Journal of  History (Tarikh): 63 (63)

Open Access Article

1 - Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi’s Historiographical Contradictions And Mistakes In the Religious Paradigm of Shiite
Seyedziaoddin Emadi sina frozesh reza shabani

Local historiography is a style of historiography to which historians pay special attention. Local historiography has local aspects and examines the near and distant past of the relevant geographical area with a detailed and more accurate look. In Mazandaran, various lo More

Local historiography is a style of historiography to which historians pay special attention. Local historiography has local aspects and examines the near and distant past of the relevant geographical area with a detailed and more accurate look. In Mazandaran, various local histories have been written, including Ibn Esfandyar’s »History of tabarestan«, Oliaollah Amoli’s »History of Royan«, and Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi’s »History of TAbarestan, Royan, and Mazandaran« and »History of Gilan and Dilmestan«. A historiographer reflects the type of his attitude and thought, and that of a nation towards his surroundings and the surrounding society, and no doubt there is a direct connection between the life of a historiographer and his historiography.The main issue of the present study is what factors have caused Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi’s contradictions and mistakes in historiography. It seems that Marashi’s contradictions and mistakes in explaining the events have been influenced by the duality of place and religion (Shia of the Twelve Imams). The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and its writing and compilation method is descriptive-analytical. The Extraction of information and data has been done in the form of libraries and documents. This article tries to take a religious (Shiite) approach to explain the historiography of Seyyed Zahirudin Marashi . Manuscript profile

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2 - Land reform in Azerbaijan with emphasis on endowments
Shahin Asgaryar manizheh Sadri aziz taleei Gharah Gheshlagh Monirh kazemirashed

The government of Mohammad Reza Shah undertook land reforms with the aim of achieving important economic and political results in order to improve the situation of the Iranian villagers and radically change the traditional rural relations. Large landowners and landowner More

The government of Mohammad Reza Shah undertook land reforms with the aim of achieving important economic and political results in order to improve the situation of the Iranian villagers and radically change the traditional rural relations. Large landowners and landowners also donated land in or around villages to get rid of the land reform law so that the proceeds could be used for religious and charitable purposes. Among its uses, in addition to religious affairs, was the maintenance and protection of public welfare affairs, such as the protection of canals. Later, with the change of the land reform law, public endowments were subject to sale. Also, the withdrawal of endowments from the supervision of the Ministry of Culture and Arts and the transfer of its affairs to the "Pahlavi Foundation" caused changes in the traditional rural system. This article will analyze the above phenomenon in Azerbaijan based on documents in a descriptive and analytical manner. Findings show that the traditional construction of collective land acquisition and exploitation was broken in many rural areas and in addition to reducing the use of land, disrupted the sale of mass production endowments. With the fragmentation of agricultural lands, in addition to reducing the use of land, mass production, which was known in Iranian villages as Beneh, Sahra, Harath, etc.,; It changed its members to a maximum of 2-4 households, increasing the migration of villagers to cities and turning farmers into wage earners in joint-stock companies and agro-industrial companies. Manuscript profile

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3 - The study of how Russian views entered Iranian modernist ideas at the beginning of the Qajar period (Reflecting on the example of the Akhondzade)
Akbar Zarifi alireza abtahi feizollah boushasb

The beginning of relations with the new image between Iran and Russia dates back to the formation of the Qajar government in Iran. From the beginning of the Safavid era, trade relations have been the cornerstone of these relations. Until Peter the Great's time in Russia More

The beginning of relations with the new image between Iran and Russia dates back to the formation of the Qajar government in Iran. From the beginning of the Safavid era, trade relations have been the cornerstone of these relations. Until Peter the Great's time in Russia, the importance of Russia's settlement was not for Iranian agents, and most Russians were interested in relations.What effect did the consequences of this conflict have on Iranian modernity? And how and what was the impact of this impact? And where did it have a direct impact?After the war, there were issues that directly affected the quality of relations. The Caucasus route became a way for Iranians to become acquainted with the sparks of modern life and try to achieve something. The Russians became acquainted with European civilization earlier than the Iranians. After the wars, the Iranians tried to achieve a civilization that was recognized as the cause of Russia's victory in the wars. Iranian thinkers based in the Caucasus or related to the Caucasus, They were the first to try to get acquainted with Europe and localize European modernist congresses and bring them back to the country. Recognize the ways in which ideas that can be necessary and useful for the development of the country's structures are always necessary by looking at the past. Especially for countries that have just entered the path of development. Which is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

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4 - Reflection of Var Ritual in Balouch Tribe Historical Stories ;Case Study of Malek Shah and Allahi
Mohammad Masih Hashemi Nia Fteme Janahmadi Halime Mirkazehi nezhad

Rituals and customs are the basic elements of culture and a way to know the ideology of people. The more variable rituals and customs of a nation are, the more that nation’s culture is varied and expanded. In the current situation of the world where identity crisi More

Rituals and customs are the basic elements of culture and a way to know the ideology of people. The more variable rituals and customs of a nation are, the more that nation’s culture is varied and expanded. In the current situation of the world where identity crisis is an issue, returning to traditional rituals and customs is one of the methods of preserving cultural identity. Balouch tribe is one of the original tribes of Iran, preserving its language, culture, and rituals. One of the rituals of the tribe is called Nal or Var, which is mentioned in many Balouchi stories too. One of these stories is Shahdad and Mahnaz in which the ritual is performed. To do this study, we interviewed some Balouch people in different regions. It is noticeable that despite religious awareness increase of people, it is still performed in different regions and in cases of theft, magic, and betrayal where there exists no proof to prove the convict’s sinfulness or innocence. A noticeable case of the ritual occurred for Malek Shah and Allahi, in 1871. There are numerous cases of the ritual but only some of them will be mentioned here. This study efforts to find out in which cases and accusations the ritual occurred more. The answer is that the Nal ritual was performed more for accusations of theft, magic and betrayal especially for theft. This study is based on an analytic-descriptive and field-research methodology. Manuscript profile

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5 - the study of exiled and immigrated nations in the different parts of internal and foreign policy of zandie period (key stydy: Qazvin)
shamsolaah gholami Nasrollah Poormohammadi amlashi Ali Zakeri

zandie governcy is one of the shortest governments and monarchies in the history of iran. one of the most important events and affairs in the history of this dynasty is to exile and immagrate of many nations throughout iran. one of the places that these immagrations wer More

zandie governcy is one of the shortest governments and monarchies in the history of iran. one of the most important events and affairs in the history of this dynasty is to exile and immagrate of many nations throughout iran. one of the places that these immagrations were doing was Qazvin. the point is here that these nations not only have had some effects on the internal affairs of the city that entered there but also on the whole they have had alot of effect on the economic, political and social trends of zandie dynasty. this essay is deivided into three main sections meaning the economic, political and social effects. the results show that the exiled and immagrated nations have played main roles in the internal affairs of Qazvin and wholly speaking on some trends and policies of zandie dynasty.the point is here that these nations not only have had some effects on the internal affairs of the city that entered there but also on the whole they have had alot of effect on the economic. Manuscript profile

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6 - An analysis of the performance of Shiite scholars in the protection of religion in the era of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar
mohammadreza bagherizadehgan naser bageribidehendi ali aghanoori

AbstractThe word Shiism is the only word that throughout history has been associated with missionaries, scholars and authorities who have caused the rise and spread of this religion with dynamism and insight in every age.Shiite scholars are the flag bearers of religion More

AbstractThe word Shiism is the only word that throughout history has been associated with missionaries, scholars and authorities who have caused the rise and spread of this religion with dynamism and insight in every age.Shiite scholars are the flag bearers of religion and culture and have spared no effort to protect its sanctity. The social functions of the ulema have been very fruitful against the selfishness of the tyrant rulers, especially the Qajar sultans, as well as against the two colonial governments of Russia and Britain. They were able to maintain the religious, political, livelihood and economy of Iran to the best of their ability during the fifty-year rule of Nasser al-Din Shah (1264-1313 AH), which was the culmination of concessions to the colonial and looting states of Russia and Britain.Finally, the results of this research provide the audience with the position of scholars such as Ayatollah Kani, Mirza Shirazi, Miraz Mohammad Hassan Ashtiani, Haj Mirza Javad Agha Tabrizi, Agha Seyyed Ali Akbar Fal Asiri, etc., who were able to take a conscious action taken from the Qur'an, Sunnah , Wisdom and consensus to protect religion, acquaints. Manuscript profile

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7 - Historical anthropology of the spread of shamanism among the Turkmen tribes
shahpour ghojoghinezhad Mahmood Seyyed Ali Baseri Vahid Rashidvash

Historical anthropology as a hybrid branch and interdisciplinary field is the intersection of the two sciences of history and anthropology. This article studies the evolution of shamanism among the Turkmen tribes. The study of shamanism as the oldest religious form amon More

Historical anthropology as a hybrid branch and interdisciplinary field is the intersection of the two sciences of history and anthropology. This article studies the evolution of shamanism among the Turkmen tribes. The study of shamanism as the oldest religious form among the Turkmen and its combination with Islamic Sufism is part of the topics of this research. By studying the remnants of the shamanic religions, the historical evolution of the Turkmen religious belief system was examined. It has shamanism. Despite the acceptance of Islam from centuries ago to the present day, the signs of shamanism are still manifested in their rituals. What is the place of what is called as a popular religion today in the ancient religions of the Turkmen tribes and also the shamans in the political and social system of the Oghuzs? The place of shamans in their ancient history was discussed, and finally, by examining the ethnic history of the Turkmens (Oghuzs), we examined the remains of shamanic religions as the most widely read ritual in the field findings. Manuscript profile

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8 - Explain and Analyze the Umayyad Propaganda Approaches
Nabi Sanjabi farinaz hooshyar Naser Jadidi

Propaganda is one of the important areas of communication of societies , therefore, it has always been considered in different fields, including political and governmental fields in different periods . The Umayyads also used propaganda to legitimize, gain power, and mai More

Propaganda is one of the important areas of communication of societies , therefore, it has always been considered in different fields, including political and governmental fields in different periods . The Umayyads also used propaganda to legitimize, gain power, and maintain political sovereignty, especially against the Alawites (Shiites) . Advertising approaches are attention to areas and the use of various tools that are given the nature of advertising. The present study answers the question: What were the areas of Umayyad propaganda approaches? It has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and with reference to library sources. The result of this research shows that many propaganda methods were founded by Muawiyah and continued by the later caliphs. The propagandistic approaches of the Umayyads included a religious, political, emotional-psychological and economic approach that was aimed at influencing the thoughts and behavior of individuals and leading society to the goals of the Umayyads. Manuscript profile

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9 - How Iranian claimants use theology and philosophy to strengthen the authority of the Fatimid Imamate
zahra raoufi seyed alireza vasei Mahmood Seyyed

One of the most important activities of the central core of the invitation, including writing works in theology-theology-philosophy-jurisprudence with emphasis on the idea of the central Imamate as the principles of religion, analyzes and proves the legitimacy of the More

One of the most important activities of the central core of the invitation, including writing works in theology-theology-philosophy-jurisprudence with emphasis on the idea of the central Imamate as the principles of religion, analyzes and proves the legitimacy of the text of the Fatimid Imamate. At this stage, the Iranian da'is, as agents of the caliphate ideology, tried to compile theological-philosophical works to explain the construction of the Fatimid religious-political power through theoretical activity. Relying on Shiite teachings and familiar with philosophy and wisdom, and using verses and hadiths, Iranian da'is and thinkers played a significant role in propagating and preaching the charismatic sovereignty of the Fatimid Imam-Caliph. The efforts of the da'is in the Fatimid court were a combination of science and religion, and through them they sought to prove and scientifically explain the authority of the Fatimid Imamate over the opponents and rivals, so that da'is such as Kermani, Sajestani, Al-Muayyid Shirazi, Naser Khosrow, etc., according to the political situation. - The religious of their time wanted to strengthen the political-religious power of the Fatimid Caliphate against the opponents and rivals, as Abu Ya'qub Sajestani analyzed and interpreted the Fatimid Imamate through the method of rational and scientific analysis. Manuscript profile

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10 - the resualts of St. Petersburg Agreement in iran
Hojat Abdolahi Masomeh Gharadaghi Manuchehr samadivand Nazli Eskandarinejad

During the Qajar period, Iran was considered the point of Russian-British convergence policy. Due to Iran's strategic importance and important geopolitical components, such as the location of the crossroads of the superpowers, the government plays a shocking role in the More

During the Qajar period, Iran was considered the point of Russian-British convergence policy. Due to Iran's strategic importance and important geopolitical components, such as the location of the crossroads of the superpowers, the government plays a shocking role in the confrontation between the superpowers and the Indian issue, as well as the Afghan crisis in the east and the Caucasus wars in the northwest. Russia came from the north in four directions, British India and Afghanistan from the east, the Ottomans from the west and Britain from the south in the Persian Gulf to the Qajar states. Which dominates the vital highway of the world. In the treaty of August 31, 1907, he concluded an agreement with Tsarist Russia, dividing Iran into three regions under his influence and Russia, and neutralizing it completely, and completely protecting Iran. However, the territorial integrity of Iran and the independence, order and development of the country were emphasized. Manuscript profile

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11 - The Conditions and Relations of tow safavidSheykh(Khaje Ali and SheykhEbrahim)
ali salarishadi

In the history of safavid family, from the death of Sadr al-Din to the advent of Jonaid from two Safavid sheikhs, called KhajehAli andshikh Ibrahim. Safavid and non-Safavid sources, including the sources of Timurid, do not have the same content in their lives. But conte More

In the history of safavid family, from the death of Sadr al-Din to the advent of Jonaid from two Safavid sheikhs, called KhajehAli andshikh Ibrahim. Safavid and non-Safavid sources, including the sources of Timurid, do not have the same content in their lives. But contemporary researchers have tried for some reason to define actions for them. This article seeks to discuss the reason for this issue, as well as the type and nature of the actions and actions of the Shaikh, who, despite the claims of contemporary scholars, have had a claim that has been the subject of the movement and the continuity of the movement? If they have been active, what more are they about issue? Are there any evidence of these claims.In this regard, in order to answer these questions .This article has two approaches. First, the retrieval of the real status of these two members of the Safavid family. secondly, Second, it rejects the writings of contemporary scholars Because their content is not documentary. Manuscript profile

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12 - Revival of traditional houses of Shiraz's historical fabric with the approach of recognizing and using physical, cultural and social identity-building elements.
sadegh Ahouei yadollah ahmadi Hossein Kalantari

The purpose of this research is to organize the traditional houses in the historical context of Shiraz city by presenting the appropriate models obtained from the cultural, social and physical structures of these buildings in order to attract and continue the presence o More

The purpose of this research is to organize the traditional houses in the historical context of Shiraz city by presenting the appropriate models obtained from the cultural, social and physical structures of these buildings in order to attract and continue the presence of people in the context with the approach of utilizing the physical index elements. , architecture, culture and society in the traditional houses of Shiraz. The method of conducting research in this project is a mixed method, in the qualitative part using the library and Delphi method, and in the quantitative method, with the help of 2 questionnaires of experts and questionnaires of residents and visitors, it was done using a survey method. The statistical population includes three groups, residents of traditional houses in Shiraz, visitors to traditional houses, and experts in the field of architecture and restoration. Statistically, the sample size included 36 experts and 108 residents and visitors. Quantitative data were analyzed with the help of statistical software and descriptive and analytical statistical methods, including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Friedman ranking test, and the one-sample t test. The findings show the role of each of the indicators and The following cultural, social and physical indicators are desirable in the revival of traditional houses of historical context in the Qajar period and the first Pahlavi period. Manuscript profile

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13 - Local historiography of Jerusalem
Ameneh bagheri

This article examines the course of local historiography related to the city of Bait-ul-Maqdis in the middle Islamic period (3rd to 9th centuries of Hijri). In general, local historiography in Syria began in the third century of the Hijri and in the form of "Sahaba Narg More

This article examines the course of local historiography related to the city of Bait-ul-Maqdis in the middle Islamic period (3rd to 9th centuries of Hijri). In general, local historiography in Syria began in the third century of the Hijri and in the form of "Sahaba Nargi" (the description of the companions). The emergence of local governments and the occurrence of crusades had a significant impact on the growth and expansion of the local histories of the Levant. By examining the form and content of the local chronicles of Sham, they can be classified into three types of chronicles, biographies and virtue letters. Generally, the books and works that have been written in relation to Jerusalem are classified in the field of virtue writing. In the field of dictionaries, it seems that an independent book has not been written in the field of famous names of Jerusalem. In the form of chronicles, most of the events related to Jerusalem are mentioned under the chronicles of Damascus and Syria. Among them are works such as the following book on the history of Damascus by Ibn Qalansi and the book Baghiya al-Talab fi Tarikh al-Haleb by Ibn Adeem. Manuscript profile

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14 - The role of Shiite religion on the formation of socio,political identity of Iranian women in the Al-Buwayh period
parvin masoompoor askari iraj jalali

The present article attempts to review the role of Shiite religion on the formation of socio-political identity of Iranian women in the Al-Buwayh period. The research method in this study is historical and data analysis method is accomplished through descriptive-analyti More

The present article attempts to review the role of Shiite religion on the formation of socio-political identity of Iranian women in the Al-Buwayh period. The research method in this study is historical and data analysis method is accomplished through descriptive-analytical method.The results of this study indicated that Shiite religion, with a holistic comprehensive role that involve all aspects of socio-political identity of Iranian women, is determinant in the two periods of Al-Buwayh. During the Al-Buwayh period, regarding political aspect, Shiite political ideas penetrated in the thoughts of Iranian women, including the idea of combining Iranian-Islamic models with Shiite tendencies, the authority of Shiite jurists, and the thought of the Absent Imam. During this period, following the emergence of the Alawites Niqab institution, Iranian women for the first time were persuaded toward religious pilgrimage and holy visits to sanctuaries and holy shrines., etc. In the social aspect, Shiite customs and religious rituals such as Eid Ghadir, Mid-Sha'ban, mourning for Muharram and Ashura, the religious custom of walking to Karbala, the custom of saying Hay Ala Khair al-Amal on Ashura day, On the day of Ashura, the pilgrimage to the holy shrines of Imams is one of the examples of the role of Shiite religion in the formation of social identity of Iranian women in the Al-Buwayh period. Manuscript profile

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15 - The influence of Al-Safa Brotherhood ideas on the Sarbdarieh movement
Mostafa abdollahi Ramin Yelfani mahboobeh sharafi

The Al-Safa Brotherhood has been a community of philosophers and scientists. They have influenced movements such as the Sarbadars with their theories about religion, government and justice. The conditions that the society faced in the fourth and eighth centuries AH had More

The Al-Safa Brotherhood has been a community of philosophers and scientists. They have influenced movements such as the Sarbadars with their theories about religion, government and justice. The conditions that the society faced in the fourth and eighth centuries AH had provided the ground for the emergence of the Al-Safa Brotherhood and the Sarbadars, and it is behind these backgrounds that these two declare their existence. The Al-Safa Brotherhood and the leaders were supporters of the Shiite religion and praised Ali (AS) and the Ahl al-Bayt. The Al-Safa Brotherhood believed that the government would reach the hands of the good people, and it was in this direction that the leaders formed their government according to the Al-Safa Brotherhood. According to these materials, the main hypothesis of this research is that the Sarbadars, under the influence of the teachings of the Al-Safa Brotherhood in the religious and political dimensions, were able to establish the discourse of their government. And the main question is in what areas was the influence of the leaders of the Al-Safa Brotherhood and to what extent was this influence manifested in their government? This article has been done using main sources and researches and relying on descriptive-analytical approach. Manuscript profile

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16 - Iranian movement against Abbasids with emphasis on Ravandieh
morteza bahmani mahdi goljan mahboobeh sharafi

The Iranians, who, after becoming acquainted with Islam and its rites - education, justice, and human dignity - fell in love with the religion, became embroiled in an intellectual conflict with the advent of the Umayyad and Abbasid regimes, which acted contrary to Islam More

The Iranians, who, after becoming acquainted with Islam and its rites - education, justice, and human dignity - fell in love with the religion, became embroiled in an intellectual conflict with the advent of the Umayyad and Abbasid regimes, which acted contrary to Islamic slogans. From the very first months of the Abbasid rule, successive uprisings and movements were formed against them in different parts of Iran and Iraq, and caused their weakness and collapse in many areas and led to their downfall. The central question of the present study is that With what reasons and motives did the Ravandians revolt against the Abbasids? The hypothesis is that the Abbasids' lack of loyalty to their original slogans, as well as the removal of the main leaders of the uprising, was the main motive for the Rwandan uprising. The present cover is organized based on the main sources and with a descriptive-analytical approach. Manuscript profile

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17 - Cultural consequences of housing policy in the lives of tribes and nomads of the first Pahlavi era
Hedayat Seid Khani, Gholamhossein Zargarinejad sina forozesh

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settle More

One of the important policies of the first Pahlavi government (1304-1320 AD) regarding the tribes and nomads of Iran, was the policy of nomadic settlement or "boarding" them, although this policy was ultimately due to the resistance of tribes and nomads to forced settlement. And the lack of necessary infrastructure, with the fall of the first Pahlavi government failed; But it had a great impact on different aspects of tribal and nomadic life. The issue of the present study is the question of what cultural consequences have the anti-nomadic policies of the first Pahlavi in the form of forced settlement had on the lives of the tribes and nomads?The research method in this article is historical (inductive) and the method of collecting information, documents and libraries, which will be used to describe and analyze the material.The findings of this study indicate that the anti-nomadic policies of Reza Shah's government, including the policy of settlement, in addition to destroying and forgetting many cultural components of tribes and nomads, including handicrafts, created a culture of resistance among the people of the tribe. , Can be seen and followed in the folklore culture of nomadic people, especially local poems. Also, the government's efforts to improve the human characteristics of nomadic life, including literacy and the establishment of nomadic schools, although done, have been insufficient and have not been successful in encouraging nomads to settle. Manuscript profile

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18 - Explaining the Art illustration of Farhad III’s coins ofbased on the documentation of coins
Khadijeh Baseri Mojtaba Monshi Zadeh amenh zaheri

This article includes the dark age of the Parthians which includes the so-called "dark age of the party" in terms of time A period from the late 90s to the mid-50s BC, That is, from the last years of Mithradates II until his reign or death The number of these kings is f More

This article includes the dark age of the Parthians which includes the so-called "dark age of the party" in terms of time A period from the late 90s to the mid-50s BC, That is, from the last years of Mithradates II until his reign or death The number of these kings is from 5 to 9 people mentioned. In this article, this period is considered to be the period between the kingdom of Guderz I and Phraates III between 57-95 BC. Been investigated. Phraates III was the son of Centerok. after The death of his son Phraates III(71-70 BC) until 50-58 BC) known as Theos (God) as the New Tear came to the kingdom In the genealogy of the Parthians and based on the pottery of Nesa's writings It can be said that Phraates IIIin 67/68 BC. As the king It was known in northern Parthia. . This period is the most confusing period of Parthian history since the last years during the reign of Mithradates II in 88 BC until the reign of Orodes II in 57 BC. When Mithradates II was still in power, we find coins from Gotarzes I about 90-95 BC, Also, we have Orodes II around 80-90 BC. And in the period that immediately After the reign of Mithradates II, we see that the coins of Orodes I around 80-90 B.C With the first unknown king 80 BC and the second unknown king around 70-80 BC and 70-77 BC and Darius of Media Atropatene Manuscript profile

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19 - The influence and role of medicine of non-Islamic civilizations on the medicine of Islamic civilization
mohammad ali shah heydari ghafar porbakhtiar Abdolaziz Movahed

The growth and expansion of medical knowledge in Islamic civilization is not only due to Muslim doctors, because non-Muslim doctors have also contributed to the formation and flourishing of this knowledge. Analyzing the contribution of non-Muslim doctors in the medicine More

The growth and expansion of medical knowledge in Islamic civilization is not only due to Muslim doctors, because non-Muslim doctors have also contributed to the formation and flourishing of this knowledge. Analyzing the contribution of non-Muslim doctors in the medicine of the Islamic period is possible through quantitative and qualitative analysis of their works in three areas: translation, treatment and authorship. According to the statistical analysis of the translated books of medical sciences, almost half of the famous doctors working in the courts of the caliphs of the Islamic world were Christians, Jews, and sometimes Sabaeans and Samaritans. The need of the caliphs and courtiers for healers, the lack of qualified Muslim doctors compared to non-Muslim doctors, and the tolerance and tolerance of the caliphs and the relative immunity of these doctors were the reasons for their presence in the court of the Islamic caliphs. On the other hand, the presence of these doctors in the fields, in addition to therapy, resulted in other results and effects, including the expansion and progress of medical knowledge. . The basic findings of this research show that, from the Abbasid period onwards, Muslims have directly and indirectly acquired and adapted the medical science of different nations, and besides being influenced by them, in some branches, Medicine, therapy, botany and pharmacy have been influenced by him. Manuscript profile

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