indirect

Open Access Article

1 - Investigation of physical parameters in ion-beam-heated converters
Abbas Ghasemizad Mahboubeh Masoumi Leila Gholamzadeh

10.1007/s40094-015-0188-2

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2 - Performance Evaluation of Provincial Units of Social Security Organization in Indirect Treatment Sector Using TOPSIS Method in 2017
Abbas Jahangiri Mohammad Jahangiri

Introduction: Social Security Organization as a health service provider provides some parts of healthcare services in indirect sector through contracting with private and public centers. The purpose of this paper was to performance assessment and ranking provincial unit More

Introduction: Social Security Organization as a health service provider provides some parts of healthcare services in indirect sector through contracting with private and public centers. The purpose of this paper was to performance assessment and ranking provincial units of this organization in indirect treatment sector. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the performance of this organization's indirect treatment across the country was assessed using the TOPSIS method by considering six important attributes. For this purpose, each province was considered as an alternative also the required data from the 2017 statistical yearbook was obtained. Calculations and ranking of provinces were done using Excel 2010 software. Results: The ratio of the total number of contracted healthcare centers to the population covered by the treatment of each province and proportion of the total number of doctors contracted to the population covered by the treatment of each province attributes with the highest weight were identified. The highest and lowest performance scores were calculated 1 and 6×10-4 respectively. Conclusion: Although the social security organization has used indirect treatment in all provinces of the country as a strategy to increase the access of insured persons to medical resources, it did not have the same performance in all provinces. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the purchase contracts of health services with hospitals, clinics, polyclinics, day clinics, healthcare centers, general practitioners, specialists and dentists of public sector, private, military, etc., especially in provinces with poor performance. Manuscript profile

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3 - The Ability of Direct Cash Flow versus Indirect Cash Flow Method for Predict Future Operating Cash Flow
غلامرضا کردستانی بهمن کولیوند عباس زند عباس آبادی

Effect of method of providing cash flow resulting from operating activities (directand indirect methods)in power of predict future cash flows of the issues that a lot ofresearch has led the financial literature. Cash Flow Statements aim to provideinformation regarding t More

Effect of method of providing cash flow resulting from operating activities (directand indirect methods)in power of predict future cash flows of the issues that a lot ofresearch has led the financial literature. Cash Flow Statements aim to provideinformation regarding the flow of incoming and outgoing cash during an accountingperiod. If the flow of funds that offers with information on other users of financialstatements should assist in these purposes to: (a) evaluate the company can create apositive future net cash flow evaluate the ability to participate in the confrontationcommitments and also requires the company to external financing, evaluate thecompany can pay the financing costs and dividends, Children understand thedifference and net operating profit company operating cash flows, determine theeffects of capital transactions Investment and Financing made during the company'sfinancial condition. The aim of this paper is a review of this issue 1) directlycompared the methods of indirect methods of calculating flow. Operating cash flowability to predict more are operating? 2) whether operating cash flow compared withits components is more useful for investors?According to survey results with data collected from companies listed in TehranStock Exchange during the period 1380 until 1388 showed that the cash flow ofinformation due to operational activities of the direct method predict more comparedwith indirect methods are entitled, and operating cash flow compared with itscomponents is more useful for investors. Manuscript profile

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4 - Application of Activity based Costing in human science educations courses at Islamic Azad University
ابراهیم عباسی

The purpose of this study is calculated the cost of the human science courses atIslamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul branch.In this research used the activity based costing method. The financial datum weregathered from the branch documents and financial statements fo More

The purpose of this study is calculated the cost of the human science courses atIslamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul branch.In this research used the activity based costing method. The financial datum weregathered from the branch documents and financial statements for educations year in2007-2008. In this study has been used grison method. The results of this researchdemonstrated that there is possibility recognition of cost driven activities andoverhead resources in terms of the direct and indirect overhead and allocation of thatbetween the human sciences courses in the branch.The bachelor of science cost in full time accounting course due to the studentsmore number was lower and the cost English language course due to thestudentslower number was higher. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Energy Flow and Greenhouse Gases Emission of Crop Production Systems in South Khorasan Province
hamed javadi Seyed Mohammad Jafar Esfahani

10.30495/jest.2023.66462.5642

Background and Objective: In recent years, excessive use of agricultural inputs has increased energy consumption and greenhouse emissions. This study aims to investigate the energy flow and greenhouse gases emissions in the production systems of some crops in South Khor More

Background and Objective: In recent years, excessive use of agricultural inputs has increased energy consumption and greenhouse emissions. This study aims to investigate the energy flow and greenhouse gases emissions in the production systems of some crops in South Khorasan province. Material and Methodology: In the current research, a questionnaire, as well as face-to-face interviews with the farmers in this region (2018), were used to collect the required information, including agricultural operations, the type and amount of consumed inputs and product performance. In the present research, input energy, output energy, net energy, specific energy, optimal energy consumption, energy efficiency indices, different forms of energy, and Global warming potential were calculated and evaluated. Findings: The results showed that the process of alfalfa production had the highest energy consumption. On the other hand, Sugar beet (571,200 MJ.ha-1), fodder sorghum (391,920 MJ.ha-1) and alfalfa (120,870 MJ.ha-1) have the highest energy output, respectively. A comparison of the studied products showed that rapeseed (27.6 MJ.kg-1) and cotton (15.3 MJ.kg-1) have the maximum specific energy index. The ecosystems of alfalfa (41566 kg CO2eq.ha-1), sugar beet (29179 kg CO2eq.ha-1), fodder sorghum (27396 kg CO2eq.ha-1) had the maximum of global warming potential (GWP), respectively. Comparing the share of different inputs from the total global warming potential of the products showed that electricity, nitrogen fertilizer, and diesel play the greatest role in greenhouse gas emissions in all the studied products. Discussion and Conclusions: Since electricity and nitrogen fertilizer had the greatest role in the greenhouse gases emission from crops in South Khorasan province, management and optimization of irrigation performance and appropriate agricultural activities such as green manure crops or legumes cultivation to increase soil fertility, can be a solution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the South Khorasan region. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Studying the environmental pollution of industries in Iran using an input-output approach (Special Ccase: CO2)
Taghi Torabi Mohsen Varesi

Current patterns of production and energy consumption depend heavily on combustion of fossil fuels. All the services and commodities produced in an economy are related -- directly or indirectly -- to energy consumption and therefore to the emission of air pollutants suc More

Current patterns of production and energy consumption depend heavily on combustion of fossil fuels. All the services and commodities produced in an economy are related -- directly or indirectly -- to energy consumption and therefore to the emission of air pollutants such as carbon dioxide (the main cause of greenhouse effect and climatic changes). Generally speaking, the amount of CO2 emission depends on such factors as CO2 intensity, energy intensity, interactions between and among economy sectors, production-technology nexus, and the structure and level of final demand for the commodities of different sectors. The aim of this article is to identify the interactions between productive activities of the country’s industries in a given period of time (year 2001), intensity of energy consumption by these activities, and the resulting environmental impacts (specifically CO2 emissions). To this end, the input-output approach has been used to formulate a model for the calculation of the energy vector and CO2 intensity of industries so that one can rank industries by their level of pollution. The findings of the present article can be used for policy making regarding energy conservation, pollution control, and choice of appropriate production technique(s) for industries, considering environmental impacts. Furthermore, suitable prices could be set to control the final demand for the products of more pollutant sectors and thereby control air pollution with CO2.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Legal analysis of the fiscal regime of IPC upstream contracts in the oil and gas industry in Iran.
Alireza Hasanalizadeh ali zare Mehdi Montazer

This research focuses on the legal analysis of the fiscal regime of IPC upstream contracts in the oil and gas industry in Iran. Due to the short lifespan of buyback contracts and the consequent non-perseverance of their production, as well as being unattractive to forei More

This research focuses on the legal analysis of the fiscal regime of IPC upstream contracts in the oil and gas industry in Iran. Due to the short lifespan of buyback contracts and the consequent non-perseverance of their production, as well as being unattractive to foreign contractors, new oil contracts called IPCs aim to attract foreign investment, transfer technology, produce protection from reservoirs and increase the recycle coefficient as well as increase presence in international markets by way of creation of domestic exploration and production companies. The new oil contracts are in essence the improved version of buyback contracts. The new model for the new oil contracts is the risk associated services type, and it captures different facets of the oil industry (exploration, development and production). In the new oil contracts, costs are determined annually based on field behavior and through negotiations, the fiscal structure of these contracts is comprised of government revenue and oil costs. Oil costs consist of direct investment costs, indirect costs, cost of money, operational costs and salaries. The payback of direct investment costs happens in 5 to 7 year installments and other costs as and the contractor remuneration are reimbursed from the place of 50% of the field revenue. Payback will commence after production begins. The contractor remuneration is based on daily production (fee per barrel). the fiscal regime in the new oil contracts is a factor that seeks to strike a balance between the conflicting interests of the parties to the contract. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Comparative Analysis of the Financial Regime of New Petroleum Contracts, Known as IPC, and Buyback Trade in Terms of Costs
Alireza Hasanalizadeh ali zarea mahdi montazer

One of the key components of contracts is the associated charges. This paper studies types of costs in buyback and the new petroleum contracts for the first time. Buyback contracts are financially comprised of capital expenditure, non-capital expenditure, project’ More

One of the key components of contracts is the associated charges. This paper studies types of costs in buyback and the new petroleum contracts for the first time. Buyback contracts are financially comprised of capital expenditure, non-capital expenditure, project’s financing cost, operating cost and remuneration. The most important difference between the new petroleum contracts and the buyback contracts is the longer duration of the new petroleum contracts as well as the presence of the contractor during the period of operation. The financial structure of these contracts is comprised of government revenue and oil cost and the oil cost is comprised of direct capital expenditure, indirect cost, cost of money, operating cost and remuneration. Unlike the buyback contracts, direct capital expenditure in the new petroleum contracts has no specified ceiling from the outset and it is determined on an annual basis in consideration of the behavior of reservoir and market conditions (inputs). Cost of money has been provisioned in the new petroleum contracts for project financing and this item is defined in the buyback contracts as “bank charge”. In contrast to the buyback contracts in which all direct and indirect expenses incurred by contractor were subject to interest, in the new petroleum contracts, only indirect expenses and delay in repayment of expenses on due date are subject to interest. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Pure Symbolism in the Poetry of Badr Shakir Al-Siab
Kheirieh Echresh Gheis Khazael

The present article studies the symbolism in the poetry of BadrShakir Al-Siab. His literary method played an important role in leading the literature of 50s and 60s in Iraq and the whole Arab world. This article tries to express how Siab after becoming familiar with wes More

The present article studies the symbolism in the poetry of BadrShakir Al-Siab. His literary method played an important role in leading the literature of 50s and 60s in Iraq and the whole Arab world. This article tries to express how Siab after becoming familiar with western literature and being affected by the European symbolist poets could add a new form to the contemporary Arabic poetry. He took pure symbolism to its zenith with his style. Pure symbolism has its own examples such as tendency to use colloquial terminology, or using local songs and proverbs instances of which are frequent in Siab’s poetry. Another instance of Siab’s pure symbolism is using precise adjectives. He also uses imagination which is another instance of pure symbolism. Manuscript profile

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10 - Specific Performance for breach of contract in light of Egyptian Law and Ahle sonnat Jurisprudence
Hamid Miri gholam hossein afras saman motaghi shahry

The first obligee's remedy in the breach of contract case in both Egyptian law and Ahle Sonnat jurisprudence is his/her right of demanding of specific performance as the first effect of an agreement. Thus it has been predicated some remedies for breach of contract based More

The first obligee's remedy in the breach of contract case in both Egyptian law and Ahle Sonnat jurisprudence is his/her right of demanding of specific performance as the first effect of an agreement. Thus it has been predicated some remedies for breach of contract based on the type of contractual obligation by the legal and religious legislator. Therefore sometimes a contractual obligation is just performed by the law intent notwithstanding its debtor hasn't intended in it. It is also in some situations a court verdict does whatever obligator should have done although he/she has not presented in any of court proceedings. Occasionally debtor's property plays a role as tools for obligee to reach to his demand and in the other situations that obligation shall not be done except for debtor intervening, the contractual obligation will be performed by means of applying a legal force over her/his. Thus this method is not recognized as a general remedy in Egyptian law although there are several methods in Ahle sonnat jurisprudence in this regard. Manuscript profile

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11 - Indirect Discourse in ShahnameFerdowsi Based on Catherine Kerbrat’sSemantic Theory
Akram Rahmani

Catherine Kerbrat, a famous French linguist, in one of her valuable works entitled “Indirect Discourse”, introduced an issue regarding verbal communication, which began later studies on semantics, linguistics and, especially, science of communication. In her More

Catherine Kerbrat, a famous French linguist, in one of her valuable works entitled “Indirect Discourse”, introduced an issue regarding verbal communication, which began later studies on semantics, linguistics and, especially, science of communication. In her opinion, the possibility of a direct discourse is very little and most of our verbal communication is not direct in our daily life, and,basically, we usually express our ulterior motives and inner intentions indirectly. Therefore, always in prepositions, the untold prevail over the told, and, their size and scope is more extensive than the told or direct speech. Expressing these prepositions forces the addressee to think about their quality and quantity and to decipher them. The purpose of the present study was to analyze indirect discourse in ShahnamehFerdowsi based on the semantic theory of Kerbrat. The results indicated that the indirect speech was frequently used in Shahnameh beautifully and eloquently, and, Ferdowsi was successful in using the language and metalanguage factors. Manuscript profile

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12 - Irony in Zahir Al-Din Faryabi’s Poetry
Assad Safari Mohammad Sadeqi

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13 - Optimal Swing up of Double Inverted Pendulum using Indirect Method
Maral Salehi Amin Nikoobin Ebrahim Shahab

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14 - investigating of practicality, Reliability and Validity of direct and Indirect Prisoner Behaviors Checklist-Scaled version (DIPC-SCALED-r Ireland 2007) in crime central prison in Hamadan city
vahideh hajehfrosh rasol kordnoghabi hasan pasha sharifi mohamad poorsina

The aim of this study was investigating of practicality, Reliability and Validity of direct and Indirect Prisoner Behaviors Checklist-Scaled version (DIPC-SCALED-r Ireland 2007) in non-political crime central prison in Hamadan city. A sample of 500 prisoners’ randomly w More

The aim of this study was investigating of practicality, Reliability and Validity of direct and Indirect Prisoner Behaviors Checklist-Scaled version (DIPC-SCALED-r Ireland 2007) in non-political crime central prison in Hamadan city. A sample of 500 prisoners’ randomly was selected. Checklist included two forms of 49 questions to measure the victimization and the 58 questions to measure bullying. To obtain validity of questionnaire used two methods: test-retest and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). The correlation coefficient for the victimization form was r =0.47 and for bullying form was r =0.43 which were significant in P < 0.001. Cronbach alpha coefficient computed for the victimization form 0. 92 and for the bullying form 0. 90. After removing 12 items of the first form and to items from second form which had weak correlation, validity coefficients became more significant: 0.90 and 0. 89. To check the validity of log structures and what factors that is saturated, the factor analysis method was used. KMO and Bartlett's sizes in two form of questionnaire indicated conditions for factor analysis was run .After exclusion of inappropriate questions by using principal component analysis and rotation matrix Promax and according to scree plot and percentage variances of the series form factor and 5 being the victim of bullying form the five factors were extracted. In the present study to check the validity of questionnaire used the criteria validity method. The results showed the coefficient for the form of victimization was r=0.45 and for the form of bullying was r=o.53. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Five-factor traits of personality are a predictor of mothers’ aggression
mansooreh nikoogoftar Freshteh Jazayeri

10.30486/jsrp.2019.665275

The purpose of this research is the study of relations between personality factors and direct and indirect aggression among mothers.multi stage cluster random sampling was used to choose 389 mothers of elementary school students in Tehran. Neo Five-factory personality i More

The purpose of this research is the study of relations between personality factors and direct and indirect aggression among mothers.multi stage cluster random sampling was used to choose 389 mothers of elementary school students in Tehran. Neo Five-factory personality inventory (short form), Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire, The IAS-A indirect aggression questionnaire were utilized. The data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Multi-Variables Regression.The findings of Pearson Correlation indicated that excluding openness all the other four factors have significant relationship with direct and indirect aggression. In this way, outgoingness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, have negative significant relation with sub-scales of aggression and indirect aggression. Openness has a positive significant relation with the sub-scales of aggression, other than anger; it also has a negative significant relation with indirect aggression. Neuroticism has a positive significant relation with indirect aggression and aggression. Results from step by step analysis of regression showed that agreeableness, neuroticism and openness factors explain 41.5% of physical aggression variation. Agreeableness, neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness indicate 30% of verbal aggression variation. Agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness factors explain 31% of anger variation. Agreeableness, neuroticism and openness indicate 26% of enmity variation. Agreeableness and openness explain 20% of indirect aggression variation. The result of this study shows that there is a significant relation between the five personality factors and direct and indirect aggression. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Hybrid Frequency Compensation to Improve Unity-Gain Bandwidth of Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Operational Amplifiers
Ghazal Moradi Mohammad Reza Alamdar Saber Izadpanah Tous

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17 - Self- vs. Peer-editing: One Step Forward from Assessment to Building EFL Students’ Writing Skill
Fatemeh Behjat Mortaza Yamini

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18 - “To beat you, to frighten him”: Ghazi and the Play of Translation with Power
Erfan Rajabi

This paper aims at investigating the strategies and techniques in the social practice of translations done by Mohammad Ghazi. With this purpose in view, the study has opted for the research method of discourses–based historicism. The research data were collected More

This paper aims at investigating the strategies and techniques in the social practice of translations done by Mohammad Ghazi. With this purpose in view, the study has opted for the research method of discourses–based historicism. The research data were collected from Ghazi's interviews and talks with people, newspapers and print media. Attempt was made to analyze the data to identify and explain the key concepts of power, ideology, Ghazi's strategies and techniques and interrelationships   among   these   concepts   throughout   Ghazi's   long translation career which spanned several decades. The research findings indicate that Ghazi has designed the social practice of translation in terms of a particular ideology, a particular literary genre along with techniques concordant with translator's ideology within certain politico-social discourses in order to achieve certain goals. Manuscript profile

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19 - The direct and indirect effect of corrective feedback in speaking accuracy on L2 learners in Iranian EFL context
Pegah Javadi Bahador Sadeghi

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20 - تاثیر انواع مختلف بازخورد اصلاحی نوشتاری معلم بر روی صحت نوشته های زبان آموزان ایرانی
مهران داوری بینا سیدحسین کریمی

پژوهش حاضر که یک تحقیق شبه تجربی بوده و بدنبال بررسی تاثیر انواع مختلف بازخورد اصلاحی نوشتاری معلم بر روی صحت نوشته های زبان آموزان ایرانی در استفاده از حروف تعریف انگلیسی(معین و نامعین) و زمان گذشته ساده(افعال باقاعده و بی قاعده) می باشد. نود و چهار زبان آموز ایرانی در More

پژوهش حاضر که یک تحقیق شبه تجربی بوده و بدنبال بررسی تاثیر انواع مختلف بازخورد اصلاحی نوشتاری معلم بر روی صحت نوشته های زبان آموزان ایرانی در استفاده از حروف تعریف انگلیسی(معین و نامعین) و زمان گذشته ساده(افعال باقاعده و بی قاعده) می باشد. نود و چهار زبان آموز ایرانی در قالب سه گروه آزمایشی شامل گروه بازخورد مستقیم(24نفر)،گروه بازخورد غیر مستقیم(24نفر)،گروه بازخورد مستقیم+غیر مستقیم(24نفر) گروهبندی شدند. همسانی گروههای شرکت کننده از طریق عملکرد آنها در آزمون مهارت و پیش آزمون بررسی شد. در طول شش جلسه ،هر یک از سه گروه بازخورد مربوطه را دریافت کردند.ورقه ها به انضمام توضیحات به دانش آموزان بازگردانده شد. در دو مرحله(پیش آزمون و پس آزمون) دانش آموزان آزمون توصیف تصویر را کامل کردند.نتایج تحلیل واریانس یک طرفه،به لحاظ آماری تفاوت معناداری در عملکرد سه گروه نشان داد.علاوه بر این،تحلیل تعقیبی  Scheffeنشان داد که گروه مستقیم نسبت به گروه مستقیم+غیرمستقیم بهتر عمل کردند و گروه مستقیم+غیرمستقیم نیز نسبت به گروه غیر مستقیم بهتر عمل کردند. Manuscript profile

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21 - تاثیر مقایسه ای بازخورد مستقیم و غیر مستقیم تصحیحی در دو روش تدریس فرآیند محور و فرآورده محور نوشتار بر یادگیری نوشتار زبان آموزان
ندا اوصانلو Sholeh Kolahi

هدف از انجام این تحقیق تعامل دادن فراگیران زبان انگلیسی در یک نوع فرآیند محور و محصول محور بر اساس دستورالعمل نوشتار بوده که اثرات بازخورد مستقیم و غیر مستقیم معلم را بر روی نوشتار فراگیران زبان انگلیسی بررسی می کند. چهار گروه از زبان آموزان که دانش زبانی انها در حد متو More

هدف از انجام این تحقیق تعامل دادن فراگیران زبان انگلیسی در یک نوع فرآیند محور و محصول محور بر اساس دستورالعمل نوشتار بوده که اثرات بازخورد مستقیم و غیر مستقیم معلم را بر روی نوشتار فراگیران زبان انگلیسی بررسی می کند. چهار گروه از زبان آموزان که دانش زبانی انها در حد متوسط بود در این تحقیق شرکت کردند. تعداد کل شرکت کنندگان 85 نفر از زبان آموزان دختر بودند که بصورت روش انتخابی غیر تصادفی انتخاب شده و بصورت تصادفی در 4 گروه تقسیم شدند. در گروه اول روش تدریس نوشتار محصول محور تدریس شد و زبان اموزان بازخورد اصلاحی مستقیم از معلم دریافت کردند، در گروه دوم روش تدریس نوشتار محصول محور تدریس شد و زبان اموزان بازخورد اصلاحی غیر مستقیم از معلم دریافت کردند، در گروه سوم روش تدریس نوشتار فرآیند محور تدریس شد و زبان اموزان بازخورد اصلاحی مستقیم از معلم دریافت کردند و در گروه آخر روش تدریس نوشتار فرآیند محور تدریس شد و زبان آموزان بازخورد اصلاحی غیر مستقیم از معلم دریافت کردند. عملکرد نوشتار شرکت کنندگان در هر 4 گروه بر اساس مقیاس رتبه بندی   PET با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. در ابتدای تحقیق و قبل از دادن هر گونه آموزش، زبان آموزان در یک آزمون قبل از آموزش شرکت کردند که این تست قسمت نوشتار یکی ز ورژن های تست PET  سال 2009 بود. بعد از اینکه تست برگزار شد با استفاده از فرمول محاسبه t-test محقق اطمینان حاصل کرد که هیچ تفاوت چشمگیری در توانایی نوشتار شرکت کنندگان قبل از آموزش وجود ندارد. آموزش ذر هر ترم طی 10 جلسه برگزار می شد. در آخر هر ترم از شرکت کنندگان یک امتحان پایانی گرفته میشد که آن هم یک نسخه از قسمت نوشتار آزمون PET بود. در آخر هم یک t-test مستقل محاسبه شد که چک کند آیا باز خورد مستقیم و غیر مستقیم بر روی عملکرد نوشتار زبان آموزان تاثیر دارد یا خیر. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که شرکت کنندگان در گروه فرآیند محور که بازخورد مستقیم از معلم دریافت میکردند بهتر بودند از گروه های دیگر که  بازخورد غیرمستقیم از معلم دریافت میکردند Manuscript profile

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22 - The role of Odvan in crimes against persons through indirect cause; Emphasizing the revision of the articles of the Islamic Penal Code
Hasan Ghasemi moghaddam maryam olia

10.22034/ijrj.2023.702564

In crimes against persons through indirect cause, the perpetrator does not directly cause bodily harm. Rather, it provides an instrument to commit a crime. In these crimes, unlike some legal systems that consider fault to be necessary in order to verify the link between More

In crimes against persons through indirect cause, the perpetrator does not directly cause bodily harm. Rather, it provides an instrument to commit a crime. In these crimes, unlike some legal systems that consider fault to be necessary in order to verify the link between the causal behavior and physical injuries, in Imami jurisprudence, the main criterion is "odvan". "Odvan" can be defined as an illegal behavior by extrapolating the existing partial rulings about the causes of responsibility from jurisprudence books. Hereto two general rules regarding the role of "odvan" in such crimes could be explained. First, the rule of "non-responsibility of the owner in his property except with proof of odvan". Second, the rule of "responsibility of the perpetrator in other than his own property, except by removers of the responsibility". Islamic Penal Code, in the sixth chapter of the Book of Diyat, about the causes of responsibility is satisfied of translating the related issues and rulings from jurisprudence books in the form of partial rulings, and it has not paid attention to the role of odvan in crimes. In this research, an attempt has been made to revise the relevant general rules with the analytical descriptive method and to provide a scientific basis for solving this legal deficiency. Manuscript profile

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23 - Study of prevalence of equine herpes virus types 1 and 4 infections in horse sera from riding clubs of Urmia
Amir Shafaroodi Arash Araghi-Sooreh

10.30495/jvcp.2023.1977303.1391

Herpesviruses can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4) cause respiratory signs, abortion, neonatal death and in some cases distal limb edema and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horse More

Herpesviruses can cause significant economic losses to the equine industry worldwide. Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) and type 4 (EHV-4) cause respiratory signs, abortion, neonatal death and in some cases distal limb edema and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horses. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of EHV-1 and EHV-4 infection in club horses of Urmia in relation to age, gender, breed and clinical signs. Sera from 51 horses were tested by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) for detection of specific antibodies against EHV-1 and EHV-4 and data were analyzed by chi-squared, fisher’s exact and logistic regression tests. A total of 9 samples (17.65%) (95% CI: 7.2-28.0) were found to be positive for specific antibodies of EHV-1 and EHV-4. Seropositivity was not affected by age (p=0.593), sex (p=0.651), breed (p=0.874) and clinical signs (p=0.824). Although in regression analysis it was found that odds of infection based on age was increased by 1.51% for every 4 year decrease in age and odds of infection was 1.549% more in females compared with males. Also age, gender and breed of horses explains 0.449, 0.437 and 0.217% of infection rate fluctuations, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicate relatively high exposure of equine herpes virus types 1 and 4 in club horses of Urmia. Manuscript profile

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24 - Seroepidemiologic survey of Hydatidosis in northwest Iran by Indirect Immunoflurscent Test
Ahmad Nematollahi رسول Jamali Gh Moghaddam

This survey was conducted to study the seroepidemiology of hydatidosis in northwest of Iran. Totally 852 blood samples from rural inhabitants of Sarab, Meshkin shahr, Moghan and Urmia were collected and their sera were separated. For antigen preparation, the livers and More

This survey was conducted to study the seroepidemiology of hydatidosis in northwest of Iran. Totally 852 blood samples from rural inhabitants of Sarab, Meshkin shahr, Moghan and Urmia were collected and their sera were separated. For antigen preparation, the livers and lungs of sheep infected with hydatid cyst and slaughtered at Tabriz abattoir were collected. The protoscolex was separated from the hydatid cyst and injected into the rabbit diaphragm using the sandwich technique. Then sections of the diaphragm were cut using the cryocut apparatus and fixed onto slides. The prepared sections were examined using marked antihuman globulin stained with Evan’s blue by IFA test. Initially sensitivity and specifity of this test was evaluated on sera of 58 hospitalized hydatidosis patients and 70 healthy persons. The sensitivity and specifity of the test were estimated 88% and 98/6% respectively. In this survey the titers over 1:10 were considered positive. Among 852 tested samples, 30(3/52%) were infected. Infection rate in males was higher than females. The highest infection rate was from Meshkin shahr (3.5%) and the age group of 20-40 years was the highest infected category. Manuscript profile

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25 - نقش زمان بندی مستقیم فرازبانی و بازخورد غیرمستقیم در افزای ش تمای ل به برقراری ارتباط (WTC (زبان آموزان ای رانی زبان انگلیسی
Elham Dehdari Nasser Ghafoori Saeideh Ahanghari

10.30495/jfl.2023.707686

در این مطالعه سعی شده است اثرات احتمالی بازخورد فوری و تأخیری فرازبانی و غیرمستق یم بر سطح WTC زبان آموزان ایران ی در انجام تکال یف بررسی و مقای سه شود. این پژوهش یک کار نیمه تجربی با 120 شرکت کننده )63 مرد و 57 زن( بود که به چهار گروه 30 دانش آموز به عنوان گروه بازخورد More

در این مطالعه سعی شده است اثرات احتمالی بازخورد فوری و تأخیری فرازبانی و غیرمستق یم بر سطح WTC زبان آموزان ایران ی در انجام تکال یف بررسی و مقای سه شود. این پژوهش یک کار نیمه تجربی با 120 شرکت کننده )63 مرد و 57 زن( بود که به چهار گروه 30 دانش آموز به عنوان گروه بازخورد مستقی م فوری، 30 دانش آموز به عنوان بازخورد مستق یم با تاخیر، 30 دانش آموز به عنوان گروه غ یرمستق یم تقس یم شدند. بازخورد فور ی، و 30 دانش آموز به عنوان بازخورد غ یرمستقی م با تاخ یر. ابزارهای مختلفی برای جمع آوری داده های مورد نی از استفاده شد، از جمله آزمون قرارگیری آکسفورد(OPT (، مق یاس WTC( مک کراسکی ، 1992(، و مجموعهای از وظای ف مبادله دو طرفه. پس از همگن سازی شرکت کنندگان، بر اساس آزمون OPT ، شرکت کنندگان مقیاس  WTCرا به عنوان پیش آزمون گرفتند. به عنوان درمان، شرکت کنندگان گروه بازخورد فوری غیرمستقیم به محض اینکه مرتکب خطا شدند، خطاها را به شکل صحیح دوباره فرموله کردند. در گروه بازخورد تأخ یر غیرمستق یم، معلم خطاها و نام دانش آموز را یادداشت می کند تا برای آن دانش آموز خاص بازخورد ارائه کند. در گروه بازخورد فور ی فرازبانی مستقی م، هم توضیحات و هم نمونه هایی از اشکال صح یح اشتباهاتی که مرتکب شدند به شرکت کنندگان ارائه شد. در گروه تاخیری فرازبانی، معلم یادداشت هایی در مورد انواع خطاها و نام دانش آموزان نوشت تا توضیحات و مثال های صحیح را برای دانش آموزان خاص ارائه دهد. مقی اس WTC مجدداً در پس آزمون اجرا شد و نمرات ثبت شد. برای تجزیه و تحل یل داده های پیش آزمون و پس آزمون از آنالیز واریانس دوطرفه استفاده شد. نتا یج تجزیه و تحل یل داده ها نشان داد که بین زمان بندی و نوع بازخورد در رابطه با تأث یر آن ها بر WTC زبان آموزان ایران ی زبان انگل ی سی متوسط، تعامل وجود دارد.  Manuscript profile

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26 - The Effect of Hedged-form Feedback vs. Uncoded Feedback on Grammatical Accuracy of Iranian Intermediate EFL Learners
Mahvan Ebrahimzade Mohammad Reza Khodareza

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27 - Identifying Style Awareness, Indirect Strategy Use and Preferences of Turkish Student Teachers of English
Muhlise Cosgun ÖGEYİK

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Open Access Article

28 - Effects of Written Corrective Feedback With/Without Revision on Perception of Past/Present Perfect Tenses
Shahyad Mohammadnia-Afruzi Mehdi Vaez-Dalili Bahram Hadian

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Open Access Article

29 - Identifying Propellant Regions and Activities in Generating Potential VAT Capacity
afsaneh sherkat aliasghar banouei esfandiar jahangard ali nasiri aghdam

10.30495/eco.2022.1943985.2588

The main purpose of the article is to Identify of regions and activities that create greater potential value added tax for themselves and others. For this purpose, the column coefficient approach is used to calculate the input-output table of 9 regions including 24 acti More

The main purpose of the article is to Identify of regions and activities that create greater potential value added tax for themselves and others. For this purpose, the column coefficient approach is used to calculate the input-output table of 9 regions including 24 activities for 2011. Findings indicate that although at the macro level, smaller regions create more potential value added tax capacity than larger ones, at the economic activity level, there is no direct relation between the share of value added of an activity and the potential VAT capacity of that activity. Based on the results, it is suggested that policy makers and regional planners pay special attention to the structure of the economy and the nature of the activities of that region. Also, the focus of regional development policies should be shifted to smaller areas that are more in line with space-based theories. Manuscript profile

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30 - Modeling the Effects of Indirect Taxes on the Welfare of Income Deciles in Iran with the Computable General Equilibrium Application
Akbar Khodabakhshi Saeideh Roustaei

10.30495/eco.2022.1963255.2673

After oil revenues, taxes are the second and most important source of government expenditure in Iran's economy. On the other hand, considering the importance of social justice as one of the main goals of the government, the effects of imposing taxes on households are al More

After oil revenues, taxes are the second and most important source of government expenditure in Iran's economy. On the other hand, considering the importance of social justice as one of the main goals of the government, the effects of imposing taxes on households are also very important. Therefore, this research, using a calculable general equilibrium model, seeks to investigate the welfare effects of imposing indirect taxes on different income deciles in Iran. For this purpose, two scenarios have been applied and the reactions of households with different income deciles to these scenarios have been investigated. In the first scenario, a uniform tax was imposed on all goods and services at a rate of five percent and in the second scenario, a tax on food at a zero rate, a tax on some luxury goods at a rate of 14 pecent and a tax on other goods at the same rate of 5 percent. EV index was also used to measure welfare. The results of the model show that the imposition of indirect taxes in the first scenario worsens the welfare of low-income households, while the second scenario improves the welfare of poor households and worsens the welfare of rich households. However, in the first scenario, the GDP was higher than in the second scenario. Therefore, it is recommended to choose a tax policy using an integrated tax system, we will see efficiency and economic justice. Manuscript profile

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31 - The Impacts of Regional and Global Integration on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow- Case Study of Persian Gulf Countries
seyed komeil Tayebi Batool Rafat Elham Nagheli Behrouz Sadeghi Amr abadi

The trade and investment relations have expanded substantially in globalization process among most developed and developing countries. The development has implemented in form of regional and global integrations affecting differently economies worldwide. The objective of More

The trade and investment relations have expanded substantially in globalization process among most developed and developing countries. The development has implemented in form of regional and global integrations affecting differently economies worldwide. The objective of this paper is to explore the effect of such integration on foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows in where countries where locate in the Persian Gulf, which are mostly oil producing. To this end, a panel econometric model has been specified and estimated using cross-section data of the selected countries in the region during 2001-2008. The empirical results indicate that regional trade integration leads the countries to increase FDI inflows, while they are faced with the inverse effects of discrepancies in culture and language on attracting FDI. Manuscript profile

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32 - A Novel Selfish Node Detection Based on Fuzzy System and Game Theory in Internet of Things
Gholam Hossein Abdi Amir Hosein Refahi Sheikhani Sohrab Kordrostami Shahram Babaie

10.30495/fomj.2024.1996589.1122

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33 - بهبود ژنتیکی درصد اسانس و عملکرد گل خشک با استفاده از انتخاب غیرمستقیم در بابونه آلمانی (Matricaria chamomilla L)
احمدرضا گل‌پرور عبداله قاسمی پیربلوطی

مقدمه و هدف: بابونه آلمانی یکی از مهم ترین گیاهان دارویی در سرتاسر دنیاست. بهبود ژنتیکی درصد اسانس و عملکرد گل خشک و افزایش تولید در واحد سطح از اهمیت زیادی در اصلاح این گیاه مهم دارویی برخوردار می باشد. تعیین بهترین شاخص های انتخاب غیر مستقیم به منظور بهبود ژنتیکی درصد More

مقدمه و هدف: بابونه آلمانی یکی از مهم ترین گیاهان دارویی در سرتاسر دنیاست. بهبود ژنتیکی درصد اسانس و عملکرد گل خشک و افزایش تولید در واحد سطح از اهمیت زیادی در اصلاح این گیاه مهم دارویی برخوردار می باشد. تعیین بهترین شاخص های انتخاب غیر مستقیم به منظور بهبود ژنتیکی درصد اسانس و عملکرد گل خشک جمعیت های بابونه آلمانی با استفاده از برخی از صفات مورفولوژیک، زراعی و فنولوژیک در این تحقیق مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. روش تحقیق: در این تحقیق از طرح آزمایشی بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار استفاده شد. صفات مورد اندازه گیری عبارت از تعداد گل در بوته، عملکرد گل تر در بوته، روز تا غنچه دهی، روز تا 50 و 100 درصد گل دهی، تعداد ساقه گلدهنده، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد پنجه در بوته، عملکرد گل خشک در بوته و درصد اسانس بودند. نتایج و بحث: نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان دهنده تفاوت بسیار معنی دار بین جمعیت های مورد بررسی از نظر صفات مورد بررسی بود که حاکی از وجود تنوع ژنتیکی قابل ملاحظه برای این صفات در بابونه آلمانی و امکان بهبود ژنتیکی آن ها از طریق گزینش می باشد. بررسی ضرایب همبستگی نشان داد که اکثر صفات دارای همبستگی مثبت و معنی داری با عملکرد گل خشک می باشند. از سوی دیگر، درصد اسانس با تعداد کمتری از صفات دارای همبستگی مثبت و معنی دار بود. توصیه کاربردی/ صنعتی: با انجام تجزیه علیت مشخص شد که برای بهبود ژنتیکی عملکرد گل خشک در بابونه آلمانی می توان از انتخاب غیرمستقیم برای صفات روز تا 50 درصد گل دهی، تعداد گل در بوته، عملکرد گل تر در بوته و روز تا غنچه دهی به عنوان شاخص های انتخاب به ویژه در نسل های مقدماتی استفاده نمود. در مورد درصد اسانس نیز صفات روز تا 50 درصد گل دهی و تعداد گل در بوته به عنوان بهترین شاخص های انتخاب قابل توصیه می باشند. Manuscript profile

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34 - اثرات استفاده از ماهیان دفعی رودخانه نیل سفید بر عملکرد مرغان تخمگذار در منطقه گزیرا سودان
ج.ای. سالیح م.اس. النور آ.ای. عبد-الگابر م.آ. دفالاه م.آ.ای. الخیری

در این آزمایش از ماهیان دفعی رودخانه نیل سفید پس از تیمار حرارتی ساده (شامل خشک کردن در آفتاب، برشته کردن، جوشاندن مستقیم و جوشاندن غیرمستقیم) در جیرههای تخمگذار از هفته 19 تا 40 و با هدف جایگزینی کنسانتره وارداتی با سطوح 0، 5/1، 5/3 و 5 درصد در همه تیمارهای حرارتی More

در این آزمایش از ماهیان دفعی رودخانه نیل سفید پس از تیمار حرارتی ساده (شامل خشک کردن در آفتاب، برشته کردن، جوشاندن مستقیم و جوشاندن غیرمستقیم) در جیرههای تخمگذار از هفته 19 تا 40 و با هدف جایگزینی کنسانتره وارداتی با سطوح 0، 5/1، 5/3 و 5 درصد در همه تیمارهای حرارتی استفاده شد. پروتئین خام ماهیان تیمار شده برای تیمارهای خشک شده در آفتاب، برشته شده، جوشانده مستقیم، جوشانده غیرمستقیم و کنسانتره عالی به ترتیب برابر با 50، 75، 50/52، 55/50 و 05/50 درصد بوده است. جیرهها بر مبنای توصیههای NRC سال 1994 تنظیم گردیدند. مجموعاً 390 پرنده از سویههایلاین W-98 در سن 19 هفتگی انتخاب شده و به صورت تصادفی در 5 گروه تیماری (با 6 تکرار و 13 پرنده در هر تکرار) توزیع گردیدند. عملکرد مرغهای تخمگذار در طی دوره تولیدی (22 تا 40 هفتگی) از نظر صفات مصرف خوراک، افزایش وزن بدن، تولید تخم و خصوصیات کیفی تخم بین تیمارهای مختلف، اختلاف معنیداری نشان میدادند (05/0>P). تیمارهای خشک شده در آفتاب، برشته شده و کنسانتره عالی دارای بالاترین مصرف خوراک و وزن بدن بوده ولی تیمارهای جوشانده مستقیم و غیرمستقیم پایینترین مقدار را در صفات فوق نشان میدادند. سطوح 5/1 درصد تیمار خشک شده در آفتاب، 5/1 و 5/3 درصد در تیمار برشته شده و کنسانتره عالی دارای بهترین درصد و وزن تولید تخم بوده ولی تیمارهای جوشانده شده مستقیم و غیرمستقیم دارای پایینترین عملکرد در صفات فوق بودند. تفاوت معنیداری بین تیمارها از نظر پوسته تخم، وزن، کلفتی پوسته و آزمون پنل مشاهده نگردید. بر اساس نتایج این مطالعه پیشنهاد میشود که از بقایا و دفعیات محلی ماهیان رودخانه نیل سفید به عنوان جایگزین کنسانتره وارداتی در جیرههای تخمگذار استفاده گردد. Manuscript profile

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35 - The education of spring wind A Discussion on “Indirect control” as one of Saadi’s education techniques
mohammadreza Hassani Jalilian ghasem Sahraei

A major part of Saadi reputation owes to his talent of speech and his great eloquence. However, he is not one of the poets that show his ability of writing and speaking for just reputation and eminence. Saadi is a reformist of societies who comprehend the society’ More

A major part of Saadi reputation owes to his talent of speech and his great eloquence. However, he is not one of the poets that show his ability of writing and speaking for just reputation and eminence. Saadi is a reformist of societies who comprehend the society’s problem and monarch of his time and uses his writing for amending and modifying the culpability and deficiency. It is clear that the mechanism and instrument of this poet is his language and always he uses this language for advising the ruler of his time. His art manifest itself in advising this monarch. In other word, the poet prefers the indirect way of education for leaders. In this way the poet tries to advise in his story and save himself from the punishment of ruler. In this way, he escapes from the punishment of the rulers and their bad tempers and makes the bitter drug of advice sweeter. In this paper, this didactic technique of Saadi will be discussed. Manuscript profile

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36 - Prioritizing the indicators required for monitoring and control in the organization based on management in Islam (Study in the Khuzestan State Organization for Deeds and Properties)
vahid chenari parisa seyedi

One of the most crucial elements of a healthy and efficient management of a system of monitoring and inspection is complete and accurate. Of course, the necessity of monitoring means no confidence in order to have a strong military organization and not a regulatory mean More

One of the most crucial elements of a healthy and efficient management of a system of monitoring and inspection is complete and accurate. Of course, the necessity of monitoring means no confidence in order to have a strong military organization and not a regulatory means back to mistrust of the staff. Development and human prosperity depends on it, and whatever religious teachings to be found, in this regard instructions and Muslim leaders to have an accurate system, serious and fair enjoins supervision and inspection.In this study, prioritize the indicators needed to monitor and control organization registered in Khuzestan based property management checked in Islam. Data from interviews and questionnaires with 30 nffs of elite real estate agency documents and with the help of university teachers preparing and collecting and using the method of hierarchical analysis and analysis The study is based on the indicators needed to monitor and control management methods in Islam directly, without intermediaries, indirect method, direct method and by virtue, self-control and supervision of the public. The results indicate the importance of direct and immediate way than other indexes and index surveillance is least important. Manuscript profile

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37 - The Intertextuality in an English as a Foreign Language Textbook: An Analytical Study of Interchange Fourth Edition
Hani Mansooji Ahmad Mohseni

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38 - حضور مترجم در ترجمه‌های فارسی داستان مردگان
Zohreh Gharaei

10.30495/ttlt.2021.683887

در این مطالعه، در سایه اتخاذ رویکردی مبتنی بر آرا باختین، حضور مترجم در سه ترجمه فارسی داستان مردگان بررسی شد. این حضور در سه سطح تحلیل شد. ابتدا، با استناد به توصیه هرمانز، ترجمهها فارغ از متن اصلی برای یافتن حضور ملموس مترجم مطالعه شدند. سپس، با توجه به تاکید مان More

در این مطالعه، در سایه اتخاذ رویکردی مبتنی بر آرا باختین، حضور مترجم در سه ترجمه فارسی داستان مردگان بررسی شد. این حضور در سه سطح تحلیل شد. ابتدا، با استناد به توصیه هرمانز، ترجمهها فارغ از متن اصلی برای یافتن حضور ملموس مترجم مطالعه شدند. سپس، با توجه به تاکید ماندی مبنی بر لزوم مقایسه سبکشناختی ترجمه و متن اصلی، ترجمهها از منظر شیوه روایت داستان که گفتمان غیرمستقیم آزاد است با متن اصلی مقایسه شدند. بررسیها در این سطح حاکی از دو نوع تغییر در صداهایی بود که از متن اصلی شنیده میشد: کم شدن صدای شخصیتها به واسطه قدرت بخشیدن به صدای راوی، و کم شدن صدای راوی به واسطه قدرت بخشیدن به صدای شخصیتها. این تغییرات به نوبه خود نشان از حضور مترجم در متن است. به علاوه، تحلیلها در این سطح به فرضیه مِی مبنی بر گرایش ترجمه به کم کردن صداهای متن اصلی صحه گذاشت. در این مطالعه، به منظور بررسی هر چه دقیقتر حضور مترجم، سطح سومی از تحلیل نیز در نظر گرفته شد تا به واسطه آن ترجمهها با یکدیگر مقایسه شوند و از این طریق حضور مترجم اول در ترجمههای بعدی بررسی شود. این حضورِ از نوع سوم از منظر مفاهیم باختینی «گفتگو»، «چندزبانی» و «همانندسازی» توجیه و تبیین شد. همچنین، در این مطالعه با تکیه بر مفهوم باختینی «اصالت» همانندسازیهای مترجمان مورد بحث قرار گرفت. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Exposure to Corrective Feedback Strategies and Attitudinal Shift
Reza Vahdani Sanavi Majid Nemati

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40 - What Do Voices Say in The Garden Party? An Analysis of Voices in the Persian Translation of Mansfield's Short Story
Zohreh Gharaei1 Azizollah Dabaghi

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41 - تعیین مقاومت کششی و رشد ترک یک بتن پلیمری معمولی با استفاده از نمونه های دیسک دایره ای
م.ر.م علیها م. حیدری رارانی م.م. شکریه م.ر آیت اللهی

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42 - Practitioners of human rights based on the constitution in private law
Mohammad Shamei Neda Mojahed

In today's world, fundamental human rights play a vital role in the field of contract law, so that the content of contracts must be consistent with these rights. The influence of fundamental human rights on the category of private contracts takes place in various direct More

In today's world, fundamental human rights play a vital role in the field of contract law, so that the content of contracts must be consistent with these rights. The influence of fundamental human rights on the category of private contracts takes place in various direct and indirect ways. In the direct effect of fundamental human rights, it is directly effective in contractual relations. The problem with this method is that it violates the independence of private rights. The influence of fundamental human rights is shown indirectly through the interpretation of the rules of contract law; One of the advantages of this method is maintaining the independence of private law as a pure knowledge, which has been the focus of positivists or positivists. In this article, after explaining the concepts of human rights and fundamental human rights, the authors have pointed out the relationship between fundamental human rights and private rights, and finally, they have discussed the way of applying the rules of fundamental human rights to private contracts. The research method is descriptive and analytical. Manuscript profile

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43 - Correlation, regression and path analysis of seed yield and yield components in canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.)
S. Z. Hashemi A. R. Golparvar M. Rasouli

     In order to assessment of relationship among grain yield and different traits and determination of the best indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of grain yield in canola a randomized complete block design with three replications w More

     In order to assessment of relationship among grain yield and different traits and determination of the best indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of grain yield in canola a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted using 17 cultivars. Correlation coefficient analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant relationship between selected trait with traits days to shooting, days from planting to full flowering, plant height, number of grain/pod, 1000 grains weight, biological yield, harvest index, grain oil percent and oil yiel. Step-wise regression of grain yield as dependent variable and the other traits as independent variables revealed that 98.9% of variation exists in grain yield accounted for by the traits biological yield, harvest index, days to flowering initiation and number of grain/pod. Path analysis for grain yield based on traits that correlated positively and significantly with this trait designed high efficiency of traits 1000 seeds weight, biological yield, harvest index, days to shooting and number of grain/pod as indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of this trait in canola cultivars especially in early generations of breeding programs. Manuscript profile

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44 - Comparison of energy input, output and global warming potential of rapeseed and rainfed barely in Golestan province (Aqqala)
M.T Feyzbakhsh عفت Parvar

Comparing the energy of agricultural plants is one of the methods that can be used in prioritizing the cultivation of different agricultural plants in each region. In order to compare the energy input, output and global warming potential of rapeseed and rainfed barley f More

Comparing the energy of agricultural plants is one of the methods that can be used in prioritizing the cultivation of different agricultural plants in each region. In order to compare the energy input, output and global warming potential of rapeseed and rainfed barley fields in Golestan province (Aqqla city), an experiment was conducted in the fall of 2019. For this purpose, through interviews with different farmers (37 and 21 farmers for rainfed barley and rainfed rapeseed, respectively, by filling out questionnaires in Aqqala city) to collect the required data of machines and consumables including Seeds, fertilizers, fuel and pesticides were used in two crops. After that, the required data were calculated in three sections: fuel consumption, fuel consumption and global warming potential due to the emission of greenhouse gases based on CO2. The highest percentage of direct input energy in rapeseed and rainfed barley fields was related to fuel consumption with 39.3 and 46.8 percent, respectively. The highest and lowest global warming potential was obtained from rapeseed and rainfed barley fields (1492 and 1.739 kg CO2 per hec, respectively). Also, in both products, the lowest amount of greenhouse gas production related to potassium fertilizer was 26.3 kg CO2 equivalent for rainfed rapeseed and 1.13 for rainfed barley. In both products, fuel consumption and fertilizer constitute the highest energy consumption and greenhouse gas production. The use of tools that reduce fuel consumption is recommended, and the necessity of investigating and researching rotation crops and using plants capable of fixing nitrogen is revealed. Manuscript profile

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45 - Reviewing the criminal responsibility of committing crimes by robots
Nahid Dehghan Afifi

Robots are man-made machines designed for various purposes. The advancement of technology has envisioned different uses for them. Their deployment in wars and as weapons is a legal and jurisprudential question, which requires criminal liability for deliberate destructio More

Robots are man-made machines designed for various purposes. The advancement of technology has envisioned different uses for them. Their deployment in wars and as weapons is a legal and jurisprudential question, which requires criminal liability for deliberate destruction through them. Understanding the concepts of robot, criminal offenses, cause and agent, commander, destruction, instrument, will be of great help in tackling this problem. Documents in proof of criminal responsibility can be verses that indicate a suretyship through the public. And the application and generality of hadiths, as well as the rule of indirect destruction, which is derived from reason and narration, are the other reasons in this context. Commander’s verity to the designer of such machines, the attention of the surety to non-addicted robots and the attention of the surety to multiple designers, as well as the investigation of causality or stewardship in intelligent robots and assaulting (warrior) robots are other jurisprudential branches of this issue. The role of the robot in performing such actions is a rational concern and cannot be doubted. Manuscript profile

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46 - Types of Characterization in Shahnameh Ferdowsi
Yousef Nikrouz Mohammad Hadi Ahmadiani

Character and plot are the most important elements of fiction. The fundamental corner stone of every literary work both in old and new fiction is character. In other words in a fiction without a character there would be no actions. In stories characters are dealt with i More

Character and plot are the most important elements of fiction. The fundamental corner stone of every literary work both in old and new fiction is character. In other words in a fiction without a character there would be no actions. In stories characters are dealt with in two ways direct or indirect.  Shahnameh can be regarded as a fictional work teemed with characters and its uniqueness owes itself largely to the fact that Ferdowsi paid his utmost attention to create characters.  Through characterization, the characteristics, temperaments, ideologies and other features of a character is revealed to the reader.  This research therefore is an attempt to analyze Ferdowsi’s point of view towards characters and study types of characterization employed by him.  Manuscript profile

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