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      • Open Access Article

        1 - Effects of nitrogen levels and intercropping ratios on yield of intercropping of corn and sunflower in Khouzestan conditions
        nader moosavian
        To study the effect of intercropping and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the grain yield, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Islamic Azad Uuiversity, Shooshtar, in 2005. The planting methods were laid out in a randomized complete block design More
        To study the effect of intercropping and nitrogen fertilizer treatments on the grain yield, a field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Islamic Azad Uuiversity, Shooshtar, in 2005. The planting methods were laid out in a randomized complete block design in split-plot arrangements keeping different nitrogen rates, (50, 100 and 150 kg from urea resource) as main plots and various rates of intercropping corn-sunflower as sub plots with three replications. The intercropping treatments were S1 (100% sunflower), S2 (25% corn plus 75% sunflower), S3 (50% corn plus 50% sunflower), S4 (75% corn plus 25% sunflower) and S5 (100% corn). The results of the study indicated that seed yield of sunflower and grain yield of corn, total yield of sunflower and corn, 1000-seed weight and oil percentage of sunflower were significant. But 1000-grain weight and the grain number per pod wasn’t significant. The highest grain yield observed in N2S1 and N3S5 for sunflower and corn, was respectively (462 and 1319 per gr.m-2). In intercropping got the highest and the lowest seed yield of sunflower to pure stand and in S3, and at corn got to pure stand and in S4, respectively. An increase in nitrogen proportion raised the land equivalent ratio (LER). The highest and the lowest land equivalent ratio for grain yield were observed in hybrid levels of S4 and S3, respectively. The highest and the lowest land equivalent ratio (LER) were relevant to N1S2 and N3S4 (1.85 and 1.08, respectively). In addition, the highest and the lowest relative crowding coefficient (K) were relevant to N3S4 and N3S2 (0.2 and 7.2, respectively). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Agronomic and Economic Evaluation of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and Chickpea (Cicer arietinium L.) Intercropping under Micronutrient Applications
        Yaser Esmaeilian Mohammad Behzad Amiri
        10.30495/jcep.2021.681003
        Today, intercropping as a key strategy of sustainable agriculture, is appreciated by both researchers and farmers in increasing efficiency of environmental resourceing uses, reduce damages due to environmental stresses, and improve the farm income. To this end, a split More
        Today, intercropping as a key strategy of sustainable agriculture, is appreciated by both researchers and farmers in increasing efficiency of environmental resourceing uses, reduce damages due to environmental stresses, and improve the farm income. To this end, a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm of Gonabad University.Main factor, comprised of  25% safflower + 75% chickpea, 50% safflower + 50% chickpea, 75% safflower + 25% chickpea, and 100% safflower + 100% chickpea intercropping patterns, and sole cropping of the two plants. Subfactors consisted of control (without foliar spray) and foliar spraying of 3 g.lit-1 Fe and Zn. The research results showed that the highest values of branches number (10.5) and head number per plant (22.5) of safflower were achieved from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea and 50% safflower + 50% chickpea intercropping, respectively and the highest seed yield (2070 kg.ha-1) from sole cropping. The branch and head number per plant, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield of safflower were increased significantly due to micronutrient foliar application as compared with control. The plant height (26.4 cm) and seed yield (1739 kg.ha-1) of chickpea showed the highest value in sole cropping while the highest values of pod number per plant (31.9) and seed number per plant (22.2) were obtained from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea intercropping. Micronutrients foliar application improved plant height, pod number per plant, pod length, and seed number per plant of chickpea. The land equivalent ratio values ranged from 1.12 to 1.52. The changes in water use efficiency indices were also higher in all intercropping patterns compared with sole cropping, and the highest value (1.31) was achieved from 75% safflower + 25% chickpea intercropping treatment. The aggressivity index indicated the dominance of safflower over chickpea. All of the intercropping treatments, except for 100% safflower + 100% chickpea pattern, showed real yield increase. The highest value of intercropping advantage (0.51) was obtained from 25% safflower + 75% chickpea treatment while the monetary advantage index (26454751) and the relative total value (1.44) were higher in 100% safflower + 100% chickpea intercropping as compared to the other cropping patterns. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Pearl Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Intercropping
        A. Tavassoli A. Ghanbari D. Ramazan S.M. Mousavi-nik
        This experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Center of Zabol University during 2007 cropping season. The experiment was split plot, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors consisted of unfertilized (control) (F1), rec More
        This experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Center of Zabol University during 2007 cropping season. The experiment was split plot, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factors consisted of unfertilized (control) (F1), recommended fertilizer (F2), recommended manure (F3), half of recommended manure + half of recommended fertilizer (F4) and sub factors were cropping of millet (I1), 75% millet + 25% bean (I2), 50% millet + 50% bean(I3), 25% millet + 75% bean (I4) and sole crop of bean (I5). Results showed that were for these tow species the highest grain and dry matter yield and harvest index (HI) obtained from half of recommended manure + half of recommended fertilizer treatment. However, fertilizer treatments did not have significant effect on 1000-seeds weight. Highest land equivalence ratio (LER) for grain and dry matter yield was achieved from half of recommended manure + half of recommended fertilizer treatment. The highest crude protein (CP), P and K content in each of the forage crops obtained from recommended fertilizer treatment. Interrace culture different ratios treatments, for millet the highest grain and dry matter yield and P and K content achieved from sole cropping. While highest harvest index (HI), 1000-seeds weight and CP content in millet forage obtained from their intercroppings. Highest bean values for all traits in achieved from its sole cropping. Furthermore, highest LER for dry matter and grain obtained from 25% millet + 75% bean treatment. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Effect of number of planting rows in strip intercropping of maize, pintobean and soybean and their sole cropping on seed yield
        F. Farahvash, A. Rahmati F. Jafari H. Amir Hallaji
        To evaluate the effects of rows of maize-pintobean, maize-soybean planted in strip intercropping and their sole croppings, an experiment using randomized complete block design with three replication, was conducted for two consecutive years at the Agricultural Research C More
        To evaluate the effects of rows of maize-pintobean, maize-soybean planted in strip intercropping and their sole croppings, an experiment using randomized complete block design with three replication, was conducted for two consecutive years at the Agricultural Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch. Treatments were: A (intercropping of maize-pintobean, one row of each, B (intercropping of maize-pintobean, two rows of each), C (intercropping of maize-pintobean, three rows of each), D (intercropping of maize-soybean, two rows of each), E (intercropping of maize-soybean, two rows of each), F (intercropping of maize-soybean, three rows of each), G(sole cropping of maize), H (sole cropping of pintobean) and I (sole cropping of soybean). Experimental results showed that maize produced, in both years, highest (17818 kg/ha) using treatment D and lowest (15509 kg/ha) yields in treatment G. This indicates that maize produced higher yield in intercropping than sole cropping. Maize, also, produced highest yield in treatment D and lowest in treatment F. Pintobean had highest yield (2498 kg/ha) in treatment H and lowest (2073 kg/ha) in treatment A. Soybean, on the other hand, produced highest yield (4794 kg/ha) in treatment I and also lowest (3257 kg/ha) in treatment D. A a whole, it may be concluded that pintobean and soybean produce higher yield in sole cropping as compared to intercroppings.  Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Evaluating of Forage Yield Increase of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) and Weed Control by Its Intercropping with Forage Legumes
        Saeid Vaezi Seyed Alireza Valadabadi Majid Pouryousef Saeed Seifzadeh Hamid Reza Zakerin
        10.30495/jcep.2020.671643
        This experiment was conducted to study yield increase of forage sorghum by its intercropping with forage legumes and weed control. This study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Research Statio More
        This experiment was conducted to study yield increase of forage sorghum by its intercropping with forage legumes and weed control. This study was carried out in a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications at the Research Station of University of Zanjan in 2015. In this experiment, a different proportatios of sorghum with forage legumes including pure culture of sorghum plants, lathyrus and hairy vetch, increased percent of sorghum by 33%, 66% and 100% of hairy vetch and lathyrus, and different weed control management, including full weed control during season, single weed control and no weeds control, were examined. The results showed that the highest and lowest fresh and dry yields of sorghum were obtained in intercropping of sorghum with 33% vetch and 100% lathyrus, respectively. The highest chlorophyll content and leaf area belonged to sole cropping of sorghum and full weed control. The highest height of sorghum and cover crops was observed in 100% sorghum+ 100% lathyrus and weed-infested. On the other hand, in the sole culture of vetch and lathyrus and full weed control treat, the cover crops had the highest dry weights. The results of this experiment also showed that the highest dry weights and density of weeds were obtained under sole culture and weed-infested condition. As a result, it can be said that by selecting the appropriate intercropping ratios and forage legumes, we can control weed population to a large extent also improve the quantitative yield of sorghum forage. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - Evaluation of Potato and Pinto bean Intercropping
        A. Nasrollahzadeh-Asl A. Dabbag - Mohammadi nassab S. Zehtab - Salmasi M. Mogaddam A. Javanshir
        To evaluate beneficial effect of intercropping based on replacement and additive methods to sustainable agriculture, two experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz in 2005 and 2006, to study the effect of intercropping potato More
        To evaluate beneficial effect of intercropping based on replacement and additive methods to sustainable agriculture, two experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz in 2005 and 2006, to study the effect of intercropping potato and pinto bean by using these two methods. The experiments carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications and 16 treatments. The treatments, consisted of: eight treatments of replacement intercropping with 2:1 and 3:1 proportions of potato and pinto bean (with densities of 4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2 for potato and 45 and 55 plants m-2 for pinto bean), four treatments of additive intercropping (with densities of 4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2  for potato and 5.3 and 10.6 plants m-2 for pinto bean), two sole croppings of potato (4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2) and two sole croppings of pinto bean (45 and 55 plants m-2). Maximum tuber yield per plant, tuber yield of potato per unit area, tuber size, mean tuber weight, number of leaves and branches per plant were obtained from replacement intercropping treatments. Maximum grain yield of pinto bean per unit area was obtained from the replacement intercropping treatments; Maximum grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of leaves and branches, plant height, dates of emergence, flowering, poding and ripening were obtained from the additive intercropping treatments. To evaluate the beneficial effect of intercropping, land equivalent ratio (LER) was more than one, and the maximum amounts for two years (1.25 and 1.27, respectively) belonged to replacement intercropping of 1:2 treatment (66% potato with 5.3 plants per m2 + 34%pinto bean with 55 plants per m2). This treatment, therefore, can be recommended to be the best intercropping pattern for sustainable agriculture. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Effect of Nano Zinc and Iron Chelates Ratios on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) in Intercropping with Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
        Alireza Khalesi Gholamreza Afsharmanesh Mohammad Hassan Shirzadi
        10.30495/JCEP.2022.1936820.1822
        To investigate the effect of using nano-chelate zinc and iron ratios on yield and yield components of maize and cowpea seeds, a factorial experiment was conducted by using randomized completely block design with three replications in the south of Kerman, Iran, during 20 More
        To investigate the effect of using nano-chelate zinc and iron ratios on yield and yield components of maize and cowpea seeds, a factorial experiment was conducted by using randomized completely block design with three replications in the south of Kerman, Iran, during 2018-2020. Experimental treatments consisted of five levels of mixed culture of corn and beans (100% beans, 75% beans + 25% corn, 50% beans + 50% corn, 25% beans + 75% corn, and 100% corn) and four levels of  iron and zinc nanoclates combination (iron nanoclate, zinc nano-chelate, iron nano-chelate + nano-chelate zinc and control). Number of seeds per ear row, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index were measured. The results showed that the effect of planting ratios on number of seeds per ear, 1000-seed weight and harvest index were statistically significant at 1% and on grain yield at 5% level of probability while it was not significant on number of seeds per ear row and number of rows per ear. The highest number of seeds per ear (707.8), seed yield (12787 kg.ha-1) and 1000-seed weight of corn (253 g) were obtained from 25% bean + 75% corn crop ratio. The highest harvest index (52%) was obtained from pure culture. Simultaneous application of nano-chelate iron and zinc increased the quantitative and qualitative properties of corn. Intercopping of 25% cowpea + 75% corn with nano-chelate application produced the highest proein percent (22.3 %). The highest value of land equality ratio (total) (2.12) was obtained by using a mixed cultivation treatment of 75% bean + 25% corn and the lowest (1.57) by 25% of beans were +75% of corn and zinc combinations. Finally, the highest grain yield of 12,993 kg.ha-1 was obtained from a intercropping of 75% corn + 25% bean and application of iron and zinc. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - The Effect of Cover Crops on Yield and Weeds Control of Patato (Solanum tuberosum L.)
        Soghra Ghahremani Ali Ebadi Ahmad Tobeh Masoud Hashemi Mohammad Sedghi Abdolghayum Gholipuri
        10.30495/jcep.2020.671644
        Using an effective management method can reduce weed contamination of main crop plants. To investigate the effect of cover crops on weed control and potato yield an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Fi More
        Using an effective management method can reduce weed contamination of main crop plants. To investigate the effect of cover crops on weed control and potato yield an experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Field of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in autumn of 2017 and spring of 2018. Experimental treatments consisted of oat (Avena sativa L.), white radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and double blend cultivation with 50% seed ratio and control treatment at 2017 (autumn) and subsequent potato planting in 2018 (spring). The results showed that the cover crops had a significant effect on lambsquarter (Chenopodium album L.), Amaranthus retroflexus L. and total weeds biomass in the main crop (potato) but not on other weeds (including Cirsium arvense L.). The highest biomass (466.1 g.m-2) among the cover crops and the lowest winter weeds biomass were related to white radish monoculture. The lowest weed biomass of amaranthus and total weeds biomass were obtained from white radish, and the lowest biomass of lambsquarter was obtained from white radish+oat. White radish was able to control 45.7% of total weed biomasses compared to control treatment. The highest yield and average tuber weight, marketable percentage and the lowest small potato tubers were obtained by white radish. White radish had the highest yield (3.74 kg.m-2), which increased potato yield by 46.3%, as compared to the control treatment. The highest number of potato tubers was obtained from oat as cover crop. Growing white radish along with oats also had the highest percentage of oversize tubers. In general, white radish can be a good choice to be used for winter cover crop before potato planting, either as a intercropping with Poaceae species or as a monoculture. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - Responses of Agronomic Characteristics of Maize and Cowpea to Mycorrhiza and Mesorrhizobial Bacteria in Intercropping
        Z. Marzban M.R. Ameriyan M. Mamarabadi
        To evaluate the response of agronomic characteristics of maize and cowpea to mycorrhiza and mesorrhizobial bacteria in intercropping, this study was carried out at the Research Field of Industrial Shahrood University in 2010 using a randomized complete block design with More
        To evaluate the response of agronomic characteristics of maize and cowpea to mycorrhiza and mesorrhizobial bacteria in intercropping, this study was carried out at the Research Field of Industrial Shahrood University in 2010 using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were: Z: maize monocropping, B: bean monocropping, I: intercropping of maize and bean, ZM: maize monocropping + mycorrhizae, BM: bean monocropping + mycorrhizae, BB: bean monocropping + mesorhizobuim bacteria, BMB: bean monocropping + mycorrhizae + mesorhizobium bacteria, IM: intercropping + mycorrhizae, IB: intercropping +mesorhizobium bacteria and IMB: intercropping + mycorrhizal +mesorhizobium bacteria. The results showed that treatment effects on seed yield per plant, leaf chlorophyll content, dry weight of cowpea pods, dry weight of maize ear, number of seeds per earrow, totalbiological yieldinintercropping and partialland equivalent ratioof both cowpea and maizewere significant (p<0.01). The highest seed yields per plant for cowpea and maize were 10 and 108 grams in monocropping of cowpea+ mesorhizobuim and monocropping of maize+mycorrhiza treatments respectively. Highest partial LER of maize and cowpea were respectively 1.7 and 1.47 in the intercropping and intercropping+ mycorrhiza fungi and mesorrhizobium bacteria treatments. Theresultsshowed that land equivalent ratio was more than one for maize and cowpea. This indicates a positive relations between members of mixed cropping against monocrpping and superiority of intercroppingofmaizeandcowpea as compared to their monocroppings. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - Mixed-cropping and Its Effects on Yield and Agronomical Traits of Barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) and Bersim Clover (Trifolium alexanderium L.)
        S. Mohammadi N. Khalil Agdam A. Khoshnejad M. Pour Yousef N. Jalilnejad
        Mixed-cropping of barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) and clover (Trifolium alexanderium L.) was studied in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications to detect their best planting patterns at Agriculture Research Center of Miandoab. The experiment comprised of 10 tr More
        Mixed-cropping of barley (Hordeum vulgar L.) and clover (Trifolium alexanderium L.) was studied in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications to detect their best planting patterns at Agriculture Research Center of Miandoab. The experiment comprised of 10 treatments: 9B:1C (nine rows of barley: one row of annual clover), 8B:2C, 7B:3C, 6B:4C, 5B:5C, 4B:6C, 3B:7C, 2B:8C, 1B:9C and sole croppings of each plants. The results indicated that intercropping as a whole had a significant effect on number of stem, plant height and yield of clover. On other hands, the highest clover yields (8.3 t/ha) was achieved in sole cropping and lowest (1.2 t/ha) in 10:90 (Barley: Clover) treatment. Results also showed that spike length, number of seed per spike, 1000-grain weight, protein percent, economical yield and biological yield were affected by mixed-cropping. Reducing planting rows of barley relative to clover caused 87% reduction in both economical and biological yields. 1000-grain weight also decreased from 45.82 to 39g. Total LER was 1 in all of patterns and in 40:60 (barley: clover) pattern was the highest. LER calculated based on forage in two crops was similar to LER which achieved on seed yield of barley and forage yield of clover. Decreasing in rows of barley diminished LER to <1 and when density of barley decreased in field, LER reached to <1. Overall, results showed that the best pattern planting for barley-clover Mixed-cropping for forage and for forage production in clover and seed yield in barley was 40:60 (barley: clover). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - The Effect of Different Types and Amounts of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Canola (Brassica napus L. Hayola50) and Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. Local white) Yield and Yield Components and Land Equality Ratio in Intercropping at Fasa Region
        Samad Rezayat Mohammad Rahim Owji Farhad Mohajeri Mehdi Madandousd
        10.30495/JCEP.2022.1917067.1741
        In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on maintaining the stability and fertility of agricultural production systems. One of the ways to increase stability is to create diversity through the use of multi-culture systems. In order to investigate the yield More
        In recent years, researchers have increasingly focused on maintaining the stability and fertility of agricultural production systems. One of the ways to increase stability is to create diversity through the use of multi-culture systems. In order to investigate the yield of Canola and Chickpeas in different cultivation ratios with different types and amounts of nitrogen fertilizer in Fasa region, an experiment was performed on 2018-2019 as factorial in complete randomized block design with three replications in the research farm of Dastjeh, Fasa region. Factors included the ratio of planting peas and canola in 5 levels: 0-100, 25-75, 50-50, 75-25 and 100-0, respectively, pea-canola and type and the amount of nitrogen fertilizers at 6 levels including urea 140 kg.ha-1 urea 120 kg ha-1, urea 100 kg ha-1, ammonium sulfate 140 kg.ha-1, ammonium sulfate 120 kg.ha-1, sulfate Ammonium 100 kg.ha1. The results showed that different planting ratios had a significant effect on canola and pea yield. Increasing the ratio of chickpeas in mixed with canola and rapeseed in mixed with chickpea cultivation significantly reduced their yield compared to their net cultivation. The highest yield of canola and chickpeas with 2240.1 kg.ha-1 and 2155.75 kg.ha-1 in net cultivation of canola and chickpeas and the lowest yield of rapeseed and chickpeas with the average of 1548.06 and 1187.3 kg.ha-1, respectively, were obtained in Planting ratios of 25-75 and 75-25 (canola-chickpeas). Comparing ammonium sulfate and urea to increase canola yield, the results showed that ammonium sulfate increased canola yield more than urea. The ratio of land equivalent ratio (LER) in all mixed planting ratios under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer increased compared to a single cropping (LER> 1). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - Evaluation of Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Corn and Grass pea as Affected by Organic, Chemical and Bio Fertilizers
        Mohammad Shahbaghi Alireza Valadabadi Jahanfar Daneshiyan Amir Hossein ShiraniRad Saeid Seyfzadeh
        Intercropping of forage cropsand the combined use of organic, chemical,and biofertilizers is of great importance. To evaluate quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn and grass pea intercropping under organic and chemical fertilizers factorial experiments in More
        Intercropping of forage cropsand the combined use of organic, chemical,and biofertilizers is of great importance. To evaluate quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn and grass pea intercropping under organic and chemical fertilizers factorial experiments in a randomized complete block design with three replications were conducted in Yalian Farm of Qazvin, Iran, in 2013 and 2014. Levels of intercropping consisted of: corn sole croppings, intercropping of maize and 25% grass pea, intercropping corn and 50% grass pea, and grass pea sole cropping. Fertilizer levels were chemicals (base and top dress), cow manure (base) and avian manure top dress, cow manure (base) and chemical top dress, and cow manure (base) and chemical (top dress and spraying). In the last three treatments corn and grass pea seed inoculated with Azotobacter and mycorrhiza. The results showed that the highest corn forage yield with 84230 kg/ha produced from grass pea corn treated with 50% chemical manure. Intercropping is a suitable method for crop production and increasing quantity of crop as compared with sole croppings. The highest forage with 46020 kg/ha was produced by grass pea chemical manure treatment because of more light penetration to the canopy and the lack of competition with corn. Highest carbohydrates %30.5 belonged to the use of chemical fertilizer in sole cropping of corn and the highest crude protein with %24.75 is produced from chemical fertilizer in pure grass pea sole cropping and the highest dry matter digestibility and higher quality forage with %68.08 from the use of manure %25 grass pea/corn intercropping. Intercropping and mixed application of chemical and organic fertilizers improve the quality and quantity of forage yield. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        13 - Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) in the Intercropping with Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) on Different Planting Date
        Vahid Ghahramani Ghalejoq Mohammad Taghi Naseripoor Yazdi Reza Kamaei
        To evaluate the effect of different planting dates on yield and yield components of Chickpea) Cicer arietinum( in sole cropping and intercropping with Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications at R More
        To evaluate the effect of different planting dates on yield and yield components of Chickpea) Cicer arietinum( in sole cropping and intercropping with Cumin (Cuminum cyminum), an experiment was conducted in completely randomized block design with three replications at Research Farm of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad  in 2013. The Treatments consisted of three sole cropping and intercropping dates as foloows: chickpea sole cropping in 13 February 2013 (PP1125), chickpea sole cropping in 22 February 2013 (PP1210), chickpea sole cropping in 16 March 2013 (PP1226), chickpea and cumin intercropping in 13 February (PC1125), replacement intercropping in 22 February (PC1210), replacement intercropping in 16 March 2013. The result showed that the highest chickpea seed yield (1435 kg.ha-1), plant height (38.5cm), number of stems (5.7), R.S-1 (3.166) and 1000-seed weight (377g) were obtained in chickpea sole cropping in 13 February planting date (PP1125). The results in intercropping treatments also showed that the highest LER (2.33) was obtained in March 16 relay intercropping treatment (PC1226) and lowest LER (1.24) in February 13 intercropping treatment (PC1125). According to the result the best dates in this region for sole cropping and intercropping with cumin, whould be second and third week of February. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        14 - Effects of Foliar Application of Proline, Yeast Extract and Urea on Growth and Yield of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under Intercropping with Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum graecum L.)
        Abolghasem Gharakhani-Beni Hamidreza Javanmard Abdollah Ghasemi Pirbalouti Ali Soleymani Ahmadreza Golparvar
        10.30495/JCEP.2023.1897511.1698
        In this experiment the effect of the foliar applications of proline, yeast extract, and urea on thegrowth, yield, and quality characteristics of active substance of hyssop was investigated. This study was done in a split plot experimentalin randomized complete block des More
        In this experiment the effect of the foliar applications of proline, yeast extract, and urea on thegrowth, yield, and quality characteristics of active substance of hyssop was investigated. This study was done in a split plot experimentalin randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental field of Shahrekord University in 2017. The main plot was sole cropping of fenugreek, sole cropping of hyssop, and three intercropping ratios i.e. %50 fenugreek + %50 hyssop, %25 fenugreek + %75 hyssop, and %75fenugreek + %25 hyssop. The sub-plot was four levels foliar sprayings i.e. non-spraying or control and foliar sprayings of proline, yeast, and urea.The results showed that the intercropping and foliar sprayings of proline, yeast, and urea were significantly affected on some characteristics of hyssop such as plant height, number of lateral branches and the contents of chlorophyll a and b. The amount of land equivalent ratio (LER) in the intercropping was more than hyssop monoculture. In addition, LER under the foliar spraying of proline, yeast, and ureawas higher in comparison with non-foliar application.The pattern planting and foliar sprayings of proline, yeast, and urea had significant impacts on the proline content in the hyssop plants. Also, effect of monoculture of hyssop on essential oil content and yield of hyssop wassignificant; however, the foliar application of proline, yeast, and ureahad not influences on two these characteristics. In conclusion, the intercropping hyssop with legume (fenugreek) and the foliar sprayingsof proline, yeast, and urea can improve somegrowth parameters and active substance or the quantity and quality essential oilof hyssop. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        15 - Evaluation of Yield and Yield Components of Oilseed Rape in the Wheat-Oilseed Rape Strip Intercropping Influenced by Chemical and Biological Fertilizers
        راشین Amirmardfar A. Dabbagh Mohammadi Nassab Y. Raei S. Khaghaninia R. Amini S.H. Tabataba Vakili
        To evaluate the effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus) strip intercropping on yield components, seed and biological yields of oilseed rape, field experiments were carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with thr More
        To evaluate the effects of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus) strip intercropping on yield components, seed and biological yields of oilseed rape, field experiments were carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran during 2010-2012 cropping seasons. The first factor consisted of four types of wheat and oilseed rape cropping system, sole crop of oilseed rape (A1),: strip intercropping with 8:3 (A2), 12:4 (A3) and 16:5 (A4) of wheat and oilseed rape rows, respectively and the other factor consisted of two fertilizer levels, B1: 100% chemical fertilizers (urea and triple superphosphate) and B2: 50% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers (Nitrazhin and Barvar2). The results showed that strip intercropping of wheat- oilseed rape resulted in significant increase in yield components, seed yield per occupied unit area and biological yield per occupied unit area of oilseed rape as compared with mono-cropping. The number of silique per plant in intercropping systems was significantly higher than that of mono-cropping. The highest seed yield was obtained in the 16:5 rows of wheat-oilseed rape with 343.76 g.m-2 and the lowest mean was observed in mono-cropping of oilseed rape with 260.21 g.m-2. Biological yield per occupied unit area and seed yield per intercropped unit area in B1 were significantly greater than that of B2, but this treatment had no significant effect on the other traits. Because, B1 and B2 had no significant difference in seed yield per occupied unit area and due to the importance of reduction in chemical fertilizers consumption and food and environmental health care, strip intercropping of wheat-oilseed rape under 50% chemical fertilizers + biofertilizers can be recommended as a suitable cultural method. Manuscript profile
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        16 - Interaction Effect of Cover Crop Residues and Hand Weeding of Weeds on Iceberg Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Iceberg) Yield
        Fatemeh Ahmadnia Ali Ebadi Mohammad Gudarzi
        10.30495/jcep.2022.689806
        High quality standards in vegetables is one of the most important expectation of consumers presence of weeds would also reduce the quantity and quality of crops produced. Use of cover crops could be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical and me More
        High quality standards in vegetables is one of the most important expectation of consumers presence of weeds would also reduce the quantity and quality of crops produced. Use of cover crops could be an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional chemical and mechanical methods. To this end for controlling weeds, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block was conducted at the Research Farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili University with three replications in 2017. Experimental treatments were the first factor, consisting of mono culture and intercropping of rye (Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and control treatment (no cover crop) and the second factor consisting of one time hand weeding and two times weeding, with 15 days intervals, and without hand weeding, as control. The results showed that the highest dry biomass of cover crops obtained from rye mono culture (530.59 g.m-2) and the lowest biomass (47.85 g.m-2) from hairy vetch mono culture. The highest reduction of total weed biomass (83.24%) obtained from rye with hairy vetch without hand weeding. The highest yield of iceberg lettuce was obtained from hairy vetch mono culture with one-time hand weeding or from without hand weeding treatment (5025 and 4965 g.m-2, respectively). Also, the highest plant height, number of leaves and diameter of lettuce stem was not statistically significant difference from mono culture and intercropping of cover crops. The results showed that the combination of hand weeding and cover crop residues were more effective in controlling and reducing weed biomass, but the presence of cover crop residues in the shortron also increased the yield of iceberg lettuce through weed control. Manuscript profile
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        17 - Evaluation of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) Intercropping
        Bijan Kahraryan Farhad Farahvash Soleyman Mohammadi Bahram Mirshekari Varahram Rashidi
        To study the effect of barley-vetch intercropping on their yields and yield components, a two-year field experiment was conducted during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab. Factors consisted of 9 mixed tr More
        To study the effect of barley-vetch intercropping on their yields and yield components, a two-year field experiment was conducted during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab. Factors consisted of 9 mixed treatments: with densities of 250 vetch plants + 300 barley plants, 250 vetch plants + 500 barley plants, 250 vetch plants + 700 barley plants, 450 vetch plants + 300 barley plants, 450 vetch plants + 500 barley plants, 450 vetch plants + 700 barley plants, 650 vetch plants + 300 barley plants, 650 vetch plants + 500 barley and 650 vetch plants + 700 barley plants per square meter and sole cropping of barley (350 plants per m2) and  vetch (250 plants per m2). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Result of combine analysis showed that there were significant differences among the patterns of planting treatments. The highest number of spikes per square meter (97.88), thousand kernel weight (47.28 g) and biological yield (7.63 t.ha-1) and seed yield (4.36 t.ha-1) were observed in sole cropping of barley. Also, the highest number of plants (379.25), biological yield (63.67 t.ha-1) and seed yield (1.94 t.ha-1) in vetch were belonged to sole cropping of vetch. In this study the highest land equivalent ratio (LER), based on seed yield (1.20) and biological yield (1.48), belonged to 250 vetch + 500 barley plants treatment, which indicate the usefulness of this intercropping treatment, as compared to the sole cropping of these two plant. Manuscript profile
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        18 - Effect of Light Radiation Absorption and Its Use Efficiency in Intercropping of Soybean and Millet Under Water Deficit Stress
        Somayeh Hajinia Goudarz Ahmadvand
        To study the effect of water deficit stress on leaf area, radiation use efficiency and dry matter production of soybean and millet in intercropping, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out, in 2015 at the More
        To study the effect of water deficit stress on leaf area, radiation use efficiency and dry matter production of soybean and millet in intercropping, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out, in 2015 at the Research Station of Agricultural Faculty of Bu-Ali Sina University. The main factor consisted of three levels of water deficit stresses (irrigation after 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from pan) and sub factor of five replacement intercropping treatments sol cropping of soybean (100S), sol cropping of millet (100M), 67 % S+ 33 % M (67S:33M), 50 % S+ 50 % M (50S:50M) and 33 % S+ 67 % M (33S:67M). The results showed that the highest leaf area index of soybean and millet in sol cropping were 5.68 and 3.23 respectively. Severe water deficit stress significantly decreased leaf area index of soybean and millet by about 30.03 and 30.33 percent, respectively, as compared to well-watered condition. The highest dry matter (613 and 540 g.m-2) belonged to sol cropping of soybean and millet, respectively. Severe water deficit stress reduced dry matter of soybean and millet by 39.87 and 31.556 percent respectively as compared to the control. Radiation use efficiency of millet in (33S:67M), (50S:50M) and (67S:33M) intercropping ratios were 24.85, 29.86 and 26.76 percent more than sol cropping of millet, respectively. Radiation use efficiency of soybean reduced in the intercropping. Mean radiation use efficiency of soybean in growing season ranged from 0.97 g.mj-1 in the (33S:67M) ratio to 1.77 g.mj-1 in the sol cropping of soybean. The results showed a negative effect of water deficit stress on radiation use efficiency of both millet and soybean. Manuscript profile
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        19 - بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت و نسبت اختلاط ذرت و سویا بر عملکرد دانه و کیفیت بذر در شرایط محیطی اهواز
        عبدالجلیل اسلامی زاده علی کاشانی سید عطاالله سیادت عادل مدحج شهرام لک
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        20 - بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت و نسبت اختلاط ذرت و سویا بر عملکرد دانه و کیفیت بذر در شرایط محیطی اهواز
        عبدالجلیل اسلامی‏ زاده علی کاشانی سید عطااله سیادت عادل مدحج شهرام لک
        Manuscript profile
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        21 - Investigating the productivity of biomass, lipid content, and biodiesel fuel in the mixed culture of Scenedesmus sp and Desmodesmus armatus microalgae.
        Ammar Bagheri Mohammad Gholami Parashkoohi Ahmad Mohammadi Davood Mohammadzamani
        10.30495/jper.2023.1982451.1854
        The role of biotechnology in the production of primary and secondary metabolites of algae is of great importance. Cultivation of pure and single-celled algae has been widely carried out in recent years. Although mixed cultures of microalgae have advantages over pure cul More
        The role of biotechnology in the production of primary and secondary metabolites of algae is of great importance. Cultivation of pure and single-celled algae has been widely carried out in recent years. Although mixed cultures of microalgae have advantages over pure cultures, there is still insufficient information on the performance of mixed cultures. In this research, all effective factors in the growth of two types of freshwater microalgae in mixed culture and their biological effects on the growth rate, biomass, and fat were investigated. The selected species included the microalgae Scenedesmus sp and Desmodesmus armatus. After the initial culture and reaching the appropriate density, the sample was transferred to the vertical photobioreactor and environmental factors were applied to the microalgae in pure and mixed cultures. Then the effect of environmental parameters and type of cultivation on biomass productivity and lipid content was investigated.The results showed that the highest amount of cell density and biomass in the conditions of a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, the light intensity of 3000 lux, 16 hours of exposure, and acidity of 8 is related to the pure culture of Scenedesmus and then the mixed culture of Scenedesmus and Desmodesmus. The highest amount of lipid production under constant temperature conditions of 30°C, 18 hours of exposure, the light intensity of 4000 lux, and pH9 were related to Scenedesmus and then Desmodesmus. In terms of the amount of biodiesel produced, the highest amount was related to the microalgae Scenedesmus and then Desmodesmos under conditions of 16 hours of exposure, 4000 lux radiation, a temperature of 25°C, and pH8.The results showed that microalgae mixed culture had a positive effect on the production of biomass and cell density, and a negative effect on the production of secondary metabolites such as lipids, compared to pure culture. Manuscript profile
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        22 - Study the effect of intercropping and chemical fertilizers on essential oil, phenolic and flavonoid contents and some biological properties of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.)
        Farhad Habibzadeh Behvar Asghari
        10.30495/ejmp.2018.694519
        In order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) production, an investigation was conducted in the research farm of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran, in 2016. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment b More
        In order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers in hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) production, an investigation was conducted in the research farm of Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran, in 2016. The study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The experimental factors consisted of different planting patterns (factor A) on two levels including sole culture of hyssop and additive intercropping of 100% hyssop + 50% lentil and application of chemical fertilizers (factor B) on two levels including non-application and application of NPK. Essential oil (distillation with clevenger), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents, extract of plant (maceration method), phenolic and flavonoid contents (colorimetric method), DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant activity of vegetative parts of the plant at the beginning of flowering stage were evaluated. The results exhibited that all the traits, except for extract content, were significantly affected by the treatments. Oil yield, phenolic and flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and total antioxidant activity were significantly stronger in intercropping + fertilizer application compared to the other treatments. In the other hand, intercropping enhanced the phenolic and flavonoid compounds, essential oil and extract yield of hyssop. Secondary metabolites, such as phenolic, flavonoid, and essential oil, are the defense system of plant, which were increased by competition between hyssop and lentil (as a stressor). Antioxidant properties also increased due to the increase in phenolic and flavonoids content. Manuscript profile
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        23 - بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت و نسبت اختلاط ذرت و سویا بر عملکرد دانه و کیفیت بذر در شرایط محیطی اهواز
        عبدالجلیل اسلامی‏ زاده علی کاشانی سید عطااله سیادت عادل مدحج شهرام لک
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        24 - Evaluation of sunflower (Heliantus annus L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) intercropping based on replacement method in Khoy region
        A. نصراله زاده اصل Mehdi Talebi
        In order to study the effect of intercropping sunflower and corn in a replacement method, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 12 treatments at Khoy in 2013. The treatments, were as follows: Eight treatments of rep More
        In order to study the effect of intercropping sunflower and corn in a replacement method, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete blocks design with three replications and 12 treatments at Khoy in 2013. The treatments, were as follows: Eight treatments of replacement intercropping with 2:1 and 3:1 proportions of sunflower and corn (6.6 and 8.3 plants m-2 for sunflower and 6.6 and 8.3plants m-2 for corn), two sole cropping of sunflower (6.6 and 8.3 plants m-2) and two sole cropping of corn (6.6 and 8.3 plants m-2). Results showed that the effect of intercropping was significant on sunflower plant height; diameters of head; seeds per head, 100 - seed weight and seed yield per plant and the highest seed yield per plant, were obtained from intercropping treatments. Effect of intercropping was significant on corn grains per row; 100 - seed weight; grain yield per plant and the highest grain yield per plant were obtained from sole cropping treatment of corn. The highest LER (1.16) was obtained with 66% sunflower with density of 8.3 plants m-2 + % 34 corn with density of 8.3 plants m-2. These two crops have used more environmental resources and therefore this treatment, is recommended the best intercropping pattern in this region. Manuscript profile
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        25 - Study the effect of the additive series intercropping of broad leaf vetch (Vicia narbonensis L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on floristic composition control of weeds
        Khosro Azizi Ali Reza Daraeimofrad Behrouz Nasiri Mohammad Feizian
        To determine the effect of intercropping on the growth and development of weeds, the experiment in the Agricultural Research Station of Lorestan University 2014-15 and 2015-16 as rain fed was conducted in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three repl More
        To determine the effect of intercropping on the growth and development of weeds, the experiment in the Agricultural Research Station of Lorestan University 2014-15 and 2015-16 as rain fed was conducted in factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, in one place with weeds factor in 4 levels (full weeding, one-time weeding, two-time weeding and non-weeding or control) and additive series intercropping factor in 5 levels, 0:100 (sole cropping of barley), 40:100 (broad leaf vetch: barley), 70:100, 100:100 and 100:0 (sole cropping of vetch). Intercropping of vetch: barley in comparison with sole cropping treatments, by increasing weed control efficiency (WCE) was represent reducing of the species number, its growth and development, On the other hand the year factor, on the role of the intercropping system and completing the effect of this method was effective on growth and development of weeds, So in the first and second years, ratios of 100:100 and 70:100 (vetch: barley) in preventing the development of natural flora, were known to the right combination. Manuscript profile
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        26 - Effect of urea different levels and simultaneous cropping of some legumes on agronomic characteristics and total biomass of corn
        Mohammad Mirzakhani Esmaeil Alibakhshi
        In order to effect of urea levels and simultaneous cropping of legumes on agronomic characteristics and total biomass of corn, this study was carried out in field of agricultural research center of Markazi province in 2013. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a rand More
        In order to effect of urea levels and simultaneous cropping of legumes on agronomic characteristics and total biomass of corn, this study was carried out in field of agricultural research center of Markazi province in 2013. A factorial arrangement of treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Urea manure levels [N0= without urea (Control), N1= 75 Kg ha-1 of urea, N2= 150 Kg ha-1 of urea, N3= 225 Kg ha-1 of urea) and simultaneous cropping treatment, (S1= Cultivation of corn, S2= Cultivation of corn + chickpea, S3= Cultivation of corn + cowpea, S4= Cultivation of corn + mung bean) were assigned in plots. Results indicated that the effect of urea levels on the characteristics such as: wet weight of Stem + leaves, wide of ear leaf, dry weight of ear + husk, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, number of legumes grains per m-2, total biomass of corn + legumes and amount of nitrogen absorbtion was significant. Effect of simultaneous cropping treatment on the characteristics such as: wet weight of Stem + leaves, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, number of legumes grains per m-2, total biomass of corn + legumes and amount of nitrogen absorbtion was significant, too. The maximum and minimum of total biomass of corn + legumes (36.42 and 21.47 ton ha-1) were obtained with the (225 Kg ha-1 urea + Simultaneous cropping of chickpea and corn) and (non application of urea + Simultaneous cropping of corn and mungbean) treatments, respectively. Manuscript profile
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        27 - Effect of different irrigation levels on some quantitative and qualitative traits of maize and soybean in intercropping
        Y. Ghazi-khanlou Sani Kh. Jamshidi M.R. Azimi Moghadam
        In order to evaluation of yield and yield components of corn and soybean intercropping under different irrigation condition, a field experiment was conducted in research field of University of Zanjan as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three rep More
        In order to evaluation of yield and yield components of corn and soybean intercropping under different irrigation condition, a field experiment was conducted in research field of University of Zanjan as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The levels of irrigation containing 7days, as control, 9 days and 11 days were the main factors and pattern cropping as sub factors included sole cropping of corn, sole cropping of soybean, additive intercropping and replacement intercropping. The results showed that the highest yield obtained in control and 9 days irrigation regimens. There were not any significant differences in yield components between the control and 9 days irrigation regimen. The highest grain yield was obtained from the additive intercropping pattern. Irrigation levels had no effect on yield of soybean, and the highest yield was obtained in sole cropping of soybean, but, it did not show significant difference with intercropping. The interaction between irrigation and cropping pattern was not significant in any of the parameters in soybean and corn. In general, intercropping had significant advantages compared to monoculture. Nine days irrigation regimen was the best irrigation method for  grain yield in intercropping system. Manuscript profile
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        28 - Effects of fertilizer source on Macro and Micro-nutrients concentration under intercropping ratios of fennel and Sainfoin
        Habibollah Yousefyan Ghahfarokhi Mohammad Ali Esmaeili Abdolrazagh Danesh Shahraki Mehdi Ghajar Sepanlu
        In order to investigate the effects of fertilizer sources and intercropping ratio on elements concentration in forage of fennel and sainfoin plants, a split plot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahrekord Universit More
        In order to investigate the effects of fertilizer sources and intercropping ratio on elements concentration in forage of fennel and sainfoin plants, a split plot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahrekord University research farm during the 2015 and 2016. Five fertilizer sources (manure fertilizer 100%, chemical 25%+ manure 75%, chemical 50%+ manure 50%, chemical 75%+ manure 25%, chemical fertilizer 100%), and sole cropping of fennel (F), and sole cropping of sainfoin (S), and three intercropping ratio (include fennel 75%+ sainfoin25%, fennel 50%+ sainfoin 50% and fennel 25%+ sainfoin 75%) were also considered. The results showed that the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and iron, manganese and copper concentrations were related to the chemical fertilizer in both fennel and sainfoin plants. The highest potassium concentration of fennel in both years was related to chemical fertilizer with 31.4 mg g-1 in 25% fennel + 75% of sainfoin, and increased by15% in the first year and 10% in the second year as compared to 100% manure fertilizer treatment. Also, the highest nitrogen concentration of sainfoin in the first and second years was related to the monocropping of sainfoin under chemical fertilizer with 38.5 and 39.9 mg g-1, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the chemical fertilizer alone or the combination of manure with chemical fertilizer due to the gradual mineralization of the elements, access to and more of the elements required by the plant in monocropping and intercropping can be play an important role in the absorption and nutrition concentration of plant and increase yield. Manuscript profile
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        29 - Evaluation function of chickpea in mixed cultures of chickpea and barley as products forage
        S. Ahmadi
        Agriculture and Natural Resources was Boroujerd. In the treatment of various mixing ratios of  two plants that were planted in five combinations: M1 = single ship 100% of the atmosphere, M2 = 75% +25% barley, peas, M3 = 50% +50% barley, peas, M4 = 25% barley + 75% More
        Agriculture and Natural Resources was Boroujerd. In the treatment of various mixing ratios of  two plants that were planted in five combinations: M1 = single ship 100% of the atmosphere, M2 = 75% +25% barley, peas, M3 = 50% +50% barley, peas, M4 = 25% barley + 75% peas, M5 = single ship 100% of pea were studied. Results showed that total yield of forage peas and mixed fodder (barley and peas) mixing ratio was affected by treatment (P Manuscript profile
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        30 - بررسی همزیستی توام قارچ میکوریزای آرباسکولار و باکتری مزوریزوبیوم بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد کشت مخلوط ذرت و لوبیا چشم بلبلی
        Z. Marzban M. R. Ameryan M. Mamarabadi
                In order to study the effect of mesorhizobium  bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on the yield and yield components of corn and cow pea under intercropping, experiment was carried out in the research field of Faculty of Agricu More
                In order to study the effect of mesorhizobium  bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi on the yield and yield components of corn and cow pea under intercropping, experiment was carried out in the research field of Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology in the growing season of 2010 using RCBD design and with three replication. Experimental treatments were included in the from of monocropping and intercropping on the basis of additive series, include: zea mayzs (Z), Bean (B), Intercropping (I), Zea mays+ Mycorrhizal (ZM), Bean+ Mycorrhizal (BM), Bean + Mesorhizobuim Bacteria (BB), Bean+ Mycorrhizal + Mesorhizobium Bacteria (BMB), Intercropping + Mycorrhizal (IM), Intercropping +Mesorhizobium Bacteria(IB) Intercropping + Mycorrhizal +Mesorhizobium Bacteria (IMB). The results indicated meaningful difference regarding the characteristics such as bean seed yield, 1000 bean seed weight, and average number of corn seeds in ear, ad well ad corn seed yield and 1000 corn seed weight  under various treatments (P<0.01). However, the results did not indicate statistically meaningful difference concerning characteristics like the number of bean pods, average number of bean seed in pod, and the number of ear per plant under various treatments. Regarding bean seed, maximum yield with average weight of 3053.7 kg per hectare belonged to bean-Mesorhizobium intercropping treatment, and minimum yield with average weight of 1900.5 kg per hectare belonged to bean monocropping treatment .  Similarly, regarding corn seed, Maximum yield with average weight of 5751.9 kg per hectare belonged to corn- Mesorhizobium intercropping teartmeant and minimum yield with average weight of 2695.9 kg per hectare belonged to corn monocropping treatment. LER highest with average 2.89 obtained from treatment intercropping and the least with average 1.87 was obtained in treatment Mesorhizobium intercropping. Manuscript profile
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        31 - Yield and evaluation indices in maize-lentil intercropping system
        R. Siyami B. Mirshekari
        In order to evaluate the intercropping indices of maize and lentil, a factorial experiment was conducted during 2012 in Agricultural Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Iran, based on randomized complete block design in 3 replicates. Studied factors were More
        In order to evaluate the intercropping indices of maize and lentil, a factorial experiment was conducted during 2012 in Agricultural Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz branch, Iran, based on randomized complete block design in 3 replicates. Studied factors were planting dates of lentil: 26th April, 6th May , and 16th May and density rates of lentil: 12.5%, 25%, 37.5%, 50% and 100% of optimum density. The results showed that Land Equivalent Ratio in all intercropped treatments except of planting date of 6th May with 12.5% optimum density was greater than 1. The maximum Relative Value Total (1.42) was obtained from first planting date with 12.5% of lentil density. Considering the importance of Relative Value Total of the product as a economic index in evaluating the intercrop, it is clear that first date of lentil planting (26th April) with 12.5% optimum density intercropped with maize was most advantageous over other mixed treatments. Manuscript profile
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        32 - Study of agronomical and economical aspects of saffron and chamomile intercropping in Isfahan region
        M. Naderi Darbaghshahi A. Pazoki A. Banitaba A. Jalali Zand
        This study was done in order to investigatethe agronomical and economical aspects of saffron and chamomile intercropping was conducted in farm research of Khorasgan Islamic Azad University in 2008-2009. In this study intercropping of three kind chamomile (Matricaria cha More
        This study was done in order to investigatethe agronomical and economical aspects of saffron and chamomile intercropping was conducted in farm research of Khorasgan Islamic Azad University in 2008-2009. In this study intercropping of three kind chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla, Tanacetum parthenium, Anthemis nobilis) in two sowing date in a saffron farm with his three-year-old were investigated. Experimental design was Randomized Complete Blocks with split factorial layout in four replications. Treatments were considered as net saffron and net chamomile in main plots and factorial of three kind chamomile and two sowing date (late November after flower saffron harvest and early-march) as sub- plots. The results showed that have been possible chamomile cultivation inter rows saffron without any negative competition between plants, in a way that the yield of saffron in treatment net saffron and treatment mix of saffron and chamomile did not have meaningful difference. The best treatment of saffron and chamomile mix (saffron and autumnal German chamomile) possibility of producing simultaneously amount 1.83 kg/ha saffron flower and 1354 kg/ha of flower dry chamomile with a relative value total (RVT) 3.41 and a land equal ratio (ELR) there, that this amount of chamomile production with the amount of the production of German chamomile in treatment of net chamomile cultivation didn't have meaningful difference. Manuscript profile
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        33 - Investigation of intercropping corn and cucumbers and its effects on weed control
        Salahedin Moradi sayed esmail vahdani Leyla Jahanban
        In order to investigate the effect of intercropping corn and cucumber on weeds, a research project was carried out in a controlled field at Payame Noor University in Marivan (Kurdistan province) in 2013.The main plots consisted of two treatments (weeding and control) an More
        In order to investigate the effect of intercropping corn and cucumber on weeds, a research project was carried out in a controlled field at Payame Noor University in Marivan (Kurdistan province) in 2013.The main plots consisted of two treatments (weeding and control) and sub-treatments including six treatments, i.e. 100% corn, 100% cucumber, 100% corn + 100% cucumber, 50% cucumber + 100% corn, 50% corn + 100% cucumber and 50% corn + 50% cucumber. After the preparation of the land in accordance with the patterns of different combinations of cultivation, was taken at the appropriate time.In weeding treatments, weeds were mechanically removed from the designated plots. In the time of harvesting of corn and cucumber, the land equity ratio (LER), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and dry biomass were measured. After corn harvesting, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were calculated.The results showed that the effect of different planting treatments on grain yield was not significant. The effect of different weeding treatments and different planting combinations on corn and cucumber LER was not significant.On the other hand, the effect of weeding and different planting combinations on dry weight of weeds was significant.The highest dry weight of weeds was obtained in no weeding and 100% cucumber treatments, and the lowest dry weight of weeds was related to 100% cucumber, 100% corn and hand-weeding treatment.In general, PAR was the lowest for pure crop (corn), and the highest PAR was for mixed crops (corn and cucumber). Manuscript profile
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        34 - Effect of plant density and arrangement on corn (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vignaunguiculata L.) row_intercropping.
        Ahmadreza Esfahani Hosain Amir Shekari Behnam Zand Mohammadhosain Fotovkiyan
        Mixed intercropping of cereal grains and legumes are widely used to produce feed stuffs and forages; as one of the arable crops production management methods, leading to functional improvement in unit level, both quantitatively and qualitatively.therefore, the field tes More
        Mixed intercropping of cereal grains and legumes are widely used to produce feed stuffs and forages; as one of the arable crops production management methods, leading to functional improvement in unit level, both quantitatively and qualitatively.therefore, the field test in the Tehran research and educational center of natural resources based in varamin city was carried out to evaluate the intensity effects, plantation configurations in the solid mixed intercropping of maizes and cowpeas targeting arable crops production. The test was performed in the framework of completely random plan of blocks in the three replications. The maizes and cowpeas were planted in the two intensity levels; with 90,000 and 110,000 scrobs per hectare, 250,000 and 350,000 scrubs per hectare maizes and cowpeas respectively, also 8 mixed preplantingtreatments including the mixed plantation in one row (T5 treatment maize and cowpea density of 250000 × 90000 at a distance of 2 ± 6 × 18, T6 treated maize and cowpea density of 350000 × 90000 at a distance of 2 ± 5 × 18, T7 treatment of maize and cowpea density 250000 × 110000 at a distance of 2 ± 6 × 15, T8 treatment of maize and cowpea density of 350000 × 110000 at a distance of 2 ± 5 × 15) and Intercropping on two rows with the same compression ratio and distance(T9_T12) were planted based on the type of intensiry and the specified distances on 6. July 2015. Results showed that experimental treatments had significant effect on fresh and dry forage yields. The highest and the lowest dry yield wasobtained in planting ratio oftreatment T5 maize and cowpea density of 250000 × 90000 at a distance of 2 ± 6 × 18 with 45.7 ton.h-1and T3 pure culture of cowpea 250,000 plants per hectare with 20.4 ton.h-1, respectively. The highest LER, CI and LER/CI was obtained from planting ratio of treatment T5 maize and cowpea density of 250000 × 90000 at a distance of 2 ± 6 × 18with LER = 1.52,15.90, 0/15. Protein yield in intercropping was greater than sole maize crop.Results also showed thatintercropping as compared to sole cropping had the highest quantity and quality forage yield, and the bestplanting ratio was treatment T5 maize and cowpea density of 250000 × 90000 at a distance of 2 ± 6 × 18and harvest at doughy stage. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        35 - Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on quantitative characteristics of intercropping Corn and grass pea
        Mohammad Shahbagi
         Use to biofertilizer is one of the base of sustainable agriculture. This experiment factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 and 2014 Qazvin Province two years done. Treatments of cultivation :1- pure corn,2- intercropping of More
         Use to biofertilizer is one of the base of sustainable agriculture. This experiment factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 and 2014 Qazvin Province two years done. Treatments of cultivation :1- pure corn,2- intercropping of maize and increasing of 25% grass pea ,3-intercropping of maize and an increasing of 50% grass pea, 4-pure grass pea, Treatments of fertilizer: 1-chemical,2- cow manure (base) chicken fertilizer top dress,3- cow manure (base) and chemical top dress,4-cow manure (base) and chemical top dress and chemical spraying, in recent  three treatment  Along with corn and grass pea seed inoculation with Azotobacter and mycorrhiza were location of cultivation. The results indicated that   the interaction of fertilizer  and  cultivation levels, maximum corn grain yield with an average 9790/27  kg/ ha of 50%  spraying livestock chemical corn  grasspea  and the highest corn forage yield with an average of 84230/16 kg /ha of treated  corn ,Grass pea 50% of animal chemical, the highest grain yield of 1400 kg /ha  and forage 46020 kg /ha of  pure grass pea chemical manure, respectively.The result of this research showed that in order to decrease of use to chemical fertilizer and increase the health , The combination of manure and chemical fertilizers and intercropping is recommended. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        36 - Maize- Peanut Intercropping Under Inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum
        Siavash Pourjani Hashem Aminpanah mohammadnaghi safarzade vishekaei
        Intercropping and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve sustainability of agro-ecosystems. To evaluate the effect of Azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum) inoculation on productivity of a peanut /maize intercropping system, a two-year study was design as a random More
        Intercropping and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve sustainability of agro-ecosystems. To evaluate the effect of Azotobacter (Azotobacter chroococcum) inoculation on productivity of a peanut /maize intercropping system, a two-year study was design as a randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement with three replicates at Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Guilan province. Factors were Azotobacter inoculation [control (non-inoculated) and inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum) and intercropping pattern (Sole cropping of peanut and maize, additive intercropping pattern at three levels (100% peanut + 100% maize, 100% peanut + 50% maize, and 50% peanut + 100% maize), and replacement intercropping pattern at three levels (50% peanut + 50% maize, 67% peanut +33% maize, and 33% peanut + 67% maize). Results showed that gain yields of maize and peanut were significantly affected by Azotobacter inoculation and intercropping pattern. Inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum significantly increased grain yields of peanut and maize by 10% and 16%, respectively. Maximum and minimum of land equivalent ratio (LER) were observed at 100% peanut + 50% maize and 50% peanut + 50% maize, respectively and inoculated intercropped plots with Azotobacter chroococcum had 12-16% grater LER that non-inoculated ones. Regards to impossibility of mechanical weed control by machines in additive intercropping patterns, to obtain the highest productivity in maize/peanut intercropping system, intercropping pattern of 100% peanut + 50% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable in fields with low weed density. Otherwise, based on LER and grain yield of peanut, the intercropping pattern of 67% peanut + 33% maize along with Azotobacter application will be suitable. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        37 - Economical evaluation of alfalfa intercropping with perennial grasses compared to alfalfa sole cropping
        Hormoz Asadi Vida Gotbi Ardalan Mehrani
           In order to evaluate the economic advantage of alfalfa intercropping compared to alfalfa sole cropping, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replication in karaj in Seed and Plant Improvement Institu More
           In order to evaluate the economic advantage of alfalfa intercropping compared to alfalfa sole cropping, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replication in karaj in Seed and Plant Improvement Institute farm, Karaj during 2007 and 2008. Economic method was partial budgeting technique. Economic results showed that alfalfa mixed cultivation with festuca (15: 3.75 kg/ha) selected as good treatment, because substitution of this treatment by other treatments was non-economic. Net profit of this treatment estimated up to 43.8 million rial/ha that was more than other treatments. Breakeven of point for income in alfalfa mixed cultivation with festuca (5: 3.75 kg/ha) to alfalfa mixed cultivation with grasses (5:11.25 kg/ha) ) and the treatment of alfalfa mixed cultivation with grasses (10:7.5 kg/ha) was estimated 63464 and 61623 (000 rials), respectively. Mixed cultivation of alfalfa (%75) and Dactylis (%25) resulted in the highest mean LER (2.1) in the experimental years.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        38 - Evaluation of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) intercropping system
        Yagoub Raei
        One of the most important methods of sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation is intercropping. On this basis, a field study was carried out at research station of agricultural faculty, Tabriz University in 2003. The row-intercropping was used as a croppin More
        One of the most important methods of sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation is intercropping. On this basis, a field study was carried out at research station of agricultural faculty, Tabriz University in 2003. The row-intercropping was used as a cropping pattern. Cultural pattern was replacement series. Treatments were arrangedwithin Randomized Complete Block Design with threereplications. Treatments comprised of pure stand of sorghum (T1), %75 sorghum+%25 Egyptian clover (T2), %50 sorghum+%50 Egyptian clover (T3), %25 sorghum+%75 Egyptian clover (T4), and pure stand of Egyptian clover. The results showed that pure stands of sorghum (12/225 t/ha) and Egyptian clover (3/309t/ha) had the highest and the lowest forage yields On during season growth within three harvests. Among harvests, the second harvest had higher yield than other harvests. T2 had the greater LER (1.14) than other intercropping combinations. It was concluded that sorghum had more competitive effects on Egyptian clover, as Competitive effects of a plant sorghum was equal to 3.3 plants of Egyptian clover. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        39 - Effect of mixed cropping of alfalfa and sanfoin on forage yield and alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica L.) control
        Gholamreza Taherioun Mohammad Vali Tghadosi Mojtaba Namifar Saied Soodi
        Alfalfa and sainfon mixed cropping has a prolonged history in Zanjan province of Iran. In order to evaluate the effect of this approach on forage yield and alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) population, this research was carried out as split plot based on a randomized comp More
        Alfalfa and sainfon mixed cropping has a prolonged history in Zanjan province of Iran. In order to evaluate the effect of this approach on forage yield and alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) population, this research was carried out as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at Kheir-Abad Research Station of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center in 2003-2005. Spraying and non spraying were considered as levels of the main factor and five ratios of mixed crops (25%, 50%, 75%, and individual crop) were allocated to sub-plots. Combined analysis of variance were made for wet and dry yield and number of weevil larvae population. Results showed that mixed cropping at a ratio of 50% of each crop was the best ratio for mixed cropping, because of its high yield (30.62 t/ha) from sprayed plots, and non-significant yield decrease in unsprayed plots (29.42 t/ha). Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        40 - Effect of weeding and by forage and medicinal plants as companion crops on some of agronomic traits of corn cv. SC504
        Farhood Yeganehpoor Saeed Zehtab-Salmasi Moustafa Valizadeh Akram Moeini-Rad Vahid Beyginiya
        To study the effects of ecological weeds management by some of companion crops on agronomic traits of corn (single cross 504), an experiment was carried out in 2011 in Research Farm of faculty of agriculture at University Tabriz. The experiment was carried out in a fact More
        To study the effects of ecological weeds management by some of companion crops on agronomic traits of corn (single cross 504), an experiment was carried out in 2011 in Research Farm of faculty of agriculture at University Tabriz. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement with the base of randomized complete block design in three repetitions. The treatments of this experiment included type of medical and cover plant in 4 levels (Clover, hairy vetch, basil and dill) as first factorial and time of cultivating cover and medical plant in tow levels (synchronic cultivation with corn and cultivation 15 days after corn cultivation) as second factorial. The results showed that the among companion crops, the cultivation of clover with corn had highest amount in all traits compared to other treatments because clover could closer rapid canopy that due to better control of weeds in the early stages of growth and decreased competition of inter specific. Also, synchronic cultivation companion crops with corn relation to cultivation 15 days after corn cultivation in all traits had highest amount, and lowest mean of density and weed biomass was observed in synchronic cultivation corn with clover. Hence with the attention to importance of life environmental issues and the above cost due consumption of herbicide  for weeds control has been recommend if possible for weeds control in farms has been used on the one of companion crops or medicinal crops instead of herbicide toxins. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        41 - Study the growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in intercropping system
        Rouhollah Naderi abodlkarim kashi morteza Samdaliri
        In order to study the interaction effect of cucumber and okra in intercropping culture, an experiment was carried out in Nowshar in 2008. This experiment was done as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments we More
        In order to study the interaction effect of cucumber and okra in intercropping culture, an experiment was carried out in Nowshar in 2008. This experiment was done as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were  planting patterns (sole cropping of okra or cucumber, okra was intercropped within cucumber rows, okra was intercropped between cucumber rows and okra was intercropped within and between cucumber rows), and planting distances (20, 30 and 40 cm inter-row spaces). In this experiment, yield and yield component, calcium, potassium, nitrogen and phosphor content and vegetative characteristics were measured. Results showed that in the cucumber plant, intercropping increased calcium content by 19%, potassium content by 12%, yield hectare-1 by 12%, and it reduced nitrogen content by 12%, number of branches per plant by 23% and leaf area by 15% compared to sol cropped cucumber. In okra plant, intercropping increased phosphor content by 3%, nitrogen content by16%, leaf area by41%, fresh weight of plant by 26% and it reduced calcium content by 8% compared to sol cropped okra.The interaction effects between planting patterns and planting density were significant for yield and yield components of cucumber but, it was significant only for yield of okra plant. The land equivalent ratios were all above 1.00, and the highest LER of 2.15 were obtained when okra was planted between and within cucumber rows at medium planting densities. The results of this experiment showed a kind of compatibility and conformity between cucumber and okra plants, may be due to their, physiological and botanical characteristics and favorite ecological factors that could cause an increased cucumber and okra plants yield. Manuscript profile

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