a pioneer among his contemporaries. This paper is an attempt to examine his elegies as a proof of his unique talent. Manuscript profile
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        28 - A Sociological Reading of Poetic Innovations in AbuNuwas’s Poetry
        Azade montazeri
        Abu Nuwas Hasan Ibn Hani,Persian poet, is one of the greatest poets in Arabic literature and his innovative effortsinthe poetry have been followed by different Studiesanddiscussions throughtheages. In this study, it is tried to analyze  AbuNuwas'spoetic innovations More
        Abu Nuwas Hasan Ibn Hani,Persian poet, is one of the greatest poets in Arabic literature and his innovative effortsinthe poetry have been followed by different Studiesanddiscussions throughtheages. In this study, it is tried to analyze  AbuNuwas'spoetic innovations based on sociological  reading .It is aimed  to find motives and reasons for this literaryeventinthefirstAbbasid period, like hisShiitetendenciesand appearanceof new socialclasses whichcameaftermixing ofArabculturewith other cultures,in addition to contradictions and the rapid changes in the new society.  Manuscript profile
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        29 - Aesthetics of Color in Motanabbi's Poems
        Isa Mottaqizadeh Khatereh Ahmadi
        Researches support that color is like a force that affects on nervous system and this effect is not less than music and sometimes it may be more than that. Poets throughout history have shown great interest in color, but this interest varies from time to time. As at Pre More
        Researches support that color is like a force that affects on nervous system and this effect is not less than music and sometimes it may be more than that. Poets throughout history have shown great interest in color, but this interest varies from time to time. As at Pre-Islamic era, color was used in its original meaning in most situations and this view has slowly gone toward using color in symbolic meanings. As far as we can see poets of next eras especially in contemporary period use color in its symbolic meaning. Since the Abbasid period is golden period of Arabic literature and according to Motanabbi’s prominent situation among the poets of this period, we tried to study color in poems of this valuable poet using descriptive-analytic method and expressing color application in two symbolic and explicit kinds. It is observed that the poet sometimes uses the color in symbolic meaning and sometimes in original meaning and sometimes he uses both meanings together in a couplet. Manuscript profile
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        30 - Discourse Analysis of Abul Ala Al-Ma'arri in "Risalat Al-sahel and Al-shahej"
        Hooman Nazemian
        "Risalat Al-sahel wa Al-shahej" is one of the prominent works of Abbasid era in form and content to which authors and critics have paid  little  attention. Abul Ala Al-ma'arri wrote it about 1020- 1021 addressing Aboushoja'a Fatak, known as Azizoddoleh, ruler More
        "Risalat Al-sahel wa Al-shahej" is one of the prominent works of Abbasid era in form and content to which authors and critics have paid  little  attention. Abul Ala Al-ma'arri wrote it about 1020- 1021 addressing Aboushoja'a Fatak, known as Azizoddoleh, ruler of Halab from Fatimi's caliphate in which through conversation made between a horse called Sahel and a mule called Shahej he discusses literary, historical, political and social matters and provides much information about lexical, syntactical, prosodic puzzles and issues related to political relations between ruler of Halab and the Fatimi's family in the one hand and he and Roman  emperor on the other hand and pictures people's condition following a crisis caused by political deals between Azizoddoleh (ruler of Halab) and Basil (Roman  emperor).The  Risalah investigated in this article to express role of power and technology in forming Abul Ala Al-ma'arri's discourse and language in the  light of critical discourse analysis . This research shows that Abul Ala's discourse can be divided into 4 groups: literary discourse including his vast information about poetry, syntax and prosody; political discourse that pictures political relation between ruler of Halab and emperor of Rome; social discourse in which people's horror due to Rome's attack has been provided and finally advertising discourse between Romans and Muslims and also this point that political and cultural power has played a  key role in forming Abul Ala's discourse and language.       Manuscript profile
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        31 - A Study of the Political, Cultural and Economic Roles of the Women of the Abbasid Court(AH 132-334)
        Ali Gholami Firoozjaee Nazanin Ghasemi
        The purpose of this study was to study the political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court. The studied population included all political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court in the period of 132 to 334 AH. The sample subsumed th More
        The purpose of this study was to study the political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court. The studied population included all political, cultural and economic roles of women in the Abbasi court in the period of 132 to 334 AH. The sample subsumed the most significant roles of women such as the bondwomen, caliphates’ mothers, the poetess and so on. The research was designed as descriptive analytical type. To collect data library method was applied by referring to books and scientific documents. The related to the subject and authentic data was analyzed via analytical procedure considering the dominant discourse of the historical incidents era. The results revealed that in Islamic realm specially from the Abbasid era, the societies were divided into different groups and classes; each of them had a relatively important position, including women. The results of preliminary study of the sources also indicated that some of the caliphates’ mothers and wives by imposing their influence, political and economic potency in political arena; sometimes by expressing sentiments, female jealousy, extravagance and sometimes by using reason and wisdom exerted changes in destiny of caliphate successor, powerful political dynasties and wars and played roles in political conspiracies. Some Abbasid women also took advantage of their court status and position in the field of development, prosperity and charitable activities, and some of them showed off in the cultural arena by composing rich poems. Manuscript profile
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        32 - The position of Qazi al-Qadat in the Abbasid era ( Looking at the position of Mobad Mobadan during the Sasanian period )
        malek yaghoobimoghadam Abolfazl razavi
        With the Sassanids coming to the fore and applying the new policy of unity of religion and government for the first time in Iran, Zoroastrian clerics became important not only in religious matters but also in the administration of state and army affairs. He was the high More
        With the Sassanids coming to the fore and applying the new policy of unity of religion and government for the first time in Iran, Zoroastrian clerics became important not only in religious matters but also in the administration of state and army affairs. He was the highest-ranking Zoroastrian cleric in the Sassanid era of chaplains, and in addition to addressing religious issues, he also dealt with legal and political issues. One of the most important and, of course, the most sensitive functions of chaplains in this era, as the intellectual representative of the Sassanid government, was to institutionalize the policy of the integration of religion and state into the state and society, as well as to legitimize the Sassanid religious state.Grand judge in the Abbasid era, like the chaplain of the Sassanid era, exerted influence in politics and society.Grand judge in the Abbasid era had the same function as chaplains in the Sassanid era in establishing stability and security in the Abbasid realm, as well as establishing justice and resolving disputes.This article asks the main question:Was there a relation between the position and function of the chaplains of the Sassanid era and the grand judge of the Abbasid era? Explores the function and position of grand judge in the Abbasid era. The achievement of the research indicates that grand judge had an important place in the Abbasid era not only in judicial affairs but also in political and administrative matters, but his most important function was to legitimize the Abbasid caliphate against religious differences and votes Manuscript profile
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        33 - The Army and Militarism in the Samanid Era
        Gholamreza Shahrian Mahmood Seyyed
        10.30495/jaa.2023.1995370.1017
        Manuscript profile
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        34 - Barmakeh and the factors of conflicts in Arab and Iranian in Abhusids aron s Age
        amir akbari
        Being supported by Irnnians, Abbasids took the power as a result, they paid special attention to jrnnian ministers.  Among Iranian ministers in abasids covert, al barmak and al sahl families were of significant position. The social and scientific valve of barmack More
        Being supported by Irnnians, Abbasids took the power as a result, they paid special attention to jrnnian ministers.  Among Iranian ministers in abasids covert, al barmak and al sahl families were of significant position. The social and scientific valve of barmacks and their supporting Iranians made Arabs envious, those who feared Iranians power and influence. The competition caused many conspiracies against barmaks and finally led to their collapse. The study of causes of the collapse and the competition among Iranians and Arabs to take power in abnsids court is one of the most important political issues in early part of Abbasids era.  Yahya barmkys struyyle to put haron in power resulted in his and his children stalling power . yahya was the first minister, who signed decrees on behalf of the khalif, fazl was very popular because of his good behavior. Jafar was khalifs company and trustee Manuscript profile
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        35 - The Fatemid descent and Maymun Family
        BIZHAN Parvan Reza Dehghani
        The Fatemid descent and Maymun Family Abstract: The Fatemid government is one of the Shi'ite governments that was established by one of the grandsons of Isma'il , Imam Ja'far Sadigh's Son ( p.b.u.h) in the late third century of Hegira (297 Lunar Hegira).Since the establ More
        The Fatemid descent and Maymun Family Abstract: The Fatemid government is one of the Shi'ite governments that was established by one of the grandsons of Isma'il , Imam Ja'far Sadigh's Son ( p.b.u.h) in the late third century of Hegira (297 Lunar Hegira).Since the establishment of this government different viewpoints have been expressed about the descent of its establishers for different reasons. Aport from Abbasids' efforts , even the Zeidi and Asna ashari Shi'ites didn't have the same opinion about it. With the intery of the Maymun household into the formation process and development of the Isma'ilid attitude , diffrencess and disputes change from an Arabic / Arabic or Shi'ite / Sunnite to an Arabic / Iranian or Islamic / non-Islamic phenomenon . The resulta of the findings of the present article are the negation of the relation of Meymun household to this sect and the necessity of the separation between the two genuine Isma'ilid currents as an intellectual religious sect and second current with an effective Iranian role and theological and political traits.The Maymun Family Is able to Spicial Consideration. Manuscript profile
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        36 - A historical examination of the appearance of Jews in the age of Imam Reza
        محسن رجبی قدسی
        Khurasan as an important and great regionThroughout history and ancient civilization in Iran - Islamic, was a place of residence of the followers of many religions and Religions and schools of and sects. One of the important events that took place in the Imam Ali ibn mu More
        Khurasan as an important and great regionThroughout history and ancient civilization in Iran - Islamic, was a place of residence of the followers of many religions and Religions and schools of and sects. One of the important events that took place in the Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza’s period, was his debate with leaders and Greats of religions of Zorostriaism, Judaism, Christianity and Sabian. Judaism with its historical background and With a history of several thousand years is one of the religions that came to Iran and then to Khurasan in various historical periods. The appearance of Jews in Khurasan in the age of Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza has been considered as certain in the surviving Islamic traditions. This article seeks to examine through a historical analytical approach, the authenticity of the appearance of jews in this region together with the residence places of jews and their notables. Manuscript profile
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        37 - Ibn Muqaffa the Martyr; The victim of Sho’ubism thought; the intellectual and scholar of Arabic and Persian prose
        moradali valadbeigi javad sadoonzadeh
        Ibn Muqaffa was Iranian originally but completed his education in eloquence sciences particularly in the field of Arabic prose and translated some Pahlavi books into Persian and then into Arabic. Ibn Muqaffa was the first and perhaps the only person who to offers a prec More
        Ibn Muqaffa was Iranian originally but completed his education in eloquence sciences particularly in the field of Arabic prose and translated some Pahlavi books into Persian and then into Arabic. Ibn Muqaffa was the first and perhaps the only person who to offers a precious treasure to the Arabic Culture and with no doubt, he has been deemed an undisputed one in Arabic prose. The strong interest of Ibn Muqaffa in Arabic language and literature lead him to away that he was elected as the elite scribe for the Abbasid and umayid viziers [ministers] and Leaders. What is interesting is that the person who has such eagerness toward learning Arabic and has offered many precious and significant services to the Arabic literature particularly in spreading and propagating of writing and translation of Arabic prose, was the first victim this path himself. More suprizingly, … He was been known as an atheist and pagan by the historians regardles of the fact that those who have judged him like Jahiz Abdulmalek asmaei and Ibn Mazoor were among the fans and bigots of the Abbasid and umayid Caliphs themselves who were very vindictive and spiteful of the Iranians particularly the fans of shoubi clan so that anyone who was Iranian was considered shoubi pagan, atheist and the undisputed enemy of Arabs. Manuscript profile
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        38 - Christian interactions with the Muslim rulers In the era of the Umayyad and early Abbasid era
        سید محمد علی میرصانعی سیى محمد علی ایازی
        Islamic territory under the Umayyad and Abbasid ages was including many Christian areas of the eastern Church. The People of this territories have scientists and organized churches, and gradually some of them were able to reach the caliphs' courts. During this period, m More
        Islamic territory under the Umayyad and Abbasid ages was including many Christian areas of the eastern Church. The People of this territories have scientists and organized churches, and gradually some of them were able to reach the caliphs' courts. During this period, many court physicians were Christians who had ancient legacy of medical knowledge. As well as, some of the poets, translators, astronomers and Christian patriarch were able to connect with caliphs and their relatives, and they were even as adviser to the Muslim rulers. In the meantime, some of the caliphs were not tend to associated with the Christians, and tried to differentiate Christians from the Muslim community by imposition of harsh sentences against them, and limited their devotional ceremonies and social activities. But we can see, by review of historical reports, that the governments not forced Christians to converted and entered to Islam in the Umayyad and Abbasid periods. Manuscript profile
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        39 - The role of the institution of the ministry in the relationship between the Iraqi Seljuk monarchy and the Abbasid caliphate.
        Parviz Hosseini seyed abolghasem foroozani
        Abstract The institution of the ministry, considered as the most premier institution and the head of the monarchy and caliphate bureaucratic system, played an important role in the relationship between the Iraqi Seljuk monarchy and the Abbasid caliphate. These relations More
        Abstract The institution of the ministry, considered as the most premier institution and the head of the monarchy and caliphate bureaucratic system, played an important role in the relationship between the Iraqi Seljuk monarchy and the Abbasid caliphate. These relationships, which lasted for nearly 80years (511 to 590 AH), were divided into three distinct historical periods in terms of their ministerial role and the extent to which the ministers succeeded in empowering monarchy or caliphate. Although some well-known ministers such as ab-ol ghasem Dargozini in the first period and Kamal-ol-din mohammad Khazen in the second period, played an important role in this realationship, they didn’t succeed as much as Awnad-Din ibn Hubayra did in the third period. The purpose of this article is to examine the historical and political conditions of the Iraqi Seljuk government and the Abbasid caliphate system in a descriptive-analytical manner, while analyzing the role of the ministry in the structure of their government, to answer the question why the ingenious ministers of the first and Second period of these relations did not succeed in establishing governmental authority. The results of the present study showed that although the role of ministers in any government structure has been high or low according to their merits and abilities, but without other factors of power, such as monarchy or powerful caliphate and an organized state organization, no minister, even the most skillful of them did not succeed. Manuscript profile
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        40 - Explaining the state of medical science and medicine in the Islamic world of the Abbasid era (132-656 AH) and the ways of transferring it to the West (Europe)
        Batool Rabiei Boshra Delrish Elham Malekzadeh Koorosh Fathi
        10.30495/hstr.2023.1974885.1804
        As it stands today, medical science did not grow and develop overnight. This science has been formed due to the efforts of millions of people throughout the history of mankind. Meanwhile, the fact is that one of the standard bearers of this sacred responsibility (medica More
        As it stands today, medical science did not grow and develop overnight. This science has been formed due to the efforts of millions of people throughout the history of mankind. Meanwhile, the fact is that one of the standard bearers of this sacred responsibility (medical sciences) are Muslims. Muslims, during the Abbasid era, have developed this science more than any other civilization. Therefore, in this article, an attempt has been made to highlight the fact that the Renaissance of Europe is partly indebted to the inventions and discoveries of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period, and the ways of transferring this science from the East to the West are documentedIn the upcoming research, in order to explain and analyze the progress of medical knowledge in the Abbasid era and the ways of its transfer to the West, the "diffusion theory" is used as the theoretical framework of the work. Based on this, the influential origin in the field of medical knowledge of the Islamic world in the Abbasid era is taken into account, and the influential destination is the Western civilization, and the ways and channels of transmission are mentioned along with its obstacles. The findings of the research show that medical knowledge was one of the first sciences that the Islamic world learned based on the medical data of Iran, India and Greece, and then developed it in the best possible way and spread it to other societies. Manuscript profile
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        41 - Analysis of the political relations of the ziarists with the Abbasid caliphate and the central governments of Iran
        abbas mahigir abkenar allahyar khalatbari Abbas Panahi
        The nature of the militarism of the Ziaran and the opposition they had with the Abbasid caliphate, what kind of relationship they had with the Abbasid caliphate and the central governments of Iran. In order to understand the political and religious behaviors of ziyāri i More
        The nature of the militarism of the Ziaran and the opposition they had with the Abbasid caliphate, what kind of relationship they had with the Abbasid caliphate and the central governments of Iran. In order to understand the political and religious behaviors of ziyāri in the field of domestic politics and their relations with the Abbasid caliph, they have to analyze the geopolitical space they have come from that point in history. The Ziyaran was in fact the Deylmi fighters who, as a result of long co-operation with the local governments of northern Iran, were able to overcome their defenses, and in the short run overwhelmed large parts of the north and center of Iran. Although they had grown up in the service of the Alawites and other Shiite rulers of northern Iran, their leaders had pre-Islamic Iranian revival tendencies.The purpose of this study was to analyze the causes of divergence and convergence of ziarias with the Abbasid and central governments, and the results of these relations will be evaluated on the weakness and power of this dynasty. The research method in this study is based on an analytical explanatory method. Manuscript profile
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        42 - The role of the Iranian ministers in the flourishing music art in Abbasids ministers
        Zivar Ahmadzadeh tahereh azimzadehtehrani mohammad baghestani kozehgar
        The tendency towards a variety of arts among caliphs, ministers and various classes of society has increased with the relief of Muslims from the conquests and the improvement of the power and wealth of the Islamic community. This study is a descriptive-analytic study us More
        The tendency towards a variety of arts among caliphs, ministers and various classes of society has increased with the relief of Muslims from the conquests and the improvement of the power and wealth of the Islamic community. This study is a descriptive-analytic study using existing research in this field, the role of ministers of the first and second eras of Abbasid was studied in the development and evolution of music art. The results showed that one of the most important factors of progress in the art of music in the Abbasid era are the presence of Iranian ministers in the court, which, supported by their rich culture and civilization, have been struggling to protect the musicians. According to the circumstances of the Abbasid first era, such as political and economic stability, the interest and support of caliphs and ministers of music and musicians, It can be concluded that this ministers with their economic and political support of artists have played an effective role in the development and evolution of music. Manuscript profile
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        43 - The economic and financial role of the Iranian Dhimmis in managing expenses in Abbasid dynasty (132-320 AH)
        farideh vafaei Rezaei Ramadan Abbas Ahmadvand
        10.30495/hstr.2022.1965752.1784
        The introduction of the Dhimmis to the court of the Abbasid caliphs with titles such as writing, medicine, counseling, etc., paved the way for their entry into the field of economics and financial issues with the Abbasids. The study of the economic and financial role of More
        The introduction of the Dhimmis to the court of the Abbasid caliphs with titles such as writing, medicine, counseling, etc., paved the way for their entry into the field of economics and financial issues with the Abbasids. The study of the economic and financial role of the Dhimmis and their influence on the Abbasid caliphs is one of the topics that, has been less discussed in the events of the Abbasid era, which is the subject of this article.Although the conquered lands were quickly dominated by Muslim Arabs, lack of experience forced them to take advantage of the economic and financial policies of the Dhimmis in managing the expenses. Therefore, analyzing the management of financial and economic expenses of some Dhimmis, considering the strictness which was imposed by the Abbasids on Dhimmis in addition to receiving the jizyah, is one of the issues that the researcher faces. This article tries to thoroughly explain the economic and financial role of the Dhimmis in the court of the Abbasid caliphs and show how Dhimmis influenced on the economic and financial plans in the Abbasid era, and also show, although Dhimmis had influence in Abbasid court, Abbasid caliphs exploited the wealth and property of the Iranians, by confiscating their property for the stability and continuity of their sovereignty. Manuscript profile
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        44 - From Fararod to Tabaristan: Continuity of the Islamic conquest in the northern front
        BEHROZ CHOKAN mohammadnabi Salim mirzamohammad hasani
        10.30495/hstr.2023.1988564.1855
        One of the reasons for the tendency of the Muslim Arabs to conquer Trans-Nahar and Khwarizm was that they were not able to conquer Tabaristan in the beginning of the conquests, and when they realized that the Chinese were connected with Tabaristan through Farad, and als More
        One of the reasons for the tendency of the Muslim Arabs to conquer Trans-Nahar and Khwarizm was that they were not able to conquer Tabaristan in the beginning of the conquests, and when they realized that the Chinese were connected with Tabaristan through Farad, and also, the presence of the Turks in the northeastern and southern regions of Tabaristan. Khwarazm doubled the difficulty of the conquests, they decided to seize the area of ​​Suq al-Jishi of Tabaristan in order to prevent the advance of the Chinese and Turks. But the geographical conditions of this region, such as: impassability, dense forests and swampy area, high humidity and continuous rains, as well as the resistance of the people, made the work of conquest difficult.This research, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on library studies, tries to answer the question that the process of occupying the north and northeast of the Iranian plateau took place based on what process? Studies show that due to the threat of non-Muslim influence in strategic areas of Iran and the necessity of connecting the conquered areas to the route of conquests and emphasizing the territorial integrity of Iran, the Islamic Caliphate was able to control Fararod and Tabaristan areas by sending numerous troops and attracting the target areas. In a symmetric time frame, he took possession. However, despite the Umayyad campaigns, the Abbasids gained the fruits of their conquest of Tabaristan and tied the fate of this region to Khorasan and Mavarlanhar. Manuscript profile
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        45 - The position of Iranian bureaucrats in the structure of the Abbasid caliphate(Bramke-Al Sahl family)
        fatemeh parsafar Mohammad Sepehri nematallah ahmadinasab
        10.30495/hstr.2024.1990150.1862
        The Abbasids, who had reached the caliphate with the support of the Iranians, paid special attention to the Iranian bureaucrats for the administration of the Islamic empire. Among the Iranian ministers of the Abbasid court, the two families of Al-Barmak and Al-Sahl had More
        The Abbasids, who had reached the caliphate with the support of the Iranians, paid special attention to the Iranian bureaucrats for the administration of the Islamic empire. Among the Iranian ministers of the Abbasid court, the two families of Al-Barmak and Al-Sahl had a very high and impressive position.The scientific and social credibility of the Bermakians, along with their support of the Iranians, caused the anger and jealousy of the Arabs, who were afraid of the presence and power of the Iranians. Among the reasons for the increasing influence of Iranians among the Abbasids, two reasons are more prominent: firstly, because of the skill and background of the Iranians in the art of circuitous government, and secondly, that Khorasan was governed by local Iranian rulers. Therefore, it was necessary for Ma'mun to follow a conciliatory policy in order to gain their satisfaction. Based on what was said, the central question of the current research is what position did the Iranian bureaucrats have in the structure of the Abbasid Caliphate?The assumption of the research is that the Iranian bureaucrats, including the Bramke family and the Sahl family, practically took over all the political powers of the government and managed the affairs according to their opinion due to their influence in the Abbasid caliphate. The current research is based on library method and descriptive-analytical method Manuscript profile
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        46 - Abbasids And The Political Crisis in Khorasan
        zohre alipoor aval
        The importance of Great Khorasan as a strategic region and effective in the administration of the territories of the Eastern Islamic Caliphate, could never be ignored from the point of view of the caliphs. The connection of this area with Transoxiana or beyond the river More
        The importance of Great Khorasan as a strategic region and effective in the administration of the territories of the Eastern Islamic Caliphate, could never be ignored from the point of view of the caliphs. The connection of this area with Transoxiana or beyond the river and the existence of settled cities, commercial streets and fertile lands, reminded the caliphs of the need to consider a serious and costly policy for the administration of Khorasan. However, the continuous unrest and the lack of comprehensive management in this region not only had an impact on the reduction of the Caliphate's income, but also had a direct effect on the creation of disorder in the Trans-Nahar region and the escalation of the political crisis. Based on the descriptive-analytical method, the current research tries to answer the question, what were the most important challenges of establishing the stable control of the Abbasid caliphs over Khorasan and Transoxiana? The results of the findings indicate that in the first period of the Abbasid caliphate, despite the caliphs benefiting from military authority, due to the multitude of opponents and successive changes in the balance of power, it was not possible to establish stable stability. After the killing of Abu Muslim, the conflict between the caliphs and the Khorasanis until the Taherians gained internal independence, deprived Great Khorasan of the possibility of stability and became a platform for the influence of the Turks in Transoxiana and the borders of Islam territories. key words : Khorasan. Abbasid Caliphate,Transoxiana,Political crisis Manuscript profile
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        47 - Early abbassid and challenges in the path of Imamat
        mohammad kazem tabatabay ali reza bahrami
        The Abbasids formed during the late fist century (AH), using anti-Omavid feelings prevalent at that time. To stabilize their government, Abassids resorted to different means to attract the most popular currents of thoughts. They used political, religious, and cultural m More
        The Abbasids formed during the late fist century (AH), using anti-Omavid feelings prevalent at that time. To stabilize their government, Abassids resorted to different means to attract the most popular currents of thoughts. They used political, religious, and cultural means to legitimize their government. Once stabilized, they deny people the privileges given to them. Their influence led some Shiites not to recognize their Imam. Manuscript profile
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        48 - Funeral role in determining relationships and Abbasid Caliph Sultan Muhammad Kharazm
        alireza karimi mizhan parvan
        Expansion of political, social and cultural center of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad Shiite domination of Buwayhid flourished and continued to fall in the process was also hampered Buwayhid. By the time of the Seljuk rule Tkapvhay Kharazmshahiyan This process was acce More
        Expansion of political, social and cultural center of the Abbasid caliphate in Baghdad Shiite domination of Buwayhid flourished and continued to fall in the process was also hampered Buwayhid. By the time of the Seljuk rule Tkapvhay Kharazmshahiyan This process was accelerated. Seems to be a growing political conflict After the fall of the Ghaznavid and Seljuk military Kharazmshahiyan the Abbasid Caliphate, the areas suitable for development activities at this time Shiite, has provided comprehensive. Establishment of religious schools, writing several works on jurisprudence and interpretation of Shiite scholars, Shiites in Turkish bureaucracy, even in official Turkish Sultans and Abbasid Caliphate, and special attention to the role of the Shia in the political equations in the time, The point of this article is to review and findings. Various Shia sects, and the interrelationships of the Abbasid Caliphate Kharazmshahiyan play an effective role. The issue, for various reasons in the face of the Abbasid Caliph al- Nasser Sultan Muhammad Kharazm is important.Regardless of which side of the Ismaili Shia Muslim caliphate and to be Kharazmshahiyan Ygrnd, other Shiites both have leading roles are. Manuscript profile
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        49 - The Effect of Beit- ol Hekmeh in developing of translation movement in Abbasid era
        ramezan rezaei
        Beit-ol-Hekmeh(the house of knowledge) was the first and the most important Islamic and cultural centers during Abbasid era and it was considered as a main factor in the development of translation movement in this era. In this movement there was a progress in the Islami More
        Beit-ol-Hekmeh(the house of knowledge) was the first and the most important Islamic and cultural centers during Abbasid era and it was considered as a main factor in the development of translation movement in this era. In this movement there was a progress in the Islamic government and its relations with other countries was based on rule. From that era Muslims became famous in different scientific fields and Abbasid Khalifes’ encouragements caused that the importance of Beit-ol-Hekmeh increased and the translation movement became more advanced. In general Beit-ol-Hekmeh had an important role in translation movement and in the progress of another Arabic sciences in the literal and scientific fields such as philosophy, medicine, astronomy, mathematics and so on. This article tries to investigate how Beit-ol-Hekmeh was built, the origin of Translation movement and the effective factors on it, the effects of Beit-ol-Hekmeh in the growth of translation according to the library studies Manuscript profile
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        50 - Political positions of Imam Kadhim against the Abbasid
        nahid razi
        This paper analyzes the political positions of Imam Kadhim (AS) was the Abbasid caliphs and prove them right over against the rulers of the time. To achieve this task, based on analysis of historical, political thought at the beginning of the general principles, includi More
        This paper analyzes the political positions of Imam Kadhim (AS) was the Abbasid caliphs and prove them right over against the rulers of the time. To achieve this task, based on analysis of historical, political thought at the beginning of the general principles, including the training of community leaders to form a religious government, to protest against the government of the time, withdrawal and prudent to preserve the principle of cooperation with the Caliphs of Islam, as was the policy of Imam Kadhim (AS) will be defined. Then, his political positions against the Abbasid caliphs, like right over there to demonstrate their clear position argued by the Abbasid rulers, advised followers to break with some of his government and influence the governance plan is in the body. And then their policies against Shia sects and political groups such as the direct supervision of the affairs of the Shiite leadership, guiding them in terms of ideological, intellectual, organized some Shiite groups, direct control over their followers and awaken the conscience of the revolutionary nation, will be discussed as far as adopting this position, the reasons for his imprisonment has been considered Manuscript profile
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        51 - Barmakeh and the factors of conflicts in Arab and Iranian in Abhusids aron s Age
        Amir akbary
        Being supported by Irnnians, Abbasids took the power as a result, theypaid special attention to jrnnian ministers.Among Iranian ministers in abasids covert, al barmak and al sahl familieswere of significant position.The social and scientific valve of barmacks and their More
        Being supported by Irnnians, Abbasids took the power as a result, theypaid special attention to jrnnian ministers.Among Iranian ministers in abasids covert, al barmak and al sahl familieswere of significant position.The social and scientific valve of barmacks and their supporting Iraniansmade Arabs envious, those who feared Iranians power and influence. Thecompetition caused many conspiracies against barmaks and finally led totheir collapse. The study of causes of the collapse and the competitionamong Iranians and Arabs to take power in abnsids court is one of themost important political issues in early part of Abbasids era.Yahya barmkys struyyle to put haron in power resulted in his and hischildren stalling power . yahya was the first minister, who signed decreeson behalf of the khalif, fazl was very popular because of his goodbehavior. Jafar was khalifs company and trustee. Manuscript profile
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        52 - A historical examination of the appearance of Jews in the age of Imam Reza
        mohsen rajabi ali bolandnejad
        Khurasan as an important and great regionThroughout history and ancient civilization in Iran - Islamic, was a place of residence of the followers of many religions and Religions and schools of and sects. One of the important events that took place in the Imam Ali ibn mu More
        Khurasan as an important and great regionThroughout history and ancient civilization in Iran - Islamic, was a place of residence of the followers of many religions and Religions and schools of and sects. One of the important events that took place in the Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza’s period, was his debate with leaders and Greats of religions of Zorostriaism, Judaism, Christianity and Sabian. Judaism with its historical background and With a history of several thousand years is one of the religions that came to Iran and then to Khurasan in various historical periods. The appearance of Jews in Khurasan in the age of Imam Ali ibn musa Al- Reza has been considered as certain in the surviving Islamic traditions. This article seeks to examine through a historical analytical approach, the authenticity of the appearance of jews in this region together with the residence places of jews and their notables.   Manuscript profile
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        53 - Christianinteractions with the Muslim rulers In the Umayyad and early Abbasid age
        mohamadali ayazi mohamadali mirsaneei
        Islamic territory under the Umayyad and Abbasidageswas including many Christian areas of the Eastern Church. The People of these territories have scientists and organized churches, and gradually some of them were able to reach the caliphs' courts. During this period, ma More
        Islamic territory under the Umayyad and Abbasidageswas including many Christian areas of the Eastern Church. The People of these territories have scientists and organized churches, and gradually some of them were able to reach the caliphs' courts. During this period, many court physicians were Christians who had ancient legacy of medical knowledge. As well as, some of the poets, translators, astronomers and Christianpatriarch were able to connectwith caliphs and their relatives, and they were even as adviser to the Muslim rulers. In the meantime, some of the caliphs were not tend to associated with the Christians, and tried to differentiate Christians from the Muslim community by imposition of harsh sentences against them, and limited their devotional ceremoniesand social activities. But we can see, byreview of historical reports, that the governments not forced Christians to converted and entered to Islamin the Umayyad and Abbasid periods.   Manuscript profile
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        54 - Evaluation and comparison of the performance of Bramke and Al Sahl
        fatemeh parsafar mohammad sepehri Nemat Ahmadi Nasab
        Both the Barmakis and Al Sahl were among the most prominent ministerial bureaucratic families of the Abbasid caliphate era, which appeared on the stage of the political history of Islam and gave a special glory to this caliphate. One of the suesthistoricalresearchers ar More
        Both the Barmakis and Al Sahl were among the most prominent ministerial bureaucratic families of the Abbasid caliphate era, which appeared on the stage of the political history of Islam and gave a special glory to this caliphate. One of the suesthistoricalresearchers are facing is the performance of these two families. Iranians and their role in the Abbasid caliphate and their decline and destruction is in this research, which is a historical criptive methodAnd according to the library resources, this issue has enaddressed.TheBarmakis were one of the influential Iranian families, the founder of the power of this family Abbasid dynasty, Khalid bin Barmak, and their children and descendants, Yahya Barmaki, Fazland Jafar, were among the most famous members of this family, who had great power ringthe period of Harun Al-Rashid.They gained a lot of power so that in 178A.H.Yahya becamethe owner of absolute and complete power and the Caliph handed over all the powers to him. All the important jobs were in the hands of Yahya's relatives and superiors, sothative people were always in charge of the most prestigious military and country jobs in the ourt, ndeveryoneWithout them, they would be kept out of work. All these factors and suspicion towards them and the Chinese conspiracy of the people around them ledstandmassacre of this family. The Sahl family was also of Iranian origin and had the desire to estoreIran's independence and renew the blessings of this system, which followed the path of ramke family and ultimately met the same fate. Manuscript profile
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        55 - the religious policy of Abbasid Caliphate in an encounter with concordant schools (232 – 422)
        Tahereh Azarfar mahboobeh sharafi
        with Al-Mutawakkil taking over the reins, the religious policy of the caliphate system sought to appease them. Meanwhile, this caliphate system caused them to grow and spread and created some sort of thought confrontation between them and their rivals through encouragin More
        with Al-Mutawakkil taking over the reins, the religious policy of the caliphate system sought to appease them. Meanwhile, this caliphate system caused them to grow and spread and created some sort of thought confrontation between them and their rivals through encouraging the concordant thoughts. In the period , Al-Mutawakkil and Al-Mu'tadid, relying on their plans and measures, became an example for other caliphs during this era. Benefiting from the historical method based on descriptive and analytic approach, this article tries to answer , the caliphate system had which policy about concordant schools? Permant or mobile policy?The results of this research indicate that the Abbasid Caliphate System, as of the era of Al-Mutawakkil until Al-Mu'tadid taking over, followed a permanent policy in supporting the Sunnis and oppugned their opponents. Yet, as of the era of Al-Mu'tadid until the Buyid dynasty taking over, the caliphate system followed a mobile and reactive policy, which, in turn, resulted from the political necessities of this era where the caliphate confronted the Hanbali followers. During the weakness of the Buyid dynasty , Al-Qadir returned to the policy of support for the Sunnis and proceeded to consolidate the juridical and legal foundations of the Sunni Sect, acknowledged the four schools of Islamic law in Sunni Islam and banned and closed out other schools.. Manuscript profile
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        56 - Samanids political behavior with iranian pro - iranian movement
        Ahmad abasinia Hassan Shadpoor mohammad nabi salim
        Abstract : One of the Iranian dynasties that dominated the east of the Islamic Caliphate was the Al-Saman, who ruled over the Transnistrian region from the first half of the third century AH and gradually promoted Iranian culture and national traditions by retaining pol More
        Abstract : One of the Iranian dynasties that dominated the east of the Islamic Caliphate was the Al-Saman, who ruled over the Transnistrian region from the first half of the third century AH and gradually promoted Iranian culture and national traditions by retaining political citizenship from Bani Abbas. They made an effort. The behavior of this dynasty against the Iranian independence movements has caused doubts in the attitude towards Samanid Iranianism.Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, this study aims to answer the question of what was the nature of the Samanids' political behavior with the Iranian independence-seeking movements? The findings of the study indicate that Al-Saman had a behavior contrary to the discourse of the Iranian independence movements and despite the tendency to Persian culture and civilization, pursued their own interests by following the Islamic caliphate and therefore, They were hostile to the Iranian independence movements.Keywords: Samanids, Abbasids, Independence movements, 3rd and 4th centuries AH. Manuscript profile
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        57 - An attitude on the historical and geographical origin of Ravandiyeh
        morteza bahmani mehdi goljan mahboobeh sharafi
        As a result of Umayyad injustices, Iranians were ready to join the anti-caliphate uprisings. In this regard, Ravandiyas were a sect that played an effective role in the uprising of the Abbasids against the Umayyads. Historical and sectarian sources have spoken about the More
        As a result of Umayyad injustices, Iranians were ready to join the anti-caliphate uprisings. In this regard, Ravandiyas were a sect that played an effective role in the uprising of the Abbasids against the Umayyads. Historical and sectarian sources have spoken about the existence of different groups and sects called Ravandiyas in different regions of Iran, which is their historical and geographical origin. Not specified. The central question of the current research is that what historical and geographical background did Ravandiye sect have? The proposed hypothesis is that Rawandiyya is a sect that was formed during the continuation of the anti-Khilafah movements after the killing of Abu Muslim in Khorasan. The present research has reached the conclusion that although Ravandiyeh is attributed to Khorasan, but traces of this thought can be seen in other geographies as well.The present research has reached the conclusion that although Ravandiyeh is attributed to Khorasan, but traces of this thought can be seen in other geographies as well. Manuscript profile
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        58 - Iranian movement against Abbasids with emphasis on Ravandieh
        morteza bahmani mahdi goljan mahboobeh sharafi
        The Iranians, who, after becoming acquainted with Islam and its rites - education, justice, and human dignity - fell in love with the religion, became embroiled in an intellectual conflict with the advent of the Umayyad and Abbasid regimes, which acted contrary to Islam More
        The Iranians, who, after becoming acquainted with Islam and its rites - education, justice, and human dignity - fell in love with the religion, became embroiled in an intellectual conflict with the advent of the Umayyad and Abbasid regimes, which acted contrary to Islamic slogans. From the very first months of the Abbasid rule, successive uprisings and movements were formed against them in different parts of Iran and Iraq, and caused their weakness and collapse in many areas and led to their downfall. The central question of the present study is that With what reasons and motives did the Ravandians revolt against the Abbasids? The hypothesis is that the Abbasids' lack of loyalty to their original slogans, as well as the removal of the main leaders of the uprising, was the main motive for the Rwandan uprising. The present cover is organized based on the main sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach. Manuscript profile
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        59 - Al-Boyu and the flourishing of the intellectual sciences of the Islamic world(By relying on the function of the Imams and the ministers of the Bowhi)
        Elham Aghajari Mohsen Rahmati Jahanbakhsh Savagheb
        The rulers of the Buyid the ruling dynasty of Iran Having overcome Baghdad, large sections From the realm of the Islamic world During the fourth and fifth centuries Hijri under the command. In the territory under the command of Bozhiayan, And with the support of the e More
        The rulers of the Buyid the ruling dynasty of Iran Having overcome Baghdad, large sections From the realm of the Islamic world During the fourth and fifth centuries Hijri under the command. In the territory under the command of Bozhiayan, And with the support of the emirs and the ministers of this dynasty, the intellectual sciences, which include all kinds of wisdom, Principles and foreshadows of each of the four divine, natural, mathematical, Ethics and science of the word, he flourished and flourished. Other contemporary Shiite governments with al-Buwayh did not succeed as much as they did. This research is a descriptive-analytic method, while explaining the role Buyids in the growth of rational sciences, on how the emirs behaved and the ministers in this regard. The research findings indicate In the light of the Amirs, along with their ministers, used Greek and Syriac translations to attract scholars from the scientific achievements of Muslim scholars and scholarly scholars of Jews and Christians. Also, creating educational and research centers that have led to the emergence of talents, they have taken great strides in the development of intellectual sciences. Manuscript profile
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        60 - Medicine in The Abbasid Period and Its Impact on Western Civilization
        Batool Rabiei Boshra Delrish Elham malekzadeh Koorosh Fathi
        One of the important works of civilization influenced by Islam is medicine in the form of teachings called Islamic medicine. The Abbasid period, as the golden age of the Islamic world, witnessed major changes in various sciences, including medicine. As a result of the s More
        One of the important works of civilization influenced by Islam is medicine in the form of teachings called Islamic medicine. The Abbasid period, as the golden age of the Islamic world, witnessed major changes in various sciences, including medicine. As a result of the success of the Abbasid Caliphate to medicine, the use of medical texts in various scientific languages of the time, including the medical heritage of Greece and Rome, led to a significant leap in Islamic medicine in the form of numerous translations.On the other hand, in the efforts of the Islamic Caliphate to expand its sphere of influence, it gradually dominated Islamic medicine in European countries by teaching and translating the works of Muslim scholars such as Razi and Ibn Sina. The present article tries to examine the influence of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period on the western civilization of the earth. By asking the main question, what are the characteristics of Islamic medicine of the Abbasid period and how has it exerted its effects on the western civilization of the earth? The research method of the article is based on descriptive and analytical research with a library method. The result of the research also indicates that the period of Islamic Caliphate is not only one of the bright periods of growth of this field of sciences, but also the culmination of the influence and vast scientific realm of the Islamic world in the West. Manuscript profile
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        61 - Areas of tolerance of Samanids with Ismailis
        mohammad najafi hasan shadpoor mahbobeh esmaeili
        The Ismailis who have been given various names are an extension of the Shiite religion and believe Ismael and his son are righteous for Imamate after Imam Jafar Sadegh. Through its ups and downs, this dynasty had interactions and confrontations with the incumbent govern More
        The Ismailis who have been given various names are an extension of the Shiite religion and believe Ismael and his son are righteous for Imamate after Imam Jafar Sadegh. Through its ups and downs, this dynasty had interactions and confrontations with the incumbent governments among which their interaction with the Samanid, as one of the most Iranian government of the history, is significantly important. Therefore, based on the necessity of explaining and recognizing the history of the Samanids and the type of their interaction with the Ismailis, in this descriptive-analytical study, we will examine the most important social contexts of the Samanids' tolerance of the Ismailis and explain its consequences. In addition, rooting out the causes and factors of the Ismaili's influence and expansion, especially among the Samanids and the role and policies of the political and cultural leaders of the two sides in the results of these ups and downs, is another case that this study intends to explain. The results of this study indicated that areas like the Iranian origin of the Samanids, their open religious policy, the influence of Shiite ideas on the Samanid rulers and the relative economic, social and security stability in Khorasan and Transoxiana were among the factors that paved the way for positive Samanid interaction with the Ismailis which , in consequence, made the Ismailis able to take advantage of this opportunity to succeed in their invitation and to expand the realm of their invitation. Manuscript profile
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        62 - Investigating the causes of change in the occupations of Baghdad in the Abbasid era from the 2nd to the 7th century AH
        Mohadese Khosravi ardeshir asadbeigi mahmood mahdavi damghani shahrbanoo delbari
        Social History as a New Trend In studying the history of past societies, it tries to pay attention to the daily life of ordinary people. In these studies, the component of "occupations" as the main pillar of social and economic life is of special importance. The city of More
        Social History as a New Trend In studying the history of past societies, it tries to pay attention to the daily life of ordinary people. In these studies, the component of "occupations" as the main pillar of social and economic life is of special importance. The city of Baghdad was one of the most famous Islamic capitals with its political and economic composition and structure. The political, scientific and cultural attractions of Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate led to the large presence of the population in this city, and consequently the growth of urbanization and the expansion of economic and political affairs led to the transformation of jobs in this period. This article, while examining the occupations of this period as an important part of social history in the second to seventh centuries AH, tries to show the causes of change in occupations of the Abbasid era. This study tries to answer the question by using descriptive and analytical methods. What is the evolution of jobs in Baghdad during the Abbasid era from the 2nd to the 7th century AH?It seems that among the factors of change in Baghdad jobs during five centuries can be the expansion of the administrative system and the emergence of various government jobs, the growth of urbanization and welfare, the establishment of scientific and educational centers, security and economic development and agricultural development. Manuscript profile
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        63 - Study and comparison of ministry position under Abbasid and Ilkhanid caliphates with leaning of Barmakids and Joveini dynasty
        Nahid Mohammadioun Shabestari Masoumeh GhareDaghi Zekrollah mohammadi Manizheh sadri
        During both periods when Iran was attacked by Muslim Arabs and the Mongols,bureaucrats came to cooperate with the conquerors. Included in these were theBarmakids and the Joveini dynasties who could reach ministry under Abbasidand Ilkhanid caliphates. Bureaucracy used to More
        During both periods when Iran was attacked by Muslim Arabs and the Mongols,bureaucrats came to cooperate with the conquerors. Included in these were theBarmakids and the Joveini dynasties who could reach ministry under Abbasidand Ilkhanid caliphates. Bureaucracy used to be the trend in these two dynastiesand they were bureaucrats in previous in previous governments. These twodynasties could influence the Abbasid and Ilkhanid caliphates and steer themtowards Iranian culture and they could take steps to revive and restructureIranian culture. During their ministries, the Barmakids and the Joveini dynastiesconducted many development services including building mosques, schools andmansions. Also, they could reach a highly significant position in science andliterature. Not only did they write books by themselves but also many writersand scientists wrote their books under their names. Similarly, they patronizedmany poets and scientists. Although the Barmakids and Joveini dynastiesprovided many services, their power and influence produced rivals who set thestage for their fall. Barmakids and Joveini dynasties represent a specialbureaucrat group in Iranian society who left their name permanently in historyand time. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        64 - Abulmufḍḍal al-Shaybāni's Approach to Hadith
        mohammad taghi zakeri nemat allah safari froshani
        Abulmufḍal Sheibāni (d. 387 AH) is an Imami narrator whose numerous narrations have remained in various sources, but his method of gaining Hadith has been less explored so far. Despite all the efforts made by Abulmufḍal to receive and transmit the Hadith heritage, the e More
        Abulmufḍal Sheibāni (d. 387 AH) is an Imami narrator whose numerous narrations have remained in various sources, but his method of gaining Hadith has been less explored so far. Despite all the efforts made by Abulmufḍal to receive and transmit the Hadith heritage, the early Shiite and Muslim narrators and translators have accused him of various forms of forgery and theft in the Hadith. We know that he has made many efforts in transmitting the Hadith heritage of the Imams and Zaydis, and many important Shiite works and narrations have been narrated through him. The importance of his legacy has even caused the popular Muslim narrators not to ignore his narrations. Accordingly, it is necessary to study the approach of Abulmufḍal Sheibāni to narrate Hadiths. This study is done for the same purpose. By studying the evidence from the narrations of Abulmufḍal, we want to find out whether it is possible to make a judgment based on the narrations of Abulmufḍal,himself about the accusation leveled against him by the narrators. Also, we want to know what kind and to what extent his possible additions in the narrations, and what was the reason for these possible insertions; Was he possibly influenced by the currents of thought of the Qulāts that were active during his lifetime, or was he influenced by other factors? The hypothesis of this study is that Abulmufḍal,, aware of the interference and insertions of rival sects in the narration of Hadiths, has sometimes done such changes in Hadith as a retaliation. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        65 - The Sociological Study of Badiozaman hamedanis Maqamat
        Katayoun fallahi Hadiseh motevalli
        Describe the characteristics of each community, is one of  the haracteristics offiction. So sociological approach to these works,Can bemappedto thesocietyof that time. Since Badi'ozaman stories reflect social conditions of the time, In this article we are going to More
        Describe the characteristics of each community, is one of  the haracteristics offiction. So sociological approach to these works,Can bemappedto thesocietyof that time. Since Badi'ozaman stories reflect social conditions of the time, In this article we are going to check Badi'ozaman stories, the overall outlook of the situation get the Abbasid era And to obtain general information of the period Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        66 - Foucault's reading of the functions of language: A new project to understand the functions of the Persian language from the beginning of the Abbasid rule to the fifth century
        Afshin Eshkevar kiaei
        10.30495/psq.2023.1984209.2197
        The invasion of Muslim Arabs is one of the most influential identity events in the history of Iran, especially in the discussion of language; But there is a difference of opinion about how and how much, and to what extent this change is on Iranians, which has led to var More
        The invasion of Muslim Arabs is one of the most influential identity events in the history of Iran, especially in the discussion of language; But there is a difference of opinion about how and how much, and to what extent this change is on Iranians, which has led to various research topics and various narratives of this historical period. In this study, while examining the essentialist and constructivist narratives about the effects of language on historical developments, we examine the various functions of language from the beginning of the Abbasid rule to the beginning of the fifth century with the help of Michel Foucault's method of historical genealogy.The finding of this study of language in this period is that, given the acceptance of the argument about language that, while language plays an important role in shaping the collective life of ethnic groups and nationalist beliefs, it is nevertheless inappropriate to consider language as the collective spirit of a nation. Although language is the builder of mentality, it should by no means be considered an unwritten whiteboard. Rather, language has different functions throughout history and it must be examined in its time frame. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        67 - Critical Commentary on Abu Nuwas, the Iranian Poet
        Yousef Hadipour Nehzami
        Throughout history appeared great men and women who strove to depict human suffering and expectations.  As much as they resisted the worn out traditions of their society and rebelled against the oppressors, selfish opportunists attempted to put out the flame kindle More
        Throughout history appeared great men and women who strove to depict human suffering and expectations.  As much as they resisted the worn out traditions of their society and rebelled against the oppressors, selfish opportunists attempted to put out the flame kindled by them and distort their image. One such example is Abu Nuwas, the great Iranian poet who lived in the Abassid era in the second century Hegira. His intelligence propelled him to present his avant-garde views in the form of wine poetry known as Khamriyyat because of which he was insulted and endured years of imprisonment. This article hopes to provide an inspective revision of his personal life and his scholarly literary character based on reliable historical references in order to unveil the shadows surrounding his life and to pave the way to a better understanding of his Khamriyyat, which is absolutely unique within the domain of Arabic Poetry. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        68 - Internal Conflicts and External Pressures: The Collapse and Fall of the ṬūlūnÊd State in Egypt and Syria
        masoomali panjeh
        With the murder of Khumārawayh in 282 AH, the glory and greatness of the ṬūlūnÊds ended, and the period of decline and collapse began. Why did the collapse and Fall come about and how did it happen? In the analysis of the collapse of the government, there are internal f More
        With the murder of Khumārawayh in 282 AH, the glory and greatness of the ṬūlūnÊds ended, and the period of decline and collapse began. Why did the collapse and Fall come about and how did it happen? In the analysis of the collapse of the government, there are internal factors and external causes. During the last decade of their rule, the Ṭūlūnids (282-292 AH) were continuously engaged in internal conflict, among the sons of Khumārawayh and their uncles, the sons of Ibn Ṭūlūn. The children and successors of the Khumārawayh, who inherited a deserted treasury, did not have the power and experience of governance. So, the power and administration of affairs in the country was in the hand of the Commanders of the ṬūlūnÊd Army. Those commanders repeatedly betrayed the ṬūlūnÊds in the fateful moments and joined the enemy, Abbasids. The Qarmatian rebellions in Syria and the Tulonians' inability to suppress and restrain them, opened the Caliph's troops to Syria and then to Egypt, which resulted in the end of the Tulonians. Manuscript profile

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