Effect of Nano Zinc and Iron Chelates Ratios on Yield and Yield Components of Grain Maize (Zea mays L.) in Intercropping with Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop EcophysiologyAlireza Khalesi 1 , Gholamreza Afsharmanesh 2 , Mohammad Hassan Shirzadi 3
1 - Ph.D. Student in Agriculture, Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jiroft, Iran
2 - Associate Professor, Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Center in the south of Kerman Province, Jiroft, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Jiroft Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jiroft, Iran
Keywords: Maize, Intercropping, Cowpea, Iron nanochelate, Zinc nanochelate,
Abstract :
To investigate the effect of using nano-chelate zinc and iron ratios on yield and yield components of maize and cowpea seeds, a factorial experiment was conducted by using randomized completely block design with three replications in the south of Kerman, Iran, during 2018-2020. Experimental treatments consisted of five levels of mixed culture of corn and beans (100% beans, 75% beans + 25% corn, 50% beans + 50% corn, 25% beans + 75% corn, and 100% corn) and four levels of iron and zinc nanoclates combination (iron nanoclate, zinc nano-chelate, iron nano-chelate + nano-chelate zinc and control). Number of seeds per ear row, 1000-seed weight, seed yield and harvest index were measured. The results showed that the effect of planting ratios on number of seeds per ear, 1000-seed weight and harvest index were statistically significant at 1% and on grain yield at 5% level of probability while it was not significant on number of seeds per ear row and number of rows per ear. The highest number of seeds per ear (707.8), seed yield (12787 kg.ha-1) and 1000-seed weight of corn (253 g) were obtained from 25% bean + 75% corn crop ratio. The highest harvest index (52%) was obtained from pure culture. Simultaneous application of nano-chelate iron and zinc increased the quantitative and qualitative properties of corn. Intercopping of 25% cowpea + 75% corn with nano-chelate application produced the highest proein percent (22.3 %). The highest value of land equality ratio (total) (2.12) was obtained by using a mixed cultivation treatment of 75% bean + 25% corn and the lowest (1.57) by 25% of beans were +75% of corn and zinc combinations. Finally, the highest grain yield of 12,993 kg.ha-1 was obtained from a intercropping of 75% corn + 25% bean and application of iron and zinc.
Ali Nejad, D., and H. Goli. 2005. Nanocomposites and their applications. Zaban-e Tasvir Publications. 120 pp. (In Persian)
Amin, F., and M.O. Mohammad. 2015. Effect of nano-zinc chelate and nano-biofertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays ), under water stress condition. Indian Journalof Natural Sciences. 5(29): 4614-4620.
Atlassi Pak, V., and O. Bahmani. 2017. Evaluation of ion distribution in different tissueso of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7(1): 1-16. (In Persian).
Bedoussac, L., E.P. Journet, H. Hauggaard Nielsen, C. Naudin, G. Corre Hellou, E.S. Jensen, L. Prieur, and Justes, E. 2015. Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 35(3): 911-935.
Dapkekar, A., P. Deshpande, M.D. Oak, K.M. Paknikar, and J.M. Rajwade. 2018. Zinc use efficiency is enhanced in wheat through nanofertilization. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 6832.
Dehghan Harati, R., A. Morovati, and D. AbadikhahDeh Ali. 2013. An investigation on yield and yield components of maize ear (SC704 variety) under the effects of time and different levels of foliar application of zinc chelate in Khatam city. Plant and Ecosystem. 9(1): 17-28. (In Persian).
Dhima, K.V., A.A. Lithourgidis, I.B. Vasilakoglou, and C.A. Dordas. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Research. 100: 249-256.
Emami, A. 1996. Plant decomposition methods. Vol. 1. Technical leaflet No. 982. Soil and Water. Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Farina, F., and M.M. Omidi. 2015. Effect of nano-zinc chelate and nano-biofertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays ), under water stress condition. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences. 5(29): 4614-4624.
Fathi, Gh. 2005. Effects of planting pattern and density on optical attenuation coefficient, radiation absorption, and grain yield of sweet maize (hybrid SC402). Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 12: 131-143. (In Persian)
Ghaffari Malayeri, M., G.H. Akbari, and A. Mohammadzadeh. 2012. Yield and yield components of maize to soil application and foliar application of micronutrients. Iranian Crop Research. 10(2): 368-373. (In Persian).
Gomaa, M.A., E.E. Kandil, and A.M.M. Ibrahim. 2020. Response of maize to organic fertilization and some nano-micronutrients. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. 11(1): 13-21.
Jam,, A. Ebadie, and G. Parmoon. 2016. The role of Iron and zinc on tuber yield and yield components of potato. Journal of crop Ecophysiology. 9(2):177-190. (In Persian).
Jamshidi, K.H., D. Mazaheri, N. Majnoon Hosseini, H. Rahimian, and S.A. Payghambari. 2008. Yield evaluation in intercropping of maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vignaanguiculata). Agriculture and Horticulture. 80: 109-118. (In Persian).
Katebi, R., J. KhaliliMahalleh, K. Kharazmi, R. Valilou, and A. Pirzad 2016. The effect of planting density on some agronomic traits of maize in intercropping with cowpea. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 26(1): 1-18. (In Persian).
Li, Q.S., L.K. Wu, J. Chen, M.A. Khan, X.M. Luo, and W.X. Lin. 2016. Biochemical and microbial properties of rhizospheres under maize/peanut intercropping. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 15: 101-110.
Liu, D.Y., W. Zhang, Y.M. Liu, X.P. Chen, and C.Q. Zou. 2020. Soil application of zinc fertilizer increases maize yield by enhancing the kernel number and kernel weight of inferior grains. Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 188- 198.
Mahil, E.I.T., and B.N.A. Kumar. 2019. Foliar application of nanofertilizers in agricultural crops.A review. Journal of Farm Science. 32(3): 239-249.
Mazaherinia, S., A.R. Astaraei, A. Fotovat, and A. Monshi. 2010. Nano-iron-oxide particles efficiency on Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations in wheat plant. World Applied Sciences. 7: 36-40.
Mikic, A., B. Cupinax, D. Rubiales, V. Mihailovi, L. Sarunaitek, J. Fustec, S. Antanasovicx, D. Krsticx, L. Bedoussac, L. Zoricx, V. Dor Cevic, V. Peric, and M. Srebri. 2014. Models, developments, and perspectives of mutual legume intercropping. Advances in Agronomy. 130: 1-83.
Nasrollahzadeh Asl, A., A. Chavooshgholi, A. Valizadegan, R. Valilou, and V. Nasrallahzadeh Asl. 2012. Evaluation of sunflower and pinto bean intercropping by the additive method. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 22(2): 79-90. (In Persian)
Nassary, E.K., F. Baijukya, and P.A. Ndakidemi. 2020. Assessing the productivity of common bean in intercrop with maize across agro-ecological zones of smallholder farms in the northern highlands of Tanzania. Agriculture. 10(117): 2-15.
Nazari, S.H., A. Zand, S. Asadi, and F. Golzardi. 2012. The effect of incremental intercropping and maize and mung cowpea replacement on yield, yield components and weed biomass. 4(2): 97-110. (In Persian).
Nouraein, M. 2019. Effect of nanofertilizers and biofertilizers on yield of maize: biplot analysis. 25(2): 121–130.
Papakosta, D.K., and A.A. Gagianas. 1991. Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, remobilization, and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling. Agronomy Journal. 83(5): 864-870.
Pelzer, E., M. Bazot, D. Makowski, G. Corre-Hellou, C. Naudin, and M. Al-Rifai. 2012. Pea-wheat intercrops in low-input conditions combine high economic performances and lowenvironmental impacts. European Journal of Agronomy. 40: 39–53.
Pirzad, A., and F. Shokrani. 2012. Effects of iron application on growth characters and flower yield of Calendula officinalis under water stress. World Applied Sciences Journal. 18(9): 1203-1208.
Ravi, S., H.T. Channal, N.S. Hebsur, B.N. Patil, and P.R. Dharmatti. 2008. Effect ofsulphur, zinc and iron nutrition on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality ofsafflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Karnataka Journal Agriculture Science. 32: 382-385.
Rostami, L., M. Mandani, S. Khorramdel, A. Koochaki, and M. Nasiri Mahallati. 2009. Effects of different densities of maize and cowpea intercropping on crop yield and weed population. Journal of Weed Research. 1(2): 37-51. (In Persian).
Sabeki, M., M.R. Asgharipour, A. Ghanbari, and K. Miri. 2018. The effect of nano-iron chelated fertilizer on agronomic aspects of millet- cowpea intercropping. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 28(5): 1501-1507.
Saha, S., B. Mandal, G.C. Hazra, A. Dey, M. Chakraborty, B. Adhikari, S.K. Mukhopadhyay, and R. Sadhukhan. 2015. Can agronomic biofortification of zinc be benign for iron in cereals? Journal of Cereal Science. 65: 186-191.
SheshBahreh, J., and M. Movahedi-Dehnavi. 2012. The effect of zinc and iron foliar application on soybean seed vigor grown under drought stress conditions. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 35: 5-19. (In Persian).
Shojaei, H., and H. Mokarian. 2014. The effect of nano and non-nano zinc oxide foliar application on yield and yield components of mung cowpea, Vigna radiata , under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Research. 4(12): 727-737.
Thomas, J., A. Mandal, R. Raj Kumar, and A. Chordia. 2009. Role of biologically active amino acid formulations on quality and crop productivity of tea (Camellia sp.). International Journal of Agricultural Research. 4: 228-236.
Tignegre, B.S., A. Labri, A. Tenkouano, A. Nurudeen, M. Asante, R. Boateng, A. Rouamba, M.C. Sobgui, and T. Chagomoka. 2018. Optimization of maize-vegetable (African eggplant and pepper) intercrops in northern, upper west and upper east regions of Ghana. JOJ Horticulture and Arboriculture. 1(2): 29-33.
Tittonell, P., S. Zingore, M.T. Van Wijk, M. Corbeels, and K.E. Giller. 2007. Nutrient use efficiencies and crop responses to N, P and manure applications in Zimbabwean soils: exploring management strategies across soil fertility gradients. Field Crops Research. 100: 348-368.
Yaghoobi,R. ,A. Roozbahani, and M.R. Akhavan Mohseni. 2019. Evaluating of role of soluble potassium sulfate and chelated iron on corn yield and yield components under water deficit stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(4): 599 – 614. (In Persian).
Yousef pour, A. ,and E. Farajzadeh Memari Tabrizi. 2018. Evaluation of micronutrient application at different growth stages on yield and yield components grain quality of sweet corn. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(2): 287-302 .(In Persian).
Yu, H., P. Berentsen, N. Heerink, M. Shi, and W. Vanderwer. 2019. Thefuture of intercropping under growing resource scarcity and declining grainprices-A model analysis based on acase study in North west China. Agricultural Systems. 176: 1-13.
Ziaian, A., and M.J. Malakooti. 2003. A greenhouse study on the effects of iron, manganese, zinc, and copper consumption on wheat production in highly calcareous soils of Fars province. Balanced nutrition of wheat. Proceedings, M.J. Kingdom. Agricultural Training Publications, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
_||_Ali Nejad, D., and H. Goli. 2005. Nanocomposites and their applications. Zaban-e Tasvir Publications. 120 pp. (In Persian)
Amin, F., and M.O. Mohammad. 2015. Effect of nano-zinc chelate and nano-biofertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays ), under water stress condition. Indian Journalof Natural Sciences. 5(29): 4614-4620.
Atlassi Pak, V., and O. Bahmani. 2017. Evaluation of ion distribution in different tissueso of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Journal of Crop Production and Processing. 7(1): 1-16. (In Persian).
Bedoussac, L., E.P. Journet, H. Hauggaard Nielsen, C. Naudin, G. Corre Hellou, E.S. Jensen, L. Prieur, and Justes, E. 2015. Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 35(3): 911-935.
Dapkekar, A., P. Deshpande, M.D. Oak, K.M. Paknikar, and J.M. Rajwade. 2018. Zinc use efficiency is enhanced in wheat through nanofertilization. Scientific Reports. 8(1): 6832.
Dehghan Harati, R., A. Morovati, and D. AbadikhahDeh Ali. 2013. An investigation on yield and yield components of maize ear (SC704 variety) under the effects of time and different levels of foliar application of zinc chelate in Khatam city. Plant and Ecosystem. 9(1): 17-28. (In Persian).
Dhima, K.V., A.A. Lithourgidis, I.B. Vasilakoglou, and C.A. Dordas. 2007. Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratios. Field Crops Research. 100: 249-256.
Emami, A. 1996. Plant decomposition methods. Vol. 1. Technical leaflet No. 982. Soil and Water. Research Institute, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
Farina, F., and M.M. Omidi. 2015. Effect of nano-zinc chelate and nano-biofertilizer on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays ), under water stress condition. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences. 5(29): 4614-4624.
Fathi, Gh. 2005. Effects of planting pattern and density on optical attenuation coefficient, radiation absorption, and grain yield of sweet maize (hybrid SC402). Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. 12: 131-143. (In Persian)
Ghaffari Malayeri, M., G.H. Akbari, and A. Mohammadzadeh. 2012. Yield and yield components of maize to soil application and foliar application of micronutrients. Iranian Crop Research. 10(2): 368-373. (In Persian).
Gomaa, M.A., E.E. Kandil, and A.M.M. Ibrahim. 2020. Response of maize to organic fertilization and some nano-micronutrients. Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. 11(1): 13-21.
Jam,, A. Ebadie, and G. Parmoon. 2016. The role of Iron and zinc on tuber yield and yield components of potato. Journal of crop Ecophysiology. 9(2):177-190. (In Persian).
Jamshidi, K.H., D. Mazaheri, N. Majnoon Hosseini, H. Rahimian, and S.A. Payghambari. 2008. Yield evaluation in intercropping of maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vignaanguiculata). Agriculture and Horticulture. 80: 109-118. (In Persian).
Katebi, R., J. KhaliliMahalleh, K. Kharazmi, R. Valilou, and A. Pirzad 2016. The effect of planting density on some agronomic traits of maize in intercropping with cowpea. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 26(1): 1-18. (In Persian).
Li, Q.S., L.K. Wu, J. Chen, M.A. Khan, X.M. Luo, and W.X. Lin. 2016. Biochemical and microbial properties of rhizospheres under maize/peanut intercropping. Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 15: 101-110.
Liu, D.Y., W. Zhang, Y.M. Liu, X.P. Chen, and C.Q. Zou. 2020. Soil application of zinc fertilizer increases maize yield by enhancing the kernel number and kernel weight of inferior grains. Frontiers in Plant Science. 11: 188- 198.
Mahil, E.I.T., and B.N.A. Kumar. 2019. Foliar application of nanofertilizers in agricultural crops.A review. Journal of Farm Science. 32(3): 239-249.
Mazaherinia, S., A.R. Astaraei, A. Fotovat, and A. Monshi. 2010. Nano-iron-oxide particles efficiency on Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentrations in wheat plant. World Applied Sciences. 7: 36-40.
Mikic, A., B. Cupinax, D. Rubiales, V. Mihailovi, L. Sarunaitek, J. Fustec, S. Antanasovicx, D. Krsticx, L. Bedoussac, L. Zoricx, V. Dor Cevic, V. Peric, and M. Srebri. 2014. Models, developments, and perspectives of mutual legume intercropping. Advances in Agronomy. 130: 1-83.
Nasrollahzadeh Asl, A., A. Chavooshgholi, A. Valizadegan, R. Valilou, and V. Nasrallahzadeh Asl. 2012. Evaluation of sunflower and pinto bean intercropping by the additive method. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production. 22(2): 79-90. (In Persian)
Nassary, E.K., F. Baijukya, and P.A. Ndakidemi. 2020. Assessing the productivity of common bean in intercrop with maize across agro-ecological zones of smallholder farms in the northern highlands of Tanzania. Agriculture. 10(117): 2-15.
Nazari, S.H., A. Zand, S. Asadi, and F. Golzardi. 2012. The effect of incremental intercropping and maize and mung cowpea replacement on yield, yield components and weed biomass. 4(2): 97-110. (In Persian).
Nouraein, M. 2019. Effect of nanofertilizers and biofertilizers on yield of maize: biplot analysis. 25(2): 121–130.
Papakosta, D.K., and A.A. Gagianas. 1991. Nitrogen and dry matter accumulation, remobilization, and losses for Mediterranean wheat during grain filling. Agronomy Journal. 83(5): 864-870.
Pelzer, E., M. Bazot, D. Makowski, G. Corre-Hellou, C. Naudin, and M. Al-Rifai. 2012. Pea-wheat intercrops in low-input conditions combine high economic performances and lowenvironmental impacts. European Journal of Agronomy. 40: 39–53.
Pirzad, A., and F. Shokrani. 2012. Effects of iron application on growth characters and flower yield of Calendula officinalis under water stress. World Applied Sciences Journal. 18(9): 1203-1208.
Ravi, S., H.T. Channal, N.S. Hebsur, B.N. Patil, and P.R. Dharmatti. 2008. Effect ofsulphur, zinc and iron nutrition on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality ofsafflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Karnataka Journal Agriculture Science. 32: 382-385.
Rostami, L., M. Mandani, S. Khorramdel, A. Koochaki, and M. Nasiri Mahallati. 2009. Effects of different densities of maize and cowpea intercropping on crop yield and weed population. Journal of Weed Research. 1(2): 37-51. (In Persian).
Sabeki, M., M.R. Asgharipour, A. Ghanbari, and K. Miri. 2018. The effect of nano-iron chelated fertilizer on agronomic aspects of millet- cowpea intercropping. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences. 28(5): 1501-1507.
Saha, S., B. Mandal, G.C. Hazra, A. Dey, M. Chakraborty, B. Adhikari, S.K. Mukhopadhyay, and R. Sadhukhan. 2015. Can agronomic biofortification of zinc be benign for iron in cereals? Journal of Cereal Science. 65: 186-191.
SheshBahreh, J., and M. Movahedi-Dehnavi. 2012. The effect of zinc and iron foliar application on soybean seed vigor grown under drought stress conditions. Electronic Journal of Crop Production. 35: 5-19. (In Persian).
Shojaei, H., and H. Mokarian. 2014. The effect of nano and non-nano zinc oxide foliar application on yield and yield components of mung cowpea, Vigna radiata , under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Research. 4(12): 727-737.
Thomas, J., A. Mandal, R. Raj Kumar, and A. Chordia. 2009. Role of biologically active amino acid formulations on quality and crop productivity of tea (Camellia sp.). International Journal of Agricultural Research. 4: 228-236.
Tignegre, B.S., A. Labri, A. Tenkouano, A. Nurudeen, M. Asante, R. Boateng, A. Rouamba, M.C. Sobgui, and T. Chagomoka. 2018. Optimization of maize-vegetable (African eggplant and pepper) intercrops in northern, upper west and upper east regions of Ghana. JOJ Horticulture and Arboriculture. 1(2): 29-33.
Tittonell, P., S. Zingore, M.T. Van Wijk, M. Corbeels, and K.E. Giller. 2007. Nutrient use efficiencies and crop responses to N, P and manure applications in Zimbabwean soils: exploring management strategies across soil fertility gradients. Field Crops Research. 100: 348-368.
Yaghoobi,R. ,A. Roozbahani, and M.R. Akhavan Mohseni. 2019. Evaluating of role of soluble potassium sulfate and chelated iron on corn yield and yield components under water deficit stress. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(4): 599 – 614. (In Persian).
Yousef pour, A. ,and E. Farajzadeh Memari Tabrizi. 2018. Evaluation of micronutrient application at different growth stages on yield and yield components grain quality of sweet corn. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 12(2): 287-302 .(In Persian).
Yu, H., P. Berentsen, N. Heerink, M. Shi, and W. Vanderwer. 2019. Thefuture of intercropping under growing resource scarcity and declining grainprices-A model analysis based on acase study in North west China. Agricultural Systems. 176: 1-13.
Ziaian, A., and M.J. Malakooti. 2003. A greenhouse study on the effects of iron, manganese, zinc, and copper consumption on wheat production in highly calcareous soils of Fars province. Balanced nutrition of wheat. Proceedings, M.J. Kingdom. Agricultural Training Publications, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
