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Open Access Article
1 - Using Clustering and Genetic Algorithm Techniques in Optimizing Decision Trees for Credit Scoring of Bank Customers
Mahmood Alborzi Mohammad Khanbabaei M. E. Mohammad PourzarandiDecision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy incla MoreDecision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy inclassification. The purpose of this paper is to propose a compound model in the optimization ofdecision trees by using genetic algorithm technique. It appears that genetic algorithm can chooseappropriate features and build decision trees to reduce complexity and increase flexibility indecision trees. In the proposed compound model, the credit data is initially divided into twoclusters by Simple means clustering technique. On the next step, the important credit scoringfeatures in the data set are selected using genetic algorithm and the five feature selectionalgorithm based on Filter, Wrapper and Embedded approaches. Subsequently, five decisiontrees based on C4.5 algorithm in each cluster are constructed with a set of the selected features.The best decision trees in each cluster, are selected and combined based on the desiredoptimality criteria, mentioned in this paper, to construct the final decision tree. WEKA machinelearning tool and GATree software were used to in this purpose. Results show that using theproposed compound model in building decision trees leads to increased classification accuracy,compared to other algorithms in this paper. However the algorithm complexity of the proposedcompound model is more than some of the classification algorithms compared in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Using Clustering and Genetic Algorithm Techniques in Optimizing Decision Trees for Credit Scoring of Bank Customers
Mahmood Alborzi Mohammad Khanbabaei M. E. Mohammad PourzarandiDecision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy incla MoreDecision trees technique as one of the data mining techniques, is used in credit scoring ofbank customers to classify them in order to offer credit facilities. The main problem is incomplexity of decision trees, excessive size, lack of flexibility and low accuracy inclassification. The purpose of this paper is to propose a compound model in the optimization ofdecision trees by using genetic algorithm technique. It appears that genetic algorithm can chooseappropriate features and build decision trees to reduce complexity and increase flexibility indecision trees. In the proposed compound model, the credit data is initially divided into twoclusters by Simple means clustering technique. On the next step, the important credit scoringfeatures in the data set are selected using genetic algorithm and the five feature selectionalgorithm based on Filter, Wrapper and Embedded approaches. Subsequently, five decisiontrees based on C4.5 algorithm in each cluster are constructed with a set of the selected features.The best decision trees in each cluster, are selected and combined based on the desiredoptimality criteria, mentioned in this paper, to construct the final decision tree. WEKA machinelearning tool and GATree software were used to in this purpose. Results show that using theproposed compound model in building decision trees leads to increased classification accuracy,compared to other algorithms in this paper. However the algorithm complexity of the proposedcompound model is more than some of the classification algorithms compared in this paper. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Scenario Development by using Probability Trees; Case Study: The Future of Tehran Stock Exchange
Ahmad Borumand Kakhki Mohsen BahramiScenario scripting and development, one of the most important method in futures studies, can be resulted by using logic sequence of events methods like "probability scenario tree ". This method, despite its special benefits, was less valued by researchers and scenario MoreScenario scripting and development, one of the most important method in futures studies, can be resulted by using logic sequence of events methods like "probability scenario tree ". This method, despite its special benefits, was less valued by researchers and scenario planner. Trees were rarely used as a development tools but in this research, authors attempt to explain a special methods step by step that can set new writing and reading style for future scenarios examined in topics entities. In this way, contact to scenario is operated successively. Then possible future situations and images with conditional probabilities can be seen as a tree with a distinct routes from root (now status) to end which appear as a scenario. Identified key variables as driving forces of investigated matter and determining different and discrete status of them could make different chronological order of their occurrence apparent and the conditional probabilities from node to node towards the future can be calculated. In this study, the researchers scanned the scientific literature and developed a practice step by step in a case study entitled " Next 5 Years Tehran Stock Exchange Scenarios ". We tried to perform this method and deliver feedback to strengthen it through interviews and questionnaires and library studies too. The results of applying this method in Tehran Stock Exchange shows approval logic on probability calculations method and chronology of events. Events followed from the pre-known chance percent by experts and was so interesting. The advantages of this expert-based method are to strengthen the recognition and diagnosis of favorable and unfavorable scenarios with probability of their occurrence, appearing future state map at a glance, recognizing the transformational interruption points and Milestones in the future, sensitivity analysis and contingency planning. Results and outputs of this method can make fertile field for scenarios based planning and processing by experts, so that it provides to imagine the future through deeper understanding and insight in the complex decision-making. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Scenario Development by using Probability Trees; Case Study: The Future of Tehran Stock Exchange
Ahmad Boroumand Mohsen BahramiScenarioscripting and development, one of the most important method in futures studies, can be resulted by using logic sequence of events methods like "probability scenario tree ". This method, despite its special benefits, was less valued by researchers and scenario pl MoreScenarioscripting and development, one of the most important method in futures studies, can be resulted by using logic sequence of events methods like "probability scenario tree ". This method, despite its special benefits, was less valued by researchers and scenario planner.Trees were rarely used as a development tools but in this research, authors attempt to explain a special methods step by step that can set new writing and reading style for future scenarios examined in topics entities. In this way, contact to scenario is operated successively. Then possible future situations and images with conditional probabilities can be seen as a tree with a distinct routes from root (now status) to end which appear asa scenario.Identified key variables as driving forces of investigated matter and determining different and discrete status of them could make different chronological order of their occurrence apparentand the conditional probabilities from node to node towards the future can be calculated. In this study, the researchers scanned the scientific literature and developed apractice step by step in a case study entitled " Next 5 Years Tehran Stock ExchangeScenarios". Wetried to perform this method and deliver feedback to strengthenit through interviews and questionnairesand library studies too.The results of applying this method in Tehran Stock Exchange shows approval logic on probability calculations method and chronology of events.Events followed from the pre-known chance percent by experts and was so interesting.The advantages of thisexpert-based method are to strengthen the recognition and diagnosis of favorable and unfavorable scenarios with probability of their occurrence, appearing future state mapat a glance, recognizing the transformational interruptionpointsand Milestones in the future, sensitivity analysis and contingency planning. Results and outputs of this method can make fertile field for scenarios based planning and processing by experts, so thatit provides to imagine the future throughdeeperunderstanding and insight in the complex decision-making. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Scalable Fuzzy Decision Tree Induction Using Fast Data Partitioning and Incremental Approach for Large Dataset
Somayeh Lotfi Mohammad Ghasemzadeh Mehran Mohsenzadeh Mitra Mirzarezaee -
Open Access Article
6 - Investigating Spread Transaction in Trading Stock Call Option for Managing Risk and Analysis Speculation Opportunities in Tehran Stock Exchange
سید علی نبوی چاشمیAbstractThe nature of risk management make multidimensional this studies. therefore mustpay to appropriate fields for optimal management of risk according to mathematical andstatistical techniques, hedge models, profit opportunities and create return. Speculatorscan min MoreAbstractThe nature of risk management make multidimensional this studies. therefore mustpay to appropriate fields for optimal management of risk according to mathematical andstatistical techniques, hedge models, profit opportunities and create return. Speculatorscan minimize foreseeable risks with optimize portfolios and then go to embrace the riskand hoping to benefit from higher return. Transaction Strategies with uses option contractgives this opportunity to them. This article deals with survey the pattern of risk in tradingcall option, comparison the risk pattern of buyer and seller call option and risk pattern ofadoption spread transaction. The results that get after calculation the price of call optionfor 45 companies, described in detail how risk management of trading positions and gainreturn according to the volatility and changes in stock prices and with uses spreadtransaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Analysis of the most important issues in the natural areas of Zagros ecosystems, Gilan-e Gharb
Mohsen Javanmiri pour Neda Mohammadkhani Gilani Ali RostamiLocal communities are directly related to natural areas and they affect the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to accurately identify the most important issues affecting the destruction of natural resources using legal cases of natural resources. To conduct this MoreLocal communities are directly related to natural areas and they affect the ecosystem. The objective of this study was to accurately identify the most important issues affecting the destruction of natural resources using legal cases of natural resources. To conduct this study, legal cases from 2006 to 2016 were used in the archives of the Natural Resources and Watershed Department of Gilangreb for the villages of Chelleh, Gowawer, and Gorsefid. By studying the cases, the type of violation and its amount were recorded and the legal materials from the sixth chapter of the Law of Protection and Exploitation of Forests and Ranges approved in 1967 were examined. In the current research, a descriptive-analytical method was used in the form of a quantitative content analysis method in order to evaluate the violations in the field of natural resources. The results showed that most cases of issues consist of fire (211 cases), while the frequency of saplings and tree cutting were 77 and 66, respectively. The frequency of cutting saplings and trees during the study period showed that the highest frequency of the aforementioned violation occurred in 2008, which was 1624 and 1505 for the saplings and trees, respectively. The number of fire events showed that its trend is increasing and the highest number occurred in 2016, which was equal to 31 items. In the three studied villages separately, the amount of sapling and tree cutting were higher than other types of issues. The statistical analysis results to analyze the significance of the difference between the mean issues indicated that there was no significant difference among the three villages, while the frequency of saplings and tree cutting has a significant difference. Besides, the Gorsefid and Chelleh, Gowawer and Chelleh villages have a significant difference in the number of fires, however, there was no significant difference between Gorsefid and Gowawer. Illegal grazing and fire events among the villages have significant differences. Generally, with the obtained results, it was proved that there are all kinds of issues in the studied villages such as fire, illegal grazing, cutting of trees and saplings, and smuggling of wood, firewood, and charcoal, which lead to the natural destruction of the region over time. Therefore, effective measures can be taken in this field by empowering and using the education of local communities in the use of nature, as well as applying strict laws to offenders. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Economic valuation of damages to residual trees due to logging operations in Chafroud Forests of Guilan province
Farshad Keivan Behjou Zeynab Pour-GholiThe aim of this research was the introducing a method to convert technical data of logging operation damages to economic value to express the investment for improving logging operation. This study was carried out in parcels 228, 231 and 232 in Chafroud Shanderman waters MoreThe aim of this research was the introducing a method to convert technical data of logging operation damages to economic value to express the investment for improving logging operation. This study was carried out in parcels 228, 231 and 232 in Chafroud Shanderman watershed- Guilan. After selecting the sample trees, the condition and quality of residual trees after felling and skidding were investigated. The technical data to be converted and then were the economic value (Rials) using opportunity missed and replacement cost methods. The market value of different wooden products was used to measure the value per cubic meter of extracted wood in the Caspian forests of Iran. After that, felling and skidding average cost per cubic meter was subtracted from wood value. The results indicated that selective cutting can damage the residual trees to value of 947385000 Rials (6072981Rials/ha) due to the forest logging operations. Therefore, the current logging operations also need to be accompanied with careful monitoring by operation personnel and investigated the site status after the logging operations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - A Criticism on Depriving Wife of Inheritance from the Land (Considering Article 946 of the Iranian Civil Law)
Mohammad Ali KhayrollahiIt is quite well-known that contemporary jurists believe that wifeinherits neither from the land nor from its price. Considering that fatwa,the article 946 of the Iranian civil law declares that husband inheritsfrom all parts of wife’s property while wife inherits MoreIt is quite well-known that contemporary jurists believe that wifeinherits neither from the land nor from its price. Considering that fatwa,the article 946 of the Iranian civil law declares that husband inheritsfrom all parts of wife’s property while wife inherits only from thefollowing: 1. Movable properties, and 2. buildings and trees. As can beseen in that article, wife is deprived of inheritance from the land. Aglance at juristic books, however, clearly indicates that the said theoryis merely one perspective and a good number of jurists have rejected itfrom early times. The present essay deals with the analysis and surveyof those perspectives. Considering the Quranic verse and all traditionsconcerning it as well as opinions of various jurists, we would concludethat if the wife has a child from her husband she will inherit from theprice of the land in addition to the price of movable properties on thebasis of her share, i.e. the eighth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Comparison of Trees' Leaves Capability to Deposit Air Suspended Particles Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
sara abbasi Seyed Mohsen Hosseini Nematollah Khorasani Abd al-Reza KarbasiBackground and Objective: In this study, the characteristics of particles deposited on the surface of the leaves of species of Platanus orientalis, Ulmus carpinifolia, Robinia pseudacasia, Morus alba, and Fraxinus excelsior in the MoreBackground and Objective: In this study, the characteristics of particles deposited on the surface of the leaves of species of Platanus orientalis, Ulmus carpinifolia, Robinia pseudacasia, Morus alba, and Fraxinus excelsior in the sideline of one of the crowded streets of Tehran (around Azadi Square) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy dispersive X-ray analysis.Method: A base was selected from each tree species. The tree bases were safe and next to each other on the sideline of a high-traffic street. The canopy of the trees was separated from each other. Healthy leaves were placed from a height of 2 to 2.5 meters above the ground surface from the outermost part of the canopy of trees on the street side. Samples were prepared in the laboratory for imaging with electron microscopy of the surfaces of leaves. More than 50 particles were investigated by elemental detector analysis. The mass percentage of the elements of each particle was recorded. The equivalent diameter for each particle that its image had been prepared by SEM-EDX was measured manually in ImageJ software. The leaves were prepared using an image scanner in Jpg format and the area of the leaves was determined by Image J software. The weight of the particles sequestrated on the leaves of each tree was also weighed.Findings: the weight of deposited particles was measured and the leaves' capability of different species of tress to deposit particles was compared. This study is one of the few ones on elemental analysis of individual particles in Iran and it is the first time that the deposited particles on the leaves of trees are studied through this method. Twenty-one elements were detected in particles. Carbon, Oxygen, Iron, and Silica had the highest mass frequency and Carbon, Calcium, Silica, Oxygen, Iron and Potassium had the highest percentage of presence in particles. Particles less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter were the most abundant ones. Metal particles with a diameter between 2.5 to10 micrometers were the most abundant metal particles that were observed. The mean comparison of the diameter of deposited particles on the leaves of tress showed no significant difference between them. Particles' diameter was higher in Platanus orientalis, Morus­ alba, Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia pseudacasia and Ulmus carpinifolia, respectively. The highest rate of deposited particles on the leaf surface belonged to Platanus orientalis, Ulmus carpinifolia, Fraxinus excelsior, Robinia pseudacasia and Morus alba, respectively.Discussion and Conclusion: Leaf area, cracks, leaf surface roughness, wax, veins, and leaf shape have an effective role in changing the properties of deposited particles on the surface of the trees' leaves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The effect of Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water on soil carbon sequestration and growth of hard wood trees
Zia Azdoo fatemeh Ahmadloo gholamreza Goodarzi Ali Farmahini Farahani Hashem KeneshloBackground & Objective: The reclaimed wastewater can be used as tool for compensation of water scarcity and control and reduce harvesting from deep and semi deep wells. Investigation on the effect of irrigation with Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water for 5 MoreBackground & Objective: The reclaimed wastewater can be used as tool for compensation of water scarcity and control and reduce harvesting from deep and semi deep wells. Investigation on the effect of irrigation with Delijan reclaimed wastewater and well water for 5 years on soil carbon sequestration and growth of 7 hard woods trees species was the purpose of this study.Method: In the present study, seedlings were cultivated after ground preparing as a group at 3 × 3 m. spacing based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in March 2011. For determination of the effect irrigation type on soil carbon sequestration, in the fifth year, soil sampling was taken by drilling at soil five profiles from tree consecutive depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) under the crown of the trees. In evaluating the growth of hardwood tree species at the end of the fifth year, characteristics of height, collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, percentage of survival and percentage of vitality were measured.Findings: The results of the study on the amount of soil carbon sequestration in different depths showed that irrigation with reclaimed wastewater increased the organic carbon content of the soil, which it’s the highest content is in the depth of 60-90 cm of soil. Among the species planted, in irrigation with well water, the highest height was in species of Ailanthus altissima and collar diameter, canopy diameter, canopy cover area, and percentage of vitality were in species of Melia azedarach. In irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, there were the highest height in species of Robinia pseudoacacia, diameter of collar in species of Elaeagnus angustifolia, canopy cover diameter and canopy cover area in species of M. azedarach and vitality in two species of M. azedarach and Celtis australis. There were the lowest percentage of survival in species of Acer negundo in both of irrigation system.Discussion and Conclusions: The main effect of irrigation type did not show significant statistical difference. Species of A. negundo was more susceptible to water supply and soil conditions and was not suitable for planting in this area. Species of M. azedarach is the most consistent in the present study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Ten-year assessment of forest growth using permanent sample plots (Case study: Gorazbon District in Kheyroud Forest, Mazandaran province)
Mahmood Bayat Fatemeh Gorzin Background and Purpose: Determination of forest growth is one of the most important More Background and Purpose: Determination of forest growth is one of the most important goals and tasks in forest management, which has always been accompanied by challenges in the implementation section due to the complexity of volume and growth process determination. Knowing the volume of standing trees and growth is mandatory in an accurate planning. The volumetric growth of forest stands is a basis for determining the annual cutting in planning and management of forest exploitation. Harvest of this amount of wood leads to forest sustainable development and, to some extent, can provide the wood needed in the country without raising a problem for these valuable resources. Study method: This study was done in Gorazbon district of Kheyroud forest in Mazandaran province. 258 permanent sample plots were measured in the circle area of 10 R. Then, volumetric growth and number of trees in forest stands were directly calculated. Results: Results showed that the average tree numbers were 298.15 and 290.4 stems per ha in 2003 and 2012 respectively. The growing stocks were 335.8 and 367.7 sylve per ha sustainable forest management. Although beech constitutes 31% of the total number of trees in Gorazbon district, it accounts for 57% of the whole trees in terms of standing volume. Annual volumetric growth is 4 sylve per hectare and growth of tree number is -5.8 per hectare annually. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded that preparing an inventory by permanent sample plots provides the necessary information and detailed statistics to determine the volumetric growth and number of trees to contribute to proper management and decision making. Moreover, harvesting this volumetric growth can help the economy and lead to sustainable development of the forest at the same time. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigation of Pollution Dispersion in Urban Canyons Using an Approach of wind Direction and Trees Position (Case study: Urban Texture in Isfahan)
Seyyed Hossein Hosseini Pouya Bakhtiari Nazanin Nasrollahi Background and Objective: Vegetation that is commonly used in urban design has a significant impact on air quality in the urban canyons. Thus, planners should be aware of vegetation impacts. In Isfahan metropolis, though vegetation covers a considerable portion o More Background and Objective: Vegetation that is commonly used in urban design has a significant impact on air quality in the urban canyons. Thus, planners should be aware of vegetation impacts. In Isfahan metropolis, though vegetation covers a considerable portion of the city, the streets are encountered with pollution problems. In this study, distribution of pollution in urban canyons is evaluated using an optimal model for pollution reduction. Method: A three-dimensional modeling software called ENVI-met along with local and sub-climatic air quality model based on CFD-computational fluid dynamics- is used to study the influence of vegetation on pollution level in urban canyons. In this study, first a sample of real field and next a simpler version of the selected area are simulated. Findings: Different parameters such as height to width ratio in urban canyons, density of trees, location of trees in the streets and gaps between the trees are evaluated. Conclusion: The obtained results show that the increase of wind velocity in the shallow valleys is at the the lower level and the absence of natural obstacles such as trees reduces the level of pollution due to the high velocity of wind at this condition. When trees are located in the center of urban canyons, pollution and tree distances are inversely correlated and pollution level reduces by increasing the distance between the trees. In the other words, the pollution that is caught by the tree canopies decreases with the reduction in tree canopies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Economic valuation of some of the most important functions and services of Quercus forests in the centeral Zagros (Case study: Lorestan province)
Ziaedin Badehian Masoumeh Mansouri Hojatolah Sanjabi Background and Objective: Understanding the economic value of various products and services provided by forests is considered as an effective management tool to formulate better conservation policies. In fact, all non-produced assets which benefit human societie More Background and Objective: Understanding the economic value of various products and services provided by forests is considered as an effective management tool to formulate better conservation policies. In fact, all non-produced assets which benefit human societies are the outcome of several complicated ecological processes and ecosystem functions. Method: Environmental assets produce yearly outputs and the value of these assets depends on their annual output. Some of the environmental assets are interchangeable at the market and their values are evaluated on the basis of market prices, whereas some assets are not interchangeable in the market, and their value depends on the presented yearly outputs and they are evaluated by various methods. Findings: In the present study, some of the most important functions of Lorestan forests have been identified and evaluated. The study area has been considered as a protected area for its genetic pool; it has been assingned as wildlife conservation center by the government and its Quercus tree is a dominant species. The results showed that the annual value of ecosystem functions is equal to 389,299,455,943,840 Rials. Conclusion: This value is an acceptable reasoning for politicians and decision makers to show more support to the quality and quantity of this ecosystem. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - A Random Walk with Exponential Travel Times
R. Kazemi -
Open Access Article
16 - Local names Aceraceae, Hamamelidaceae, Leguminosae, Fabales, Betulaceae, Ebenaceae, Fagaceae, Buxaceae, Juglandaceae trees in Iran
Ghassem Habibi Bibalani Prisa Mohamadpour Fatemeh Mosazadeh SayadMahalehObjectives: Social linguistics is a type of linguistic study that is known as a cultural subject that is closely related to the social relations of the community that speaks that language. The purpose of this study is to identify and record the different names used for MoreObjectives: Social linguistics is a type of linguistic study that is known as a cultural subject that is closely related to the social relations of the community that speaks that language. The purpose of this study is to identify and record the different names used for trees, shrubs and shrubs in different regions of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces from Astara to Ramyan. These provinces also had local names registered. Materials and Methods: The present research has been done by field method and library study. Although all the researchers in this study are fully acquainted with the Gilaki language and dialect, however, to determine the exact Persian equivalent of words and tree-related entries in different local dialects, interview speakers of this language (especially people over 60 years of age Year) did. All the words and terms of this research are related to the most important words and terms related to the trees, shrubs and bushes of the families of the tribes of Aceraceae, Hamamelidaceae, Leguminosae, Fabales, Betulaceae, Ebenaceae, Fagaceae, Buxaceae, Juglandaceae in different regions of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan. Results: In this study, 102 local names for the trees of the genus Aceraceae (23 local names), Hamamelidaceae (2 local names), Leguminosae (14 local names), Fabales(18 local names), Betulaceae (9 local names), Fagaceae (20 Local names), Buxaceae (6 local names) and Juglandaceae (10 local names) in Iran, which are mainly the names used in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan in different dialects, were recorded. Based on the results of this research, Acer laetum with local names of Bezberg (in Gorgan), Mirzaberg (in Ramyan), Pellet (in Gilan), Milky (in Noor, Kojoor and Mazandaran) and Zbandar (in Bandar-e-Gaz); Acer opulifolium with the local names of Cerco (in Ramyan) and Sefid Cerco (in Katul); Acer platanoides with the local letters Kirk (in pilgrimage) and Kakum (in its length); Alnus glotinosa with the local names of Siatuse (in Lahijan), Tosa (in Rudsar), Tose (in Rasht), Alder (in Gorgan and Mazandaran) and Yellow (in Astara and Tavalesh) are called. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Local names Oleaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Tiliaceae, Ulmaceae trees in Iran
Ghassem Habibi Bibalani Fatemeh Mosazadeh SayadMahalehBackground: One of the types of social studies is the study of the indigenous languages of a region, which is a direct relationship with the relations of the members of a community who were in contact with each other in different eras. Since trees and shrubs have played MoreBackground: One of the types of social studies is the study of the indigenous languages of a region, which is a direct relationship with the relations of the members of a community who were in contact with each other in different eras. Since trees and shrubs have played an important role in the daily life of human societies, so has the need to use specific names for them in societies.Methods: In this study, we tried to survey different areas of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces and conduct interviews also to study the authoritative sources of local names of trees and shrubs in the Oleaceae, Rosaceae, Salicaceae, Tiliaceae, Ulmaceae trees.Results: In this study, 106 local names for the trees of the genus Oleaceae (10 local names), Rosaceae (43 local names), Salicaceae (25 local names), Tiliaceae (6 local names) and Ulmaceae (22 local names) in Iran, which are mainly the names used in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan in different dialects, were recorded.Conclusion: Since in many of these areas the local language is fading for various reasons, the collection and registration of these local tree names is very importance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Use data mining to identify factors affecting students' academic failure
Mahmood Najafi Mehdi Afzali Mahmood MoradiKnowledge extraction is one of the most significant problems of data mining. The principles raised in if-then format can be turned into real numbers in each section- as values which could be included in dataset. The suggested method in the present dissertation is applic MoreKnowledge extraction is one of the most significant problems of data mining. The principles raised in if-then format can be turned into real numbers in each section- as values which could be included in dataset. The suggested method in the present dissertation is application of decision tree algorithms, clustering and forum rules for extraction of final rules. In the suggested method, extraction of rules is defined as an optimization problem and objective was obtaining a rule of high confidence, generalization and understandability. The suggested algorithm for extraction of rules was obtained from and tested based on a dataset of educational failure of 256 art school students living in Zanjan. The results suggested that the j48 algorithm in decision tree and accuracy of 0.95 is the choice for the dataset of educational failure. Data clustering was done by K-Main algorithm with confidence coefficient of 0.95. After all, obtaining rules of high confidence coefficient was done based on forum rules from Apriori algorithm for the whole datasets. The results of present study could be used for inhibition of educational failure of students, improved quality of relationship of parents and authorities with students and enhancing the education they receive. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Evaluation of resistance of different nectarine cultivars to causal agent of peach powdery mildew Podosphaera pannosa
کربلایی خیاوی karbalaei Seyed Yaghob Seyed Masoumi Adel Pirayesh Hossein Khabbaz JolfaeiPeach powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) is one of the most economically destructive diseases of peach all over the world including Iran. In order to evaluate 11 genotypes of nectarines reaction against powdery mildew, an experiment was conducted in randomized complet MorePeach powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) is one of the most economically destructive diseases of peach all over the world including Iran. In order to evaluate 11 genotypes of nectarines reaction against powdery mildew, an experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2017-2018 in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Station in Meshginshahr. The research was conducted in two conditions of natural infection and artificial inoculation. Cultivars included Independence, Stargold, Sangold, Sangold, Sanking, Giuta, Shabrang Karaj, Ghermeze Paeeze Karaj, Vega, Orion, Jiova and Veinberger. Evaluation of different cultivars of nectarine reaction to powdery mildew was conducted follow 0: Immune, 1: Very resistant 2: Resistant 3: Medium resistant 4: Sensitive and 5: Very sensitive. The results of two-year evaluation showed that there were significant differences between the degrees of resistance among the treatments. Comparison of means showed that the cultivar Veinberger in resistant and Stargold, Sangold, Sangold, Sanking, Giuta, Shabrang Karaj, Ghermeze Paeeze Karaj, Vega, Orion, and Jiova were in medium resistant cultivars. The results of the current study could be used in management of peach powdery mildew. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Identification of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolateds from stone fruit trees by specific fingerprinting with REP sequence
Saghar Ketabchi Nader HassanzadehRepetitive PCR fingerprinting of 24 strains of P. syringae pv. syringae isolated from different host/areas were compared with a standard strain of Pss from Greece (BPIC 242). Bacterial DNA was prepared with three known methods i.e. freeze-boil, whole colony boiling and MoreRepetitive PCR fingerprinting of 24 strains of P. syringae pv. syringae isolated from different host/areas were compared with a standard strain of Pss from Greece (BPIC 242). Bacterial DNA was prepared with three known methods i.e. freeze-boil, whole colony boiling and directly from washed leaf surface. Initial result showed no purified genomic DNA extraction was necessary for rep-PCR analysis. On the other hand, Rep patherns of Pss showed some correlation between host specialization and its habitant with genomic diversity. Strains isolated from stone fruits formed a distinct cluster from wheat and sugar beet strains and a similar pathern was found among all stone fruits strains in confined geographical areas. Therefore it was found the rep-PCR technique as a rapid, simple and producible method to identify and classify these important plant pathogens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Comparing mite fauna of pome and stone fruits in Sanandaj region of the Kurdistan province
Masoud Arbabi Faezeh Bidarpour Elham SanatgarMite fauna of soil and arboreal of pome (apple and pear) and stone fruits (apricot and peach) trees in Gerizeh, Hasan-abad, Babariz, Chnow, Gholiaan, Keylaneh villages of Sanandaj region investigated during 2010-2011 in Kurdistan province. Mites collected by shaking ste MoreMite fauna of soil and arboreal of pome (apple and pear) and stone fruits (apricot and peach) trees in Gerizeh, Hasan-abad, Babariz, Chnow, Gholiaan, Keylaneh villages of Sanandaj region investigated during 2010-2011 in Kurdistan province. Mites collected by shaking stems and leaves, stems host plants soil mite collected through Berlese. Mite identification mite resulted 31 mite species, 30 genera from 26 families from Astigmata higher cohort, Cryptostigmata, Prostigmata suborders and Mesostigmata order respectively. Soil mite constituted 61.38%, higher and lower mite recorded 228,211 for apricot, apple and pear orchards. Max. and Min. mite diversities observed in Hasan-abad and Gholiaan villages and for Mesostigmata and Astigmata mite respectively. Mite population of Phytoseiidae, Cryptostigmata mites and predatory mites constituted 3.67%, 43.46% and 15.54%. All three spider mites species incidence of widely distributed in all surveyed village’s. Mite species identified as follow, Astigmata: Acaridae (Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Tyrophagus similes, Acarus sp.), Cryptostigmata: Nothridae (Nothrus biciliatus), Lohmanniidae (Papillacarus sp., Lohmannia turcmenica), Epilohmanniidae (Epilohmannia cylindrical cylindrical), Gymnodamaeidae (Plesiodamaeus sp. nr. Ornatus), Tectocepheidae (Tectocepheus velatus), Oppiidae, Oribatulidae (Oribatula (Oribatula) sp., Oribatula (Zygoribatula) sp.) Protoribatidae (Protoribates paracapuctinus), Mycobatidae (Punctoribates sp.), Euphthiracaridae, Mesostigmata, Phytoseiidae (Amblyseius sp.), Laelapidae (Gaeolaelaps sp., Hypoaspis sp., Androlaelaps (Haemolaelaps) sp., Cosmolaelaps sp.), Uropodidae, Parasitidae (Parasitus sp.), Digmasellidae (Dendrolaelapus sp.), Pachylaelapidae (Pachylaelapus sp.), Ascidae (Antennoseius sp.), Rhdoacaridae (Rhoodoacarsellus sp.) Prostigmata: Bdellidae (Spinibdella sp.), Cunaxidae (Cunaxa sp.), Tydeidae, Erythraeidae, Tenuipalpidae (Brevipalpus sp., Cenopalpus irani), Tetranychidae (Tetranychus urticae, Panonychus ulmi, Bryobia rubrioculus). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Evaluation the effect of two products of Bacillus thuringiensis on Lymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) larvae in the Arasbaran forests, Iran
M. Nikdel R. Omid A. A. DordaeiThe gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) is one of the most destructive pests of forest shrubs and trees throughout the Arasbaran region (East Azarbaidjan, Iran). The pest causes serious periodical damage on its host plant species, especially oak trees. MoreThe gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lep., Lymantriidae) is one of the most destructive pests of forest shrubs and trees throughout the Arasbaran region (East Azarbaidjan, Iran). The pest causes serious periodical damage on its host plant species, especially oak trees. In this study, the effects of two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis containing Btk (commercial product Dipel) and BtH (made in Iran) were evaluated on gypsy moth larvae. Results showed that there was a significant difference between Dipel and BtH. Dipel (1.2 g/L) and BtH (6 g/L) treatments caused maximum mortality 29.23% and 23.05%, respectively and 1.2 g/L dosage of BtH with average 13.61% caused the less mortality on the pest larvae. Mean comparison of L. dispar larvae mortality in different times after treatments (for both formulations) indicated that there was no significant difference between 1 and 3 days, but difference between those two mentioned days with 7 and 14 days was significant, so that the treatment effect increased with time.By comparing the number of parasitoid wasp and nematode emerged from treated survived larvae, the treatments effects on natural enemies was quite evident. Natural enemies emerged from larvae treated by 1.2 g/L, 3 g/L and 6 g/L dosage of BtH and Dipel were reduced 12.3, 34.7, 59.8 and 81.6 percent, respectively in comparison to control. In other words, by increasing the effectiveness of Bt treatments, the possibility of natural enemies emergence was reduced. In this regard, high concentrations of BtH and Dipel have the most impact in reduction of natural enemies emerging. Assessment of larval feeding on the treated leaves revealed that because of the rapid effects of Bt to 2nd instar larvae, there was no possibility to continue their feeding. But in the 4th instar larvae, because of slow effects of Bt, their feeding on leaves in some treatments continued for up to 100 percent. Thus, application of Dipel and high dosage BtH against 2nd instar larvae of the pest will be more effective than other treatments in Arasbaran forests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Study on faunestic, distribution and host range of Tetranychoidea (Arachnida: Acari) on fruit trees in Mashhad region, Iran
F. Shakhsi Zare M. Arbabi H. Kamali M. GhasemzadehIn order to study the fauna of Tetranychoidea on fruit trees in Mashhad Region, Iran, a sampling program was conduated during 2006-2007. Samples were taken directly from leaves, stems and branches by shaking on white tray or use of Berlese funnel trap. Microscopic slide MoreIn order to study the fauna of Tetranychoidea on fruit trees in Mashhad Region, Iran, a sampling program was conduated during 2006-2007. Samples were taken directly from leaves, stems and branches by shaking on white tray or use of Berlese funnel trap. Microscopic slides were provided according to valid methods. In this study 8 species from 8 genus belonging to two families (Tetrnychidae and Tenuipalpidae) were collected and identified: Tetranychus urticae,­Panonychus ulmi,­Olygonychus bicolor, Eotetranychus pruni, Bryobia rubrioculus, Meyernychus emeticae, Tenuipalpus granati and Cenopalpus irani. Results showed that T. urticae had the greatest host range and activity during the sampling periods. Predatory mites belonging to 8 families were collected mostly on apple and pear trees in regions with lower than 1000 meter altitude. Most of the predatory mites were from Cunaxidae but the most varied host range and distribution of was Tydeidae. Torogh destrict had the fughest species richness. Most species diversity was recorded from Torogh district. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Inventory of Single Oak Trees Using Object- Based Method on WorldView-2 Satellite Images and on Earth
yousef taghi mollaei Abdolali Karamshahi Seyyed Yousef ErfanifardRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today,one of the most commonly used application in forestry is the identification of singletree and tree species compassion using object-based analysis and classification ofsatellite or aerial i MoreRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today,one of the most commonly used application in forestry is the identification of singletree and tree species compassion using object-based analysis and classification ofsatellite or aerial images. Forest data, which is derived from remote sensing methods,mainly focuses on the mass i.e. parts of the forest that are largely homogeneous, inparticular, interconnected) and plot-level data. Haft-Barm Lake is the case study whichis located in Fars province, representing closed forest in which oak is the valuablespecies. High Resolution Satellite Imagery of WV-2 has been used in this study. Inthis study, A UAV equipped with a compact digital camera has been used calibratedand modified to record not only the visual but also the near infrared reflection (NIR) ofpossibly infested oaks. The present study evaluated the estimation of forest parametersby focusing on single tree extraction using Object-Based method of classification witha complex matrix evaluation and AUC method with the help of the 4th UAV phantombird image in two distinct regions. The object-based classification has the highest andbest accuracy in estimating single-tree parameters. Object-Based classification methodis a useful method to identify Oak tree Zagros Mountains forest. This study confirmsthat using WV-2 data one can extract the parameters of single trees in the forest. An overall Kappa Index of Agreement (KIA) of 0.97 and 0.96 for each study site has been achieved. It is also concluded that while UAV has the potential to provide flexible and feasible solutions for forest mapping, some issues related to image quality still need to be addressed in order to improve the classification performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Inventory of Single Oak Trees Using Object-Based Method on WorldView-2 Satellite Images and Earth
yousef taghi mollaei abdolali karamshahi Seyyed Yousef ErfanifardRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today, one of the mostcommonly used application in forestry is the identification of single tree and tree species compassionusing object-based analysis and classification of satellite or aerial MoreRemote sensing provides data types and useful resources for forest mapping. Today, one of the mostcommonly used application in forestry is the identification of single tree and tree species compassionusing object-based analysis and classification of satellite or aerial images. Forest data, which is derivedfrom remote sensing methods, mainly focuses on the mass i.e. parts of the forest that are largelyhomogeneous, in particular, interconnected) and plot-level data. Haft-Barm Lake is the case study whichis located in Fars province, representing closed forest in which oak is the valuable species. HighResolution Satellite Imagery of WV-2 has been used in this study. In this study, A UAV equipped with acompact digital camera has been used calibrated and modified to record not only the visual but also thenear infrared reflection (NIR) of possibly infested oaks. The present study evaluated the estimation offorest parameters by focusing on single tree extraction using Object-Based method of classification with acomplex matrix evaluation and AUC method with the help of the 4th UAV phantom bird image in twodistinct regions. The object-based classification has the highest and best accuracy in estimating single-treeparameters. Object-Based classification method is a useful method to identify Oak tree Zagros Mountainsforest. This study confirms that using WV-2 data one can extract the parameters of single trees in theforest. An overall Kappa Index of Agreement (KIA) of 0.97 and 0.96 for each study site has beenachieved. It is also concluded that while UAV has the potential to provide flexible and feasible solutionsfor forest mapping, some issues related to image quality still need to be addressed in order to improve theclassification performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Association of Candidatus phytoplasma in stone fruit trees of Golestan province of Iran: a diagnostic study report
Mohammadreza Zarhoon Saeed nasrollahnejad Elham Mahmoudi Atena Zahedi TabarestaniIn the visits of the spring, summer, and autumn of 2021 and 2022 to the orchards of stone fruit trees in Golestan province, suspected symptoms of phytoplasma disease such as yellowness, deterioration, reddening, and small leaves were observed, and 28 samples of leaves f MoreIn the visits of the spring, summer, and autumn of 2021 and 2022 to the orchards of stone fruit trees in Golestan province, suspected symptoms of phytoplasma disease such as yellowness, deterioration, reddening, and small leaves were observed, and 28 samples of leaves from different hosts of stone fruit trees were collected. P1/P7 general primers were used for general PCR, and R16F2n/R16R2 primers were used for nested PCR. Infected samples amplified 1800 bp fragments in general PCR and 1250 bp fragment in nested PCR. Out of the 28 samples collected, 3 samples of peach trees had a band in the target area. The nested PCR product after sequencing was registered in the World Gene Bank with accession numbers OQ945143 and OP055811. At the same time, transplanting was done on the benchmark plant, Periwinkle, with the aim of gene storage and observation of phytoplasma symptoms. The comparison of the obtained sequences with the sequences available on the NCBI by the BLAST showed the most similarity to Aster yellows phytoplasmas, and the phylogenetic analysis of the target sequence with the maximum likelihood estimation algorithm in comparison with the different phytoplasma subgroups reported in Iran also showed the results confirmed the blast. Also, the comparison of patterns obtained from virtual RFLP identified the most similar reference pattern of the 16SrI group, subtype AD (GenBank accession: DQ286577), with a similarity coefficient of 0.77, which indicates that this strain may represent a new group. The results of this study confirm the presence of phytoplasma in peach trees in Golestan province for the first time and indicate the presence of a phytoplasma species close to Candidatus phytoplasma asteris in Golestan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Identification of the causal agent of stone fruits die back and decline (Silver Leaf) in east of Mazandaran province
Seyed Vahid Alavi parisa TeymuriThe disorder causes die back of the twigs, the leaves take silver color appearance and the tree declined. In the summer of 2014-2016 during visits to the eastern regions of the province, the trees affected by the disease and dying were determined from 8 to 10 %. Samplin MoreThe disorder causes die back of the twigs, the leaves take silver color appearance and the tree declined. In the summer of 2014-2016 during visits to the eastern regions of the province, the trees affected by the disease and dying were determined from 8 to 10 %. Sampling was done from nectarine and peach trees with the symptoms and contamination with pathogens capable of causing such symptoms were examined. The samples were tested by RT-PCR using specific primers for European stone fruit yellows(‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’) and almond witches’ broom (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’) Phytoplasmas, Prunus necrotic ringspot ilarvirus (PNRSV), Tomato ringspot nepovirus (ToRSV) and Plum pox potyvirus (PPV). Segments of necrotic tissue margin under the bark of each sample were plated onto NA and PDA media after surface disinfection. Study results did not show any contamination to the mentioned viral and Phytoplasmas agents. Bacterial colonies did not seen on the culture media. The fungal isolates were purified and identified as Trametes versicolor, based on the morphological characteristics. Pathogenicity test was done and proved by inoculation of 3-4mm cut pellets of PDA media containing fungal mycelia of the isolates on the peach and nectarines seedlings. Genomic DNA extraction was done from the fungal isolates and amplification was done with ITS1, ITS4 and LAC regions primers. The amplicons were sequenced and compared with the available sequences in GenBank (NCBI). BLAST analysis showed 95 to 100 % nucleotide similarity between the isolates and Trametes versicolor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Local Name of some trees in Gilan province
Ghassem Habibi Bibalani Parisa Mohamadpour Fatemeh Mosazaded SayadMahalehOne of the most important things in rural tourism and nature tourism and recreation in forested areas with tree cover knows local names trees as part of social linguistic data. Social linguistics is a type of linguistic study that is recognized as a cultural subject tha MoreOne of the most important things in rural tourism and nature tourism and recreation in forested areas with tree cover knows local names trees as part of social linguistic data. Social linguistics is a type of linguistic study that is recognized as a cultural subject that is closely related to the social relations of the community that speaks that language. One of the things that play an important role in local dialects is the names of trees and shrubs. The Gilan Province (Chabouksat City to Astara City) have different subcultures, as well as different dialects, but have a common origin. In this study, it was tried to visit different areas of these province and conduct interviews and also to study the authoritative sources of local names of trees and shrubs. In this study, about 90 local names for the trees in Gilan Province, which are mainly the names used in this provinces in different dialects, were recorded. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Local names of plants in different parts of Iran (letters "B", "P" and "T")
Ghassem Habibi BibalaniOne of the most important issues in the use of plants in medicine and nutrition, in addition to knowing the scientific names, their native and local names are also of special importance so that researchers can easily access the indigenous knowledge of different ethnic g MoreOne of the most important issues in the use of plants in medicine and nutrition, in addition to knowing the scientific names, their native and local names are also of special importance so that researchers can easily access the indigenous knowledge of different ethnic groups. Therefore, it is important to know local names as part of social linguistic data. This type of study is a type of linguistic study that is known as a cultural subject that is closely related to social relations. It is a community that speaks that language. One of the important factors in local dialects is the names of plants including grasses, trees and shrubs. Different provinces of Iran have different subcultures as well as a variety of different dialects and dialects that sometimes have a common origin and in some cases are directly related to each other. In this study, we tried to record the local names of plants by referring to reliable sources. After reviewing more than 1500 local names in different parts of the country for plants were collected. In this article, 246 local names for trees in different provinces, which are mainly names used in different dialects, are presented. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Spatial distribution and volume of dead trees in Fagus orientalis stands of Iran (case study: Gorazbon district of Kheyrud forest)
زهرا Nouri جهانگیر Feghhi mohammadreza marvi mohadjerThe aim of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern, volume and decay stages of dead woods in beech forests, Northern Iran. The current research was carried out in compartment 319, Gorazbon District, Khayroud Forests dominated by Fagus orientalis in which no managem MoreThe aim of this study is to analyze the spatial pattern, volume and decay stages of dead woods in beech forests, Northern Iran. The current research was carried out in compartment 319, Gorazbon District, Khayroud Forests dominated by Fagus orientalis in which no management practices have been done before this inventory. Dead trees characteristics including species, DBH and height of snags and mid-trunk diameter, length and decay grade of downed trees were recorded. The coordinates of all dead trees (snags and downed) were recorded using azimuth-distance method by laser device. The results showed that the volume of dead trees in study area is 34.93 m3/ha that the volume of snags and downed dead trees is 6.622 and 28.835 m3/ha respectively. Decay class I has accounted for most of the volume of dead trees (44%). The spatial pattern of dead trees was determined as clustered, using K-Ripley function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Ethnobotany and folk pharmaceutical knowledge of the major trees or shrubs in North of Iran
معصومه MazandaraniAn ethnopharmacognostic survey on the traditional pharmaceutical knowledge (TPhk) of old and newly introduced natural remedies used for healing humans in two small mountainous area in Goleston province, Northern Iran. Approximately 56 medicine species of trees or shrubs MoreAn ethnopharmacognostic survey on the traditional pharmaceutical knowledge (TPhk) of old and newly introduced natural remedies used for healing humans in two small mountainous area in Goleston province, Northern Iran. Approximately 56 medicine species of trees or shrubs belongs to 27 families were recorded. The objectives of this study were to introduce important useful parts and their medicinal characteristice them in two indigenous region. We found all these plants in which used by the rural people in traditional uses and food consumption that the main of them included: Juniperus communis, Berberis vulgaris, Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus, Alnus subcordata, Cornus australis, Corylus avelana, Crataegus oxycantha, Rhamnus palassi, Ilex aquifolium, Lonicera caprifolia, Mespilus germaniac, Tillia platyphllus, Paliurus spina christi, Prunus spinosa, Quercus castaneafolia, Rosa canina, Hypericum androsaemum, Rubus fruticosus, Salix alba, Smilax excelsa, Taxus baccata, Viscum album, Cerasus spp, Mespilus sp and Pyrus spinosa. Among these remedies, the common use of the aerial parts of Hypericum androsaemum and the leaves of Morus alba against cough, migraine and healing wounds. Fleshy female cone of Juniperus communis against Urinary Trace Infection. Crataegus for heart tonic and Salix alba against rheumatic pain. The data that we present here could suggest new inputs for further phytochemical and pharmacological studies among Iranian folk pharmacopoeia, and also for sustaining environmentally integrated projects focuses on of the maintenance of TPhk via breeding or controlled gathering activities of local medicinal species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - The reflection of Plants and trees in local poetry of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad
jalil nazari ali piroozeFrom the ancient era, using the elements of nature has great popularity in Persian literature and particularly Lori literature as one of the subcategories of similar root in this language. Investigation of the Lori literature has indicated that the natural elements and MoreFrom the ancient era, using the elements of nature has great popularity in Persian literature and particularly Lori literature as one of the subcategories of similar root in this language. Investigation of the Lori literature has indicated that the natural elements and scopes and their implications have the most usages in their sayings and manuscripts. These factors consisted of mountains, forests, trees, plants, snow and rain; easily and tangibly, they reflected the nature in Lori poetry. Among them, there are some trees and plants highlighted this nostalgic and emotional views. Regarding this, the aromatic plant named 'Chavil' is the most influential in expressing the romance. The use of oak in the Lori lyrics represents the strength and steadiness of these people and it is their honor symbol. The trees such as sycamore and willow are known for their calm shadow. The plant tree of Bengaroo is the symbol of worthless in the Lori literature Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Presenting a New Text-Independent Speaker Verification System Based on Multi Model GMM
Mohammad Mosleh Faraz Forootan Najmeh Hosseinpour -
Open Access Article
34 - ارزیابی زیباشناسی منظر پاییزه گونه های درختی بومی زیرحوزه هیرکانی جهت کاربرد در فضای سبز شهری (مطالعه موردی: حوزه شهرستان ساری)
وجیهه عباسی قادی مسعود آزادبخت یحیی تاجور محمد اکبرزادهدر چند دهه اخیر استفاده از گیاهان غیر بومی در کشور گسترش پیدا کرده است. گیاهانی که استفاده از آن­ها در منظر اغلب چالش برانگیز است و کشور را متحمل هزینه­های سنگینی می­کند. این مسائل سبب شده است که در چند دهه اخیر نگرشی جدید نسبت به گیاهان بومی ایجاد شود. گونه Moreدر چند دهه اخیر استفاده از گیاهان غیر بومی در کشور گسترش پیدا کرده است. گیاهانی که استفاده از آن­ها در منظر اغلب چالش برانگیز است و کشور را متحمل هزینه­های سنگینی می­کند. این مسائل سبب شده است که در چند دهه اخیر نگرشی جدید نسبت به گیاهان بومی ایجاد شود. گونه­هایی که به علت دارا بودن فاکتورهای اصلی اکولوژیکی و عدم نیاز به تطابق با منطقه ایجاد شده اند. بر این اساس، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی گونه­های درختی چوبی که می­توانند در برنامه ریزی جهت کاربرد در فضای سبز مورد استفاده قرار گیرند انجام شد. بر این اساس در این مطالعه در مجموع 55 گونه درختی از 20 خانواده گیاهی در منطقه­ی مورد مطالعه پیدا شدند که پس از ارزیابی پارامترهای زیباشناسی ناظر بر زیبایی فصل خزان گیاهان مورد مطالعه، 27 گونه درختی ناحیه هیرکانی به لحاظ معیارهای زیباشناسی در فصل پاییز در زمره گیاهان زیبا قرار میگیرند و 14 گونه درختی در گروه درختان بسیار زیبا و 14 گونه در گروه درختان با زیبایی متوسط جای گرفتند. در نتیجه برخی از گونه­های درختی بومی هیرکانی دارای قابلیت استفاده جهت زیباسازی مناظر شهری به خصوص در فصل پاییز می­باشند، لذا انجام مطالعات سازگاری جهت کاربرد این گونه­ها در فضای سبزشهری به خصوص پارک­ها توصیه می­شود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - اثرخراش دهی اسیدی و سرما روی جوانه زنی بذر سه گونه درختی فضای سبز
بهاره دل طلب نیره نظیری مقدم مجتبی خرمی راد بهزاد کاویانیجوانهزنی بذر برخی گونههای چوبی به دلایل مختلف از جمله خفتگی فیزیولوژیکی و مکانیکی و حضور ترکیبات ممانعتکننده در بافتهای بذر با مشکل و در میزان پایین انجام میشود. پرایمینگ یکی از مهمترین تیمارها برای افزایش ظرفیت جوانهزنی بذرها است. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی اثر تیمار Moreجوانهزنی بذر برخی گونههای چوبی به دلایل مختلف از جمله خفتگی فیزیولوژیکی و مکانیکی و حضور ترکیبات ممانعتکننده در بافتهای بذر با مشکل و در میزان پایین انجام میشود. پرایمینگ یکی از مهمترین تیمارها برای افزایش ظرفیت جوانهزنی بذرها است. هدف این مطالعه، بررسی اثر تیمارهای مختلف چینه سرمایی و اسید سولفوریک روی رشد و درصد جوانهزنی بذرهای اقاقیا، عرعر و زبان گنجشک بود. این پژوهش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با دو عامل؛ گیاه و چینه سرمایی در چهار تکرار انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بالاترین درصد جوانهزنی (72 درصد) در تیمار اسید سولفوریک 50 درصد روی بذرهای اقاقیا و پایینترین آن (18 و 12 درصد)، به ترتیب در تیمارهای شاهد و اسید سولفوریک 95 درصد روی بذرهای زبان گنجشک به دست آمد. نتایج کلی این پژوهش نشان داد که بهترین تیمار چینه سرمایی برای اغلب صفات اندازهگیریشده، اسید سولفوریک 50 درصد و سرمای سه درجه سانتیگراد به مدت 20 روز بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - ریزازدیادی سرخدار یک درخت دارویی زینتی
علی سحری مقدم بهزاد کاویانی علی محمدی ترکاشوند وحید عبدوسی علیرضا اسلامییک روش تکثیر درونشیشهای سرخدار انگلیسی (Taxus baccata L.) طی روش اندامزایی با استفاده از کینتین (Kin) و ایندول-3-بوتیریک اسید (IBA) به­ عنوان تنظیمکنندههای رشد گیاهی و جوانه رأسی به­ عنوان ریزنمونه ارائه میشود. جوانههای رأسی بریدهشده از گیاهان مادری روی Moreیک روش تکثیر درونشیشهای سرخدار انگلیسی (Taxus baccata L.) طی روش اندامزایی با استفاده از کینتین (Kin) و ایندول-3-بوتیریک اسید (IBA) به­ عنوان تنظیمکنندههای رشد گیاهی و جوانه رأسی به­ عنوان ریزنمونه ارائه میشود. جوانههای رأسی بریدهشده از گیاهان مادری روی محیط موراشیگ و اسکوگ (MS) مکملشده با غلظتها و ترکیبهای مختلف Kin (1، 0.5، 0 و 2 میلیگرم بر لیتر) به ­عنوان یک سیتوکینین و IBA (1، 0.5، 0 و 2 میلیگرم بر لیتر) به­ عنوان یک اکسین قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تعداد گره (6.75) روی محیط MS حاوی 2 میلیگرم بر لیتر Kin به دست آمد. بیشترین تعداد سرشاخه (5) روی محیط MS مکملشده با 1 میلیگرم بر لیتر Kin همراه با 1 میلیگرم بر لیتر IBA به ­دست آمد. بیشترین تعداد ریشه (6.50) روی ریزنمونههای رشدیافته روی محیط غنیشده با 2 میلیگرم بر لیتر Kin همراه با 1 میلیگرم بر لیتر IBA تولید شد. گیاهچهها به گلدانهای پرشده با پرلایت و پیت موس به نسبت مساوی برای سازگاری منتقل شدند. این گیاهچهها سازگار شدند و به­ طور موفقیتآمیزی در بسترهای کشت استقرار یافتند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - زیباشناسی درختان بومی زینتی در فضای سبز شهری شمال ایران (شهر رشت)
سیاوش ثقفی بیرجند علیرضا اسلامیدرختان بومی با سازگاری بالا، مقاومت بالا به تنشهای محیطی و کاهش هزینههای نگهداری و با اتکاء به باران و نیاز آبی اندک خود میتوانند گزینههای مناسبی در انتخاب بهترین گیاهان برای کاشت در فضاهای سبز شهری با توجه به اقلیم هر منطقه باشند. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی جنبۀ زیباشن Moreدرختان بومی با سازگاری بالا، مقاومت بالا به تنشهای محیطی و کاهش هزینههای نگهداری و با اتکاء به باران و نیاز آبی اندک خود میتوانند گزینههای مناسبی در انتخاب بهترین گیاهان برای کاشت در فضاهای سبز شهری با توجه به اقلیم هر منطقه باشند. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی جنبۀ زیباشناسانۀ درختان بومی زینتی شهر رشت انجام پذیرفت. مطالعه و بررسیهای میدانی روی 14 گونه از درختان بومی موجود با ثبت ویژگیها و مشخصات زیباشناسی به کمک مشاهدۀ درختان در طبیعت انجام گردید. پس از تعیین ۱۱ شاخص زیباشناسی و نظرخواهی از متخصصین امر در قالب پرسشنامههای طراحی شده بر اساس اطلاعات جمعآوری شده، ارزیابی درختان به روش فرآیند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی(AHP) انجام و توسط نرم افزارExpert Choice نسبت به تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج بدست آمده اقدام گردید. نتایج حاصل از ارزیابیها نشان داد که از نظر زیباشناسی، 3 گونه درخت، آزاد (Zelkova carpinifolia)، انجیلی (Parrotia persica) و افرا شیردار (Acer cappadocicum) بالاترین مطلوبیت و 3 گونه درخت، سفیدپلت (Populus caspica Bornm)، لیلکی (Gleditsia caspica) و ارس(Juniperus foetidissima) کمترین مطلوبیت را به خود اختصاص دادهاند. از این تحقیق میتوان همچنین نتیجهگیری نمود که از دیدگاه زیباشناسی، درختان پهنبرگ خزانپذیر نسبت به درختان همیشه سبز بومی موجود در شهر رشت، از زیبایی بیشتری در طول فصول سال برخوردار بوده و قابلیت بالایی به جهت استفاده و کاربرد در فضاهای سبز شهری دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - نقش و اثر آب و خاک بر روی الگوی رشد درختان چنار بصورت زیگزاگ در تهران
رضا مستوری نوذر نوذری سیدمحمد حسینیعوامل و دلایل مختلفی در مورد درختان چنار تهران که به­صورت زیگزاگ کج ارائه شده است. افزایش تعداد این درختان باعث شده است تا این مطالعه برای تعیین اثر پارامترهای خاک و فاصله درختان چنار با هم در مقایسه با سایر عوامل انجام شود. این تحقیق از بخشی داده­های اخیر شهردا Moreعوامل و دلایل مختلفی در مورد درختان چنار تهران که به­صورت زیگزاگ کج ارائه شده است. افزایش تعداد این درختان باعث شده است تا این مطالعه برای تعیین اثر پارامترهای خاک و فاصله درختان چنار با هم در مقایسه با سایر عوامل انجام شود. این تحقیق از بخشی داده­های اخیر شهرداری منطقه 11 تهران استفاده می­کند. مرکز فضای سبز شهرداری منطقه 11 در پارک رازی قرار دارد که در آن پارامترهای خاک اندازه گیری شده است. در این پژوهش170 درخت کج را بررسی و تحلیل کردیم و بیش از 40 تابلو راهنمایی و رانندگی را در شهرداری منطقه 11 تهران بررسی کردیم. در این مطالعه یک درخت را با شرایط مختلف خاک اشباع با استفاده از نرمافزار Plaxis دو بعدی برای درک تأثیر عوامل مختلف بر روی درختان چنار تهران مدلسازی شده است و روابط فیزیکی و مکانیکی ایجاد کننده الگوی زیگزاگ درختان را در خیابان­های تهران را مشخص نموده است. در این تحقیق به­روشی خلاقانه متوجه شدیم که رطوبت خاک و فاصله درختان از یکدیگر دو دلیل مؤثر بر کج شدن درختان و تابلوهای راهنمایی و رانندگی است و نور خورشید و باد در این الگوی رشد اثر ندارند. علت اصلی کج شدن زیگزاگ در درختان شهری تهران نشست لایه خاک و فاصله خاص درختان از یکدیگر است که ممکن است برای هر نوع درختی رخ دهد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - برآورد ارتفاع و رشد قطری چند درخت خیابانی در فضای سبز شهری
زهرا کریمیانتخمین رشد درختان شهری، به ویژه ارتفاع درخت در مدیریت منظر شهری، اهمیت بسیاری دارد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، پیش بینی ارتفاع درخت بر اساس قطر درخت بود. به این منظور 921 درخت از پنج گونه مختلف در پنج ناحیه از شهر مشهد در سال 2014 اندازهگیری شدند. درختان مورد ارزیابی در این آزم Moreتخمین رشد درختان شهری، به ویژه ارتفاع درخت در مدیریت منظر شهری، اهمیت بسیاری دارد. هدف از پژوهش حاضر، پیش بینی ارتفاع درخت بر اساس قطر درخت بود. به این منظور 921 درخت از پنج گونه مختلف در پنج ناحیه از شهر مشهد در سال 2014 اندازهگیری شدند. درختان مورد ارزیابی در این آزمایش، درخت زبان گنجشک (Fraxinus species)، درخت چنار (Platanus hybrida)، درخت توت سفید (Morus alba)، درخت عرعر (Ailanthus altissima) و درخت اقاقیا (Robinia pseudoacacia) بودند. تحلیل رگرسیون ارتفاع در برابر قطر مدلهای مختلفی (خطی، لگاریتمی، نمایی و توانی) را حاصل کرد که می تواند برای تخمین ارتفاع این پنج گونه درختی مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد. توابع لگاریتمی ، توانی و نمایی در درخت زبان گنجشک ( R2 = 0.9و RMSE = 0.74 )، درخت عرعر ( R2 = 0.92و RMSE = 0.44) و درخت چنار (R2 = 0.72 وRMSE = 0.72 ) بهترتیب، برازش مناسبی از دادههای مربوط به ارتفاع در برابر قطر درختان را ارائه دادند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Isolation and molecular identification of the carotenoid producing yeasts in the exudation sap from birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.) at Marmisho region of Northwest Iran
Faezeh Ajorloo Mohsen Vaez Jafar HemmatBackground & Objectives: A portion of biodiversity and variability of life on earth belongs to the yeasts. The caroptenoid-producing yeasts are economically important and their distinct natural habitats are of interest. In this study, isolation and molecular identif MoreBackground & Objectives: A portion of biodiversity and variability of life on earth belongs to the yeasts. The caroptenoid-producing yeasts are economically important and their distinct natural habitats are of interest. In this study, isolation and molecular identification of carotenoid-producing yeasts of the exudates of endangered birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.) at Marmisho in Northwest Iran were performed. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study carried out by sampling from exudates of birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.) at a natural habitat located in West Azerbaijan Province in the Northwest of Iran. Using selective media, the isolation of the yeasts was done. The screening was initially based on the color and shape of the colonies during one-month incubation along with simple rapid tests to check the existence of carotenoid pigments. Finally, the D1/D2 region rDNA sequencing was accomplished for 19 isolates. Results: 19 out of 45 isolates with pink-red colonies were selected for ribosomal gene sequencing. Phylogenetic results showed that the carotenoid-producing yeasts are in the Basidiomycota division including Rhodotorula, Cystofilobasidium, Cystobasidium, Rhodosporidiobolus, Ustilentyloma, and Xanthophyllomyces. Conclusion: The unique pattern of carotenogenic yeasts community at this ecological niche and placing in 6 genera with the capability to produce a variety of carotenoid structures indicate that the exudates of birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.) include a wide diversity for native carotenoid-producing yeasts. This study is the first report presenting the diversity of carotenoid-producing yeasts in the Northwest of Iran with a distinct consortium of native yeasts at this habitat. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Molecular screening of astaxanthin-producing yeasts of birch sap-flows in Alborz Province of Iran
Faezeh Ajorloo Mohsen Vaez Jafar HemmatBackground & Objectives: The carotenoid-producing yeasts have a widespread distribiution worldwide. However, isolation of carotenoid-producing yeasts with valuable astaxanthin have been only reported from limited areas and specific habitats. The aim of this st MoreBackground & Objectives: The carotenoid-producing yeasts have a widespread distribiution worldwide. However, isolation of carotenoid-producing yeasts with valuable astaxanthin have been only reported from limited areas and specific habitats. The aim of this study was to apply the multiple polymerase chain reaction method for faster molecular screening of isolates for the yeasts in the exudation sap from birch trees (Betula pendula Roth.) in Alborz Province of Iran with astaxanthin production capacity and toevaluate its efficiency.Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out by sampling in May 2018 from one of the natural habitats of birch trees Batula Pendula in Alborz Province, Iran. After isolation of yeasts using selected media and purification of yeast colonies with various pink to red colors, yeasts genomic nucleic acids were extracted and molecular screening for astaxanthin-producing detection of isolates was performed by multiple polymerase chain reaction (Multiplex-PCR).Results: Out of 42 pigmented colonies during sampling and isolation in one cross-sectional study, 23 pink to red colonies were evaluated by Multiplex-PCR method. Of these isolates, three were positive and the rest were negative. The results were validated by determining the ribosomal gene sequencing.Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the specificity of the multiple polymerase chain reaction method in fast and cost-effective molecular screening of astaxanthin-producing yeast isolates and the applicability of this method to study other natural habitats of these yeasts. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Production of Browse Trees/Shrubs under Climate Change Conditions in the Butana Rangelands of Sudan
Fathielrahaman Ajloon Abdelmalik Abdelmalik Imad Eldin Babikir Faisal ElHag Ibrahim Ibrahim Abdelrahman Khatir -
Open Access Article
43 - Determination of Cold Hardiness of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) Cultivars Flower Buds during Rest Season
Zahra Pakkish Hadi Asghari -
Open Access Article
44 - Exploring Citizens’ Aesthetic Perception in Urban Green Space Design: A Study of Ornamental Trees and Shrubs Distribution in Bushehr, Iran
Reza Amareh Behzad Kaviani Shahram Sedaghathoor Mohammadsadegh AllahyariExpanding and restoring urban green spaces represent a growing social demand among citizens in developing countries. However, in Iran, these efforts face significant challenges due to the country's arid regions and the heightened expectations of people regarding visual MoreExpanding and restoring urban green spaces represent a growing social demand among citizens in developing countries. However, in Iran, these efforts face significant challenges due to the country's arid regions and the heightened expectations of people regarding visual and environmental quality. The selection of tree species in urban landscape design plays a crucial role in shaping the aesthetic, emotional, and environmental aspects of urban areas. To evaluate the impact of ornamental trees and shrubs in Bushehr's urban space, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted with a statistical sample of 200 Bushehri citizens, focusing on five species: Bougainvillea sp., Ficus elastica, Conocarpus erectus, Clerodendrum inerme, and Dodonea viscosa. Analysis revealed that "emotional feeling" and "perceived environmental beauty" constituted 70.9% of society’s aesthetic perception variance. Additionally, Friedman’s nonparametric test highlighted significant differences in society’s aesthetic perception of the studied trees, with respondents noting higher perceived cognitive beauty in Bougainvillea sp. and F. elastica. Effective selection of plant species for urban green spaces not only enhances visual appeal but also positively impacts people’s emotional well-being. This requires a thorough consideration of environmental factors and emotional responses. By integrating these concepts into the design, along with raising awareness of arid region species, satisfaction with urban spaces can be partially increased. Manuscript profile
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