ارزیابی ساختار کالبدی- فضایی شهرهای ایران از دیدگاه مدرنیسم و پست مدرنیسم (مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر تهران)
محورهای موضوعی : مطالعات برنامه ریزی شهری و منطقه اییوسف زین العابدین 1 , نوبخت سبحانی 2 , فرانک سعیدی فرد 3 , مجید اکبری 4
1 - دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران
2 - دانش آموخته دکتری، جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد علوم تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 - دانشجوی دکتری، جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران
4 - دانشجوی دکتری، جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: فضا, مدرنیسم, پست مدرنیسم, کلانشهر تهران, برنامه‌ریزی شهری,
چکیده مقاله :
بررسی مراحل رشد و توسعه کالبدی شهرهای جهان حاکی از تأثیر دو پارادایم مدرنیسم و پست‌مدرنیسم بر سازمان و ساختار فضایی شهرها می‌باشد. به‌گونه‌ای که تأثیرات این دو پارادایم منجر به توسعه شهرها، ایجاد و توسعه شبکه ارتباطی و بزرگراه‌ها، ایجاد شهرک‌های اقماری و حومه شهرها شده و بیش‌ترین تأثیر را در حوزه فضایی و کالبدی شهرها برجای گذاشته است. مدرنیسم و اثر آن مدرنیته، تأثیراتی بنیادی در حوزه‌های اجتماعی، سیاسی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و کالبدی فضایی داشته است و بیش از همه، تحول جامعه شهری، آن‌هم در ابعاد کالبدی-فضایی شهر، را هدف قرار داده و مفاهیم کهن شهرسازی را به‌شدت دگرگون کرده است. از سویی دیگر پست‌مدرنیسم نیز در زمینه ی اقتصادی، اجتماعی، سیاست و درزمینه روش‌شناسی نیز تأثیراتی بر سازمان فضایی شهر داشته است. در همین راستا هدف از پژوهش حاضر ارزیابی ساختار فضایی کلانشهر تهران از دیدگاه مدرنیسم و پست‌مدرنیسم می‌باشد. روش این تحقیق توصیفی- تحلیلی بوده و جمع‌آوری اطلاعات بر اساس مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی تدوین‌شده است. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که در مدرنیسم مؤلفه‌های دیدگاه کالبدی و شهرسازی تک‌بعدی، ایجاد فضاخورها نظیر؛ ایجاد بزرگراه‌ها، شبکه‌های هوایی و معماری و ساخت‌وساز بلند مرتبه و دانه‌دار به ترتیب در جایگاه‌های اول تا سوم و در پست‌مدرنیسم مؤلفه‌های؛ ترکیب کاربری‌ها و وجود تنوع در ساخت مسکن، وجود اصل اختیار در کالبد شهر و تراکم متوسط و کاربری ترکیبی اشاره کرد که در جایگاه‌های اول تا سوم ازلحاظ تأثیرگذاری بر ساختار فضایی بر کلانشهر تهران نقش داشته‌اند. بنابراین تلفیق دانش و تجربیات بومی، مدرن و پسامدرن می‌تواند ضمن حفظ هویت شهری، ایمنی، زیبایی، توسعه پایدار شهری را تحقق بخشد.
Investigating stages of physical growth and development in the cities of the world indicates the effect of two paradigms of modernism and postmodernism on the organization and spatial structure of cities. So that the effects of these two paradigms have led to the development of cities, the establishment and development of communication networks and highways, the creation of satellite towns and suburbs , and the greatest impact on the spatial and physical area of cities. Modernism and the effect of that modernity have had fundamental effects on the social, political, economic, cultural and physical spheres and most of all targeting the transformation of the urban community, including the city's physical-spatial dimensions, also they have greatly changed the concepts of urban culture. On the other hand, postmodernism has also had an impact on the spatial structure of city in terms of economic, social, political and methodological issues. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the spatial structure of Tehran metropolis from the perspective of modernism and postmodernism. The methodology of this research is descriptive-analytic and data collection is based on library and documentary studies. The results show that in modernism, components such as the physical viewpoint and single-dimensional urbanization, the creation of space spheres such as the creation of highways, air networks and architecture and high-rise construction and beady, respectively, were in the first to third positions, also in postmodernism components such as the mixed use and the diversity of housing construction, the existence of the principle of choice in the structure of city, and the average density and combined use of the combination, played a role in the first to third positions in terms of influencing the spatial structure on Tehran metropolis.
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Alamdari, K. (1994). Sociology of Postmodernism (2). Adine Magazine, 96, 62-74. (In Persian)
Aliakbari, E. (2004). An Approach to Reviving Past Values in Contemporary Urbanism. Paek Noor, 2 (2), 78-63. (In Persian)
Arentsen. M., Stam, L., & Rick, Thuijs. (2004). postmodern approaches to space. Smart link press. London.
Asghari, M., & Shafiei, (2012). Similarities and differences between modern and postmodern architecture. Moon Art, 174, 24-29. (In Persian)
Azimi Bolurian, A. (2010). The Concept of Land Use in Development Planning, Origins, Evolution and Experience of Iran. Publishing Rasa (In Persian)
Best, S., & Kellner, D. (1997). The Postmodern Turn. Guilford Press.
Dabagh, A.M., & Mokhtab, M. (2011). Interpretation of Architecture by Post-modern Foundation with Semiotics Aspect. Hovit Shahr, 9 (5), 72-59. (In Persian)
Daryaelal, B., Reyhaneh Hoseledar, S. (2012). Review of The concept of "identity" in contemporary Iranian architecture. Guilan Construction Engineering Organization, Technique and Art, 52, 14-18. (In Persian)
Ellin, N. (1999). Postmodern Urbanism. Princeton Architectural Press, New York.
Ezatpanah, B. (2008). The role of power in the spatial structure of cities (case study: Sanandij), Ph.D thesis in Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. (In Persian)
Ezdani, M.H., & pourahmad, A. (2007). The influence of modernism upon the physical transformation of Iranian- Islamic citis (tabrizs case study). Geoghrafical research,22 (1), 29-52.
Fakouhi, N. (2001). New towns spatial planning and energy optimal use strategy. Journal Civil engineering, 8, 1-17. (In Persian)
Fakouhi, N. (2010). Urban Anthropology. Publishing nai. (In Persian)
Farah, f. (2007). Sustainability approach in the context of urbanization. Environmental Science and Technology, 9 )1(, 111-120. (In Persian)
Fincher, R., & Jane, J. (1998). Cities of Difference; New York and Landon. The Gulford Press 1998. P 255
Ghobadian, V., & Rezaei, R. (2014). The First Modern Square in Tehran City (Historical and Spatial Evolution of Old Tehran Squares until Modern Age). Human geogrfhy Research, 45 (4), 196-177. (In Persian)
Ghorbani, R., & Jame Kasra, M. (2010). Pedestranization as a new approach for the renewal of urban centers a case study of Tarbiat pedestrian way of Tabriz. Journal Regional Studies and Research, 2 (3), 72-55. (In Persian).
Giddens, A. (1377). The Consequences of Modernity. Translation by Mohsen Solati, Printable Version, Markaz Publishing. (In Persian)
Habermas, Y. (2008). Strukturwandel transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry in to a category of bourgeois society. Translator Jamal Mohammadi, markaz publication. (In Persian)
Healy, P., & Williams, R. (2000). European Union Spatial Policy and Planning. Routledge, London.
Hirt, S. A. (2005). Toward Postmodern Urbanism? Evolution of Planning in Cleveland, Ohio. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25, 27-42.
Hosseinzadeh Dalir, K., & Hooshir, H. (2005). Modernism and Its Influence on Iran's Architecture and Urbanism. Geography and Planning, 19, 222-207. (In Persian)
Irani, H. (200). Emanism in the secular spirituality wave. Journal of Book Review, 391, 422-45. (In Persian)
Jamali, F., & Heydari Chapaneh, R. (2001). Discussion of postmodern urbanism. Journal of Faculty of Letters & Humanities, 180, 79-124. (In Persian)
Jamali, F., & Maleki, S. (2004). Urban doctrine of Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture and Urbanism. The Culture of Ilam Magazine, 18 & 19, 5-21. (In Persian)
Madanipour, A. (2000). Design of Urban Space: An Inquiry into a Socio-Spatial Process. Translator, Farhad Mortazai. Publishing, Urban Planning and Processing Co, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mallinis, G. D., Emmanoloudis, V., Giannakopoulos, & Maris, F. (2011). Mapping and Interpreting Historical Land Cover/Land Use Changes in a Natura 2000 Site Using Earth Observational Data: The Case of Nestos Delta, Greece. Applied Geography, 31 (1), 312-320.
Martinez. S. (2007). Postmodern Vs. modernism and city position. Journal of Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 74, 9-23.
Mashhadi Zadeh Dehaghani, N. (1999). An Analysis of Urban Planning charactristics in Iran. Publication of Iran University of Science and Technology. (In Persian)
Masomi, S. (2011). Comparative survey on the sustainable social development indexes Tehran metropolis district. Journal of Geographical Sciences. (In Persian)
Naghizadeh, M. (1999). The Relationship between the Identity of Iranian Architectural Tradition and Modernism and Modernism. Honarhaye Zeba, 7, 79-91. (In Persian)
Narimah, S. (2006). Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Urban Land Use Planning in Malaysia. The4th Taipei International Conference on Digital Earth, Taiwan.
Nazariyan, A. (2007). Iranian urban geography. Payam Noor University Press. (In Persian)
Nazariyan, A. (2012). Dynamics of Iran urban system. Publication Mobtakeran. (In Persian)
Nozari, H. A. (2000). Postmodernity and Postmodernism Publishing, naghsh Jahan. (In Persian)
Papeli Yazdi, M. H., & Rajabi Sanaajerdi, H. (2010). The theory of urban and surrounding. Publication samt.
Parsipoor, H., & Zieatavana, M.H. (2013). Postmodernism and city with emphasis on urban designing and planning patterns. Journal Mangment System, 4 (13), 57-76. (In Persian)
Pazhuhan, M., Eliaszade Moghadam, N., & Fathei, S. (2013). A Comparative Study of Land Use System in Modernism and Postmodernism Schools. Human Geogrfhy Research, 45 (2), 17-36. (In Persian)
Rabbani, R., & Badri, E. (2008). An Analysis of Postmodern Education Perspectives. Islamic revolution, 7 (15), 35-56.
Rahbari, M. (2006). Evaluation of Power Discourse, some essays on the conceptual evolution of power in classical, middle, modern and postmodern times. Journal of Law and Political Sciences of Mazandaran University, 1 (1), 117-152. (In Persian)
Rajabi, A. (2011). The methods of citizen participation in the process of urban development. Envairment Amayesh, 12 (4), 116-101. (In Persian)
René Short, J. (2009). Urban Theory. Translation of Ziari, K, Mahdanezhad, h and Parhiz, f, First Edition, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Rezaii, R., & Abbasi, M. (2010). Effects of globalization on the nature, structure and function of cities. Town and country planning, 2 (2), 188-165. (In Persian).
Saidi rezvani, N. (1992). Urbanization and urban construction in twenty years period (fram 1300 to 1320 of hijrat, solar calender). Geographic Researches, 25, 165-140. (In Persian)
Sajadi, M. (2004). Comparative Study of Identity in Modernism and Postmodernism and Their Impact on Education. Shahed Beheshti University, 11 (6), 43-54. (In Persian)
Sattarzadeh, D., Naghizadeh, M., & Habib, H. (2010). Urban space, social thought. Environmental Science and Technology 12 (4), 173-183. (In Persian)
Sedaghat Jahromi, S. (2008). Revitalizing and creating social life in urban public spaces based on strengthening their identity Case study: Sepah St. First Conference on Improvement and Modernization of Urban Waste Texts, Mashhad, 1-23. (In Persian)
Shafiei, H. (2000). Postmodernism in Urban Development. Urban Management Quarterly, 1. (In Persian)
Shakoei, H. (2002). Postmodernism and Geography. Geographical Research, 63, 62-73. (In Persian)
Shakoei, H. (2007). New Trends in Philosophy of Geography. Publisher: Institute of Geography and Cartography of Gates. (In Persian)
Shali Amini, V. (2004). Today's City, and Trans-Modern Urbanism. Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 79, 103-107. (In Persian)
Shamai, A. (2010). The Role of Traditional Urban Patterns in Modern City Planning in Yazd. The Journal of Iranian Studies, 1 (1), 93-105. (In Persian)
Shamai, A., & Pourahmad, A. (2005). Improvement and renovation of the city from the point of view of geography science, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Sharmand Consulting Engineers. (1993).application manner of the urban development plans, The Publications of Municipalities Organization in Iran. (In Persian)
Sobhani, N. (2012).Analysis on how the land use planning with social justice approach (The case study Shahyndzh city). Islamic Azad University of marand, supervisor, bakhtiar eztpanah. (In Persian)
Sohangir, S., & Nazir Salami, M.R. (2014). The patterns of creating space in architecture relying on theoretical paradigms of postmodernism. Baghe Nazar, 28 (11), 78-65. (In Persian)
Soltani, A., & namdarian, A.A. (2010). An Investigation of Forces Influence on Urban Space Formation. Hovit Shahr, 5 (7), 165-140. (In Persian)
Thapa, R. B., & Murayama, y. (2010). Drivers of Urban Growth in the Kathmandu Valley, epal: Examining the efficacy of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Applied Geography, 30 (1), 70-83.
Tom, T. (2005). City as a Perspective: An Attitude beyond Postmodernism (Post-Postmodern) to Urban Design and Planning. Translation by Farshad Nourian, Publication of Urban Planning and Processing Co., Tehran. (In Persian)
Virág, E. (2005). Modernity and Memory: the Politics of architecture In Hungary and East Germany after the Second World War. A Dissertation for the Degree of Ph.D. in Urban Sociology, University of Princeton.
Wheeler, S. (2000). Planning for Metropolitan Sustainability. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20 (2), 133-145.
Yu, W., Sh. Zang, Ch. Wu, W. Liu., & Na. X. (2011). Analyzing and Modeling Land Use Land Cover Change (LUCC) in the Daqing City, China. Applied Geography, 31 (2), 600-608.
Ziari, K. (1999). Planning new cities, Publication samat. (In Persian)
Ziari, K. (2003). Socio-cultural Developments Caused by the Industrial Revolution in Tehran's Spatial Development. Geography and Development, 1(1), 164-151. (In Persian)
Ziari, K., & yousfi, A. (2003). Physical development of Tehran in the process of modernism. Modarres Human Sciences, 7 (2), 140-125. (In Persian)
_||_Afzali, R., & Amiri, A. (2011). A Study of Epistemological and Methodological Foundations for Post-modern Theories in Political Geography and Geopolitics, human geography research quarterly, 43 (77), 39-60. (In Persian)
Alamdari, K. (1994). Sociology of Postmodernism (2). Adine Magazine, 96, 62-74. (In Persian)
Aliakbari, E. (2004). An Approach to Reviving Past Values in Contemporary Urbanism. Paek Noor, 2 (2), 78-63. (In Persian)
Arentsen. M., Stam, L., & Rick, Thuijs. (2004). postmodern approaches to space. Smart link press. London.
Asghari, M., & Shafiei, (2012). Similarities and differences between modern and postmodern architecture. Moon Art, 174, 24-29. (In Persian)
Azimi Bolurian, A. (2010). The Concept of Land Use in Development Planning, Origins, Evolution and Experience of Iran. Publishing Rasa (In Persian)
Best, S., & Kellner, D. (1997). The Postmodern Turn. Guilford Press.
Dabagh, A.M., & Mokhtab, M. (2011). Interpretation of Architecture by Post-modern Foundation with Semiotics Aspect. Hovit Shahr, 9 (5), 72-59. (In Persian)
Daryaelal, B., Reyhaneh Hoseledar, S. (2012). Review of The concept of "identity" in contemporary Iranian architecture. Guilan Construction Engineering Organization, Technique and Art, 52, 14-18. (In Persian)
Ellin, N. (1999). Postmodern Urbanism. Princeton Architectural Press, New York.
Ezatpanah, B. (2008). The role of power in the spatial structure of cities (case study: Sanandij), Ph.D thesis in Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. (In Persian)
Ezdani, M.H., & pourahmad, A. (2007). The influence of modernism upon the physical transformation of Iranian- Islamic citis (tabrizs case study). Geoghrafical research,22 (1), 29-52.
Fakouhi, N. (2001). New towns spatial planning and energy optimal use strategy. Journal Civil engineering, 8, 1-17. (In Persian)
Fakouhi, N. (2010). Urban Anthropology. Publishing nai. (In Persian)
Farah, f. (2007). Sustainability approach in the context of urbanization. Environmental Science and Technology, 9 )1(, 111-120. (In Persian)
Fincher, R., & Jane, J. (1998). Cities of Difference; New York and Landon. The Gulford Press 1998. P 255
Ghobadian, V., & Rezaei, R. (2014). The First Modern Square in Tehran City (Historical and Spatial Evolution of Old Tehran Squares until Modern Age). Human geogrfhy Research, 45 (4), 196-177. (In Persian)
Ghorbani, R., & Jame Kasra, M. (2010). Pedestranization as a new approach for the renewal of urban centers a case study of Tarbiat pedestrian way of Tabriz. Journal Regional Studies and Research, 2 (3), 72-55. (In Persian).
Giddens, A. (1377). The Consequences of Modernity. Translation by Mohsen Solati, Printable Version, Markaz Publishing. (In Persian)
Habermas, Y. (2008). Strukturwandel transformation of the public sphere: an inquiry in to a category of bourgeois society. Translator Jamal Mohammadi, markaz publication. (In Persian)
Healy, P., & Williams, R. (2000). European Union Spatial Policy and Planning. Routledge, London.
Hirt, S. A. (2005). Toward Postmodern Urbanism? Evolution of Planning in Cleveland, Ohio. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25, 27-42.
Hosseinzadeh Dalir, K., & Hooshir, H. (2005). Modernism and Its Influence on Iran's Architecture and Urbanism. Geography and Planning, 19, 222-207. (In Persian)
Irani, H. (200). Emanism in the secular spirituality wave. Journal of Book Review, 391, 422-45. (In Persian)
Jamali, F., & Heydari Chapaneh, R. (2001). Discussion of postmodern urbanism. Journal of Faculty of Letters & Humanities, 180, 79-124. (In Persian)
Jamali, F., & Maleki, S. (2004). Urban doctrine of Modernism and Postmodernism in Architecture and Urbanism. The Culture of Ilam Magazine, 18 & 19, 5-21. (In Persian)
Madanipour, A. (2000). Design of Urban Space: An Inquiry into a Socio-Spatial Process. Translator, Farhad Mortazai. Publishing, Urban Planning and Processing Co, Tehran. (In Persian)
Mallinis, G. D., Emmanoloudis, V., Giannakopoulos, & Maris, F. (2011). Mapping and Interpreting Historical Land Cover/Land Use Changes in a Natura 2000 Site Using Earth Observational Data: The Case of Nestos Delta, Greece. Applied Geography, 31 (1), 312-320.
Martinez. S. (2007). Postmodern Vs. modernism and city position. Journal of Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 74, 9-23.
Mashhadi Zadeh Dehaghani, N. (1999). An Analysis of Urban Planning charactristics in Iran. Publication of Iran University of Science and Technology. (In Persian)
Masomi, S. (2011). Comparative survey on the sustainable social development indexes Tehran metropolis district. Journal of Geographical Sciences. (In Persian)
Naghizadeh, M. (1999). The Relationship between the Identity of Iranian Architectural Tradition and Modernism and Modernism. Honarhaye Zeba, 7, 79-91. (In Persian)
Narimah, S. (2006). Applications of Geographic Information Systems in Urban Land Use Planning in Malaysia. The4th Taipei International Conference on Digital Earth, Taiwan.
Nazariyan, A. (2007). Iranian urban geography. Payam Noor University Press. (In Persian)
Nazariyan, A. (2012). Dynamics of Iran urban system. Publication Mobtakeran. (In Persian)
Nozari, H. A. (2000). Postmodernity and Postmodernism Publishing, naghsh Jahan. (In Persian)
Papeli Yazdi, M. H., & Rajabi Sanaajerdi, H. (2010). The theory of urban and surrounding. Publication samt.
Parsipoor, H., & Zieatavana, M.H. (2013). Postmodernism and city with emphasis on urban designing and planning patterns. Journal Mangment System, 4 (13), 57-76. (In Persian)
Pazhuhan, M., Eliaszade Moghadam, N., & Fathei, S. (2013). A Comparative Study of Land Use System in Modernism and Postmodernism Schools. Human Geogrfhy Research, 45 (2), 17-36. (In Persian)
Rabbani, R., & Badri, E. (2008). An Analysis of Postmodern Education Perspectives. Islamic revolution, 7 (15), 35-56.
Rahbari, M. (2006). Evaluation of Power Discourse, some essays on the conceptual evolution of power in classical, middle, modern and postmodern times. Journal of Law and Political Sciences of Mazandaran University, 1 (1), 117-152. (In Persian)
Rajabi, A. (2011). The methods of citizen participation in the process of urban development. Envairment Amayesh, 12 (4), 116-101. (In Persian)
René Short, J. (2009). Urban Theory. Translation of Ziari, K, Mahdanezhad, h and Parhiz, f, First Edition, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Rezaii, R., & Abbasi, M. (2010). Effects of globalization on the nature, structure and function of cities. Town and country planning, 2 (2), 188-165. (In Persian).
Saidi rezvani, N. (1992). Urbanization and urban construction in twenty years period (fram 1300 to 1320 of hijrat, solar calender). Geographic Researches, 25, 165-140. (In Persian)
Sajadi, M. (2004). Comparative Study of Identity in Modernism and Postmodernism and Their Impact on Education. Shahed Beheshti University, 11 (6), 43-54. (In Persian)
Sattarzadeh, D., Naghizadeh, M., & Habib, H. (2010). Urban space, social thought. Environmental Science and Technology 12 (4), 173-183. (In Persian)
Sedaghat Jahromi, S. (2008). Revitalizing and creating social life in urban public spaces based on strengthening their identity Case study: Sepah St. First Conference on Improvement and Modernization of Urban Waste Texts, Mashhad, 1-23. (In Persian)
Shafiei, H. (2000). Postmodernism in Urban Development. Urban Management Quarterly, 1. (In Persian)
Shakoei, H. (2002). Postmodernism and Geography. Geographical Research, 63, 62-73. (In Persian)
Shakoei, H. (2007). New Trends in Philosophy of Geography. Publisher: Institute of Geography and Cartography of Gates. (In Persian)
Shali Amini, V. (2004). Today's City, and Trans-Modern Urbanism. Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 79, 103-107. (In Persian)
Shamai, A. (2010). The Role of Traditional Urban Patterns in Modern City Planning in Yazd. The Journal of Iranian Studies, 1 (1), 93-105. (In Persian)
Shamai, A., & Pourahmad, A. (2005). Improvement and renovation of the city from the point of view of geography science, Tehran University Press. (In Persian)
Sharmand Consulting Engineers. (1993).application manner of the urban development plans, The Publications of Municipalities Organization in Iran. (In Persian)
Sobhani, N. (2012).Analysis on how the land use planning with social justice approach (The case study Shahyndzh city). Islamic Azad University of marand, supervisor, bakhtiar eztpanah. (In Persian)
Sohangir, S., & Nazir Salami, M.R. (2014). The patterns of creating space in architecture relying on theoretical paradigms of postmodernism. Baghe Nazar, 28 (11), 78-65. (In Persian)
Soltani, A., & namdarian, A.A. (2010). An Investigation of Forces Influence on Urban Space Formation. Hovit Shahr, 5 (7), 165-140. (In Persian)
Thapa, R. B., & Murayama, y. (2010). Drivers of Urban Growth in the Kathmandu Valley, epal: Examining the efficacy of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Applied Geography, 30 (1), 70-83.
Tom, T. (2005). City as a Perspective: An Attitude beyond Postmodernism (Post-Postmodern) to Urban Design and Planning. Translation by Farshad Nourian, Publication of Urban Planning and Processing Co., Tehran. (In Persian)
Virág, E. (2005). Modernity and Memory: the Politics of architecture In Hungary and East Germany after the Second World War. A Dissertation for the Degree of Ph.D. in Urban Sociology, University of Princeton.
Wheeler, S. (2000). Planning for Metropolitan Sustainability. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 20 (2), 133-145.
Yu, W., Sh. Zang, Ch. Wu, W. Liu., & Na. X. (2011). Analyzing and Modeling Land Use Land Cover Change (LUCC) in the Daqing City, China. Applied Geography, 31 (2), 600-608.
Ziari, K. (1999). Planning new cities, Publication samat. (In Persian)
Ziari, K. (2003). Socio-cultural Developments Caused by the Industrial Revolution in Tehran's Spatial Development. Geography and Development, 1(1), 164-151. (In Persian)
Ziari, K., & yousfi, A. (2003). Physical development of Tehran in the process of modernism. Modarres Human Sciences, 7 (2), 140-125. (In Persian)