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دسترسی آزاد مقاله
1 - The Relationship between teaching reading strategies to hotel staff and its effects on their attitudes: Learners’ Autonomy, Reading Strategies, and Reading Comprehension
Ashraf Vaziri Hamed BarjestehThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between teaching reading strategies to hotel staff and its effects on their attitudes: Learners’ Autonomy, Reading Strategies, and Reading Comprehension. To accomplish this object, 130 ESP learne چکیده کاملThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between teaching reading strategies to hotel staff and its effects on their attitudes: Learners’ Autonomy, Reading Strategies, and Reading Comprehension. To accomplish this object, 130 ESP learners were asked to take part in a piloted PET reading comprehension test and two questionnaires on learner autonomy (Spratt, Humphreys, & Chan, 2002), and reading strategies (Mokhtari & Sheorey, 2002). After removing incomplete answer sheets, 106 (82 female and 24 male) acceptable cases were used in statistical analysis. Pearson Product Correlation analysis pointed out a statistically significant relationship between ESP learners’ autonomy and reading strategies. It was also exposed that the participants’ reading comprehension is positively correlated with their reading strategies. Though, a statistically significant relationship was not established between autonomy and reading comprehension. پرونده مقاله -
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2 - The Role of Perceived Teacher's Support and Motivational Orientation in Prediction of Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies in Learning English
Zohreh Kazemi Ali Zarehmoghadam Hasan EmamiThis study aims to determine the role of perceived teacher support and motivational orientation in predicting metacognitive awareness of reading strategies in learning the English language. The sample included 425 male and female students, studying in the elementary sch چکیده کاملThis study aims to determine the role of perceived teacher support and motivational orientation in predicting metacognitive awareness of reading strategies in learning the English language. The sample included 425 male and female students, studying in the elementary schools in the city of Birjand, eastern Iran, in the 2014-2015 academic year. Three different types of questionnaires were distributed among these students. The questionnaires were, respectively, about the students’ perception of teacher support (Zaki, 2007), motivational orientation for English learning (Sheikholeslami, 2005), and metacognitive awareness of the study methods (Mokhtari & Richard, 2002). Multiple regression analysis was applied to analyze the obtained data. It was found that there was a direct and significant correlation between teacher support variable, and intrinsic motivation, overall reading strategies, problem-solving strategies, reading support strategies, and metacognitive awareness. Additionally, there was an inverse and significant correlation with the non-motivation variable. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between the teacher support variable and the extrinsic motivation variable. A direct and significant relationship was, however, spotted between intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation, overall reading strategies, problem-solving strategies, reading support strategies,and metacognitive awareness; and an inverse and significant relationship was noticed between the intrinsic motivation and non-motivation variables. Moreover, there existed a direct and significant relationship between extrinsic motivation, and overall reading strategies, problem-solving strategies, reading support strategies, metacognitive awareness and it had an inverse and significant relationship with non-motivation variable. The findings demonstrated that the components of perceived teacher support and motivational orientation (extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and nonmotivation) provide the possibility of predicting metacognitive awareness of students. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
3 - Shared Reading: A Technique to Enhance Reading and Writing Abilities of Iranian EFL Learners
Mojgan Rashtchi Somaye Moazezi Fardi MoghadamThe present study attempted to introduce shared reading as one of the most effective techniques in cultivating the learners’ reading and writing abilities. To this end, 50 homogenous students were assigned to the control and experimental groups following the admin چکیده کاملThe present study attempted to introduce shared reading as one of the most effective techniques in cultivating the learners’ reading and writing abilities. To this end, 50 homogenous students were assigned to the control and experimental groups following the administration of a standardized English proficiency test. Thenceforth, based on writing and reading pretest scores of the learners on a general proficiency test, it was concluded that the two groups were homogeneous in terms of the two language skills. During the treatment, the experimental group was instructed through the shared reading technique whereas the control group practiced reading through traditional techniques. Afterward, both groups took part in reading and writing posttests identical to the ones used as the pretests. Using a t- test, the researcher found that the treatment had a significant effect on both reading and writing abilities of the experimental groups. The main concern of this study was to introduce shared reading technique as a useful technique in enhancing the proficiency of the Iranian EFL learners in reading and writing skills پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
4 - Authenticity and Test Taker's Strategies in Iranian EFL Classes
Neda Nevisandeh Monireh MohebbiThe theoretical framework for this study is research in the areas of language testing andreading. and overview of language testing and current developments in language testing research,including factors that affect test performance and authentic assessment. Test type as چکیده کاملThe theoretical framework for this study is research in the areas of language testing andreading. and overview of language testing and current developments in language testing research,including factors that affect test performance and authentic assessment. Test type as the taskvariable, test-taking strategies and gender as the reader variable, and authenticity as the textvariable were selected and their interaction is examined. Therefore, the present study sets out toinvestigate the specific test-taking strategies employed by Iranian EFL students, readingauthentic or simplified reading texts and the difference between the two sets of strategies, toexplore whether males and females reported different patterns of reading and test-taking strategyuse, and whether respondents to multiple-choice and open-ended questions used different testtakingstrategies while reading. methodology of the study, including the characteristics of theparticipants, the structure of the materials, and the description of the procedure which has beenused in the present study and finally the details of the statistical measures employed to analyzethe data collected. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
5 - Investigation of the Relationship between Metacognitive Reading Strategies and Motivation: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners
Fatemeh Mohseni Zohreh Seifoori Saeideh AhangariThis study was to investigate the use of metacognitive reading strategies, patterns of motivation aswell as the relationship between motivation and L2 readers’ metacognitive awareness andperceived use of strategies among Iranian EFL learners. A total number of 36 چکیده کاملThis study was to investigate the use of metacognitive reading strategies, patterns of motivation aswell as the relationship between motivation and L2 readers’ metacognitive awareness andperceived use of strategies among Iranian EFL learners. A total number of 36 intermediate studentsfrom an English Institutes in Qazvin took part in this study. They were asked to fill in twoquestionnaires: (a) a questionnaire on motivation, which was developed by Vallerand et al. (1992),and (b) a questionnaire on Metacognitive awareness strategies in reading developed by Mokhtari& Reichard, (2002). The results of the study revealed that: 1) In the category of metacognitivereading strategies, problem solving was the most frequently used strategy and global and supportwas the least frequently used one. 2) There was no significant difference in terms of type ofmotivation among Iranian EFL learners 3) Positive relationship was found between both types ofmotivation and use of metacognitive reading strategies. This study suggested that readers’metacognitive awareness should be cultivated and strategy instruction should be integrated intothe teaching of reading. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
6 - Dynamic Assessment of EFL Learners’ Reading Strategies: Introducing ‘Sauce’-Format Mediation
قربان احمدی بهروز عزبدفتری سید محمد علویSandwich and cake formats of interventionist Dynamic Assessment suffer from two problems: both are time-demanding, and the intervention presented to the learners varies from one learner to another. To suggest a solution to the above problems in teaching and assessing re چکیده کاملSandwich and cake formats of interventionist Dynamic Assessment suffer from two problems: both are time-demanding, and the intervention presented to the learners varies from one learner to another. To suggest a solution to the above problems in teaching and assessing reading strategies, the present researchers have introduced ‘sauce’-format mediation through which intervention is provided for the learners within ‘mediation boxes’ along the test. Thirty Iranian intermediate EFL learners participated in the study. They were first given a non-mediated reading pretest, and then they took the same test along with a ‘mediation box’ following each question to observe the probable effect of ‘sauce’-format mediation. To measure the transcendence of the given mediation, the participants answered a non-mediated delayed posttest at the end. Comparing the means of the mediated posttest and non-mediated pretest on the one hand and those of the non-mediated delayed posttest and the pretest on the other revealed that the learners benefitted significantly well from the ‘sauce’-format mediation and could transfer their learning to a novel context. Findings of this study are consistent with the previous research on DA that intervention supports learner development. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
7 - Mapping Reading Anxiety on Reading Strategy Uses among Iranian Students with Diverse Proficiency Levels
مجتبی پارسال اصل مرجان وثوقیThe present study was an attempt to determine a relationship between foreign language reading anxiety and reading strategy use among a group of EFL Iranian readers (no = 100) with low vs. high proficiency levels. To this end, FLRAS (Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scal چکیده کاملThe present study was an attempt to determine a relationship between foreign language reading anxiety and reading strategy use among a group of EFL Iranian readers (no = 100) with low vs. high proficiency levels. To this end, FLRAS (Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale) developed by Saito, Horwitz, and Garza, (1999) was used in order to measure the participants’ level of anxiety in reading and SORS (The Survey of Reading Strategies) adapted from Mokhtari and Sheorey (2002), was utilized to gauge the participants’ strategy uses. The students’ responses to reading strategies when faced with anxiety-provoking contexts were categorized into three strategy uses including ‘global’, ‘problem solving’ and ‘support’ and mapped on their total scores in reading anxiety. The results from Multinomial Logit Regression (MLR) showed that the students with lower level reading anxiety indices would adopt problem solving strategies more compared with support and global strategies. Regarding the interaction of proficiency level in the process, the results showed that it was less probable for the students with lower reading anxiety levels to adopt problem solving strategies compared with more anxious students who would adopt global strategies. Some possible implications are discussed in the light of improving reading instructions provided for Iranian students. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
8 - Reading Strategies Used by Iranian EFL Learners While Reading Academic Texts
Vida YousefianThe major aim of this study was to explore the nature and frequency of the reading strategies used by the EFL learners while reading academic texts. Normally, students tend to read all the information provided in reading materials. This study explores whether learners u چکیده کاملThe major aim of this study was to explore the nature and frequency of the reading strategies used by the EFL learners while reading academic texts. Normally, students tend to read all the information provided in reading materials. This study explores whether learners use reading strategies to assist them in reading comprehension. There was a sample of 45 English language (EFL) learners from Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch. The instrument utilized in this study was a survey questionnaire with 30 items including 13 global reading strategies, 8 problem solving strategies and 9 support reading strategies. The survey was going to signify how much EFL learners use each of these strategies while reading academic texts. The findings indicated that the participants used global reading strategies more (44.5%) than problem solving strategies (29.0%) and support reading strategies (26.5%). The results of the present study will let the instructors improve the reading strategies which are not used by EFL learners frequently. It also helps learners to promote the ability of using reading strategies and utilize the strategies in an appropriate and effective way. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
9 - Efficacy of Flipped Language Teaching in Enhancing Iranian EFL Learners’ Awareness of Reading Strategies: Learners’ English Proficiency and Attitude in Focus
Shohreh Farsi Masoud Zoghi Hanieh DavatgariAbstractThis study sought to explore the role of flipped teaching/learning in enhancing Iranian EFL learners’ awareness of reading strategies. To this end, two intermediate and two upper-intermediate intact classes participated in a quasi-experimental study. The c چکیده کاملAbstractThis study sought to explore the role of flipped teaching/learning in enhancing Iranian EFL learners’ awareness of reading strategies. To this end, two intermediate and two upper-intermediate intact classes participated in a quasi-experimental study. The classes of each proficiency level were randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. Having been pretested in terms of reading strategies awareness, the experimental groups received out-of-class tuition based on a flipped classroom model. On the other hand, the control groups experienced the conventional in-class method of teaching after being gauged in terms of reading strategies awareness. The results revealed that flipped teaching affected the learners’ awareness of reading strategies positively, regardless of their English proficiency level. Additionally, the learners’ overall attitude towards the flipped classroom model was found to be positive. The findings offered an alternative approach to reading instruction in EFL contexts like Iran. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
10 - Averting EFL Learners’ Reading Anxiety by Implementing Reading Strategies and Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Nasrin Heidari Mania NosratiniaThis quantitative study examined the relationship between EFL learners’ choice of vocabulary learning strategies (CVLS), reading strategies (RS), and reading anxiety (RA). To this end, 123 Iranian EFL learners (81 female; 42 male) within the age range of 24 to 39 چکیده کاملThis quantitative study examined the relationship between EFL learners’ choice of vocabulary learning strategies (CVLS), reading strategies (RS), and reading anxiety (RA). To this end, 123 Iranian EFL learners (81 female; 42 male) within the age range of 24 to 39 were selected by employing convenience sampling. The data collection instruments were the Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (Saito et al., 1999), the Survey of Reading Strategies (Mokhtari & Sheorey, 2002), and the Vocabulary Learning Strategies Questionnaire (Schmitt, 1997). Subsequent to checking and verifying the pertinent assumptions, using Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated that there was a significant and negative correlation between CVLS and RA and a significant and positive correlation between CVLS and RS; in addition, a significant and negative correlation between RS and RA was observed. Furthermore, the results of multiple regression analysis and comparing the β values revealed that RS makes the strongest statistically significant unique contribution to suppressing reading anxiety, and CVLS turned out to be the second significant preventer of RA. In general, the obtained results confirmed that both RS and CVLS can significantly prevent EFL learners’ RA; therefore, it is fairly reasonable to consider RS and CVLS while planning the pedagogical practice. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
11 - On the Development of a Model of Discipline-specific Reading Strategies in the Context of Iranian EFL Learners
Fazlolah Samimi Rahman Sahragard Seyyed Ayatollah RazmjooAbstract Reading strategies are seen as supportive means to help learners process and comprehend English texts effectively. The present research probed to posit a discipline-specific model of reading strategies for Iranian TEFL postgraduate students. The motive behind d چکیده کاملAbstract Reading strategies are seen as supportive means to help learners process and comprehend English texts effectively. The present research probed to posit a discipline-specific model of reading strategies for Iranian TEFL postgraduate students. The motive behind developing a local model of reading strategy is twofold: first, a variety of postgraduate students admitted for M.A and Ph.D. programs, either may not have received their first degrees in TEFL or they are TEFL graduates who lag behind disciplinary-knowledge in terms of reading. Consequently, Twenty- eight postgraduate students majoring in English Language Teaching from Shiraz University, Isfahan University, Yazd University and Islamic Azad university of Bandar-Abbas wherein M.A and Ph.D. programs in TEFL are offered were asked to brainstorm their ideas as to how they approach technical materials in English. Conducting a 3-session semi-structured interview with 22 participants and focus-group interviews with six participants, the researchers then transcribed and codified the data according to Corbin and Strauss (2014) systematic steps of open, axial and selective coding for grounded theory. The findings revealed a six factor model encompassing 32 categories. The factors include: a) previewing the content, b) recognition of the salient and pronounced features, C) emphasis and clarification upon the significant features, d) consulting auxiliary sources, e) ruminating and reflecting upon the text, and f) reviewing the gist of materials. As a matter of fact, the proposed model can help postgraduate students move away from teacher authority and develop reading autonomy. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
12 - Iranian Male and Female EFL learners’ Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies: Links to Their Reading Comprehension Performance
Sepideh Mohammadi Bazargani Zohreh Seifoori Nasrin Hadidi TamjidReading comprehension is a fundamental language skill for many EFL learners. This study was conducted to compare Iranian male and female EFL learners' tripartite reading strategy use, Problem Solving Reading Strategies (PSRSs), Global Reading Strategies (GRSs), and Supp چکیده کاملReading comprehension is a fundamental language skill for many EFL learners. This study was conducted to compare Iranian male and female EFL learners' tripartite reading strategy use, Problem Solving Reading Strategies (PSRSs), Global Reading Strategies (GRSs), and Support Reading strategies (SRSs), and their relationship to their reading comprehension. To serve the purpose, 80 undergraduate EFL learners, 40 females and 40 males, majoring in English Language Teaching (ELT) and English Translation (ET) at Islamic Azad University-Tabriz were selected randomly. The research variables were measured based on the participants’ performance on the reading section of the PET test and the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategy Inventory (MARSI) (Mokhtari & Reichard, 2002). The research data were analysed through Independent Samples T-test and a Standard Multiple Regression (MR) analysis. The results revealed significant differences between male and female participants in terms of their reading comprehension and perceived use of PSRSs. It was also exhibited that for male participants, only SRSs were the statistically significant predictor of males’ reading comprehension while for females it was the PSRSs that made significant contribution to explain reading comprehension. The gender variation in reading comprehension, reading strategies and the correlational pattern between these two variables exists. Such variations have to be addressed in the process of teaching and suggestions will be made as how teacher trainers, syllabus designers, and individual university students majoring in English Language Teaching (ELT) and English Translation (ET) can apply the findings to promote their outcome. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
13 - The Myth of L1-L2 Metacognitive Reading Strategy Transfer: Actual and Perceived Strategy Use in Focus
Somayeh Nilforoushan Mojgan Rashtchi Gholam-Reza AbbasianThis study employed a mixed methods approach to investigate Iranian EFL learners’ perceived and actual use of metacognitive reading strategies (MRS) while reading English and Persian. The study examined the actual and perceived MRs across three categories: global چکیده کاملThis study employed a mixed methods approach to investigate Iranian EFL learners’ perceived and actual use of metacognitive reading strategies (MRS) while reading English and Persian. The study examined the actual and perceived MRs across three categories: global (GLOB), problem-solving (PROB), and support (SUP). In the quantitative phase, 133 intermediate EFL learners studying TEFL at Islamic Azad University and Farhangyan University were selected as participants. In the qualitative phase, 40 students from high and poor reading ability levels (20 from each group) were selected as the focus group participants. The instruments employed in this study included the Persian Reading Comprehension Placement Test, the Oxford Placement Test, the Reading Section of the PET, Perceived Reading Strategy Questionnaires in English and Persian, semi-structured interviews, and think-aloud protocols. The data analysis involved using chi-square, MANOVA, and theme-based analysis. The findings indicated a statistically significant difference between the frequency and type of perceived PROB but no statistically significant disparity between the frequency or type of SUP and GLOB. The qualitative data revealed a discrepancy between the participants’ actual usage in practice and their subjective perception particularly in relation to the GLOB and SUP. Finally, the theoretical and pedagogical implications of this study were highlighted. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
14 - Implicit and Explicit Instruction of Reading Strategies and the Application of Metacognitive Strategies by Iranian EFL Freshmen Students
Marjan Mehrpour Mostafa Zamanian Firooz Sadighi Ehsan HadipourfardThis quantitative research explores the implicit and explicit instruction of reading strategies and its connection through the application of metacognitive strategies by Iranian EFL students. To this purpose, 100 Iranian university freshmen, aged 20-35, studying at the چکیده کاملThis quantitative research explores the implicit and explicit instruction of reading strategies and its connection through the application of metacognitive strategies by Iranian EFL students. To this purpose, 100 Iranian university freshmen, aged 20-35, studying at the Marwdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, were selected as participants through a convenient sampling method, from a pool of 117 students. Then, the Key English Test (KET) was used to check their homogeneity. The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) was also used as a pre-test and post-test to specify the kind and occurrence sequence of learning strategies applied by the participants before and after the treatment. So, the participants were allotted to two experimental groups and received implicit and explicit instruction of reading strategies respectively. The results obtained from statistical data analysis showed that affective strategies were the very frequently-applied strategies, while memory strategies were the least frequently-applied strategies in the explicit group. It was also found that in the implicit group, cognitive strategies were the most frequently-applied strategies, while social strategies were the least frequently-applied strategies. These results have pedagogical implications for EFL teachers to use appropriate approaches in teaching reading strategies, that will ultimately help the students to develop more awareness and competence in reading comprehension. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
15 - EFL Students’ Perceptions of Discussion-based Activities by Using Mobile Phone Technology
Tahereh Khezrab Reza Raissi ندا HedayatDuring and after the COVID-19 pandemic, people helped each other to change conditions in theirsocial lives to be alive. During these periods, the educational system followed some ways to changethe pedagogical methods to present instructional assistance with the use of s چکیده کاملDuring and after the COVID-19 pandemic, people helped each other to change conditions in theirsocial lives to be alive. During these periods, the educational system followed some ways to changethe pedagogical methods to present instructional assistance with the use of some mobile devices. Concerningthis necessity, the priority of launching online education was high on the agenda in Iran andthroughout the world. Regarding this condition, the most available device for every student to receivethis type of instruction was a mobile phone set. Thus, the present study was to find the Iranian EFLuniversity students' perceptions of the use of mobile phone technologies for online discussion-basedactivities. In this qualitative study, the researchers used convenience sampling, and out of 99 Lawstudents from two Iranian universities, 10 students were selected as participants. To obtain therequired data, semi-structured interviews were held with participants to find the objective of thisstudy. Qualitative results for semi-structured interviews demonstrated that Islamic Azad Universitystudents reflected their interest in conducting comparative or discussion-based translation activities todevelop reading comprehension skills of legal texts based on cooperative and collaborative readingstrategies in online discussion classes. The findings of the study can be useful for administrativeexecutives in the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology to revise their curriculum, universityteachers to use the results of the study in their syllabuses and EFL university students in differentfields of study, particularly Law students, to use the findings in their learning procedure based ononline discussion-based instruction and use of mobile phone technologies پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
16 - The role of text type on the use of metacognitive reading strategies: Iranian EFL learners' perceptions in focus
Somayeh Nilforoushan Mojgan Rashtchi Gholam-Reza AbbasianThe current study used a qualitative methodology to examine how Iranian EFL learners practically applied Metacognitive Reading Strategies (MRs) when reading narrative and expository English texts. The study also investigated the participants' perceptions of the impact o چکیده کاملThe current study used a qualitative methodology to examine how Iranian EFL learners practically applied Metacognitive Reading Strategies (MRs) when reading narrative and expository English texts. The study also investigated the participants' perceptions of the impact of text type on using MRs while reading narrative and expository English passages. The researchers selected 40 intermediate EFL learners studying TEFL at Islamic Azad University and Farhangyan University using purposive sampling as focused participants. The instruments employed included the Oxford Placement Test, semi-structured interviews, and think-aloud protocols. The data analysis involved theme-based analysis. The think-aloud protocol analysis indicated that participants employed multiple strategies when engaging with the expository text compared to the narrative text. The finding suggested that text types affected readers` overall performance. The semi-structured interviews revealed that learner's perceptions of text type played a vital role in reading different text types. The practical implications of the study were also discussed. پرونده مقاله -
دسترسی آزاد مقاله
17 - نقش باورها و آگاهی فراشناختی در استفاده از راهبردهای مهارت خواندن در میان دانشجویان زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان دوم
فاطمه خونمریچکیده :در مطالعه حاضر رابطه بین باورهای دانشجویان سطح بالای زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان دوم و آگاهی فراشناختی وروش خواندن آنان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مطالعه در دو مرحله انجام شد: در مرحله اول با استفاده از سه پرسشنامه سعی در یافتن ارتباط بین آگاهی فراشناختی و باورهای دانش چکیده کاملچکیده :در مطالعه حاضر رابطه بین باورهای دانشجویان سطح بالای زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان دوم و آگاهی فراشناختی وروش خواندن آنان مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. مطالعه در دو مرحله انجام شد: در مرحله اول با استفاده از سه پرسشنامه سعی در یافتن ارتباط بین آگاهی فراشناختی و باورهای دانشجویان شده است و در مرحله دوم روش خواندن انها از طریق بلند فکر کردن، سوالهای برگشت به متن و مصاحبه مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. تجزیه وتحلیل داده ها نشان داد که ارتباط مستقیمی بین متغیرهای باورهای خواندن و باورهای زبانی دانشجویان وجود دارد. نتیجه ی بخش دوم مطالعه نیز نشان داد که آگاهی فراشناختی نقش مهمی در انتخاب روش خواندن ندارد اما میتواند در تسهیل عمل خواندن موثر باشد. بطور کلی نتایج این مطالعه وجود ارتباط بین متغیرهای مورد تحقیق را ثابت میکند. این موضوع می تواند به این معنا باشد که در تدریس خواندن توجه به این متغیرها میتواند راهگشا باشد. پرونده مقاله
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