جهل

Open Access Article

1 - Effect of Ignorance of the Law in Criminal Responsibility According To the Imami Jurisprudence
Sayed Doraid Mousavi Mojab Mahdi Mohammadi

One of the conditions of penalties, besides criminal behavior, is the authentication of criminal situation in a way we can attribute this action to its doer. This criminal capacity has two principles: knowledge and free will. If the doer is unaware to the law, it is cal More

One of the conditions of penalties, besides criminal behavior, is the authentication of criminal situation in a way we can attribute this action to its doer. This criminal capacity has two principles: knowledge and free will. If the doer is unaware to the law, it is called "Ignorance of Law", which has four kinds: intentional delinquent ignorance, non-intentional delinquent ignorance, intentional non- delinquent ignorance, and non-intentional non- delinquent ignorance.     Considering the authentication of criminal situation, it can be said that ignorance of law removes criminal responsibility. According to the Islamic rules, non-intentional ignorance of law removes any kind of criminal responsibility. Manuscript profile

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2 - John Rawls: From the Social Contract to Two Principles of Justice
شهلا اسلامی

The social contract tradition has a particular significance in the history ofpolitical philosophy. The classic theoreticians of social contract, such asLock, Rousseau, and Kant, have considered the political authority asinevitable in order to prevail over life difficult More

The social contract tradition has a particular significance in the history ofpolitical philosophy. The classic theoreticians of social contract, such asLock, Rousseau, and Kant, have considered the political authority asinevitable in order to prevail over life difficulties in disordered (social)situation.John Rawls takes a new approach to social contract in his theory ofjustice. He assumes that contracting parties would choose the principles ofjustice which intend to determine the moral principles. Such principles, inturn, constitute the social institutions of society. In Rawls’ view,contracting parties are assumed to be in a hypothetical situation calledoriginal position. These persons as free, equal, reasonable and rationalcitizens, are in veil of ignorance; that is, they are not aware of anycharacters as gender, social status, religious orientation, and even theirconception of the good. In this situation, Rawls suggests a technique,called “reflective equilibrium”, which orchestrates our principles ofjustice and considered judgments. In original position, contracting partieschoose the two principles of justice, i.e. the principles of liberty andequality. The concept of original position is an interpretation of Kant’sview on the principle of freewill and categorical imperative. Describingthis situation enables one to reveal his essential nature as a free andautonomous human being.Rawls, thus, dose not use social contract to legitimate political authority;but, using original position, he presents a concept of human nature whichthe liberals, always, talk about it: a liberated human who is freed of anysocial, political and traditional stress. Manuscript profile

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3 - Social Justice and Spatiale equity; An investignation and theoritical comparing of John Rowls and David Harvey
حسین Hataminezhad عمران Rasti

The Justice as a popular and interested concept has been among a few conceptsthat are already debated by philosophers and social economic elites and there havebeen various theories about social justice. John Rawls is one of the famous politicalphilosophers in 20th centu More

The Justice as a popular and interested concept has been among a few conceptsthat are already debated by philosophers and social economic elites and there havebeen various theories about social justice. John Rawls is one of the famous politicalphilosophers in 20th century and David Harvey is most outstanding geographer insecond half of 20th century too. They have many philosophic approaches and articlesabout social Justice and spatial equity. This paper is going to investigate justiceconcept from point of their views and represent their common and differentiationviews. Manuscript profile

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4 - TIME (AGE), WISDOM AND IGNORANCE FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF NASSER KHOSRO QOBADIANI AND AHMAD SHOGHI
Mohammad Goodarzi Mohammad Reza Saaki

Nasser Khosro Qobadiania Persian poet, philosopher, scholar and atraveler was born in Qubadyan, a village in middle-age Bactria (modern day Balkh and died in Yamagan, a village in Badakhshan province. He is considered as one of the great poets and writers in Persia More

Nasser Khosro Qobadiania Persian poet, philosopher, scholar and atraveler was born in Qubadyan, a village in middle-age Bactria (modern day Balkh and died in Yamagan, a village in Badakhshan province. He is considered as one of the great poets and writers in Persian literature, the Safarnama, an account of his travels, being his most famous work. Ahmad Shoghiwas is the great Arabic Poet-Laureate, an Egyptian poet and dramatist who pioneered the modern Egyptian literary movement, most notably introducing the genre of poetic epics to the Arabic literary tradition. Although Nasser Khosro Qobadiani and Ahmad Shoghi have lived in times and places far away from each other and belong to two different cultures and civilizations, they have very similar themes in their works. The present article compares their works on time (age), wisdom and Ignorance. Manuscript profile

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5 - A Comparative Study of the Concept of Science and Ignorance in Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi and Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār’s Poetries
Ramezan Mohammadi Mohammad Jafari Mohammad Shaygan Mehr

Simultaneously with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the Iraqi People's Revolution against the Ottomans, poets entered the field of literature who had common themes in their poetries including the struggle against ignorance and the demand for science, coloniali More

Simultaneously with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the Iraqi People's Revolution against the Ottomans, poets entered the field of literature who had common themes in their poetries including the struggle against ignorance and the demand for science, colonialism, freedom, and so on. They knew how to seek knowledge and avoid ignorance, and these poets lived in two Muslim and neighboring countries. Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār’and Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi were both well-known and contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq and lived in the same period. Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi, known as "Iraq’s poet", studied Islamic sciences and Arabic literature at his father's school. Bahar also learned to compose poetry at his father's school. The present article attempts to study concept of science and ignorance in the poems of two precious poets comparatively and the results of the research indicate abovementioned poets’ close thoughts to each other. Manuscript profile

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6 - A Comparative Study of Two Components of the Prior Ignorance, Awakening and Violence Against Women, with Modern Ignorance from Qur'an’s Viewpoint
Ali Salehi Armaki Mohammad Reza Abouei Kamal Khajeh Poor bandnaki

10.30495/qsf.2021.679161

Ignorance has special components and is not limited to a specific time and place, and its various fields have been discussed and criticized in the Qur'an. One of these fields is the symbol and characteristics of ignorance. Among the important cultural components of the More

Ignorance has special components and is not limited to a specific time and place, and its various fields have been discussed and criticized in the Qur'an. One of these fields is the symbol and characteristics of ignorance. Among the important cultural components of the pre-Islamic era that are still seen in other forms in the present time in various societies, including Muslim societies, are the two issues of abortion and violence against women. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze these components by relying on Qur'an to identify the real face of ignorance, so that it can be used with a reformist attitude in the contemporary era. In the present study, which has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and collecting materials from reliable sources, it can be seen that moral vices in modern ignorance have found a new place based on cultural, social and materialist views and continue like the prior ignorance. Manuscript profile

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7 - The semantics of the word Ignorance in Holy Quran
Ali Rafiei Hassan Abdollahi

The present paper attempts to study the etymology of the word "Ignorance" and its derivatives in Quran, it evolution, meaning aspects, its applications against knowledge or wisdom and its relationship with synonyms or antonyms. As a result the subject is discussed in bo More

The present paper attempts to study the etymology of the word "Ignorance" and its derivatives in Quran, it evolution, meaning aspects, its applications against knowledge or wisdom and its relationship with synonyms or antonyms. As a result the subject is discussed in both "historical semantics" and "descriptive semantics" with the "descriptive analytical" method. In the Holy Quran, its derivatives have been repeated 24 times in both meanings, but are more related to the first meaning. Manuscript profile

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8 - Allegorical novel blindness
Mah Nazari

The "blindness" of the Portuguese parable of Jorge Saraamago was published in1995. In this novel, "the poem" speaks of the beauty of the blindness that governed the animal's interior. The seemingly uncanny greetings. It is considered to be a white and hazy hollow landi More

The "blindness" of the Portuguese parable of Jorge Saraamago was published in1995. In this novel, "the poem" speaks of the beauty of the blindness that governed the animal's interior. The seemingly uncanny greetings. It is considered to be a white and hazy hollow landing in a stinging swamp. The story is full of a dreamlike allegory with a bitter and sad humor that has highlighted the life of the monotone and the horizon. Saramago creates a horrifying nightmare that the industrial community has forgotten human dignity and has gone back to barbarism as a result of the failure of a man because he does not pass his dignity and neglects one's respect, and the world leader has replaced the collective reality. The significance of this novel Due to the rich atmosphere of the story, it is possible to examine the author's message from different angles, which is examined in a descriptive analytical manner. Issue: A writer and journalist as a contagious disease? Hypothesis: This allegorical novel is the mirror of today's life, which accentuates Bats and is a symbol of ignorance. Manuscript profile

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9 - Social Nostalgia in the Poems of Fereydoon Moshiri
mehdi sotoodian moslem rajabi

One of the psychological terms that entered the field of literature is known as “nostalgia”. Although it has recently entered art and other sciences, it is not a new thing at all. Generally speaking, no one has ever been content with the current situation of More

One of the psychological terms that entered the field of literature is known as “nostalgia”. Although it has recently entered art and other sciences, it is not a new thing at all. Generally speaking, no one has ever been content with the current situation of society and his life and has always felt sad and gloomy in some days. One of the many types of nostalgia is social nostalgia. This nostalgia has attracted the attention of many poets, literati and critics in literature. One of the competent poets of contemporary times whose poems comprise a lot of social nostalgia is Fereydoon Moshiri. Moshiri’s poems are indeed an exact mirror of his time’s society. This research was done in order to present a correct image of his era and the society in which he lived by explaining the components of social nostalgia and investigating his poems Manuscript profile

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10 - A Study of Sanai's Poems Based on Peter Blaw's Theory of Exchange
esmat Ahmadi roknabadi Dr. Azizollah Tavakoli Kafi Abad Dr.mahmoud sadeghzadeh

According to Peter Blaw's theory of exchange, each member of society, during his or her social exchanges and connections with knowledge, falls into groups that receive rewards, and through these rewards, their social bond with knowledge and wisdom is strengthened; But i More

According to Peter Blaw's theory of exchange, each member of society, during his or her social exchanges and connections with knowledge, falls into groups that receive rewards, and through these rewards, their social bond with knowledge and wisdom is strengthened; But if these people, as members of society, do not receive any reward for their actions in the process of these exchange transactions, their connection with science and learning will be weakened and, as a result, they will remain in the same ignorance. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method and referring to the theoretical sources of the research, an attempt has been made to explore the sociological axes of Peter Bellaw's theory in Sanai's poems, so that the reaction of the people depicted in his poems against the action Analyze the environment. The results of the study indicate that when the human intellect is closed, in contrast to the entry of any new information, it is not able to examine them rationally, and Sanai in his poems, put the concepts of ignorance and rationality together in its confrontational effects. In this way, it has awakened the audience to educational issues. Manuscript profile

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11 - Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (bitter apple fruit) from traditional medicine to the food industry: A narrative review
Mojtaba Ziaee Masoud Delashoub

Citrullus colocynthis is a plant with medicinal value that is widely distributed in the desert regions of the world. Its fruits are commonly known for their wide range of medicinal uses as well as medicinal and food potential. The aim of this article is to evaluate the More

Citrullus colocynthis is a plant with medicinal value that is widely distributed in the desert regions of the world. Its fruits are commonly known for their wide range of medicinal uses as well as medicinal and food potential. The aim of this article is to evaluate the published information about the plant, its nutritional potential, and medicinal uses for humans and livestock, as well as fruit safety studies and the potential for future studies. The literature review was conducted by searching scientific databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, as well as published books. This plant has a wide range of traditional medicinal uses including diabetes, cold, cough, asthma, bronchitis, jaundice, joint pain, cancer, toothache, wound, mastitis, and digestive disorders such as indigestion, constipation, dysentery, and gastroenteritis, and various microbial infections. Several bioactive chemical compounds were recorded from fruits such as glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, fatty acids, and essential oils. Isolation and identification of cucurbitacins and colocyntosides were also reported. It was also shown that this plant is rich in nutritional value with high protein content and essential minerals, as well as the edible quality of the seed oil. This plant has many useful uses in treating various human and animal diseases. Therefore, the primary goal of this article is to provide an overview of the findings of the positive effects and risks of Citrullus colocynthis consumption on human health and its application in food and veterinary industries. Manuscript profile

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12 - نقش علم و جهل در ضمان مقبوض به عقد بیع فاسد
محمد صادق بابایی علویق دکتر رحیم وکیل زاده

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13 - -
رضا شعبانی شهبندی ahmad amir moezzi askari hoseinimoghaddam

10.3495/jiil.2021.690645

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14 - The Existence Requirements of Lesion Option
fakhroddin Asgahri Sam Mohammadi Sam Mohammadi Zahra Mostafavi

Lesion is a serious imbalance about the value of the considerations in a contract. Aggrieved lesion can terminate the transaction. The following three conditions are necessary for the realization of lesion option: the contract is to be bilateral, the economic imbalances More

Lesion is a serious imbalance about the value of the considerations in a contract. Aggrieved lesion can terminate the transaction. The following three conditions are necessary for the realization of lesion option: the contract is to be bilateral, the economic imbalances at the time the contract was concluded and the ignorance of swindle. Some jurists have identified the criteria for gross lesion, but, according to the famous jurists that followed by the Iranian Civil Code the usage and custom may discern it. Manuscript profile

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15 - The Effect Quality of Knowledge and Ignorance in the True and Apparent Principles of the Shiite and Public Opinion
mohammadreza kazemi mohammadreza eski

Specifying the limits of divine laws and principles, with respect to knowledge or ignorance, is one of the accessories of legislation and a fundamental issue about the validity and the ideas of legislators. The present issue, called the commonality of knower and ignoran More

Specifying the limits of divine laws and principles, with respect to knowledge or ignorance, is one of the accessories of legislation and a fundamental issue about the validity and the ideas of legislators. The present issue, called the commonality of knower and ignorant in Islamic law, along with the issues of validity, has been presented concisely in Islamic texts, but regarding its content and concepts it was present extensively in Islamic texts and shrewdly discussed by Islamic lawyers and jurists, and by dividing the issue of commonalities of principles into true and apparent principles and studying the issue of ignorance about these principles, they started to exchange their views. In this article , investigating these opinions through the study of the effects of knowledge and ignorance in true and apparent principles and presenting logical and quoted reasons, we have shown that in real principles(which are gained through absolute reasons like frequent quotations and Quranic texts, or suspected reasons like quotations and appearance of Quran)God has made rules regarding good and evil deeds and they are not changeable and in fact they have been created observing the good and evil and the assigned knowledge and ignorance have no function in its creation. and all followers are obliged to obey them forever, like saying the prayers and avoiding alcoholic drinks. As for apparent principles, the current duty of followers is to follow the current principle until the true principle is discovered. It is concluded that true principle are absolute, that is they must not be violated under any condition, but apparent principles are confined to knowledge or ignorance. . Manuscript profile

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16 - Examining the relevance of ignorance to the Shari'a ruling in criminal liability
seyed mohammad sadri Abedin Momeni Mohammad Mehdi Karimi Salimi

10.22034/ijrj.2022.697878

 Ignorance is one of the less frequent but very important concepts in Iranian criminal law. The legislator did not provide a precise definition of ignorance, and in Article 155 of the Islamic Penal Code, the meaning of ignorance is used in an indefinite manner, as More

 Ignorance is one of the less frequent but very important concepts in Iranian criminal law. The legislator did not provide a precise definition of ignorance, and in Article 155 of the Islamic Penal Code, the meaning of ignorance is used in an indefinite manner, as it considered ignorance of the ruling as a legitimate excuse. In Article 217, one of the conditions for the implementation of the limit is the awareness of the criminal about the sanctity of his behavior. Therefore, the meaning of ignorance should be obtained in jurisprudence, because the fundamental concepts of Iranian Islamic law originate from jurisprudence and the principles of Twelver Imam Shia jurisprudence. By examining the history of the debate from ignorance to judgment in the two sciences of jurisprudence and jurisprudence, this research seeks to find an answer to the definition of ignorance in the Islamic penal law of Iran, especially Article 155 of the Islamic Penal Code on the issue of ignorance to judgment from a Sharia point of view. The summary of the research is that according to Sharia, if the ignorant person is incapable or the guilty party is not complicit, his ignorance is considered as an excuse in Sharia and is punishable. Otherwise, his claim of ignorance will not be accepted. Manuscript profile

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17 - A Comparative Analysis of the Rule of “Indecency of Punishment without Indictment” and the Principle of “Nescience of the law Does Not Absolve Responsibility” in the View of Imamiyeh Jurisprudence
Hamin GHanbari mohamad heidary

10.22034/ijrj.2021.687050

The Rule of “Indecency of Punishment without issuing Indictment” and the Principle of Nescience of the Rule Does Not Absolve Responsibility” are among certain rules and principles in Imamiyeh jurisprudence and penal law. Since the application of this r More

The Rule of “Indecency of Punishment without issuing Indictment” and the Principle of Nescience of the Rule Does Not Absolve Responsibility” are among certain rules and principles in Imamiyeh jurisprudence and penal law. Since the application of this rule as well  as its principles seem contradictory, the current research is an attempt to investigate whether the rule and the principles are contradictory or not, and then shed light on the possible relationship between them.  Delving into the content of the rule and the principle, and analytical reasoning, it is concluded that unlike the principle which is subject to possible exceptions, the rule is rational and far from submission to any exception. Furthermore, studying the interpretations on the boundaries of issued and not-issued indictment, proving the necessity of instructing necessary laws and regulations, excluding non-penal responsibilities from the inclusion of the rule and analyzing the relationship between the rule and the principle, the result of the current research has shown that in the case of contradiction between them, the rule is preferred over the principles and when it is established that the indictment is not issued, nescience about the rule removes responsibility, save civil responsibilities and non-penal commitments. Manuscript profile

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18 - Study of seed germination properties and determination of cardinal temperatures of Bitter Apple ( Citrullus colocynthis L.) as a medicinal plant
Hamid Marvi محمد آرمین

Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis) is one of the medicinal plant that grows in semi-arid and desert condition which have been used in traditional medicine. There is a few research on cardinal temperatures of Bitter apple in the literature. In order to determine Germi More

Bitter apple (Citrullus colocynthis) is one of the medicinal plant that grows in semi-arid and desert condition which have been used in traditional medicine. There is a few research on cardinal temperatures of Bitter apple in the literature. In order to determine Germination characteristics and cardinal temperatures for Bitter apple, a laboratory experiment was down in petri dish based on completely randomized design with four replications. The experimental treatments were nine different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 °c). The measured traits were germination percentage, germination rate and mean germination time. Cardinal temperature was calculated using dental, dual, and beta functions. The results showed that with increasing temperature up to 30 ° C, percentage and germination speed increased. The highest germination percentage (70%) and germination rate (2.8 seeds / day) were observed at 30 ° C. The lowest germination time (4.48 days) was observed at 30°C. The base, favorite and maximum temperatures (cardinal temperatures) for this plant were12, 30 and 45 °c, respectively. Manuscript profile

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19 - Investigating in vitro culture of Abu Jahl watermelon plant Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad
سورمه Qara Matrosyan مه‌لقا Ghorbanli

In this research, the determination of the best cultivation environment for stem organogenesis and the selection of the most suitable cultivar from Abu Jahl watermelon seeds have been studied. In order to obtain sterile roasted seeds, the inhibition of the seed shell wa More

In this research, the determination of the best cultivation environment for stem organogenesis and the selection of the most suitable cultivar from Abu Jahl watermelon seeds have been studied. In order to obtain sterile roasted seeds, the inhibition of the seed shell was removed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 minutes. After washing with sterile distilled water, the seeds were transferred to a sterile culture medium. 20 days later, small pieces (cotyledon, terminal bud, cotyledon axis and root) were prepared from the roasted seeds and transferred to MS medium with different hormone treatments. All isolated cultures produced callus, and only the terminal bud treated with IAA and quintine equal to 1 mg in relitertolide produced callus, then it was differentiated into bud and branch. To determine the most suitable cultivation environment; Two cultivation environments were considered. MS basic culture medium with IAA and quintine treatment equal to 1 mg and MS basic culture medium, vitamin 2 equal to MS basic medium and benzyl aminopurine treatment 2 mg/liter along with naphthalene acetic acid 0.1 mg/liter. The terminal bud was separated from the sterile culture medium and placed in these two culture mediums. The design was based on a completely random block. Data collection was done in four stages. The ability to produce callus in the culture medium treated with benzyl aminopurine along with naphthalene acetic acid was higher than in the culture medium of IAA and quintine. In the cultivation environment with IAA and quintine treatment with equal amounts, branching and increase in the length of the branches were significant. In the culture medium, treatment with benzyl aminopurine along with naphthalene acetic acid caused the differentiation of callus into branches, but branching and increasing the length of branches were not significant. Manuscript profile

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20 - Phytochemichl and antioxidant analysis of different parts of Citrullus colocynthis L. in different regions from Southeast of Iran
صدیقه اسمعیل زاده بهابادی foroogh yousefzaei

Citrullus colocynthis L. belonging to the cucurbitaceae family, is used to treat many diseases such as inflammation, rheumatism, and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenol and flavonoids content of different parts (leaf, seed, fruit pulp and pe More

Citrullus colocynthis L. belonging to the cucurbitaceae family, is used to treat many diseases such as inflammation, rheumatism, and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenol and flavonoids content of different parts (leaf, seed, fruit pulp and peel) of C. colocynthis in Kerman, Iranshahr and Zabol habitats. All plant samples were collected from these habitats during June in 2017. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by using spectrophotometry method. Antioxidant activity of extracts was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging assay. Based on the results, the most phenol content was observed in leaf extract of C. colocynthis in Kerman (52.19 mg/g DW) and Iranshahr (44.86 mg/g DW), respectively. Most of flavonoid content were in leaf of C. colocynthis in Kerman, in addition, it had the highest antioxidant activity (86percentage). The present study shows the potential of C. colocynthis leaf as a pharmaceutical agent and we hope this study encourage further studies to investigate its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Manuscript profile

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21 - اثر استفاده از هندوانه ابوجهل و پروبیوتیک بر عملکرد رشد و ریخت شناسی روده جوجه‌های گوشتی
مجید هاشمی سید محمدعلی جلالی فرشید خیری

مقدمه و هدف: میوه هندوانه ابوجهل تلخ‌مزه است و در برابر عوامل بیماریزا فعالیت   ضد باکتریایی دارد. بررسی اثر استفاده از سطوح مختلف پودر میوه هندوانه ابوجهلبا و بدون مکمل پروبیوتیک پروتکسین بر عملکرد رشد،   صفات لاشه و ریخت‌شناسی روده جوجه‌های گوشتیهدف از این & More

مقدمه و هدف: میوه هندوانه ابوجهل تلخ‌مزه است و در برابر عوامل بیماریزا فعالیت   ضد باکتریایی دارد. بررسی اثر استفاده از سطوح مختلف پودر میوه هندوانه ابوجهلبا و بدون مکمل پروبیوتیک پروتکسین بر عملکرد رشد،   صفات لاشه و ریخت‌شناسی روده جوجه‌های گوشتیهدف از این   پژوهش بود. روش تحقیق: 240 قطعه جوجه گوشتی یک روزه، به طورکاملاً تصادفی در   یک آزمایش فاکتوریل4 × 2، (صفر،2/0، 4/0 و 6/0 درصد هندوانه ابوجهل و صفر و 01/0   درصدپروبیوتیک) به هشت تیمار غذایی باسه تکرار   تقسیم و به مدت 42 روز تغذیه شدند.مصرفخوراک،افزایشوزن و ضریبتبدیل   خوراک پرندگان در خلال آزمایش اندازه‌گیری شد و در پایان آزمایش اندام های داخلی   جوجه‌ها توزین و ریخت‌شناسی روده ارزیابی شد. نتایج و بحث: مصرف خوراک پرنده‌ها در تیمارهای 4/0 و 6/0 درصد   هندوانه ابوجهل کاهش، ولی افزایش وزن بهبود معنی‌دار یافت (05/0>p). استفاده از پروبیوتیک تاثیر معنی‌دار در افزایش مصرف خوراک و   افزایش وزن جوجه‌ها داشت (05/0>p). ضریب   تبدیل خوراک در تیمارهای هندوانه ابوجهل کاهش معنی‌دار یافت (05/0 p<) اما پروبیوتیک تاثیری بر آن نداشت. پودر هندوانه ابوجهل سبب   افزایش معنی‌دار راندمان لاشه، سینه، ران، کبد و قلب جوجه‌ها شد. اثرات متقابل  هندوانه ابوجهل و مکمل پروبیوتیک نشان داد که افزودن پروبیوتیک به جیره‌های   دارای 4/0 و 6/0 درصد هندوانه ابوجهل سبب افزایش معنی‌دار راندمان لاشه، سینه و   قلب جوجه‌ها شد(05/0 p<). ارتفاع و عرض پرز، عمق کریپت و ضخامت   ماهیچه موکوسی روده جوجه‌ها با تیمار غذایی 6/0 درصد پودر هندوانه ابوجهل افزایش   معنی‌دار یافت (05/0>p) و مکمل پروبیوتیک ارتفاع پرز و ضخامت   ماهیچه موکوسی روده جوجه‌ها را افزایش داد (05/0>p). توصیهکاربردی/صنعتی:نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که 4/0درصد پودر میوه   هندوانه ابوجهل و پروبیوتیک پروتکسین را می توان به عنوان مکمل های سیمبیوتیک در   جیره غذایی جوجه‌های گوشتی استفاده کرد. Manuscript profile

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22 - تحلیل فقهی و حقوقی آسیب شناسی جهل در معاملات
فاطمه مهدوی

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23 - حسن نیت فاعل فعل زیان بار
صدیقه صمدی سید پدرام خندانی

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24 - Criticism of ignorance and superstitiousness in the Contemporary Poetry
Ali Asqar Halabi Neamat Esfahani Omran

One of the discussions in the contemporary Poetry especially in the last few decades which has won great favor by the scholars and had produced valuable works is the field of literary criticism.  Sociological criticism, one of its branches studies the work in its s More

One of the discussions in the contemporary Poetry especially in the last few decades which has won great favor by the scholars and had produced valuable works is the field of literary criticism.  Sociological criticism, one of its branches studies the work in its social milieu especially in terms of engaged literature examines the social ills in a society in order to reveal and express the bitter realities and pains so that the audience could reflect upon them and in this way get aid to find a remedy for those crisis. (farzad, 1378, 71) The subject which ought to be dealt with utmost sensibility is the problem of growing superstition and ignorance in the contemporary poetry in Iran from the beginning of Constitutionalism till 1357.  A major problem which is unfortunately not dealt with seriously by the scholars in contemporary literature.  For this reason we were encouraged to study and examine the impact of superstition on the poetry at the time of constitutionalism and at Nima’s time.  As a background of the study, briefly the roots of the problem in Iran’s past and contemporary history were dealt with and where possible evidence and example from the contemporary poetry were presented and analyzed. Manuscript profile

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