Appraising Iranian EFL Learners’ Perceptions Towards the Teachers’ Implementation of Classroom Fairness: Focus on the Main Problems
محورهای موضوعی : نشریه تخصصی زبان، فرهنگ، و ترجمه (دوفصلنامه)مقداد صادقی 1 , واله جلالی 2 , ندا فاتحی راد 3
1 - دانشجوی دکترای زبان انگلیسی، گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، کرمان، ایران
2 - استادیار زبانشناسی، گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، کرمان، ایران
3 - استادیار آموزش زبان انگلیسی، گروه زبان انگلیسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان، کرمان، ایران
کلید واژه: Perception, EFL Context, Classroom fairness, Classroom Fairness Problems,
چکیده مقاله :
The current research tried to investigate Iranian EFL learners’ perceptions of teacher classroom fairness as well as the main problems of their teachers’ implementation of classroom fairness. In doing so, the present study used a qualitative procedure, and 30 Iranian EFL learners at the intermediate level from different private language institutes participated in it. They were selected through available sampling from different virtual groups in WhatsApp or Telegram. This study benefited from two semi-structured interviews consisting of five open-ended questions, designed by the researchers. Data were gathered and analyzed through MAXQDA software. The results revealed EFL learners' perceptions of teacher classroom fairness included using the same techniques and extra teaching activities for all students, showing equal respect to all students, teacher's objectivity in grading, teacher's interacting with all students, obliging all students to observe the classroom rules, etc. Moreover, EFL learners' perceptions of the main problems of their teachers' implementation of classroom fairness were identified as time limitations, diversity of students' needs, differences in the socio-economic level of students and performance, mismatch between teachers and students, students' impoliteness, and inattention to morality. Findings can enrich the attitudes and activities of different groups of stakeholders in ELT, including policymakers, teacher educators, teacher education administrators, and curriculum developers.
The current research tried to investigate Iranian EFL learners’ perceptions of teacher classroom fairness as well as the main problems of their teachers’ implementation of classroom fairness. In doing so, the present study used a qualitative procedure, and 30 Iranian EFL learners at the intermediate level from different private language institutes participated in it. They were selected through available sampling from different virtual groups in WhatsApp or Telegram. This study benefited from two semi-structured interviews consisting of five open-ended questions, designed by the researchers. Data were gathered and analyzed through MAXQDA software. The results revealed EFL learners' perceptions of teacher classroom fairness included using the same techniques and extra teaching activities for all students, showing equal respect to all students, teacher's objectivity in grading, teacher's interacting with all students, obliging all students to observe the classroom rules, etc. Moreover, EFL learners' perceptions of the main problems of their teachers' implementation of classroom fairness were identified as time limitations, diversity of students' needs, differences in the socio-economic level of students and performance, mismatch between teachers and students, students' impoliteness, and inattention to morality. Findings can enrich the attitudes and activities of different groups of stakeholders in ELT, including policymakers, teacher educators, teacher education administrators, and curriculum developers.
References
Ary, D., Jacobs, L., Sorensen, C., & Walker, D. (2014). Introduction to
Research in Education. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Berti, C., Mameli, C., Speltini, G., & Molinari, L. (2016). Teacher justice
and parent support as predictors of learning motivation and visions of
a just world. Issues in Educational Research, 26(4), 543-560.
Berti, C., Molinari, L., & Speltini, G. (2010). Classroom justice and
psychological engagement: Students’ and teachers’ representations.
Social Psychology of Education, 13(4), 541-556.
Chory, R. M. (2007). Enhancing student perceptions of fairness: The
relationship between instructor credibility and classroom justice.
Communication Education, 56(1), 89-105.
Chory, R. M., & Goodboy, A. K. (2010). Power, compliance, and
resistance in the classroom. In D. L. Fassett & J. T. Warren (Eds.), The
SAGE Handbook of Communication and Instruction (pp. 181–199).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chory, R. M., Horan, S. M., & Houser, M. L. (2017). Justice in the higher
education classroom: Students’ perceptions of unfairness and
responses to instructors. Innovative Higher Education, 42(4), 321-
336.
Chory-Assad, R. M. (2002). Classroom justice: Perceptions of fairness as
a predictor of student motivation, learning, and aggression.
Communication Quarterly, 50(1), 58-77.
Chory-Assad, R. M., & Paulsel, M. L. (2004). Classroom justice: Student
aggression and resistance as reactions to perceived unfairness.
Communication Education, 53(3), 253-273.
Claus, C. J., Chory, R. M., & Malachowski, C. C. (2012). Student
antisocial compliance-gaining as a function of instructor aggressive
communication and classroom justice. Communication Education,
61(1), 17-43.
Cropanzano, R., & Greenberg, J. (1997). Progress in organizational
justice: Tunneling through the maze. In C. L. Cooper & I. T.
Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology (pp. 317-372). John Wiley & Sons.
Dalbert, C., & Maes, J. (2002). Belief in a just world as personal resource
in school. In M. Ross & D.T. Miller (Eds.), The justice motive in
everyday life (pp. 365-381). Cambridge University Press.
Sadeghi M., Jalali V., & Fatehi Rad N./ Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 5(2) (2023), 175–189
188
Derakhshan, A., Coombe, C., Zhaleh, K., & Tabatabaeian, M. (2020).
Examining the roles of continuing professional development needs
and views of research in English language teachers’ success. The
Electronic Journal for English as a Second Language (TESL-EJ),
24(3), 1-27.
Frymier, A. B., Shulman, G. M., & Houser, M. (1996). The development
of a learner empowerment measure. Communication Education,
45(3), 181-199.
Gasser, L., Grütter, J., Buholzer, A., & Wettstein, A. (2018). Emotionally
supportive classroom interactions and students’ perceptions of their
teachers as caring and just. Learning and Instruction, 54, 82-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.08.003
Kazemi, A. (2016). Examining the interplay of justice perceptions,
motivation, and school achievement among secondary school
students. Social Justice Research, 29(1), 103-118.
Kazemi, A., & Törnblom, K. (2008). Social psychology of justice:
Origins, central issues, recent developments, and future directions.
Nordic Psychology, 60(3), 209-234.
Mameli, C., Biolcati, R., Passini, S., & Mancini, G. (2018). School context
and subjective distress: The influence of teacher justice and schoolspecific well-being on adolescents’ psychological health. School
Psychology International, 39(5), 1-17.
Mercer, S., & Dörnyei, Z. (2020). Engaging language learners in
contemporary classrooms. Cambridge University Press.
Mercer, S., & Gkonou, C. (2020). Relationships and good language
teachers. In C. Griffiths, & Z. Tajeddin (Eds.), Lessons from good
language teachers (pp 164-174). Cambridge University Press.
Rasooli, A. (2021). Rethinking survey validation processes: Lessons
learned from a systematic review of classroom justice instruments
[Paper Presentation]. Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for
the Study of Education, Western University, Canada.
Rasooli, A., DeLuca, C., Rasegh, A., & Fathi, S. (2019). Students’ critical
incidents of fairness in classroom assessment: An empirical study.
Social Psychology of Education, 22(3), 701-722.
Rasooli, A., Zandi, H., & DeLuca, C. (2018). Re-conceptualizing
classroom assessment fairness: A systematic meta-ethnography of
assessment literature and beyond. Studies in Educational Evaluation,
56, 164–181.
Sabbagh, C., & Resh, N. (2014). Citizenship orientations in a divided
society: A comparison of three groups of Israeli junior-high
students—secular Jews, religious Jews, and Israeli Arabs. Education,
Citizenship, and Social Justice, 9(1), 34-54.
Tierney, R. D. (2016). Fairness in educational assessment. In M. A. Peters
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of educational philosophy and theory (pp. 1–6).
Singapore: Springer Science.
Sadeghi M., Jalali V., & Fatehi Rad N./ Journal of Language, Culture, and Translation 5(2) (2023), 175–189
189
Young, L. E., Horan, S. M., & Frisby, B. N. (2013). Fair and square? An
examination of classroom justice and relational teaching messages.
Communication Education, 62(4), 333-351.
Zhaleh, K., Estaji, M., & Berti, C. (2022). Conceptualizing classroom
justice in second/foreign language education: past, present, & future
directions of research & practice. Journal of Critical Applied
Linguistics Studies (JCALS), 1(1), 32-49.