ریز پلاستیکها، چالشی نوظهور برای سلامت آب و غذا
محورهای موضوعی : بهداشت مواد غذایی
1 - استاد گروه بهداشت و کنترل کیفی مواد غذایی، دانشکده دامپزشکی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
کلید واژه: آب, محیط زیست, مواد غذایی, ریزپلاستیکها,
چکیده مقاله :
ریزپلاستیکها بهعنوان آلایندههای نوظهور محیط زیست شناخته میشوند که بر حسب منبع تولید، به ریزپلاستیکهای اولیه و ثانویه طبقهبندی میشوند. شکل، اندازه و رنگ در بین سایر ویژگیها، از دیگر مختصات آنهاست که توانایی این مواد را برای دستیابی به زنجیره غذایی و خطرات ناشی از آن تعیین میکند. در حالیکه اثرات زیستمحیطی ریزپلاستیکها مورد توجه بسیاری قرار گرفته است، بررسی میزان خطرات ناشی از در معرض قرار گرفتن انسان به غذاهای آلوده به ریزپلاستیکها هنوز بهطور کامل ارزیابی نشده است. هدف از بررسی حاضر مرور اجمالی اطلاعات و دانش کنونی در مورد وجود ریزپلاستیکها در مواد غذایی و نوشیدنی و اثر سوء آنها بر موجودات زنده و انسان است. محققین دادههای موجود را نهتنها ناکافی، بلکه سئوال برانگیز و مبهم میدانند؛ زیرا یک روش کمی، استاندارد و واحد برای اندازهگیری وجود ندارد. در بین مواد غذایی، سختپوستان، نرمتنان، ماهیها، آب و نمک بهعنوان منابع شناخته شده آلوده به ریزپلاستیکها هستند که برای سلامت انسان خطرآفرین شناسایی شدهاند. لذا علاوه بر مطالعه روی آلودگی سایر انواع مواد غذایی، ضروری است روشهای تشخیص استانداردسازی شوند. همچنین راههای کاهش ورود یا حذف این مواد از منابع آبی و غذایی مورد توجه و بررسیهای بیش از بیش قرار گیرد.
Microplastics (MPs) have been identified as emerging environmental pollutants classified as primary or secondary based on their source. Composition, shape, size, and color, among other characteristics, are associated with their capacity to access the food chain and their risks. While the environmental impact of MPs has received much attention, the risks for humans derived from their dietary exposure have not been yet assessed. Several institutions and researchers support that the current knowledge does not supply solid data to complete a solid risk characterization of dietary MPs. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge about MPs in foods and to discuss the challenges and gaps for a risk analysis. The presence of MPs in food and beverages has been worldwide observed, but most authors considered the current data to be not only insufficient, but of questionable quality, mainly because of the outstanding lack of consensus about a standardized quantifying method and a unified nomenclature. Drinking water, crustaceans/molluscs, fish, and salt have been identified as relevant dietary sources of MPs for humans by most published studies. The hazard characterization presents several gaps concerning the knowledge of the toxicokinetic, toxicodynamic, and toxicity of MPs in humans that impede the estimation of food safety standards based on risk.
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●Adhikari, S., Kelkar, V., Kumar, R. and Halden, R.U. (2022). Methods and challenges in the detection of microplastics and nanoplastics: a mini‐review. Polymer International, 71(5): 543-551.
● Ajith, N., Arumugam, S., Parthasarathy, S., Manupoori, S. and Janakiraman, S. (2020). Global distribution of microplastics and its impact on marine environment-a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(21): 25970-25986.
● Alcamo, J., Puig, D., Metz, B., Demkine, V. and Farrell, T.C. (2014). The Emissions Gap Report 2014: A UNEP Synthesis Report. http://www.unep.org/emissionsgapreport2014/
● Cella, C., La Spina, R., Mehn, D., Fumagalli, F., Ceccone, G., Valsesia, A., et al. (2022). Detecting micro-and nanoplastics released from food packaging: challenges and analytical strategies. Polymers, 14(6):1238.
● Collard, F., Gasperi, J., Gabrielsen, G.W. and Tassin, B. (2019). Plastic particle ingestion by wild freshwater fish: a critical review. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(22): 12974-12988.
● Crawford, C.B. and Quinn, B. (2016). Microplastic pollutants. Elsevier Limited, UK
● Herbort, A.F., Sturm, M.T., Fiedler, S., Abkai, G. and Schuhen, K. (2018). Alkoxy-silyl induced agglomeration: a new approach for the sustainable removal of microplastic from aquatic systems. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26(11): 4258-4270.
● Horton, A.A., Jürgens, M.D., Lahive, E., van Bodegom, P.M. and Vijver, M.G. (2018). The influence of exposure and physiology on microplastic ingestion by the freshwater fish Rutilus rutilus (roach) in the River Thames, UK. Environmental Pollution, 236: 188-194.
● Huang, Y., Chapman, J., Deng, Y. and Cozzolino, D. (2020). Rapid measurement of microplastic contamination in chicken meat by mid infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics: A feasibility study. Food Control, 113: 107187.
● Kedzierski, M., Lechat, B., Sire, O., Le Maguer, G., Le Tilly, V. and Bruzaud, S. (2020). Microplastic contamination of packaged meat: Occurrence and associated risks. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 24: 100489.
● Kutralam-Muniasamy, G., Pérez-Guevara, F., Elizalde-Martínez, I. and Shruti, V.C. (2020). Branded milks–Are they immune from microplastics contamination? Science of the Total Environment, 714: 136823.
● Leslie, H.A., Van Velzen, M.J., Brandsma, S.H., Vethaak, A.D., Garcia-Vallejo, J.J. and Lamoree, M.H. (2022). Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood. Environment International, 163: 107199.
● Ma, Y. (2018). Changing Tetra Pak: from waste to resource. Science Progress, 101(2): 161-170.