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Open Access Article
1 - The effects of vegetative and generative shoots of Ajuga Chamaecistus, A. austro-iranica against some bactria and fungi strains
Farkhondeh Rezanejad Sedigheh MehrabianObjectives: Study of antimicrobial effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of vegetative and reproductive structures of A. Chamaecistus and A. austro-iranica on several fungi and bacteria Materials and Methods: Aquatic and methanolic extracts prepared from Ajuga Cham MoreObjectives: Study of antimicrobial effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of vegetative and reproductive structures of A. Chamaecistus and A. austro-iranica on several fungi and bacteria Materials and Methods: Aquatic and methanolic extracts prepared from Ajuga Chamaecistus, A. austro-iranica were tested for antibacterial activity against gram positive (Satphyloccocus aureous and Streptococus pyogenes) and gram negative (Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria and Aspergillus niger and fusarium solani. The vegetative and generative shoots of plants were powdered, sterilized, and extracted at 4°C with methanol and water. The concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mgml-1 of methanolic and aquatic extracts were used to detect the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All experiments were tested three times. The antibacterial effects were evaluated using the cup-plate and antifugal activity using cup-plate and pour plate Results: The antibacterial effect of aqueous extracts showed that only the leaf extract (vegetative extract) of A. chamaecistus is effective on S. aureus showing that in gram-negative bacteria, the presence of a lipopolysaccharide wall causes greater resistance. Methanolic extracts of both species were more active than aqueous extracts and had antimicrobial effects on all tested bacteria as well as A. niger. In both species, the extracts of the generative parts showed a stronger antifungal effect. In different species of this genus, the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenoids that have antimicrobial properties confirms the antimicrobial properties of this species. However, the amount of their effect depends on plant and microbe species, the tested parts (plant organs), the extracts concentration, the sampling season, the sample age and soil type. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The Evaluation of yield, yield components and indices advantage of intercropping of Populus euramericana with Allium sativum in Karaj conditions
Fatemeh Ahmadloo Saeedeh EskandariGarlic medicinal plant (Allium sativum) was planted between the rows of poplar (Populus euramericana 92/40) which were planted in March 2017 at a distance of 3 × 4 m, in late autumn of 2017. The statistical design of this research was Randomized Complete Block Des MoreGarlic medicinal plant (Allium sativum) was planted between the rows of poplar (Populus euramericana 92/40) which were planted in March 2017 at a distance of 3 × 4 m, in late autumn of 2017. The statistical design of this research was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 treatments including (garlic with poplar, pure poplar culture and pure garlic culture),. Garlic cultivation was done in five rows with a length of 21 m and 50 cm between rows in three blocks in November 2017. During each growing season, poplar seedlings and garlic were irrigated once a week. The height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the poplar trees were measured at the end of each growing season for four years, and then the increment in growth of height, diameter and stem volume (m3/ha/y) were calculated and evaluated using the T-Test. Economic evaluation of each of the pure and intercropped cultivations was done based on the indices of land equality ratio (LER), relative value total (RVT) and index advantage (IA). In 2019 and 2020, there is a statistically significant difference in the characteristics of increment at DBH and height in pure and intercropped cultivations, which is the highest in intercropped poplar culture. In 2020, the highest and lowest biological yields of garlic were obtained in pure cultivation with 8791.67 kg ha-1 and in intercropped cultivation with 2408.33 kg ha-1, respectively. In all the studied years, LER is greater than one and among 1.61 to 2.76, and in general its three-year average obtained 2.28. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - How Does Immersion of saffron Corm in Some Hormones and Humic Acid Affect the Morphological Characteristics of Plant under Salinity Stress
Saeed Moradizadeh Hossein Ali Asadi-Gharneh Mohammad Reza Naderi Darbaghshahi -
Open Access Article
4 - The Effects of Different Irrigation Regimes on the Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of Three Soybean Cultivars (Glycine max)
N. Razmi J. Iran nejad H. Khanzadeh B. Soheili MogaddamTo study the effect of different irrigation regimes on morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivars, this experiment was conducted at Moghan Agricultural Research Center during 2009-2010 in Iran. The experiment was split plot based on randomized MoreTo study the effect of different irrigation regimes on morphological and physiological characteristics of soybean cultivars, this experiment was conducted at Moghan Agricultural Research Center during 2009-2010 in Iran. The experiment was split plot based on randomized complete block design, with 3 replications. The main plots consisted of four irrigation regimes: I1, I2, I3 and I4 indicating irrigation after 60, 100, 140 and 180 mm evaporation from class A pan respectively and 3 soybean cultivars named Linford, L17 and Williams assigned in the sub plots. Results of combined analysis showed that with increasing irrigation intervals from I1 to I4 reduced growth period, plant height and leaf area index (LAI), number of nodes, branches and internodes significantly. Physiologic characteristics such as chlorophyll contain of leaves and relative water content (RWC) were also affected by irrigation regimes. LAI in I1 was 4.94 reduced inI4to 3.70.Plant height of soybean cultivars were declined by 21% in I4 (irrigation after 180 mm evaporation) as compared to I1 (irrigation after 60 mm evaporation). Soluble proline content of the leaves and electric conduction (EC) on the other hand increases significantly. There was significant differences among cultivars concerning the vegetative and physiological characteristics. Willams and L17 cultivars produced the highest numbers of nodes (15.5) and internode length (4.95cm) receptivity. The maximum proline content (65.6 µmol/F.W) and relative water content (67.65%) belonged to Linford cultivar. Interaction of irrigation regimes and cultivars was significant on plant hieght, LAI and proline content. Linford cultivar had more soluble proline under water limited condition and maintained higher LAI and plant height in I4 treatment as compared other treatments. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Effect of Different Levels of Selenium and Sulfur on Growth and Yield of Three Cultivars of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
O. Bakhshi Rad M. Moez Ardalan A. ReyhanitabarSelenium is an essential element for human and animal heath, with antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. Although, researchers have found it to increase vegetative growth. It is not considered to be essential for higher plants. In order to evaluate the effect of seleni MoreSelenium is an essential element for human and animal heath, with antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. Although, researchers have found it to increase vegetative growth. It is not considered to be essential for higher plants. In order to evaluate the effect of selenium and sulfur on growth and yield of three cultivars of spring wheat a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was conducted in pots at the Agricultural Faculty of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran, during 2009-2010. Treatments were 3 cultivars of spring wheat (Karaj, Pishtaz and Sepahan), 5 levels of selenium (0, 0.2, 2, 5 and 10 mg/kg) in the form of sodium selenate used and 4 levels of elemental sulfur (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg). Results showed that 0.2 and 2 mg Se/kg of soil increased growth and yield in all three cultivars, but 5 and 10 mg Se/kg of soil without sulfur, caused toxicity symptoms, white spots on leaf margins, while its toxicity decreased when 50 and 100 mg S/kg of soil was used and toxicity disappeared by using 150 mg S/kg of soil. This indicates that low levels of Se may have positive effects on growth and yield of wheat through meaningful interaction between Se and sulfur. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effect of Planting Dates on Seed Yield and Vegetative Traits of Rapeseed Cultivars in Ilam Region
G. Tahmasebi S.A. Syadat M.M. Pour Siabidi R. NaseriTo study the effect of the best planting date of rapeseed cultivars on seed yield, a split plot experiment was conducted in randomized compete block design with four replications at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ilam province, Iran of 2005. Plant MoreTo study the effect of the best planting date of rapeseed cultivars on seed yield, a split plot experiment was conducted in randomized compete block design with four replications at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Ilam province, Iran of 2005. Planting dates (September 5th, October 1st, October 15th and November 1st) were assigned to main plot and cultivars (Talaye, Rijent×Kobrah and Okapi) to sub plots. The results of the analysis variance of data showed that planting date, cultivars and their interaction effect were significant on under study traits at 1% level probability. The highest seed yield (3622 kg.ha-1) was obtained from September 5th and the lowest (3075 kg.ha-1) from October 1st planting dates. The highest number of seed per pod (61.55 seed), 1000-seed weight (3.477 g) and number of pod on main stem (64.75 pods) were observed in September 5th planting date. Zarfam cultivar had the highest seed yield, number seeds of per pod, 1000-seed weight and number of pods on main stem in comparison to other cultivars. Talaye had the highest days to flowering and plant height than other cultivars. Among planting dates, September 5th had lowest days to flowering and it was also evaluated as to be better than other planting dates. Therefore, September 5th planting date can be the results of this study recommended to Zarfam cultivar in this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Tolerance of Salsify (Tragopogon graminifolius) to Simulated Herbivory
N. Valaie S.Z. Hosseini CiciThe ability of plants to reduce the negative effects of leaf removal or simulated herbivory on their growth is defined as their tolerance. Tragopogon graminifolius is a herbaceous perennial weed distributed around the world. To investigate the effect of leaf removals li MoreThe ability of plants to reduce the negative effects of leaf removal or simulated herbivory on their growth is defined as their tolerance. Tragopogon graminifolius is a herbaceous perennial weed distributed around the world. To investigate the effect of leaf removals like 100% leaf removal, no damage (control), 50 % leaf removal at ten- leaf stage, 50 % leaf removal at twenty- leaf stage and 100 % leaf removal at twenty- leaf stage on its survival and final biomass of this plant, a greenhouse study was conducted during 2011 in completely randomized design. The results showed that the number of active leaves, number of flowers and seeds, number of branches and final height of T. graminifolius were significantly lower in “100% leaf removal at twenty-leaf stage” (P < 0.0001) less than the other treatments. These results indicate that herbivory or reduction of the photosynthesing leaves, reduce plant's ability to survive and produce reproductive organs. Furthermore, the intensity and timing of the mid-term leaf removal resulted in negative effects on seed yield and the reproductive growth of this weed more than ”100% leaf removal at twenty- leaf stage” treatment by 66.7% compared to control. Shoot and root biomass in “100 % leaf removal at twenty-leaf stage” treatment was 52.58% and 52.06% less than the control one, respectively (P < 0.0001). Also, our results show that population of this perennial weed, despite its tolerance of damage, is not able to compensate its tissue losses. This finding, because of the stability of this plant in disturbed habitats, is of ecological significance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Properties of essential oil of Salvia syriaca L. under different phenological stages and climatic conditions in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province
fatemeh Bagheri mehrab yadegariSince the quantity and quality of the active ingredients of medicinal plants are dependent on the genetic and environmental factors, this research was carried out in 2018 to investigate the effects of climatic changes and phenological stages on the quantity and quality MoreSince the quantity and quality of the active ingredients of medicinal plants are dependent on the genetic and environmental factors, this research was carried out in 2018 to investigate the effects of climatic changes and phenological stages on the quantity and quality of essential oils in Salvia syriaca L to introduce the most suitable phenological stage and region. The experimental design was randomized complete design in a factorial layout with 2 factors of phenological stages (vegetative, beginning of flowering, and full flowering stages) and regions (Shahrekord, Kouhrang, and Lordegan) with three replications. The essential oil content was determined by distilling tissues in Clevenger type apparatus. All the essential oil samples were injected into a GC–MS apparatus to determine their components. Results showed a significant effect of phenological stages and regions on the components of essential oils. The highest levels of essential oil compounds included Cis- Thujone (23.9-31.4%), Camphor (16.4-19.7%), Trans- Thujone (8.8-11.5%), and 1, 8-Cineole (8.43-12.1%). The results showed significant effects of phenological stages and regions on essential oil content and composition. The highest contents of essential oil were obtained from Kouhrang region and at beginning of flowering stage. The highest contents of volatile components such as α/β-Pinene (monoterpene hydrocarbons) and Caryophyllene (sesquiterpene hydrocarbons) were obtained at the beginning of flowering stage. In addition, the amounts of volatile components and monoterpene hydrocarbons such as α/β-Pinene and Limonene of essential oils decreased from Kouhrang (temperate climate) to Lordegan (tropical climate) while the percentage of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as Caryophyllene in the oils increased. To obtain more aromatic components of this plant, it is recommended to harvest plants in temperate climate and at the beginning of flowering stage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effect of salicylic acid foliar application on flowering and growth characteristics of lantana (Lantana camara Linn.) under salinity stress
Maryam Dehestani-Ardakani Parisa Ghatei Ali Momenpour Jalal Gholamnezhad Zahra FakharipourLantana camara Linn. is a flowering ornamental plant belonging to family Verbenaceae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid foliar application on flowering improvement and growth characteristics of lantana under salinity stress. In MoreLantana camara Linn. is a flowering ornamental plant belonging to family Verbenaceae. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of salicylic acid foliar application on flowering improvement and growth characteristics of lantana under salinity stress. In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), three levels of SA (0, 0.5 and 1mM) and five levels of salinity (0.5, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dS.m-1) were applied. The results indicated that increasing salinity levels from 0.5 to 9 dS.m-1 significantly reduced all studied growth parameters levels, chlorophyll contents and potassium uptake. While Na+uptake, Na+/K+ and ion leakage were increased relative to control. Also, the results indicated that the salicylic acid significantly increased plant growth and physiological traits. Application of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) improved vegetative, flowering growth and nutrient uptake under salt stress. At salinity level of 9 dS m-1, application of 1mM salicylic acid increased the height of the main branch and the number of flowers by3.22 and 2.14 times, respectively, compared to the control and decreased the sodium uptake by 2.46 times. At the same level of salinity, treatment of plants by 0.5mM salicylic acid increased plant height, stem diameter, increased diameter of main branch, number of flowers and fresh weight of flowers by 70.64%, 2.15, 2.14 and 5.8 times respectively, in compare to the control. Considering that the plants maintained their vegetative growth and flowering well up to salinity level of 7dS.m-1, it seems that the lantana is able to tolerate salinity. In general, It seems that under high salinity levels, salicylic acid (0.5 mM) was the most effective treatment for mitigating the deleterious effect of salt stress in lantana plants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Influence of ascorbic acid on growth and micropropagation of Aloe barbadensis Mill.
Behzad Kaviani Aki Ramezani Sayad Ahmad Majd Mojtaba Khorrami Raad -
Open Access Article
11 - Glycine betaine aldehyde as a promising new source of valuable physiological indices of Prosopis spp.
Sara Ansari Hossein Sadeghi -
Open Access Article
12 - Influence of Light Intensity on Lucky Bamboo Growth(Dracaena sanderiana)
Amir Khasmakhi-SabetThis research had conducted to investigate light intensity effects on the lucky bamboo growth in Islamic Azad University, Abhar Branch. The experiment arranged as a complete randomized block design with five treatments (0.75, 1.14, 1.89, 2.29 and 4.09 mmol m-2 s-1) in t MoreThis research had conducted to investigate light intensity effects on the lucky bamboo growth in Islamic Azad University, Abhar Branch. The experiment arranged as a complete randomized block design with five treatments (0.75, 1.14, 1.89, 2.29 and 4.09 mmol m-2 s-1) in ten replications. Results showed that 1.89 mmol m-2 s-1 had significant differences than other treatments. The higher level of root number, shoot length and total weight of plants were obtained under 1.89 mmol m-2 s-1. Number of shoot, shoot length and number of leaves per shoot were different in different nodes and were highest in uppermost node. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigation of Some Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics of Five Apple Cultivars in ‘Guttingen V’ System
Ahmad Dadashpour Sasan Sadegh Hasani Seyed Fazel MirahmadiOrchard intensification is motivated by the desire to produce fruit early in the life of the orchard to rapidly recover establishment costs. Intensification is possible using dwarfing rootstocks that control tree size, induce early cropping and produce large quantities MoreOrchard intensification is motivated by the desire to produce fruit early in the life of the orchard to rapidly recover establishment costs. Intensification is possible using dwarfing rootstocks that control tree size, induce early cropping and produce large quantities of fruit compared to the amount of wood produced. Therefore, this study attempts to compare some yield and fruit properties of five apple cultivars grown in Karaj, Iran. The concerned apple cultivars were ‘Golab-kohans’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Starking’, ‘Delbar estival’ and ‘Gala’ that were grafted on M.9 rootstock which were trained in‘Gutingen V’ system. All trees were planted in winter 2005. The trees were irrigated since the second year after planting as drip irrigation. Results showed that ‘Golab-kohans’ had the highest vegetative traits include TCSA (11.30 cm2), shoot growth (185.30 cm) and tree height (325.32 cm). Also‘Delbar estival’ had the highest amount of yield / tree (6.2 kg), yield efficiency (1 kg/cm2) and fruit weight (147.52 g). ‘Starking’ owned the highest fruit firmness (15.27 kg/cm2), dry matter (32.86 %) and ash (0.82 %). In addition, ‘Gala’ had the most TSS (16.12), pH (4.02), fruit length (5.79 cm) and fruit diameter (6.68 cm). ‘Fuji’ had the greatest L/D (0.89), TA (0.74 %) and fruit sunburn (56.23 %). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - A Profit Approach Comparison between Tomato Grown under Organic and Inorganic Methods in a Typical Nigeria’s Soil
Hamza Babagiwa Aliyu Muhammad R. Ja’afar-Furo -
Open Access Article
15 - Evaluation of the effect of different irrigation regimes on the growth characteristics and yield of aerobic rice genotypes in northern Khuzestan
Kaveh Limouchi Mohammad Reza Zargaran KhouzaniThe aim of this study was to determine the role of different irrigation regimes on flag leaf and other leaves , stem length, stem weight, average leaf length and width of aerobic rice genotypes was carried out during 2014 and 2015 in Shavoor Agricultural Research Statio MoreThe aim of this study was to determine the role of different irrigation regimes on flag leaf and other leaves , stem length, stem weight, average leaf length and width of aerobic rice genotypes was carried out during 2014 and 2015 in Shavoor Agricultural Research Station in northern of Khuzestan. Four irrigation regimes (1, 3, 5 and 7 days) in main plots and twelve rice genotypes in subplots with three replications. The results of combined analysis showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes, irrigation regimes and their interactions in all traits. One-day and three-day irrigation regimes had the highest and the seven-day irrigation regimen the lowest in terms of less time in nutrient accumulation in all traits. Grain yield, while having the highest positive and significant correlation (0.486 **) with flag leaf weight in terms of providing the most photosynthetic material for the main reservoir in the All genotypes tended to produce the most grain yield in the second irrigation regime (the three-day irrigation interval); genotype IR 81025-B-327-3, with 6555.10 kg ha-1 of grain yield, out-performed the remaining genotypes in this level of irrigation regime. Examination of the growth index showed that all genotypes reached their maximum growth by reducing the irrigation cycle in a shorter period of time, while more resistant genotypes maintained their growth process in the conditions of better irrigation cycle reduction, which can be due to breeding and Corrected figures used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effect of drought Stress on Vegetative Growth, Micromorphological and Flower development of Ahmadi and karaj2 Rapeseed Cultivars (Brassica napus L.)
Azadeh Modaresi parissa jonoubi Ahmad Majd Mohammad Tahmaseb Amir Hossein Shirani RadIn order to investigate the response of rapeseed to dehydration stress, a split plot experiment was conducted in the form of a complete randomized design with three replications in Karaj at the Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute. Irrigation was done at two le MoreIn order to investigate the response of rapeseed to dehydration stress, a split plot experiment was conducted in the form of a complete randomized design with three replications in Karaj at the Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute. Irrigation was done at two levels of normal irrigation and interruption of irrigation from flowering stage in main plots and plants of Ahmadi cultivar and Karaj2 cultivars in sub-plots. Plants of Karaj 2 cultivar had the highest ratio of cortex to vascular bundle (0.79) and Ahmadi had the highest phloem content (13.3 μm) in roots. In comparison, Ahmadi cultivars had the highest cortex thickness (146.5 μm) and the largest xylem (144 μm), protoxylem (13.3 μm) and parenchyma pit cell diameter (118.16 μm) in the stem. In normal irrigation, Ahmadi cultivars had the highest style length (1.48 mm) and anther filament length (6.32 mm). Ahmadi cultivars were more tolerant of stress due to having the lowest ratio of cortex to vascular bundle and the highest amount of phloem in the roots and having the greatest thickness of cortex in the stem and were identified as resistant cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Effects of magnetically - treated water on vegetative growth period, development of gynoecium and anther, and ultrastructure of pollen grains of lentil (Lens culinaris L.)
nafise Azimi ahmad Majd taher Nejadsattari faezeh Ghanati sedigheh ArbabianWater is the most abundant component of plant cells and as a diamagnetic molecule can be affected by magnetic field. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of magneticallytreated water on speed of vegetative growth and stages of reproductive or MoreWater is the most abundant component of plant cells and as a diamagnetic molecule can be affected by magnetic field. The present study was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of magneticallytreated water on speed of vegetative growth and stages of reproductive organs development and Ultrastructure of Pollen grain of lentil (Lens culinaris L.). For this aim lentil seeds were cultured in green house and were irrigated either with tap water (control group), or magnetically-treated water (tap water which was passed through a magnetic field of 110 mT). Growth and development of male and female generative organs were studied via cytological and histological routine methods and the ultrastructure of pollen grains was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed irrigation with magnetically-treated water increased the speed of lentil flowering. In developmental stages of anther and gynoecium showed no difference between control and treated plants. The apparent shape of the megaspor mother cell and egg cell, was the same in both groups. Lentil pollen grain is tricolpate with reticulate architecture. The decorations of pollen grains were thicker and wider in the plants irrigated with magnetically-treated water, compared to the control plants. Number of pollen grain had no difference between groups. Totally irrigation with magnetically-treated water increases the speed of flowering and thus reduces the growth period is in lentil. Therefore, irrigated with magneticallytreated water can be a big help to reduce the water used to irrigate the crops. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - The developmental study vegetative and generative organs of Cannabis sativa L.
Ahmad Majd Zahra Roustaee Taher Nejhad sattari Sedigheh ArbabianCannabis sativa L., belongs to the cannabinaceae family. It is important in dicotyledonous plants, because of potential products, pharmaceutical and industrial products in some countries is economically very valuable. Also, this plant has a global spread and has endemic MoreCannabis sativa L., belongs to the cannabinaceae family. It is important in dicotyledonous plants, because of potential products, pharmaceutical and industrial products in some countries is economically very valuable. Also, this plant has a global spread and has endemic species in many parts of Iran. The vegetative and generative organs were cut and fixed in glycerin and ethanol. The young Root and shoot apical meristem were sampled at different developmental stages. Samples were fixed in FAA and sliced using a microtome. Staining was carried out with Eosin and Haematoxylin. The primary and secondary structures of root, shoot and structure of petiole, leaf, inflorescence, axil, Root and shoot apical meristem showed similarity to dicotyledons, also about male and female flowers of Cannabis sativa L., the sameness of the other angiosperm flowers. Based on the anatomical findings, we observed a characteristics similarity between this plant and other angiosperms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Study of salinity (NaCl) stress on ontogeny of vegetative organs in Luffa cylindrica L
Sayeh Jafari Marandi masoomeh MahootforoshhaLuffa cylindrica L. (Cucurbitaceae family) is an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage. Due to the salinity problem in soils of the country, the effect of salinity stress on the development of vegetative organs of luffa was investigated. Seeds were plant MoreLuffa cylindrica L. (Cucurbitaceae family) is an herbal plant with high medicinal and economical usage. Due to the salinity problem in soils of the country, the effect of salinity stress on the development of vegetative organs of luffa was investigated. Seeds were planted in pots (control and 3 treatments with four replications) and treated with 15, 30 and 45 mM NaCl under drip irrigation two weeks before flowering. The root, stem, leaf and petiole of plants were fixed in Glyceraldehide fixator solution. The common methods of cell – histology was used for preparing of section. Vegetative meristem was removed in different stages, fixed in FAA70% and maintained in ethanol70%. The microtome was used for vegetative meristem sections and staining was carried out with PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff) and Hematoxyline. The results showed increasing salinity decreased the height, internode distance and overall size of plant. Increasing salt concentration causes the growth in the thickness of methaxylem elements at the root, leads the stem to go to subsequent structure earlier than normal process, have the cell layers increase in number, and increase the activity of the generative layers. In leaves, findings also showed that different salt concentration lead to increasing of ladder parenchyma layers, number and length of trichomes. Under the treatment meristem vegetative tip of the stem was layered. At the higher concentration vegetative tip became wide and got homogeneous pigment similar to what is seen in generative meristem. This phenomenon can be the sign of premature aging of the plant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Morphology, ecology and propagation of endangered species of Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem )Bignoniaceae) in Golparaki plain of Jiroft (Iran)
Farkhondeh Rezanejad Asma Saberi Fatemeh AlimoradiTecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. is deciduous or nearly evergreen tree that is highly valuable due to showy and beautiful flowers, resistance against extreme temperature and drought, medicinal properties, wood production and ... Morphology, ecology and propagation of this MoreTecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. is deciduous or nearly evergreen tree that is highly valuable due to showy and beautiful flowers, resistance against extreme temperature and drought, medicinal properties, wood production and ... Morphology, ecology and propagation of this species in Golparaky plain of Jiroft was studied. The highest of its distribution in middle east is seen in this plain that has been introduced as genetic reservoir. The species grows on sand dunes and sand loams or stony places of river bed. pH of area soil is equal 7.5 and its EC is 1/3 desi zimen m -2. The amount of micro- and macro-elements and organic carbon of soil was lower than standard. Root branches are long and various which produce new plantlets using vegetative propagation even in distances of 30 m farther. The inflorescence is raceme-cyme, flowers are odorless, protoandrous and contain heteromorph stamens and adnate perianth. In the middle of flower is seen a well-developed nectary disc producing about 1 ml nectar of odorless or purple color. Flowers are cross pollinated but no pollinator was observed in pollination season. The species is fruitless and seedless although flowers seemed normal. Root branches endanger due to floods and soils of sandy and loamy. The seed absence, less vegetative propagation and losing of vegetatively propagated seedlings due to grazing by cattle and sheep and increasing dry and high increase its treat risk. Thus, its protection should be taken seriously. Also, it is recommended to consider to its vegetative reproduction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Investigating the effect of pretreatment of chickpea Adl cultivar (Cicer arietinum L) with Nano Titanium dioxide on germination and seedling characteristics.
zahra fasahat zohreh jafari zahra Goodarzywith increasing in production and trade of chickpeas(Cicer arietinum ), the need to improve its production methods is felt more and more, so that in producing countries, research on its cultivation has been given more attention.Today, One of the problems faced by farmer Morewith increasing in production and trade of chickpeas(Cicer arietinum ), the need to improve its production methods is felt more and more, so that in producing countries, research on its cultivation has been given more attention.Today, One of the problems faced by farmers in developing countries is the poor condition of soil structure, which causes problems such as reduced germination rate, uneven growth of germinated plants and as a result of their unequal competition with each other in the use of resources such as light, Nutrients and water, this causes differences in plant biomass and ultimately yield.One of the methods to overcome this problem is the use of seed pretreatment before germination (priming) and in this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of nanopriming (Nano Titanium dioxide) on seed germination and plant growth parameters on (Cicer arietinum ).The results showed nanopriminng with Nano Titanium dioxide was significant on the parameters of stem dry weight and root dry weight but not significant on root length ,stem length ,root wet weight, stem wet weight ,plant wet weight ,total dry weight and speed germination. The studies were performed with SPSS software and Duncan test.Finally, it is concluded that seed pretreatment before germination with Titanium Nanoxide is effective and increases the production of chickpeas, the positive effect of this compound on other plants had been previously reviewed and confirmed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Anatomical structure study of vegetative organs of Cordia myxa L. (Sepestan) in three south-Iranian habitat.
Maryam nikkhah Sedigheh Arbabian Ahmad Majd Fariba SharifniaThe Cordia myxa L. belongs to the borage family, which is very important in traditional medicine and wood industry. It is a medicinal plant with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. Also, as a very fast-growing tree spe MoreThe Cordia myxa L. belongs to the borage family, which is very important in traditional medicine and wood industry. It is a medicinal plant with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. Also, as a very fast-growing tree species in the southern provinces of the country, it can be used in artificial forests, landscaping and industry. Since this species has a good distribution in different habitats of southern Iran, this study was conducted to compare and investigate shoot anatomical features of three different parts of this plant in different habitats. Anatomical-developmental characteristics of three different habitats. Examination of the anatomical structure of vegetative organs showed differences in the thickness of the collenchyma area of stem, the size and cohesion of the cells, differences in the thickness of spongy and ladder mesophyll, and also the size of the brain parenchyma. Given to anatomical structure of the petiole, thickness of cortex, v Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Investigating Environmental Factors Affecting Plant Distribution in QezelOzan - Kosar Rangelands (Ardabil Province), Iran
MirMilad Taheri Niari Ardavan Ghorbani Mehdi Moameri Sahar Ghafari Mahmood Bidarlord -
Open Access Article
24 - Effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on morphological and yield traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-gracum L.)
Seyyed Gholamreza MoosaviIn order to study the effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on some morphological and yield traits of fenugreek, a split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at research fiel MoreIn order to study the effect of irrigation interval, humic acid and sulfur fertilizer on some morphological and yield traits of fenugreek, a split-plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications was conducted at research field of Islamic Azad University, branch of Birjand in 2013. The main plots were 5 and 10 days irrigation intervals. The sub-plots were combination of two rates of humic acid (0 and 10 L.ha-1) and four types of sulfur fertilizer (control or no application, bentonit containing, humic containing and urea with sulfur cover). In this study plant height, branch number of main stem, pod length, 1000–seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed were evaluated. The results showed that increasing irrigation interval from 5 to 10 days significantly reduced plant height, pod length, 1000–seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index of seed by 19.9, 20.9, 34.6, 37.4, 34.4 and 16.7%, respectively. Also humic acid application (10 L/ha) significantly increased all measured traits by 10.3, 13.5, 15.5, 42.8, 47.7, 85.2 and 42%, respectively. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on the measured traits was not significant. Also, interaction of irrigation and humic acid was significant on plant height, 1000–seed weight, biological yield and harvest index. In general 5 days irrigation interval and acid humic application (10 L.ha-1) is recommended for fenugreek cultivation in Birjand. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Estimating leaf area by using vegetative characteristics in in bread and durum wheat cultivars
jafar pourreza Afshin Soltani احمد نادریIn order to investigate relationships between leaf area (LA) cm2plant-1 with leaf dry weight ( LDW) g plant-1, total dry weight of vegetative organs (leaf + stem)(TDWV) g plant-1, total plant leaf number (TPLN) and plant height (PH) cm plant-1; two field experiments wer MoreIn order to investigate relationships between leaf area (LA) cm2plant-1 with leaf dry weight ( LDW) g plant-1, total dry weight of vegetative organs (leaf + stem)(TDWV) g plant-1, total plant leaf number (TPLN) and plant height (PH) cm plant-1; two field experiments were conducted at research farm of Islamic Azad University, Ramhormoz Branch in 2006-2008 cropping seasons with 13 bread wheat cultivars(Atrak, Bayat, Chamran, Chenab, Dez, Ineia, Kavir, Marvdasht, Shiraz and S78-18) and two durum wheat (Yavaroos and shova-Mald) cultivars. The experimental design was randomized complete block with four replications. Various equations including linear and none-linear equations were used to describe relationships between leaf area and mentioned characteristics. The best results were obtained with linear form of power equation {ln(Y)=ln(a)+bln(x)}. Results showed that there was no significant difference between cultivars and in respect to coefficients of allometric relationships. So one equation was used for all cultivars in both years. Equation Y=219.2X0.96(R2=0.99) showed very good description of the estimation of leaf area (Y) Using LDW (X), Also according to equation Y=84.77X0.6 (R2=0.92) , leaf area using data of TDWV (X) was well estimated. although relationship between LA and PTLN was suitable but LA was estimated with less precision compared to LDW and TDWV (Y=1.34X1.57, R2=0.89). Estimation of leaf area Using data of PH was not well estimated. It was concluded that the equations could be used for estimation of leaf area especially when the leaf area meter device is not available or can be used in simulation models of wheat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Selection of Pecan Cultivars Aiming to Release Vigorous and Heat Stress Tolerant Rootstocks
Fereidoon Ajam Gard -
Open Access Article
27 - Genetic Analysis of Early Growth Characteristics in a Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Population Raised under Greenhouse Conditions for use in Breeding Program
Hossein Dashti Asghar Rahimi Seyed Ahmad Hosseini Shirin Davoodian Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani -
Open Access Article
28 - Physiological, Biochemical, and Developmental Responses of some Pistachio Genotypes under Drought Stress
Mostafa Ghasemi Shiva Ghasemi Mehdi Mohammadi-Moghadam Saeid Kashanizadeh Mansoore ShamiliPistachio is one of the economic nut fruits in Iran. Water limitation is the most restrictive factor for its production. To overcome the water scarcity crisis, introducing drought-tolerant rootstocks is among the crucial breeding strategies. To investigate the drought t MorePistachio is one of the economic nut fruits in Iran. Water limitation is the most restrictive factor for its production. To overcome the water scarcity crisis, introducing drought-tolerant rootstocks is among the crucial breeding strategies. To investigate the drought tolerance of five Qazvin native pistachio genotypes, an experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications in the greenhouse conditions. The factors were pistachio genotypes (Madari, KalKhandan, Kalehbozi, Sefid, and Ghermez) and irrigation regime (normal conditions and drought stress). The highest relative water content under drought irrigation conditions belonged to the Sefid (59.99%), and Ghermez (59.09%) genotypes. The lowest value (54.68%) belonged to the Madari genotype. The highest electrolyte leakage under drought irrigation conditions belonged to the Madari genotype (55.75%). The lowest electrolyte leakage (42.44%) belonged to the Sefid genotype. Under drought stress, the highest amount of chlorophyll a (2.12 mg g-1 fresh weight), total chlorophyll (3.051 mg g-1 fresh weight), and carotenoid (2.38 mg g-1 fresh weight) was observed in Ghermez genotype. In contrast, the highest amount of chlorophyll b (1.34 mg g-1 fresh weight) was observed in the Sefid genotype. The lowest amounts of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the drought stress belonged to the Madari genotype. According to the results, the Ghermez and Sefid genotypes with lower electrolyte leakage and higher relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and biomass under water stress, were the more drought-tolerant genotypes. Madari and KalKhandan genotypes with higher electrolyte leakage and lower relative leaf water content, chlorophyll, and biomass were the most drought-sensitive genotypes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Analysis of Soil Populations of Aspergillus flavus Link. from Pistachio Orchards in Iran for Vegetative Compatibility
M. Houshyar Fard H. Rouhani M. Falahati Rastegar E. Mehdikhani Moghaddam S. Malekzadeh Shafaroudi C. Probst -
Open Access Article
30 - Foliar Application of Arginine Improves Vegetative and Reproductive Characteristics of Bearing Pistachio Trees
Ali Tajabadipour Mohammad Reza Fattahi Moghaddam Zabihollah Zamani Fatemeh Nasibi Hossein Hokmabadi -
Open Access Article
31 - Optimizing Early Grafting of Persian Walnut by Evaluating Different Rootstocks, Covering Materials and Grafting Methods
Ahmad Raufi Kourosh Vahdati Soheil Karimi Mahmoud Reza Roozban -
Open Access Article
32 - بررسی تاثیر کم آبیاری و نیتروژن بر ساختار رویشی و خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی اکوتیپهای حنا در منطقه جیرفت
حسن سرحدی زهرا مختاریبه منظور بررسی فنولوژی اکوتیپ های گیاه حنا با مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری کم، آزمایشی در قالب کرت های خرد شده کاملا تصادفی در 4 تکرار در مزرعه و در سال زراعی 98-1397 انجام شد. تنش کم آبیاری عامل اصلی (100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه)، نیتروژن عامل ثانویه (شامل 50، Moreبه منظور بررسی فنولوژی اکوتیپ های گیاه حنا با مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری کم، آزمایشی در قالب کرت های خرد شده کاملا تصادفی در 4 تکرار در مزرعه و در سال زراعی 98-1397 انجام شد. تنش کم آبیاری عامل اصلی (100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه)، نیتروژن عامل ثانویه (شامل 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم) است. نیتروژن خالص در هکتار در سه سطح و عوامل فرعی (شامل بمی، بوشهری و رودباری) بررسی شد و نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که هر سه عامل بر وزن برگ، کل، وزن خشک برگ و وزن خشک کل در سطح آماری 1 درصد تأثیر معنیداری داشتند. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق و اهمیت استفاده از ارقام و اکوتیپ های مقاوم به خشکی با استفاده از 150 نیتروژن در هکتار به ترتیب 9.77 و 2.37 تن تعیین شد. مدیریت بهینه مصرف کود به منظور حفظ محیط زیست و افزایش ماده موثره گیاه حنا کشت شده در اکوتیپ بامی تحت تنش خشکی 75 درصد نیاز آبی و مصرف 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار و بدون تنش با استفاده از برگ حنا اکوتیپ باری با مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در همین منطقه و شرایط توصیه می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - بررسی تاثیر کم آبیاری و نیتروژن بر ساختار رویشی و خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی اکوتیپهای حنا در منطقه جیرفت
حسن سرحدی زهرا مختاریبه منظور بررسی فنولوژی اکوتیپ های گیاه حنا با مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری کم، آزمایشی در قالب کرت های خرد شده کاملا تصادفی در 4 تکرار در مزرعه و در سال زراعی 98-1397 انجام شد. تنش کم آبیاری عامل اصلی (100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه)، نیتروژن عامل ثانویه (شامل 50، Moreبه منظور بررسی فنولوژی اکوتیپ های گیاه حنا با مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری کم، آزمایشی در قالب کرت های خرد شده کاملا تصادفی در 4 تکرار در مزرعه و در سال زراعی 98-1397 انجام شد. تنش کم آبیاری عامل اصلی (100، 75 و 50 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه)، نیتروژن عامل ثانویه (شامل 50، 100 و 150 کیلوگرم) است. نیتروژن خالص در هکتار در سه سطح و عوامل فرعی (شامل بمی، بوشهری و رودباری) بررسی شد و نتایج تجزیه واریانس در سطح آماری 1 درصد نشان داد که هر سه عامل بر وزن برگ، کل، وزن خشک برگ و وزن خشک کل تأثیر معنیداری داشتند. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق و اهمیت استفاده از ارقام و اکوتیپ های مقاوم به خشکی با استفاده از 150 نیتروژن در هکتار به ترتیب 9.77 و 2.37 تن تعیین شد. مدیریت بهینه مصرف کود به منظور حفظ محیط زیست و افزایش ماده موثره گیاه حنا کشت شده در اکوتیپ بامی تحت تنش خشکی 75 درصد نیاز آبی و مصرف 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار و بدون تنش با استفاده از برگ حنا اکوتیپ باری با مصرف 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار در همین منطقه و شرایط توصیه می شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on some of growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and yield essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
ali salehi sardoeiThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of ran MoreThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of randomized complete block design and with three repetitions. Factors included irrigation round at four levels (90 (control), 75, 45, and 20% field capacity) and salicylic acid at two levels (zero (control) and 60 ppm). The investigated traits included the plant height, number of lateral branches, length of lateral branches, number of nodes, fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the stem, chlorophyll a, b, and total, carotenoids, and essential oil percentage and yield. Results from this experiment showed that the effect of drought stress on all studied traits was significant at the statistical level of 1%. The mutual effect of drought stress on salicylic acid hormone for the length of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, chlorophyll a, b, and total, and essential oil percentage and yield traits was significant. Stress caused a reduction in all traits except for fresh and dry weight of the stem; and the use of salicylic acid led to the reduced effects of stress such that the highest values of these traits were obtained from 60 ppm salicylic acid. Given the mutual effects, the highest values of essential oil percentage and yield obtained from 90% of field capacity and application of salicylic acid. Overall, the application of this hormone led to the improvement of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Mentha piperita under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - Effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on some of growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and yield essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.)
S. Fattahi Siahkamari H. Azad Ghujebigloo, A. Salehi Sardoei H. Motamedi Sharak, KH. BabaeiThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of ran MoreThe current research was conducted with the aim to investigate the effect of salicylic acid on the growth traits, photosynthetic pigments and the amount of essential oil in Mentha piperita under drought stress. The factorial experiment was carried out in the form of randomized complete block design and with three repetitions. Factors included irrigation round at four levels (90 (control), 75, 45, and 20% field capacity) and salicylic acid at two levels (zero (control) and 60 ppm). The investigated traits included the plant height, number of lateral branches, length of lateral branches, number of nodes, fresh and dry weight of the plant, fresh and dry weight of the stem, chlorophyll a, b and total carotenoids, and essential oil percentage and yield. Results from this experiment showed that the effect of drought stress on all studied traits was significant at the statistical level of 1%. The mutual effect of drought stress on salicylic acid hormone for the length of lateral branches, fresh and dry weight of the plant, chlorophyll a, b and total and essential oil percentage and yield traits was significant. Stress caused a reduction in all traits except for fresh and dry weight of the stem; and the use of salicylic acid led to the reduced effects of stress such that the highest values of these traits were obtained from 60 ppm salicylic acid. Given the mutual effects, the highest values of essential oil percentage and yield obtained from 90% of field capacity and application of salicylic acid. Overall, the application of this hormone led to the improvement of qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Mentha piperita under drought stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Waterlogging period duration and temperature effects on glycolytic-fermentative enzymes activity in wheat seedling
M. Tahmasebi S. Galeshi A. Soltani H. Sadeghipour A. EbrahimiWater logging stress has high destroyer effect on quality and quantity of crop production. This experiment was carried out to investigate alcohol dehydrogenize (ADH) and fructose- 1,6- bisphosphate aldolase (FBPaldolase) activities in wheat leaf (N8019) in vegetative gr MoreWater logging stress has high destroyer effect on quality and quantity of crop production. This experiment was carried out to investigate alcohol dehydrogenize (ADH) and fructose- 1,6- bisphosphate aldolase (FBPaldolase) activities in wheat leaf (N8019) in vegetative growth stage (4-5 leaved) under water logging duration effects in different temperature in the form of combined analysis design with CRD arrangement in 4 levels of water logging period (0, 24, 48 and 96 hour) and 3 levels of temperature (5, 10 and 20 ˚C) in tetraplicates. The results indicated that the effects temperature and water logging duration and their interaction were significant on ADH and FBPaldolase activities at 1 % level. With increasing water logging period, ADH and FBPaldolase activities increased in 5 and 10ºC. Under 20ºC, both enzyme activities increased until 48h of water logging but both enzyme activities increased significantly when water logging duration increased up to 96 h. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Genetic diversity Study of corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes for morpho-physiological traits under drought stress
Ali Saremi-Rad Alireza Akbari Habib Shojaei Seyed Hamed GhasemiThis study was conducted with purpose of investigate the effect of drought stress on different growth stages of 20 maize hybrids in farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2016. Drought stress levels consisted of four experiments (normal irrigation, stress in ve MoreThis study was conducted with purpose of investigate the effect of drought stress on different growth stages of 20 maize hybrids in farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in 2016. Drought stress levels consisted of four experiments (normal irrigation, stress in vegetative stage, reproductive stress and irrigation interruption as compared to control) in a randomized complete block design. The results of analysis of variance showed that genotypes in terms of traits in each non-stress condition, stress in vegetative stage, stress at reproductive stage and alternate condition have a significant difference at levels of 1 and 5%. According to the results obtained from genetic parameters, in the normal experiment, the number of days to tassel flower initiation, in the vegetative stress experiment tassel branching out number, in the reproductive stress experiment the number of aborted seeds and in the alternate condition days to the drying of the tassel had higher heritability. The tassel branching out number showed the highest phenotypic variation coefficient (77.15) and number of seeds per ear row, the highest genotype variation coefficient (75.6) in normal experiment. Respectively, the number of aborted grains (47.7%) and peduncle outside flag leaf (29.10%) in the vegetative stress test, had the highest phenotypic and genotypic diversity coefficients. The highest phenotypic and genotypic diversity coefficients in reproductive stress test were observed in number of seeds inoculated trait with 45.8% and 37.2%, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - The effect of foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and brassinosteroids (BNs) on root and shoot vegetative traits of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) under salinity stress conditions
S.S GhazaeiDue to study the effect of foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and brassinosteroids (BNs) on root and shoot vegetative traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) under salinity stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment was done at shahr-e-rey region 20 MoreDue to study the effect of foliar application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and brassinosteroids (BNs) on root and shoot vegetative traits of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) under salinity stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment was done at shahr-e-rey region 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications. In which salinity stress from the source of Nacl at three levels (0, 40 and 80 mM), Sodium nitroprusside at three levels (0, 75 and 150 μM) and Brassinosteroids at two levels (0 and 1.5 μm) were considered. The analysis of variance results showed that the simple effects of salinity stress, application of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid were significant on all investigated subjects, and among these traits, root length, number of leaves and root dry weight were influenced by the triple interaction of salinity stress, salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. The results of mean comparison showed that in 95 mM sodium chloride consumption the lowest plant height (41.93 cm), root length (9.79 cm), leaves number (4.62), leaf area of plant (140.73), shoot fresh weight (12.93 g/plant), shoot dry weight (2.46 g/plant) and root dry weight (1.42 g/plant) were observed. The results of mean comparison double interaction effects confirmed that maximum amount of shoot dry weight (11.8867 g/plant), root dry weight (3.7811 g/plant) and leaf area (675.63 cm2) were obtained at 150 μM of sodium nitroprusside and 1.5 μM of brassinosteroid. Therefore, it can be concluded that consumption of sodium nitroprusside and brassinosteroid improved all morphological traits tested in rosemary medicinal plant through the occurrence of anti-stress effects. Manuscript profile
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