This research aimed to investigate the process of pistachios solar drying in two different conditions of the designed dryer (recycle and without recycle modes). As well, in this study, the drying kinetics curves of pistachio were drawn and its dewatering behavior was monitored by empirical models. Furthermore, the mass transfer rate (MTR) of the examined product during drying in two noted modes was determined by Fick’s 2nd law. Maximum, minimum, and average values of collector output air temperature were recorded 54.20, 32.30, and 42.99oC & 47.10, 30.70, and 40.03oC in air recycle and without air recycle modes, respectively. The results dedicated that, 18.75 % saving in drying time was obtained for air recycle mode compared with without air recycle mode. Also, the obtained data revealed that the drying rate of pistachio nut under recycle mode was higher than that of pistachio nut under without recycle mode, especially during the first hours of drying. Moreover, the empirical modeling showed that the Parabolic and Diamante et al. models were found to be the most suitable for describing drying curve of the thin layer solar drying process of whole pistachio nut under recycle and without recycle modes, respectively. In addition, the highest value of effective moisture diffusivity was observed in solar dried pistachio nut under air recycle mode with the Deff value of 2.26×10-6 m2/h (R2=0.9265). Manuscript profile

Today, food enrichment is one of the most widely used methods in benefiting the food processing industry. The effects of four different dietary groups [basic diet (I), basic diet+flaxseed oil (II), basic diet+non-absorbable fiber+flaxseed oil (III)& basic diet+non-absorbable fiber+fish oil (IV)] were studied on the development of eggs with high content of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids &vitamin D3. To achieve this goal, the egg yolk oil was extracted by the cold extraction method and analyzed by gas chromatography. A total of 24 fatty acid compounds were identified in egg yolk oil, which ~48-52% of contained monounsaturated fatty acids (mainly oleic acid). The diet modifications significantly (p<0.05) increased the total content of egg yolk omega-3 fatty acids, and the highest value was observed in the diet (III) (84.2% increase compared to the control). The highest elevations were observed in ALA (3.49%), DPA (0.24%), and DHA (1.21%) fatty acids. Also, the ratio of ω-6/ω-3 fatty acids was ~18.36% in the control group (I), while in the diets II, III, and IV, the ratios decreased to ~3.79 (~80%), ~3.16 (~83%), and ~6.09 (~67%), respectively. Overall, the results indicated that diet (III) & (IV) were the most effective to increase the content of omega-3 fatty acids and Vit-D3 in egg yolk, respectively. Manuscript profile

The physical properties of almond kernel are necessary for the proper design of equipment for transporting, drying, processing, sorting, grading, and storage this crop. In this study, different models of ANNs with different activation functions were used to forecast surface area, volume, mass, and kernel density of almond. The results showed that multilayer perceptron network with tanh-tanh activation function as a goodness activation function can be estimated surface area, volume, mass, and kernel density with R2 value 0.983, 0.986, 0.981, and 0.982, respectively. Furthermore, the physical properties were fitted by regression relationships, the result showed linear regression method can be predicted surface area, volume, mass and kernel density with R2 value 0.979, 0.961, 0.945, and 0.791, respectively. Generally, the result showed neural network model had high ability to forecast the physical properties of almond than the linear regression method. Manuscript profile

جهت ارزیابی پارامترهای رئولوژیکی کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل با غلظت‌های 35، 50 و 65 درجۀ بریکس و دماهای 35، 45 و oC65، از یک ویسکومتر چرخشی استفاده شد. سپس مدل‌های ریاضی مختلف شامل اُسوالد-دی‌اُل (سیال قانون توان)، بینگهام، کاسون پلاستیک، هرشل بالکلی، کاسون اصلاح شده و سیسکو، به منظور تعیین ویژگی‌های جریانی کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل بکار گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل در دامنۀ غلظت و دمای به ترتیب 35-65 درجۀ بریکس و 35-oC65 دارای رفتار غیرنیوتنی، رقیق شونده با برش (1>n) است. رابطۀ تنش برشی و آهنگ برشی کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل نشان داد که، فقط مدل کاسون اصلاح شده توانست پارامترهای رئولوژیکی کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل را توصیف نماید. محاسبات ریاضی نشان داد که پارامترهای ضریب قوام و شاخص رفتار جریان کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل به ترتیب وابسته به دما و مستقل از زمان بودند. رابطۀ آرنیوس نشان داد که انرژی فعالسازی (Ea) کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل به دو فاکتور مهم غلظت و گرانروی ظاهری وابسته بوده و در دامنۀ 076/0 تا mol/kJ 34/20 تغییر می‌کند. معادلات توانی و نمایی به طور کافی تأثیر غلظت را روی گرانروی ظاهری کنسانترۀ کدوی تَنبَل بیان نمودند. با این حال، رابطۀ نمایی برازش بهتری در توصیف رفتار یاد شده داشت. Manuscript profile

پرتودهی با اشعه گاما یکی از روش‌هایی است که امروزه به طور گسترده برای حذف آلودگی میکروبی مواد غذایی به کار می‌رود. در این پژوهش تأثیر پرتودهی گاما در سه سطح 6، 8 و 10 کیلوگری بر روی خصوصیات فیزیکی و میکروبی آویشن شیرازی بررسی شد. مقایسه میانگین بین تیمارهای به روش حداقل اختلاف معنی‌دار(LSD) در سطح احتمال 99 درصد انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که پرتودهی تا دُز 10 کیلوگری هیچ گونه تأثیر سویی بر روی رنگ آویشن نداشت. همچنین بیشترین تغییرات میزان رطوبت، روغن فرار و اندیس حلالیت آویشن در دُز بالاتر از 6 کیلوگری مشاهده شد. استفاده از دُز پرتودهی با شدت 10 کیلوگری منجر به حذف کامل آلودگی میکروبی آویشن شد. با توجه به اینکه دُز پرتودهی با شدت kGy 10 سبب حذف کامل آلودگی میکروبی آویشن شد، بنابراین استفاده از پرتودهی تا این دُز برای آلودگی‌زدایی آویشن پیشنهاد می‌شود. Manuscript profile

The kinetic mechanisms governing fatty acid (FA) degradation and microbial growth rate in seafood products are of paramount importance. This study evaluated the interactive effects of propolis incorporation at varying concentrations and storage duration on fatty acid oxidation kinetics and its inhibitory role in suppressing bacterial and fungal proliferation in frozen fish burger patties (FFB) stored at -18°C. The rates of fatty acid degradation and microbial growth in FFB during the storage period were found to follow zero-order kinetic models. After three months of storage, the treatment group containing 0.4% propolis (P-IV) exhibited the lowest growth rates (log10 CFU/g) for total viable count (3.66) and fungi (2.43). Correspondingly, this group displayed the lowest rate of peroxide value increase (k0 = 0.0462 meq O2/kg oil/day), indicative of minimal fatty acid oxidation, and received the highest sensory evaluation scores. The results demonstrate that incorporating 0.4% propolis into FFB and storing them at -18°C can effectively retard lipid oxidation and microbial proliferation, while concomitantly enhancing sensory quality for up to 86 days, which can be considered the optimal shelf life under these conditions. Manuscript profile