-
Open Access Article
1 - Comparative Literature; Orientation. Formation and Innovation
Mehdi MomtahenIt's felicitous to mention that comparative literature is inchoate in the research world. It was born in recent years_19th and zo" century and has started from Europe to East. It's better to say that comparative literature and critical literature run concurrently. This MoreIt's felicitous to mention that comparative literature is inchoate in the research world. It was born in recent years_19th and zo" century and has started from Europe to East. It's better to say that comparative literature and critical literature run concurrently. This coexistence is a prelude of a precious evolution in literature and new schools such as French, American and English. American school is the result of cultural relationship between comparative literature and contemporary one, which the theory is a factor for innovating criticism in comparative literature. There are some theories which have shown that the comparative literature couldn't run with other critical schools concrurrently and rapidly. Thus we are responsible to pay more attention to these schools and study them in special way in inchoate countries and in the world. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Meta-poetry in Contemporary Arabic Poetry
hosein taktabar Rewaa MaawnaThis article aims to show that the poet is the son of his environment, and his tools and poetic themes must stem from that environment, whether he likes it or not. Our goal is to study the civilizational development and its impact on the poet's thought and the impact of MoreThis article aims to show that the poet is the son of his environment, and his tools and poetic themes must stem from that environment, whether he likes it or not. Our goal is to study the civilizational development and its impact on the poet's thought and the impact of social, political and economic life, that most of the poetry was speaking about the life lived by the poet and the extent of its impact on the poet and society in general.We also note that the study of concepts, terms and meanings has dominated a wide area in Arab and non-Arab criticism, and each group is interested in presenting the juice of their thought about a specific meaning.In this article, we relied on the thematic, semantic and semiotic approach, on a careful consideration of the deep, not superficial, transformations taking place in Arabic poetry, which can be included in the section of modernity. Poetry and how to choose poetic tools and how to use themThis thesis is distinguished from others in that it dealt with metacharism by addressing Arab poets from several countries and different social conditions, cultures and religions that had not previously been collected in similar previous studies.The findings of this thesis in studying several fields of poets of the modern era by renewing the language in the light of a new experience and a new understanding of the poet's life and experience. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Influence of Abu Ali Farsi on Literary Criticism and Contemporary Critical Theories
Sajjad Arabi Marzieh Kohandel Mohammad Reza SalariAbu Ali Farsi was one of the scholars of Arabic language and grammar in the Abbasid era that paid great attention to the sciences of the Qur'an, especially the seven recitations of the Qur'an, and this led him to offer influential views in the fields of syntax, rhetoric MoreAbu Ali Farsi was one of the scholars of Arabic language and grammar in the Abbasid era that paid great attention to the sciences of the Qur'an, especially the seven recitations of the Qur'an, and this led him to offer influential views in the fields of syntax, rhetoric and lexicography. These views had a significant contribution to the development of various sciences, including literary criticism, and hypothesize the influence of Abu Ali on the emergence and expansion of influential theories in the field of literary criticism. In this way, in this article, it is tried to study the influence of Abu Ali Farsi on the emergence of two theories of syntactic criticism and the theory of interpretation or hermeneutics based on descriptive-analytical method with the aim of explaining the role of this world of syntax in literary criticism. The results of the research showed the high influence of Abu Ali Farsi in the theories of literary criticism, especially the theory of syntactic criticism and hermeneutic theory. The roots of these two theories can be seen in the views of Abu Ali Farsi. Abu Ali Farsi's influence on the theory of syntactic critique originates from his high influence on sciences such as philosophy, logic, and his extensive use of rational analogy and reasoning and contemplation. It is possible to deduce some of the views of the pioneers of the new hermeneutic theory in the West, such as Schleiermacher, Gadamer and Dilthey in the views of Abu Ali Farsi, especially in explaining the readings of the Qur'an. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - The development of children's literature in the three decades following the Islamic revolution based on historical criticism
Maryam Alkhatib Ali Asghar BabasalarThe Literature, in its development journey, is subject to historical, social and cultural conditions, and children's and adolescent literature in Iran is no exception. After the Islamic Revolution, children's literature expanded and became more popular. More attention w MoreThe Literature, in its development journey, is subject to historical, social and cultural conditions, and children's and adolescent literature in Iran is no exception. After the Islamic Revolution, children's literature expanded and became more popular. More attention was given to criticism of children's literature. The historical criticism or Biocritical is considered one of the important theories in literary criticism because any literary work is linked to historic conditions. Therefore, we aim to analyze the works of five authors of this literature during the three decades that followed the Islamic Revolution. This is based on the opinions of major critics who adopted this method of criticism, such as Ditchz, Guerin, Emami, Zarin Kobb, etc. Based on the descriptive-analytical approach, we show the impact of historical events on the development of children's literature in the first three decades that followed the revolution. The results show that historical events and special circumstances have affected the writers' lives, and this influence was reflected in the text and content of their stories. The Revolution and war affected the first decade stories. The second decade's stories reflected the economic and social issues left by the war. The third-decade stories turned to a world more specialized in childhood literature. This world is characterized by creativity, beauty, imagination, and learning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Critical Discourse Analysis of Chicago by Alaa Aswani based on Norman Fairclough's theory
ولی بهاروند نعیم عموری پروین خلیلیThe critical discourse analysis is one of the new trends examining the social dimensions of discourse. In this approach, discourse is examined in the context of the social situation contained in the text. One of its pioneers is Norman Fairclough, whose interest in criti MoreThe critical discourse analysis is one of the new trends examining the social dimensions of discourse. In this approach, discourse is examined in the context of the social situation contained in the text. One of its pioneers is Norman Fairclough, whose interest in critical discourse analysis is related to language and society. This approach is based on three levels: description, Interpretation and explanation. Chicago novel is one of the most famous modern Egyptian ones by Alaa al-Aswani, which discusses Egyptian issues in a premodern context. In this article, we examine the critical analysis of Alaa al-Aswani's novel "Chicago" based on three levels of Norman Fairclough's theory in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that words and structures such as; pronouns and adverbs,and the type of news and composition sentences play an important role in the novel's discourse and events. The level of Interpretation, the context of the discourse and the type of ideology in the text show us that Aswani criticizes colonial countries such as the United States and the dictatorial regime of Egypt, and points out that Egypt is the center of a great civilization. The author reflects on the level of domination and ideology in the text, and the most important ideology in this novel is the critique of US intervention in the Middle East and Egypt, as well as the dictatorial regime of Hosni Mubarak supported by the United States. He also discusses other issues such as; Westernization of intellectuals, racism, dictatorship, poverty, and authoritarianism . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A Research on Al Jedariyah Ode by Mahmoud Darvish Stylistic from Russian Formalism Point of View
Rasool Balawi Alireza SheikhianiStylistic is a branch of modern linguistic which surveys and analyzes the literary styles and technical methods. Formalism school is one of important modern approaches in stylistics. Russian formalisms believe that only the style (frame) can determine the meaning and th MoreStylistic is a branch of modern linguistic which surveys and analyzes the literary styles and technical methods. Formalism school is one of important modern approaches in stylistics. Russian formalisms believe that only the style (frame) can determine the meaning and the concept of the context. Mahmoud Darvish – Palestinian poet – is one of the poets who worked in modernism style. He could present his thoughts and concepts in an attractive and gorgeous structure. This article studies Al Jedariyah ode which presents frame and content simultaneously. The present paper attempts to depict the vocal and verbal criteria of the mentioned ode in descriptive – analytical method from Russian formalisms point of view. The most important outcome of the survey is that the stated ode presents itself in the most beautiful frame and format. Darvish was trying to develop the formalism style and that's why various rhythms and rhymes could be found in his ode. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - An Analysis on Taha Hussein’s Discourse in his “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” Book
Narjes Tohidifar Saeed AsadiDiscourse is the most important humanistic interpretation of relationship between himself and the world. Egyptian Taha Hussein enjoys various methods of discourse in his works pleasantly which is manifested in his book titled “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” MoreDiscourse is the most important humanistic interpretation of relationship between himself and the world. Egyptian Taha Hussein enjoys various methods of discourse in his works pleasantly which is manifested in his book titled “With Abu al-ʿAla in his Prison” specifically. The subject of the mentioned book is literary criticism but the author does not continue in accordance with the subject; he tries to enter Abu al-ʿAla’s prison and understand his situation deeply. Taha enjoys the melodious addressing method as well as psychological criticism which motivated readers’ emotions and encourages them to keep on reading on the other hand. The present research attempts to survey the discourse application quality and its various methods in the abovementioned book with descriptive – analytical method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A Study on Chicago Novel by Alaa Al-Aswany Based on Big Reality Theory by György Lukács
Mahmoud Reza Tavakkoli Mohammadi Mohammad Ali AzarshabNumerous ideas and theories on literature have been studied in contemporary era. Many theorists of this field believe in the relationship between literature and other sciences specifically social sciences, psychologies and political sciences. György Lukács w MoreNumerous ideas and theories on literature have been studied in contemporary era. Many theorists of this field believe in the relationship between literature and other sciences specifically social sciences, psychologies and political sciences. György Lukács was affected by Marxist ideas and thoughts of Karl Marx and propounded literature’s social criticism. According to this theory in the studying process, the attention shouldn’t be paid exclusively from its literary viewpoint, but also the critic of the literary work should study the literary work in order to discover the relationship between literature and society. Lukács’s theory is based on form and content criticism and he determines some criteria for it: social content, sample, reality and cause and effect relation. Lukács called reality in his theory “Big Reality” in this field and some characteristics proposed for it: actual reality or victory of reality, critical reality and literature publicity. The present research which is based on descriptive – analytical method, intends to study “Chicago” novel by Alaa Al-Aswany – contemporary Egyptian author – based on Lukács’s “Big Reality” theory and describe his success. The results show Al-Aswany could study some social issues relating Egyptian intellectuals who live abroad (Egypt); but he interferes his own viewpoints and ideologies and kept aloof of what Lukács calls “Big Reality”. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Jabra and Short Story
Hussein Shams Abadi Mohammad JahanbinThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is MoreThe present article studies the short stories by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra the Iraqi writer who was born in Palestine. He is among the neo-writers of Arabic literature concerning poetry, translation, criticism and novel. His collection “Ergh and other Stories” is one of his first experiences in story writing. His stories seem to be an introduction or a conclusion to his novel which was inspired by romantic literature and mixes romanticism, realism and symbolism. Jabra writes from the breadth of his imagination until reality is revealed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Comparative Study on Critical Realism in French and Arabic Contemporary Novels
Peyman Salehi Malek Abdi Parvin Khalili Afsaneh JarastCritical realism school which explains and expresses the fact of a society was initially manifested in France. Since this school mostly manifested in novels in one hand and Naguib Mahfouz – founder of Egypt modern novelist – and Romain Rolland – famous MoreCritical realism school which explains and expresses the fact of a society was initially manifested in France. Since this school mostly manifested in novels in one hand and Naguib Mahfouz – founder of Egypt modern novelist – and Romain Rolland – famous French writer – had critical realism method in fictional literature on the other hand, the present paper studies the critical realism process in "Palace Walk" by Naguib Mahfouz and "Pierre et Luce" by Romain Rolland in descriptive – analytical method. Both are the novels based on France and Egypt's events during 1914 to 1919 – years of World War I. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Features of Passive Critics in Arabic Literature
Ali Sayadani Mohammad Saleh Sharif Asgari Mehdi ShafaeiMost of the researches do not differentiate between intuitive critic and passive one – in the field of features, applications and methods. This critical school is called emotional or passive critics which emphasizes aesthetics. Thus sensitivity is not the only app MoreMost of the researches do not differentiate between intuitive critic and passive one – in the field of features, applications and methods. This critical school is called emotional or passive critics which emphasizes aesthetics. Thus sensitivity is not the only appliance to wisdom but is a mean to inspire happiness or unhappiness feeling. Consequently the passive (critical) school is the result of action and reaction between art and sensation. The most important feature is responding the reader’s dreams, feelings and emotions. The present article is to study the passive critical features in the Arabic Literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Literary Criticism in the Abbasid Era
Mohammad Bagher AlhosseiniThe Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theo MoreThe Abbasid Era has been the period of florescence of the Islamic culture and civilization. Literature was of great contention in this era.The present article studies the relationship between translation and literary criticism which resulted in changes in the basic theories of literary criticism by critics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Critical Criteria in Seven Elements of Poetries (Comparative Analysis)
Mohammad Etemadi Rahim Ansari PourSince the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could MoreSince the expressed ideas in poetry creation and the image forms in reader's mind are not enough to rise up the poetry to the highest point, western critics consider seven features and facts for poetries which then entered Arabic critics; thus the artistic aspect could be manifested in the best way. Obviously these features are different in each poem and poet's taste; while they are different from person to person or even from one society to another. The mentioned features stand beside seven elements which are language of poetry, artistic experience, poetic emotion, effort's level, complexity degree of poetry, music and form balance and the application of these features determine the goodness of a poem. The method of the present paper is analytical – descriptive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Classicism and Renaissance; Challenges and Achievements
Sadat Ashkevar Seyed SoleymanClassicism is the first literary school that emerged in Europe after the great scientific movement in the 16th century A.D. and tried to revive the old literature of Greece and Latin considering the technical and humanistic themes in that era. Literary societi MoreClassicism is the first literary school that emerged in Europe after the great scientific movement in the 16th century A.D. and tried to revive the old literature of Greece and Latin considering the technical and humanistic themes in that era. Literary societies like Divan and Apolo in the east and the society of writers and Andolosian group in the west in opposition to the classicism of Baroodi, Shoughi, Manfalooti, and others to make literature and poetry independent, and relying on the internal coherence, experience, poetic image and nature centered. such views revolved the mentalities towards poetry and literature greatly that the emergence of literary schools like romanticism, symbolism, realism and the emergence of new poetry in all its types were of its results. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Goldmannian Structural Study of Al-Hayy al-LatiniNovel
Hamed Sedghi Abdollah Hoseini Ansar SalimiNezhadThe present article studies the different aspects of Paris in the Lebanese novel in general and in Suhayl Idris’s Al-Hayy al-Latini in particular as a sample. This study examines the protagonist and al-Idrisi’s views of Paris as a beautiful western city and MoreThe present article studies the different aspects of Paris in the Lebanese novel in general and in Suhayl Idris’s Al-Hayy al-Latini in particular as a sample. This study examines the protagonist and al-Idrisi’s views of Paris as a beautiful western city and as one of the symbols of civilization and culture in modern Arabic literature. Whether the world is considered to be a psychological model or the symbol of a collective wholeor even a behavioralexample, all these concepts rely in their different forms on the necessity of analyzing man’s behavior and outcome based on a holistic view.This article attempts to apply the Romanian Lucien Goldmann’s views of external and foreign worlds to Suhail Idris’s views in Al-Hayy al-Latini. In sum, it could be concluded that Idris in this novel belongs to progressive socialism and reflects rebellion and insurgence through the protagonist all through the novel. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Cultural criticism of Nizar Qabbani based on Abdullah Mohammed Alghazami method
Waleed saedi nasabCultural Criticism is one of the new – emerged schools amongst the post – structuralism schools. This school was born in 1964 and initially by the Birmingham group but its spread goes back to 1991. The present paper attempts to introduce this school as MoreCultural Criticism is one of the new – emerged schools amongst the post – structuralism schools. This school was born in 1964 and initially by the Birmingham group but its spread goes back to 1991. The present paper attempts to introduce this school as well as studying it from one of the outstanding critics' point of view - Abdullah Mohammed Alghazami – and criticizing some of Nizar Qabbani's works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Literary Criticism: Preference and Comparison
Meysam TaromDue to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. The present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method MoreDue to the existence of different criticism criteria in different eras, the critics have applied different and sometimes opposing methods in literary criticism. The present article studies the popular methods of literary criticism and the evolution of one special method which has been called preference in some era and comparison in some other era. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Importance of time in the story of the Qur'an from the perspective of modern fiction Criticism
Mazhar Moghaddamifar Homeyra HamidiThe importance of this subject returns to God deposited with man an inherent sense of time. And Koran gave great importance to the time, and most acts of worship in Islamic law have been associated with specific and fixed time-bounds such as prayer, fasti MoreThe importance of this subject returns to God deposited with man an inherent sense of time. And Koran gave great importance to the time, and most acts of worship in Islamic law have been associated with specific and fixed time-bounds such as prayer, fasting and pilgrimage, so that their performance can only be achieved through a commitment to its times up to day, month and year. And on this basis, human has needed to record the time so that he relies on its assessment and organization of the conditions of his material and moral life, so he was directed to record the time after a hard and long research, because years and their parts need a natural phenomenon, so that man focuses on it in programming his times. And it is clear that the natural calendars the one that supports the sun and the moon to calculate the time as he said: "He it is Who created the night and day and the sun and the moon, all travel along swiftly in their celestial spheres."(The Prophets Sura,33) And according to the Quranic stories that great men in the history were who knew the time and its value and who were prophet sent for this, we find that the prophets are the pioneers of the people in these four areas, in faith and science, and in good deeds, and in calling people to Allah, and in the patience to harm in calling to Allah, and these gainers are the winners in this world and the Hereafter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Study on contemporary literary theory
Mehdi Momtahen Narjes Tohidi farLiterature witnessed in the last two centuries frequently monetary approaches that led to philosophizing in the global literary wealth, Which were collected during the persistent centuries of human history. It is these approaches can be noted structural literary critici MoreLiterature witnessed in the last two centuries frequently monetary approaches that led to philosophizing in the global literary wealth, Which were collected during the persistent centuries of human history. It is these approaches can be noted structural literary criticism that address the impact of literary structure. In this article we look at it from a new view as we speak for a short Women's criticism of the latest cash curriculum. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Studying Critics in Taha Hussein works
Marziyeh Kohandel jahromi Gholamreza karimifardTaha Hussein played a vital role in cultural life of Egypt. He had studied the political, cultural and mental issues by new view and logical approach. Taha Hussein had close relationship with his contemporary literates and his aim was to modify many aspects of Egyptian MoreTaha Hussein played a vital role in cultural life of Egypt. He had studied the political, cultural and mental issues by new view and logical approach. Taha Hussein had close relationship with his contemporary literates and his aim was to modify many aspects of Egyptian lives. Studying his life shows that his scientific activities have been started by literary criticism of modern critical views which caused a modern critical school in Arabic literature. The present paper attempts to survey critic and its position in his works of art. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - A Seletion of Ali Abdullah Khalifah’s Life and Literature
mehdi Momtahen Tayeb AbdaeeAli Abdullah khalifah is one of the most famous poets ofBahraini poets who is from the Romantic Party. He is skillful in both eloquent and folkloric poems known as Mawwals, and in this field three of his divans have come in; and the poet, himself, considers composingelo MoreAli Abdullah khalifah is one of the most famous poets ofBahraini poets who is from the Romantic Party. He is skillful in both eloquent and folkloric poems known as Mawwals, and in this field three of his divans have come in; and the poet, himself, considers composingeloquent and folkloric poems simultaneouslyas a gift thatfew peoplehave.In his eloquent poems, Ali Abdullah Khalifah has been highly affected by his surrounding and has composed his poems according to the place and time so that his first divan called " AninAssawari" is a visible scene and an obvious evidence of pearl hunters’ lives and their hardshipsof working that when reading, the reader envisions himself in the scene of their lives as if he has gone to the theatre and not having reada book; and his other divan," Ezaat lezakerat elwatan ", includes Bahraini political revolutions and draws popularuprisings.Ali Abdullah's poems arecombined from the symbol and reality and this combination is not free from myth. The simple symbols like  "shams(the sun, fajr(dawn),zalam (darkness), and boom(owl) have differentinterpretations and this symbolic variety has come from a valuable experiencefrom where he shows the national and human subjects in order to find solutions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Sociology Applications of “Cloudy Years” and “The Grapes of Wrath” Emphasizing Formative Criticism
Leila Soltani Abdolhossein Farzad Amirhossein MahoziFormative and structuralism criticism approach by Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970) is contemporary anthropocentric issues. This theory tries to discover hidden predominant rules on all human relations. The main aim of Goldmann by criticism is achieving work’s ideology MoreFormative and structuralism criticism approach by Lucien Goldmann (1913-1970) is contemporary anthropocentric issues. This theory tries to discover hidden predominant rules on all human relations. The main aim of Goldmann by criticism is achieving work’s ideology and it’s relation with a specific social group. “The Grapes of Wrath” novel by John Steinbeck criticizes injustice and inequality in America’s labor society and economic crisis and depression. The mentioned novel owns many similarities with “Cloudy Years” novel by Darvishian which has precise viewpoint to poor classes in Reza Khaan era focusing labor literature and sociological damages in order to reform poor people’s lives. The main difference between “Cloudy Years” and “The Grapes of Wrath” is the complete description of problematic characters’ lives which is not in “The Grapes of Wrath” and just part of their lives are brought. Thus “Cloudy Years” is an expressive document of the proletariat life in delicate era of pre Islamic revolution battle. “Cloudy Years” expresses long and hazardous path of needy people and the way they become informed; since the heroes of “The Grapes of Wrath” are at the beginning of their class understanding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Mythical Beinamatni in Amal Danghal,s poem
Hosien Mirzaie Seyed Ebrahim Arman‘’Beinamatni’’ is one of the subjects which was known by the name of ‘’Tazmin’’. This new concept was offererd Julia Kristipha .She took this concept from the concept of polyphony which the Russian critic and thi More‘’Beinamatni’’ is one of the subjects which was known by the name of ‘’Tazmin’’. This new concept was offererd Julia Kristipha .She took this concept from the concept of polyphony which the Russian critic and thinker, Michael Bachtin, observed it. Eventually Beinamatni becamed widespread and as a new critical phenomenon was taken into consideration and was spread about in the literature of Europe. Following the publicity of this new literal phenomenon in the West,Arabian literary men also observed it after getting more familiar with the literature of Europe. If we observe the origin of this new critical subject in Arabic literature, we will find out this subject is a new term of the old literal and critical phenomenon. Amal Danghal is one of the literary men who enjoys this critical subject a lot. Beinamatni in the poem of Amal Danghal is cliché and influencial element.For he enjoys mythical Beinamatni and explains the realities of his time.This research considers the subject of Beinamatni, the mythical Beinamatni and its usage in the poem of Amal Danghal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The First steps of the emergence of Comparative Literature in Arabic Literature
Ali SaberiCosmopolitanism, Romantic Movement, the development and extension of literature through communication devices and advancement of publishing technology were the sources of emergence of comparative literature.The present article studies the attempts of Arab literary men i MoreCosmopolitanism, Romantic Movement, the development and extension of literature through communication devices and advancement of publishing technology were the sources of emergence of comparative literature.The present article studies the attempts of Arab literary men in this field after it was introduced into Arabic literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Feminist Criticism of Simin Daneshvar's Novels: 'Wander Island' and 'Wander Cameleer'
Azaheh Poursaddami Ebrahim Arman Maryam Amir ArjmandThe women presence in the process of social movements have been alwaysan important event. One of the manifestations of these social movements is the activities of novelist women in different societies of the modern and non-modern worlds. SiminDaneshvar is one of the pio MoreThe women presence in the process of social movements have been alwaysan important event. One of the manifestations of these social movements is the activities of novelist women in different societies of the modern and non-modern worlds. SiminDaneshvar is one of the pioneers of Iranian storytellers who dealt too much with women problems in her writings. In this article the researchers try to depict Daneshvar's feminist tendencies and the causes of such tendencies in her selectet novels. The research deals with the problem by use of descriptive-analytic method. The results of the research show that the writer by writing in feminist framework reflects her painful view of masculinistsociety, and at the same time is in search of her lost identity and to find a way to scape from mistake beliefs about the gender and her inner wanders. In fact, she uses feminism as a bridge to discover her ultra-feminist abilities. This research in its new findings seems to be a novel research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - الأدب المقارن والنقد الأدبی: العلاقة أو المنازعة؟ (دراسة وتحلیل)
Toraj Zeinivand Jahangir Amiriإنّ لکلّ مدرسة من مدارس الأدب المقارن ذات اتجاهات أدبیة؛ موقفها الخاصّ تجاه النقد الأدبی. فبینما تکرّس المدرسة الفرنسیة للأدب المقارن على دراسة العلاقات التاریخیة للآثار الأدبیة فی ضوء رصد التأثیر المتبادل بینهما من دون اهتمام بقضایا النقد والجمالیات الأدبیة عبر دراساته Moreإنّ لکلّ مدرسة من مدارس الأدب المقارن ذات اتجاهات أدبیة؛ موقفها الخاصّ تجاه النقد الأدبی. فبینما تکرّس المدرسة الفرنسیة للأدب المقارن على دراسة العلاقات التاریخیة للآثار الأدبیة فی ضوء رصد التأثیر المتبادل بینهما من دون اهتمام بقضایا النقد والجمالیات الأدبیة عبر دراساتها. فی الحقیقة؛ زبدة قولهم هی أنّ الباحثین فی الأدب المقارن لیسوا نقاداً والنقاد لیسوا من المقارنین. أمّا المدرسة الأمریکیة فی الأدب المقارن، التی بدأت مع المحاضرة التی ألقاها "رینیه ویلیک"، فإنّها تعدّ کنقطة انطلاقة لاحتکاک الأدب المقارن بالنقد الأدبی والتوفیق بین مناهج الأدب المقارن والنقد الأدبی ثم الدمج بین مناهج الأدب المقارن والنقد الأدبی بحیث یکمل بعضهما البعض. وفی السیاق ذاته إنّ من أبرز خصائص المدرسة الأمریکیة للأدب المقارن، أنّها تعیر أهمیة قصوى للجمالیات الفنیة المنضویة تحت النصوص الأدبیة وخلاصة قولهم هی؛ أنّ الأدب المقارن والنقد الأدبی أمران متداخلان لدرجة یمکننا اعتبارهما وجهین لعملة واحدة. وأما هذا البحث فإنّه یحاول واعتمادا على المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی، دراسة کیفیة تفاعل المدارس الأدبیة للأدب المقارن مع مسارات النقد. ومن أهمّ النتائج التی تفیدها هذه المقالة هو أن بین المدارس الأدبیة للأدب المقارن ولاسیما المدارس الأمریکیة والألمانیة والسلافیة منها وبین النقد الأدبی علاقة عضویة أو بنیویة. وبناء على ذلک نستطیع القول إنّ دراسة النماذج الأدبیة الراقیة وبمعزل عن النظر فی الأبعاد الجمالیة والاتجاهات الأدبیة الکامنة فیها تعدّ عملیة مبتورة غیر مکتملة. آخذاً بنظر الاعتبار إنّ المدرسة الأمریکیة للنقد تتطرق أثناء دراستها إلى بحث جمالیات النص الأدبی کمهمّة أساسیة من مهامها الأدبیة. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The commitment problem in the critical and poetic discourses of the contemporary Arbic literature
Faramarz Mirzaee Abdolhosein Feghhi'commitment problem' is one of the most important problems for the contemporary literary critics and poets of Arab world. Surprisingly, literary researcher by deep study finds that the commitment has different senses for Arab literary critics and Arab poets. literary cr More'commitment problem' is one of the most important problems for the contemporary literary critics and poets of Arab world. Surprisingly, literary researcher by deep study finds that the commitment has different senses for Arab literary critics and Arab poets. literary critics see it as an obligation to social affairs, whereas Arab poets put it in the vital sphere of the freedom of speech. The study of this problem of criticism is important because it shows the difference between literary criticism and poem and that the contemporary literary critic tries to criticize poems in terms of his/her critical desires not in terms of the poetic demands and needs of the poet. Why such a deep difference emerged between critical discourse and poetic one in Arab world? This article by use of a descriptive and analytic method and by reference to critics and poets ideas tries to answer the question. The results of the research shows that the contemporary Arab critic who relies on the ideas of western critics and their literary schools, specially literary socialism, proposes principles to evaluate Arabic poems, instead of speculating specifically Arabic poems and exploitimg critical rules from them. Thus, from his/her view point poet must be committed to social problems, specially social justice, whereas the Arab poet who is influenced from Sartrian ontological thought believes that he/she must be committed to freedom of speech and nothing more. This difference in the interpretation of a critical and literary notion as 'commitment' is speculative and deserves study to be clear why literary criticism is imitative and is not derived from the poems of Arab world, and why Arab critic imposes thoughts outside the literary text on the Arabic poems. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Multiple Beginnings and its Relation to the Novel in the Story of “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” by Jamal Naji
Reza Nazemian Majid BayatiThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, i MoreThe beginning of the novel is the gateway to its world. So this may cause some novelists to stop writing their own novels; because starting a novel is one of the most difficult things about writing a story. The beginning of a story can guide the reader into its world, if it is engaging and encouraging. So the first scene of the story can play a huge role in encouraging the reader and communicating with the text; because the beginning of the story is the bridge between the novelist and the reader. This research intends to examine the beginning of the novel based on its initial scene and it focuses on the techniques that the novelist used in the beginning of his novel. Although research on the beginning of the novel has had a prominent place in contemporary research on the novel, this field requires more effort to show the importance of the novel's beginning and to pay attention to its constitutive elements. The beginning of the novel “Endama Tashikh al-Zeab” has special potentials that draw our attention to it. The importance of this research is that it attempts to pay attention to the beginning of the story and its elements and examine the extent of connection of novel's beginning with the novel itself as an interconnected system and a text in the structural perspective. Therefore, this study deals with the first scene of the novel and draws attention to the relationship between the novel and its beginning. The results of this study show that the narrator has used techniques in this novel that those techniques have overcome on the modern novel and he has put the characters at tipping point of his attention to show a world full of contradictions. The narrator uses a polyphonic technique in this novel to avoid the traditional monotony. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Reading the novel afsāna al-Nedāhat (The Myth of Nedāha) of Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq with the emphasis on Goldman's genetic structuralist Criticism
Reza Mirzaei Alireza SheikhiSocial criticism is an attempt to highlight the relationship between society and literature, and creating a mutual ties between them. Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq is one of the pioneers of horror literature in Arabic. He wrote in 1990s a huge collection in horror genre. This col MoreSocial criticism is an attempt to highlight the relationship between society and literature, and creating a mutual ties between them. Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq is one of the pioneers of horror literature in Arabic. He wrote in 1990s a huge collection in horror genre. This collection called the "Supernatural", was helpful to his famous. From a social view point, Tawfiq dealt in supernatural series and especially in Afsana al-nadaha, with some of the issues of the Egyptian rural society in the last century. This article tries to reveal social aspects of the novel Afsana al-nadaha, within a descriptive-analytical method and relies on Lucien Goldman's genetic structuralist criticism. In this novel Ahmad Tawfiq Khalid examines the secrets of Egyptians backwardness and their encounter with new sciences in their progress periods and believes that the most important social problems in Egyptian rural society concerns poverty, superstitions and lack of education. The writer believes that the reform in rural society will be achieved through the education of people. Tawfiq expresses social pains and tries to inform his addressees of social consequences of superstitions and concerns related to the encounter of the society with the rapid advances in sciences. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Semiotic Study of the Ode Kalimāt li al-Vatan (Words for fatherland) by Tawfiq Ziād on Peirce Theory
Ali Pirani Abdollah Hosseini Hossein Abavisani Habibeh ZareiThe poems of Tawfiq Ziād are blended with signs and symbols that multiplied the charism of resistance poems, and their emotional feeling have influences on the addressees. The signs in Tawfiq’s poems are accompanied by the images of fatherland love that can convey MoreThe poems of Tawfiq Ziād are blended with signs and symbols that multiplied the charism of resistance poems, and their emotional feeling have influences on the addressees. The signs in Tawfiq’s poems are accompanied by the images of fatherland love that can convey the main message of the poem. Applying Peirce's semiotic model in the criticism of resistance poems in addition to analysis and decoding these poems, can be effective in understanding the thoughts of this great poet. So, the present article tries to analyze in an analytic-descriptive method the characteristics of the ode Kalimāt li al-Vatan (Words for fatherland) by Tawfiq Ziād from semiotic approach based on Pierce theory that is on the triad of icon, index and symbol basis. This article intends to make clear that what sort of aesthetic signs are used by Tawfiq Ziād, the contemporary Palestinian poet, and how he used aesthetic signs to influence the addressees, as well as to reveal how we can reach hidden aspects of the poet's thoughts in using signs and codes in the light of semiotic, interpretative and semantic criticisms. This article shows that Pierce semiotic theory is an appropriate pattern for research in modern poems and is more powerful than the traditional rhetorics in terms of interpretation. Furthermore, due to the nature and type of resistance poems that are composed in the atmosphere of tyranny and suffocation, their signs are implicit and mysterious. In this ode the symbolic signs are more than iconic signs and indces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Comparative analysis of a sonnet from ʽĀlemi of Dārābjerd with a sonnet from Saʽdī based on formalistic criticism
Azam Bazgiralvar Mahmood Tavoosi Maryam Amirarjmand Fatemeh EmamiExploring literary texts and critiques of such works has been always a subject of literary criticism. Formalism that from now on referred to as 'new criticism' emerged in 20 century. The literary texts analysis in this school was done solely through form and structure b MoreExploring literary texts and critiques of such works has been always a subject of literary criticism. Formalism that from now on referred to as 'new criticism' emerged in 20 century. The literary texts analysis in this school was done solely through form and structure based on linguistics. The authors of this paper intend to study and present a sonnet of Sa'adi (deceased in ah 690) as well as a sonnet of Mirza Sohrab of Darabjerdi with the pen name of (deceased in ah 975), from formalist criticism viewpoint in an analytic-descriptive method. After studying both sonnets and sources associated with formalist criticism, they concluded that the vocabulary used with negative connotation, music (exterior, lateral, and internal) as well as rhetorical figures and figures of speech in the two texts has significant role in conveying the meaning and content proposed by Sa'adi and of Darabjerd considered Sa'adi's style and language in his sonnets and has been successful in inducing his intended meaning of distress (hozn and andooh) from the sepration (hijrān), that is well influenced from the form and structure of Sa'adi's sonnets. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - A Jungian Archetypal Criticism of 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) by Sana al-Sha'lān
Samaneh Moosapoor Yusef Hadi pour Sayyed Ebrahim ArmanArchetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines MoreArchetypal criticism of Jung is one of the most important contemporary literary criticisms. Archetypes were first presented by Carl Gustav Jung, with reliance on the research in the fields of psychology, anthropology, religion, and history of civilizations. Jung defines archetypes as the universal mental images existing within the individual and collective sub-conscience and named their representations as the myth. The novel 'adrakha al-nessian' (Overtaken by Oblivion) is written using postmodern techniques and includes literary techniques such as: stream of consciousness, impressionism, and traveling in time. This novel narrates the story of a young red hair and red face girl, who has been raised in a nursery from the very beginning. As the story progresses, she faces many problems and, in the end, the author depicts her at the age of 60. By reading this story, we notice the obvious presence of many psychological aspects. Al-Sha'lan's works have always been included within the list of best literary works in both national and international ceremonies, and we can also witness the existence of archetypes within this novel. This paper, using the descriptive-analytic method and the psychological criticism approach, tends to examine the archetypes effective in the mentioned novel. As the results demonstrate, archetypes such as: Anima, the old sage, and self, have affected the flow of occurrences in this novel, helping to create the proper form and theme of narration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - The Problem of Identity Crisis in the Post-Colonial Criticism: Clarifying the Constituents of Identity Crisis in the Narrative Analysis
Boshra Jazayerirad Faramarz Mirzaei Khalil Parvini Hadi Nazari MonazamIdentity and identity crisis is the basis of post-colonial critique deals with ego-other polemics or colonized-colonialist confrontation and its consequences on the colonized identity crisis. Identity and dependency are introduced widely in a post-colonial novel and sto MoreIdentity and identity crisis is the basis of post-colonial critique deals with ego-other polemics or colonized-colonialist confrontation and its consequences on the colonized identity crisis. Identity and dependency are introduced widely in a post-colonial novel and story writers raised repeatedly the consequences of east-west confrontations on post-colonial identity in their works, because communicate with 'other' awakes the sense of dependency to identity in individuals and leads them to an independent and distinct identity. The 'other' from eastern perspective is the colonialist west that tries constantly to destroy their identities. The contemporary Arab novel dealt greatly with the ideals and issues of the society including the identity. So, it deserves to mention that the identity crisis and its reflections in the modern story writing which is caused by east-west confrontations. Thus, considering the importance of the 'identity crisis' in post-colonial criticism and the frequency of its introduction in Arabic stories, the present study relied on the components of post-colonial criticism, descriptive-analytic method, as well as application of deduction, accuracy and comparative reading intended to present new indicators to the analysis and reading identity crisis in novels. The indicators consist of six components: self-abasement complex; westernization; schizophrenia; castration anxiety; alienation backwardness and violence. By application of these components and examining the amount of each one in the story, understanding the identity crisis becomes easier and more accurate. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - cash of Ode “Andalusian wounds of Iraq” Based on Lacla and Mouffe Approach
پرویز احمدزاده هوچ Ali Sayadani Abdolahad Gheibi Atefeh RahmaniCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of MoreCritical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of the text which poses barriers to capturing its true sense. It helps discover underlying discourse and latent layers of meanings. CDA differs from discourse analysis in terms of its methodology of examination. It is not pure examination of text or discourse within the textual framework. Boshra albostani, a renowned contemporary Iraqi poetess with a prominent poetic status. The distinctive linguistic structures of her poems have captured the attention of researchers. Employing Laclau and Mouffe approach, this research attempts to examine Al Bostani’s Ode of “Andalusian wounds of Iraq”. As one of her notable works, this ode signals a civilizational attitude as it was composed during years of Iraq’s occupation. The theme of resistance is the centralsignifier of this work while betrayal and handing the keys to the country to outsiders form other signifiers around which other secondary signifiers are articulated. Chain of Equivalence takes shape to breaks the discourse of others. In an ideological foray, it attempts to unveil the actual, consistence identity of the other party. Here, the poet relies on an inspiring, dynamic poetic language to enchantingly portray the exposition of the actual identity of the other party. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Representation of Adler's inferiority complex in the main character of Eylul's novel entitled "birds of September"
Zahra Farid Saeedeh Farid Farzaneh RahmanianPsychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better MorePsychological criticism is considered as a new filed in which critic analyzes and investigate the hidden angles and psychological signs present in the characters in a literary work based on the principles of psychological theories in order to prepare the text for better analysis. The present study intends to analyze the personality of “Mena”- the narrator and protagonist present in a novel called “The Birds of September” written by Emili Nasrallah- a prominent Lebanese Writer. The novel narrates the failure and rejection of women of the Lebanese rural community including Mena and feeling inferiority, anonymity, and loneliness among them. Based on the Descriptive-Analytical method and within Adler's Individual psychological framework, this research aims to study the main feature of this theory, namely “Inferiority Complex”- and what reasons made her Mena's personality as well as the reflection of this feeling in her behaviors and compensation mechanism. Findings suggest that social environment and strict customs especially the dominant view of the father, the failure of love, and poverty have caused a feeling of inferiority in Mena. To overcome such feelings, she resorts to imaginary and incorrect methods such as using imagination and escaping from the reality of society and family which finally result in regretting, disappointing, and experiencing a sense of anonymity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Characteristics of Female Sonneteers during Andalus Era in the Light of Modern Psychological Criticism
Abbas Eqbali Faezeh Pasandi Abundance of skillful Poetesses in ode writing is one of the features of literature history during Andulus era. Hence, a great deal of Andalusian poems appertain to poetesses; The poems are of features like delicacy, accuracy, elegance and development. This is cl More Abundance of skillful Poetesses in ode writing is one of the features of literature history during Andulus era. Hence, a great deal of Andalusian poems appertain to poetesses; The poems are of features like delicacy, accuracy, elegance and development. This is clear that the basic characteristics of such poetic experience is derived from poetess's skill in representing ancient meanings with a modern method that differs from dominant meanings in traditional poems. Also nature of Andalusian land has led the poetess to use its clear and sensible elements in her poem. When the poetess sonnetizes, she clarifies her captivation and all great meanings which is considered as a female's nature. In addition, she intensively wishes in her poetic experience to make her poem distinct and different from others, far from her rivals' eyes and just with her own delight and enthusiasm. The present article introduces sonnets of Andalusian poetesses as a mirror of their psychological attitudes as well as including textual features derived from imagination which has in fact psychological origin based on modern psychological criticism in addition to studying Andalusian women's poetic approach with emphasis on poetesses like Bothayneh Bint AlMutamid, Zeynab Almerieh, Qamar Jarieh Ibrahim, Uom Al'ala Albint Yousuf, Veladeh Albint Almostakfi. This study also clarifies that poems of Andalusian poetesses with chastely love have psychological characteristics like pain of Love, nostalgia, lack of will, Nirvana, masochism. In contrast, permissible lyric poems are with features like sexuality, affront and precision. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Intertextual analysis of the tale "the porter with girls" in the Qajar Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights, based on the Bertrand WestphalGeocriticism
mohammad parsanasab mohammad ali rajabi bahador bagheri nafiseh alsadat abdolbaghaeeThe theory of intertextuality is one of the major discoveries of the twentieth century that investigates the network connection between the texts, and so far has proceeded the new approaches in human science and specially literature and art through various methods by ma MoreThe theory of intertextuality is one of the major discoveries of the twentieth century that investigates the network connection between the texts, and so far has proceeded the new approaches in human science and specially literature and art through various methods by many researchers. In Geocriticism of Bertrand Westphal in the Post-structuralism period, as one of the important approaches of this pervasive knowledge, intertextuality deals with the importance of space, place and geography in literary-artistic works. Until now, the role of geography hasn't grown to such an extent in the formation of knowledge. Sann'y-al-Molk's Qajar Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights in Golestan palace is considered as one of the unique illustrated versions in the world which has a special intertextual position in pre-text conversations and images. This version is also in interaction with theoretical and methodological principles of Bertrand Westphal that has an important irony and interdisciplinary position in geocriticism. By considering this approach and selecting seven interwoven tales of "the porter with girls" which have been portrayed with fifteen images of pictorial narratives of Sann'y al-Molk in the mentioned version, as well as analyzing the position of intertextuality in different periods of its emergence, the present article analyses this literary-artistic work in the field of geocriticism of Westphal. Writers have paid attention to the analytical-descriptive approach and its application in analyzing the text and the figures. Qajar's Manuscript of Thousand and One Nights of Sann'y al-Molk is a polyphonic work with a human-cultural boundless geography which has been talking to us with the two layers of text and figure. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The Analysis of the Concept of Poetry from Rafeyi and Oghad’s Viewpoints
Hamed Sedghi Hamed Fashi Analysis of critical views to figure out poem’s meaning usually ignites critical disagreements and numerous discussions because, mostly, in any juncture by any poet and textual critic, a special definition is produced. On the&n More Analysis of critical views to figure out poem’s meaning usually ignites critical disagreements and numerous discussions because, mostly, in any juncture by any poet and textual critic, a special definition is produced. On the other hand, a poem is the heart of art with spiritual quality that this quality will link it to human spirit and so any artist, as a human, has his own spirit. So this would cause that anyone, depending on his spiritual manner gives a different definition than others over poem. The other dimension of this feature is poem’s multilateral aspect because human spirit isn’t a one- dimensional phenomenon. Therefore, whatever linked to spirit can’t be one dimensional and lately leads to complication and hardens the normative logical definition of poem. Thus many contemporaneous literary men try to give a definition based on their experience by contemplating on their own poetic observation. We have chosen two poets who are authoritative at criticism as well ,to give a deep, new and different definition of poetry. In this research we aim to practice by analyzing two Arab critics views concerning each poem's definition, context of poetry, with giving public sight about this artistic phenomenon, with a special analysis of critics' books with thematic analysis of Rafeyi and Oghad’s verse and prose literature, to make a new design for poem’s definition by pivoting their opinion, and judging their literary controversy in artistic dimension as far as we can. According to research, a poem is a phenomenon including innate, divine, sensible sentiment, efficient notion, musical words, in both critics' opinion. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - A Sociological Criticism of the Novel Curse of the Land by Jalal Al-e- Ahmad
Ali Ganjian Rezvan JamshidianSociology of literature has relation with sociology on the one hand and and the literature on the other hand. Delving into the relation between literature and society forms basis of socialogical criticism of the literature. This approach focuses mainly on the stru MoreSociology of literature has relation with sociology on the one hand and and the literature on the other hand. Delving into the relation between literature and society forms basis of socialogical criticism of the literature. This approach focuses mainly on the structure and content of literary work and its relationship with society and interactions of literature, society and reflection of social issues through author's intellectual, belief and social views are investigated in a literary work. This article is to criticize and study the novel Curse of the Land by Jalal Al-e-Ahmad from sociological perspective. The theme of the novel is consequences of Land Reform Law and enterance of technology into Iranian villages. The author portrays properly status of different groups of rural community in this work after enforcing Land Reform Law and losing traditions and invasion of modernism. He expresses political and social issues from position of a social critic and makes interaction between society and the novel by artistic expression. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Criticism and Study of theTwo Colors Red and Green in Poems of Nazik Al-Malaika
Ali Piranishal Zohre Naemi Khadije Hashemi The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika use More The color is the most striking element in forming sensory images of old and contemporary poets. Poets have used colorful words to objectify poetic images and to discover and explain the relationship between poetic images. Indeed Nazik Al-Malaika uses different colors to interpret thoughts, emotions and feelings. Due to the importance and beauties of red and green in the poems of Nazik Al-Malaika, this article studies and criticizes these colors and their implications in his poems. The method of this research is descriptive-analytic and statistically based. Colors represented her emotions, grieves and joys ;However in some delicate cases, she has taken advantage of non-genuine position of colors and converted one color to another one as an element of beauty and induction of political and social concepts.. The poet’s great attention to colors, different meanings, symbolic implications and their beauties show that she has had an intelligent look at the moments of life and the nature around her. She was impressed by events, social and political changes and the selection of red shows his interior desire toward effort and implies referents like love, liberty and modesty . The selection of green after red is a symbol of hope, life and desire and fulfillment of desires. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Abdolhosein Zarinkoob and His Critical Point of Views
Tayebe BaratiContemporary literary circle has grown so vast that there is no way to cover it all at one instance. Discussions about all literary methods in fields such as poetry, essay, journalism, drama, and fiction are of critical issues. Introducing literary scholars in the field MoreContemporary literary circle has grown so vast that there is no way to cover it all at one instance. Discussions about all literary methods in fields such as poetry, essay, journalism, drama, and fiction are of critical issues. Introducing literary scholars in the field of literature and offering their point of view and uncovering their notions may provide valuable insight toward these methods, identifying right and wrong. Of these scholars who has a significant role in literature and criticism, and has valuable point of views about literary works in different age of Persian literature the name Abdolhosein Zarinkoob is no doubt the first to recall. His profound knowledge of English, Arabic, and French languages emancipated Persian literary criticism from restrictions and limitations which led subjective criticism into an objective one, and paved the way for contemporary literary criticism. Some of his perspectives are presented in this paper Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - The Analysis of Nirfana in the Sonnet "Afif" (Chaste) Based on Modern Psychological Criticism with a Case Study of Aboobakr Mohammad Davood Esfahani
Roohollah Sayyadinejad Faezeh PasandiSonnet "Afif" found existence during Abbasid period, in spite of presence of Sufi poets and on top of them Mohammad Davood Esfahani known as Zaheri who went beyond physical sensation and lived with a pure and holy love. This sonnet was the result of unaffected Islamic e MoreSonnet "Afif" found existence during Abbasid period, in spite of presence of Sufi poets and on top of them Mohammad Davood Esfahani known as Zaheri who went beyond physical sensation and lived with a pure and holy love. This sonnet was the result of unaffected Islamic education in which religious teachings immingled with human spirit which resulted in chastity and virtue. Among most important features of this sonnet is "Nirfana" which had great influence on Arabic poetry progress because it created a distinct poetic purpose and in addition to maintaining classic poetic methods it was influenced by Islamic civilization and other cultures of that time. The aim of this study is to reveal some characteristics of spiritual nurturing being common among Buda, Sufi and importance of mystic life and its position in these two religions and to discover scientific methods and tools to accommodate it with keeping away from sensual desires and moving toward divine essence as well as investigating Nirfana's thought in the sonnet "Afif". Death, pain, lack of will, inner tension, and masochism are some of its most important elements. Therefore, exact investigating of this poet's poems will reveal its technical value and chaste approach in studying this distinct poetic aspect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Divan Literary Society: The Growth of Literature and Criticism in Twentieth Century
Seyed Soleiman AshkvarThrough a detailed investigation in the contemporary Arabic literature during 20th century it can be inferred that literature and art has developed remarkably towards innovation and away from imitation. It is natural that this lunge has not occurred overnight. In fact, MoreThrough a detailed investigation in the contemporary Arabic literature during 20th century it can be inferred that literature and art has developed remarkably towards innovation and away from imitation. It is natural that this lunge has not occurred overnight. In fact, in literature no change is feasible without the proper and sufficient background. These backgrounds provide the new tendencies and dimensions in literary arena. Among these the impact of Divan literary society as followers of some special schools is undeniable. As the pioneer of inventiveness and novelty Divan literary society has achieved vehement thoughts such as horizontal and vertical cohesion of the poem, personal poetic experiences ,poetic formalism, freedom of interpretation, the originality of conscience,etc through a comprehensive analysis and speculations on contemporary western literature as well as the pure Arabic literature. The Society paved the way for the emergence of new literature regardless of some failure at the outset and opened up a new literature, incomparable to the past. On the road to success, some other literary societies in West and East cooperated to wear the tattered coat of imitation off the weary body of literature and poetry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - The Criticism of the Explanations of the Muallaqat (synchronized study
Somayeh Hasan Alian sayyedmohammadreza IbnorrasoolConsidering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing many of the Jahelliah words a great number of commentators paid attention MoreConsidering the importance of Muallaqat in Arabic literature, as well as its importance in the various sciences of language , literature, grammar and also containing many of the Jahelliah words a great number of commentators paid attention to them. In the present study, it is intended to study the critical method of commentators in their explanations of the Muallaqat, descriptive - analytical method being employed. The results of the study reveals that commentators paid attention to criticism although it isn’t much. And their critical views are focused on technical levels (Dictionary, phonetics, syntax, rhetoric) and semantic level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Critical- Analytical Study ofMarounAbboud's views about Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad's poems
Jamal TalebiAbbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. T MoreAbbas Mahmoud AL-Aqqad is considered as one of illustriouspersonalities of Arab world in contemporary era. He is said to be of great works in social, political, religious and literary areas and does not ignore to compose poem and has published about ten poetic divans. There are hot critical views about his poetry and the critics are divided into three groupspros and cons and moderate. Famous Lebanese critic,Maroon Abboud, is the toughest opponent of his poetry and heridicules and criticizes his poems in a harsh way. Studying the poetry of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Aqqad,it is clear that Abboud's views are far from scientific spirit and constructive criticism;they are in restraints of categoriesbeing dominant in criticism of Arab world in twentieth century. In studying the poetry Aqqad says “I do not compare him with Naji, Abushadi, Taha, Seirafi, Khafif, Bashar Fars,SalehJaudat,ZakiMobarak and anyone who has engaged in composing poetry in Egypt. All of them even ZakiMobarakare better than him.” Accordingly, it is necessary for us to study and criticize Abboud'sopinionsand thoughts fairly and impartially and to showreal face of Aqqad'spoetry especially in "al-Karwan gift", "vahyAl-Arba'aeen" and "AberSl-Sabil" distinguished in terms of innovation, subject orientation, unity and integration of the ode. The main finding of this study is that in many cases Abbouddoes notobservefair judgment and is influenced by personal and group interests althoughin some cases his criticism is fair and right. This is due to the fact that competition among critics in Arab world, particularly in Egypt and Lebanon in the twentieth century led the criticism towards bigotry and away from true scientific spirit Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
46 - The Impact of the West on the Contemporary Arab Literary Criticism
Hassan Majidi Mohammad AhmadniaTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. & MoreTranslation is of the most striking manifestations of contemporary Arabic literature.This phenomenon in contemporary Western criticism of the discussions that influenced this effect is due to communication and connection with the Arab literature and West. Contemporaneous cash and cash schools, especially schools Divan Court are external factors affecting research. But the important point is that despite all these effects a society is required that is dynamic culture. Americas since time is not on the cash flows, Arab heritage did not forget the new methods of cash from their roots and the old nobility was not isolated. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
47 - A Sociological Reading of Poetic Innovations in AbuNuwas’s Poetry
Azade montazeriAbu Nuwas Hasan Ibn Hani,Persian poet, is one of the greatest poets in Arabic literature and his innovative effortsinthe poetry have been followed by different Studiesanddiscussions throughtheages. In this study, it is tried to analyze AbuNuwas'spoetic innovations MoreAbu Nuwas Hasan Ibn Hani,Persian poet, is one of the greatest poets in Arabic literature and his innovative effortsinthe poetry have been followed by different Studiesanddiscussions throughtheages. In this study, it is tried to analyze AbuNuwas'spoetic innovations based on sociological reading .It is aimed to find motives and reasons for this literaryeventinthefirstAbbasid period, like hisShiitetendenciesand appearanceof new socialclasses whichcameaftermixing ofArabculturewith other cultures,in addition to contradictions and the rapid changes in the new society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
48 - The Study of Imam Ali’s Sermon from the Formalists Approach
Hamid Ahmadiyan Ali Saidavi This article contains an aesthetic analysis of Imam Ali’s Sermon “Welayah”, using the views of the Formalists such as Roman Jakobson and Viktor Shhlovsky. The Formalists believe that it is the “Form” that creates the me More This article contains an aesthetic analysis of Imam Ali’s Sermon “Welayah”, using the views of the Formalists such as Roman Jakobson and Viktor Shhlovsky. The Formalists believe that it is the “Form” that creates the meaning. In this article, the concept and content of the Imam’s sermon is studied, considering the structural, phonological and lexical features along with its figurative language with regard to its whole form and structure leading to a deep concept which can only be appreciated through a formalistic study. The structure of this sermon is fully established on the opposition between the pious and the wicked, truth and false, virtue and doubt, peace and riot and going back to early Islam, from the beginning to the end of Imam’s Caliphate. In his profound thoughts and views, Imam Ali predicted confusion and confrontation. He expressed it in a sublime language, firm tone, deep affection, awesome and involving rhythm and creative imagination. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
49 - Investigation and Interpretation of Sohrab Sepehri's Hasht-ketab(Eight-Volumes) in the Light of Mathematics
Javad Qorbani Alireza Iranbakhsh Existence of words and concepts of basic sciences including mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics in the poetry causes many form and conceptual rises and falls for which further investigation and criticism are necessary. Science always accompanies More Existence of words and concepts of basic sciences including mathematics, geology, biology, chemistry and physics in the poetry causes many form and conceptual rises and falls for which further investigation and criticism are necessary. Science always accompanies with accuracy and science introduction into poetic and literary area will also involve it in accuracy and give it more depth. Sometimes it helps having right understanding of poetry and sometimes hides and codifies it and makes its understanding more difficult. Mathematics is considered as one of basic sciences and penetration of its words and concepts in poetry area causes some evolutions in its content, form and understanding rate which is investigable. This research aims to investigate relation between mathematics and literature and influence of mathematics entering poetry considering Hasht Behesht by Sohrab Sepehri and also influence of this science on understanding rate of poetry in addition to extracting all mathematical words and concepts from Sepehri’s poems. For authors, introduction of mathematical concepts and words into Sepehri’s poetry has been very effective and in most cases it has played an important role like creating brevity, imagination and imagery and giving accuracy to the poetry. Although entrance of these words has sometimes increased poetic richness and made its concept deeper and more influencing, it has caused complexity of poetic understanding such that if this possible complexity and constraint removes, understanding and comprehension of the poetry will be more productive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
50 - Structural Criticism of Allama Seyed Mohammad Hossein Fadlallah Poems with Emphasis on Several Poetic Odes in Fi darub Alsab'aein Divan
Sayyed Mohammad Mirhosseini Elham MaryamiThe work Fi Darub Alsab'aein by Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Fadl- allah has dedidated a superiority and importance to itself applying classic and new odes with a mystical and emotional language for visiting God and a deep thinking about what has been obtained during the lif MoreThe work Fi Darub Alsab'aein by Sayyed Mohammad Hossein Fadl- allah has dedidated a superiority and importance to itself applying classic and new odes with a mystical and emotional language for visiting God and a deep thinking about what has been obtained during the life. What has worked in transferring the poet's message is form and structure of the odes. Structuralism is an effort to discover new signs and to understand inner relations of the work. In this study we aim to investigate existing bases related to structuralist criticism in several odes of the Divan in addition to offering a description of Allama's life, his poetic talent and introducing the Divan. For this reason we focus on two linguistic layers of the poem; outside layer is same poetic rhythm and rhyme, phonetic, verbal and synthactic structures and median layer is poetic images, sign and symble which have been explained with examples. In this study, we try to consider a kind of union between structure and content of the work and to offer a more accurate understanding and perception of its poems and their messages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
51 - A Sociological Analysis of Naguib Mahfouz's Works with a Close look at The Novel Children of Gebelawi( Owlade Haratana)
Abdol Ghasem Torabi Seyyed Hossein SeyediThe formation and creation of every work of art is influenced by social milieu. The sociological criticism is an attempt to reveal the relationship between society and literature. The science of sociology started during nineteenth century and great authors such as MoreThe formation and creation of every work of art is influenced by social milieu. The sociological criticism is an attempt to reveal the relationship between society and literature. The science of sociology started during nineteenth century and great authors such as Madame de Stael, Hippolyte Taine, and great philosophers and thinkers such as Marx, and Hegel developed it more comprehensively. Undoubtedly novels and stories are influenced by social conditions and the society is also influenced by these works. Thus there is a mutual relationship between a literary work and society. Naguib Mahfouz is one of the authors who has paid attention to different social aspects. This paper which approaches his works based on sociological criticism –with a close look at Children of Gebelawi- tries to deal with social problems and shows that his works have affected the improvement of the Egyptian society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
52 - The Social Criticism of Literature (Birth and Evolution)
Azade montazeri Mohammad Khaghani Mansoureh ZarkoubCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of lit MoreCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of literature is one of the main ways in literary studies founded by Marxist dialectic. This study is an attempt to explain the social critique of the literature on descriptive analytical methods and to attribute the thoughts and opinions that have been raised in relation to literature and society. After investigating the theory of "Mimesis", Marxist dialectic theory will be discussed and finally, Lukacs and his followers' theory will be studied due to the fact that there is no contradiction between the sociology of literature and personal literary creations since investigating of literal works without concerning its social context is impossible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
53 - The"Beshriia" Ode and its Verse Persian Translation from Musical Point of View
Mohammad Rahimi Narges GanjiThe "Beshr ibn Avana"s poetry called "Beshriia ode" has been translated to Persian poetry by the contemporary Iranian poet "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar". And he has tried to communicate all aspects of the text into the target language. One of the most im MoreThe "Beshr ibn Avana"s poetry called "Beshriia ode" has been translated to Persian poetry by the contemporary Iranian poet "Mohammad Hossein Shahriar". And he has tried to communicate all aspects of the text into the target language. One of the most important aspects of the poetry is the Music lyrics that we see "Shahriar" transmitted it beautifully. This study tries to make a comparison between translation and the original text.The most important finding of this research is to show that the Music lyrics in two Persian and Arabic poetry helped poets to express thoughts in the best way, as sometimes we see that music and lyrical space suit in the best form sometimes accompanied with saga and pride. Manuscript profile
Sanad
Sanad is a platform for managing Azad University publications
Links
Related Centers
Technical Support
Official pages
The rights to this website are owned by the Raimag Press Management System.
Copyright © 2021-2024