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Open Access Article
1 - Investigating the effect of pluralistic ignorance on organizational knowledge management based on meta-combination approach
mohamad mohamadi akbar hassanpoor saeed jafarinia hasan rangrizBackground: Organizational knowledge is the ability of members of the organization to differentiate in the process of doing their job, especially specific areas, which depends on the presentation of a set of generalities, the application of which to evolved collective u MoreBackground: Organizational knowledge is the ability of members of the organization to differentiate in the process of doing their job, especially specific areas, which depends on the presentation of a set of generalities, the application of which to evolved collective understanding; Refers.Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pluralistic ignorance on organizational knowledge management.Method: The research method was meta-combined. In this research, first, the literature of related researches was reviewed, then the dimensions and components related to the growth of knowledge management and the relationships between them were identified and approved with the consultation and agreement of all experts.Findings: The findings show that; Increasing knowledge sharing, organizational knowledge, individual knowledge, knowledge transfer in expert associations, development and sharing of best practices, interaction between individuals and teams, increases the level of organizational knowledge management.Conclusion: The results showed that; The studied categories include human and organizational dimensions that contribute to the development and establishment of knowledge management within the organization and have a positive effect on increasing the level of organizational knowledge management. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Effect of Ignorance of the Law in Criminal Responsibility According To the Imami Jurisprudence
Sayed Doraid Mousavi Mojab Mahdi MohammadiOne of the conditions of penalties, besides criminal behavior, is the authentication of criminal situation in a way we can attribute this action to its doer. This criminal capacity has two principles: knowledge and free will. If the doer is unaware to the law, it is cal MoreOne of the conditions of penalties, besides criminal behavior, is the authentication of criminal situation in a way we can attribute this action to its doer. This criminal capacity has two principles: knowledge and free will. If the doer is unaware to the law, it is called "Ignorance of Law", which has four kinds: intentional delinquent ignorance, non-intentional delinquent ignorance, intentional non- delinquent ignorance, and non-intentional non- delinquent ignorance. Considering the authentication of criminal situation, it can be said that ignorance of law removes criminal responsibility. According to the Islamic rules, non-intentional ignorance of law removes any kind of criminal responsibility. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - John Rawls: From the Social Contract to Two Principles of Justice
شهلا اسلامیThe social contract tradition has a particular significance in the history ofpolitical philosophy. The classic theoreticians of social contract, such asLock, Rousseau, and Kant, have considered the political authority asinevitable in order to prevail over life difficult MoreThe social contract tradition has a particular significance in the history ofpolitical philosophy. The classic theoreticians of social contract, such asLock, Rousseau, and Kant, have considered the political authority asinevitable in order to prevail over life difficulties in disordered (social)situation.John Rawls takes a new approach to social contract in his theory ofjustice. He assumes that contracting parties would choose the principles ofjustice which intend to determine the moral principles. Such principles, inturn, constitute the social institutions of society. In Rawls’ view,contracting parties are assumed to be in a hypothetical situation calledoriginal position. These persons as free, equal, reasonable and rationalcitizens, are in veil of ignorance; that is, they are not aware of anycharacters as gender, social status, religious orientation, and even theirconception of the good. In this situation, Rawls suggests a technique,called “reflective equilibrium”, which orchestrates our principles ofjustice and considered judgments. In original position, contracting partieschoose the two principles of justice, i.e. the principles of liberty andequality. The concept of original position is an interpretation of Kant’sview on the principle of freewill and categorical imperative. Describingthis situation enables one to reveal his essential nature as a free andautonomous human being.Rawls, thus, dose not use social contract to legitimate political authority;but, using original position, he presents a concept of human nature whichthe liberals, always, talk about it: a liberated human who is freed of anysocial, political and traditional stress. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Reading Rawls’s Original Position via Kant’s Theory of Autonomy
فاطمه هاشمی حسین گلچینیJ. Rawls is the most prominent political philosopher in 20th century. Hehas two periods in his works and thoughts. Kant has influenced him onfirst period which is evolved in A Theory of Justice. Kant claims thathuman being is autonomous, thus every person based on his r MoreJ. Rawls is the most prominent political philosopher in 20th century. Hehas two periods in his works and thoughts. Kant has influenced him onfirst period which is evolved in A Theory of Justice. Kant claims thathuman being is autonomous, thus every person based on his reasonmakes choices. The person ought to act only based on his principleswhich are made choice by himself. In Kant, person’s decision fallowingthe desire, rather fallowing the reason which is a clear example ofheteronomous. Rawls, in A Theory of Justice, introduces the initialposition in which any person is ignorance of his interests. The principleof justice is determined via this position. The person who is in Rawlsinitial position and veil of ignorance is similar with Kantianautonomous person. Both of them, once, would make decision onprinciples of justice consider the conditions such as: neutrality, freefrom interest, autonomy; all in all, in two theories, the principle isselected by rational agents and such agents follow the laws which areselected by themselves Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Social Justice and Spatiale equity; An investignation and theoritical comparing of John Rowls and David Harvey
حسین Hataminezhad عمران RastiThe Justice as a popular and interested concept has been among a few conceptsthat are already debated by philosophers and social economic elites and there havebeen various theories about social justice. John Rawls is one of the famous politicalphilosophers in 20th centu MoreThe Justice as a popular and interested concept has been among a few conceptsthat are already debated by philosophers and social economic elites and there havebeen various theories about social justice. John Rawls is one of the famous politicalphilosophers in 20th century and David Harvey is most outstanding geographer insecond half of 20th century too. They have many philosophic approaches and articlesabout social Justice and spatial equity. This paper is going to investigate justiceconcept from point of their views and represent their common and differentiationviews. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Dionysius’s Mysticism: Negation and Transcendence
معصومه کبیری طامه بهزاد سالکیThe works of Syrian writer, Dionysius the Areopagite or Athenianconvert (c. 500 C.E.), has exercised influence on the Latin west morethan any other Eastern mystical work. His writings are idiosyncratic,almost in incantatory style, and filled with neologisms. Many schola MoreThe works of Syrian writer, Dionysius the Areopagite or Athenianconvert (c. 500 C.E.), has exercised influence on the Latin west morethan any other Eastern mystical work. His writings are idiosyncratic,almost in incantatory style, and filled with neologisms. Many scholarsrecognize him as the father of Mystical Theology and believe that hesuccessfully combined the truth of Christian faith with the Neo-Platonic philosophy. Dionysius is a pioneer in expressing views aboutDivine nature, the superiority of Divine nature to negation andaffirmation, absolute transcendence and God’s Unity, God’smanifestation in his creatures, deification and union with God. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - TIME (AGE), WISDOM AND IGNORANCE FROM THE VIEWPOINTS OF NASSER KHOSRO QOBADIANI AND AHMAD SHOGHI
Mohammad Goodarzi Mohammad Reza SaakiNasser Khosro Qobadiania Persian poet, philosopher, scholar and atraveler was born in Qubadyan, a village in middle-age Bactria (modern day Balkh and died in Yamagan, a village in Badakhshan province. He is considered as one of the great poets and writers in Persia MoreNasser Khosro Qobadiania Persian poet, philosopher, scholar and atraveler was born in Qubadyan, a village in middle-age Bactria (modern day Balkh and died in Yamagan, a village in Badakhshan province. He is considered as one of the great poets and writers in Persian literature, the Safarnama, an account of his travels, being his most famous work. Ahmad Shoghiwas is the great Arabic Poet-Laureate, an Egyptian poet and dramatist who pioneered the modern Egyptian literary movement, most notably introducing the genre of poetic epics to the Arabic literary tradition. Although Nasser Khosro Qobadiani and Ahmad Shoghi have lived in times and places far away from each other and belong to two different cultures and civilizations, they have very similar themes in their works. The present article compares their works on time (age), wisdom and Ignorance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - A Comparative Study of the Concept of Science and Ignorance in Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi and Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār’s Poetries
Ramezan Mohammadi Mohammad Jafari Mohammad Shaygan MehrSimultaneously with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the Iraqi People's Revolution against the Ottomans, poets entered the field of literature who had common themes in their poetries including the struggle against ignorance and the demand for science, coloniali MoreSimultaneously with the Constitutional Revolution in Iran and the Iraqi People's Revolution against the Ottomans, poets entered the field of literature who had common themes in their poetries including the struggle against ignorance and the demand for science, colonialism, freedom, and so on. They knew how to seek knowledge and avoid ignorance, and these poets lived in two Muslim and neighboring countries. Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār’and Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi were both well-known and contemporary poets of Iran and Iraq and lived in the same period. Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi, known as "Iraq’s poet", studied Islamic sciences and Arabic literature at his father's school. Bahar also learned to compose poetry at his father's school. The present article attempts to study concept of science and ignorance in the poems of two precious poets comparatively and the results of the research indicate abovementioned poets’ close thoughts to each other. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - A Comparative Study of Two Components of the Prior Ignorance, Awakening and Violence Against Women, with Modern Ignorance from Qur'an’s Viewpoint
Ali Salehi Armaki Mohammad Reza Abouei Kamal Khajeh Poor bandnakiIgnorance has special components and is not limited to a specific time and place, and its various fields have been discussed and criticized in the Qur'an. One of these fields is the symbol and characteristics of ignorance. Among the important cultural components of the MoreIgnorance has special components and is not limited to a specific time and place, and its various fields have been discussed and criticized in the Qur'an. One of these fields is the symbol and characteristics of ignorance. Among the important cultural components of the pre-Islamic era that are still seen in other forms in the present time in various societies, including Muslim societies, are the two issues of abortion and violence against women. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyze these components by relying on Qur'an to identify the real face of ignorance, so that it can be used with a reformist attitude in the contemporary era. In the present study, which has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and collecting materials from reliable sources, it can be seen that moral vices in modern ignorance have found a new place based on cultural, social and materialist views and continue like the prior ignorance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - The semantics of the word Ignorance in Holy Quran
Ali Rafiei Hassan AbdollahiThe present paper attempts to study the etymology of the word "Ignorance" and its derivatives in Quran, it evolution, meaning aspects, its applications against knowledge or wisdom and its relationship with synonyms or antonyms. As a result the subject is discussed in bo MoreThe present paper attempts to study the etymology of the word "Ignorance" and its derivatives in Quran, it evolution, meaning aspects, its applications against knowledge or wisdom and its relationship with synonyms or antonyms. As a result the subject is discussed in both "historical semantics" and "descriptive semantics" with the "descriptive analytical" method. In the Holy Quran, its derivatives have been repeated 24 times in both meanings, but are more related to the first meaning. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Quranic Principals of the Government and a Study of Imam Khomeini’s Views
Touraj Kouhestani Nezhad Mohammad Ali Safa Rouhollah AfzaliIran’s Islamic revolution leaded by Imam Khomeini were based on Alavi government and the main goal was founding an Islamic government, performing the religious orders and rebirthing many Islamic commandments. Imam Khomeini was a mature and complete priest and was MoreIran’s Islamic revolution leaded by Imam Khomeini were based on Alavi government and the main goal was founding an Islamic government, performing the religious orders and rebirthing many Islamic commandments. Imam Khomeini was a mature and complete priest and was different with other priests a little which was because of his fluency in philosophy, principles and discourse; this difference was manifested by Islamic revolution. The event which was so brilliant and clear was a kind of foreign relationship based on Islamic principles that caused attracting Islamic Moslem nations. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Expressing the components of ignorance from the Quranic verses’s Viewpoint
Islam Zahrabi Asl Gelareh Amiri Soheila PayanThe word "ignorance" is mentioned in four Medina chapters of the Holy Quran. The humanizing school of Islam confronted the habits, rules, false beliefs and deviations of the society of that day and interpreted it as ignorance. Ignorance cannot be considered mere ignoran MoreThe word "ignorance" is mentioned in four Medina chapters of the Holy Quran. The humanizing school of Islam confronted the habits, rules, false beliefs and deviations of the society of that day and interpreted it as ignorance. Ignorance cannot be considered mere ignorance of science, but ignorance has a broader meaning that includes violence, lack of attention to science, tyranny, selfishness and .... According to the Qur'an, ignorance can be divided into two parts, the first and modern. The first ignorance has components such as suspicion of ignorance, the tower of ignorance, the protection of ignorance and the ruling of ignorance. After this period, another ignorance began with relatively similar components that continues to the present day, which is called modern ignorance. The present study has explained the components of ignorance by reflecting on the verses of the Qur'an, the opinions of the commentators, and so on. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - The place of proverb in Arabic literature
Seyed Ismaiel Hosseini AjdadProverb is one of the most beautiful rhetorical arts which makes delivering discourse close to the target and stabilizes meaning for the addressee. It has some features such as word briefness, suitable meaning,nice similie,fast circulation,ability to brin MoreProverb is one of the most beautiful rhetorical arts which makes delivering discourse close to the target and stabilizes meaning for the addressee. It has some features such as word briefness, suitable meaning,nice similie,fast circulation,ability to bring noticeable points closer to the reasonable ones and its acceptance by the public opinion. For this reason,this kind of innovative rhetorical art was spread about in Arabic literature and it became welll-known as Arabic wisdom and intellectual and literal heritage in the era of ignorance and Islam. The purpose of the proverbs is to inform people about good and bad result. Plenty of parable proverbs were spread about in the literature of different eras,particulary in the era of ignorance to demonstrate the vast experience of the deceased in the form of brief words to its addressee. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - The Political Role of “Refq” (Tolerance) and “Khorq” (Ignorance) in the Political Idea of Imam Khomeyni
Rashid Rekabian Homayoun Rahabaran Hassan Reza AryairadThe purpose of the present study is to review the political role of “refq” (tolerance) and “khorq” (ignorance) in the political idea of Imam Khomeyni. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the model under discussion is presented based o MoreThe purpose of the present study is to review the political role of “refq” (tolerance) and “khorq” (ignorance) in the political idea of Imam Khomeyni. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the model under discussion is presented based on the theory of two natures and with an emphasis on the theoretical framework of the four causes. The research relies on the hypothesis that since “refq” is related to makhmourah nature and is considered as one of the soldiers of reason and belongs to the transcendental philosophical school; and “khorq” is related to Mahjoubah nature and is considered as one the soldiers of ignorance and belongs to the mundane philosophical school, they can lead to the formation of an either transcendental legitimizing or mundane society. The results showed that based on the viewpoint of Imam Khomeyni, the actualization of moral politics refers to opening of hearts and that the governments and societies need to actualize tolerance and avoid violence. Therefore, such governments consider power as a means to serve the society and make it achieve prosperity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Semiology and Burying the Girls Alive
Hamid Reza Mirhaji Taleb Rabiee There are different reasons and arguments about the burying alive of girls. And these differences among the arguments of interpreters and historians make the reader to ponder about them. Furthermore, these differences show that the burying alive of girls ca More There are different reasons and arguments about the burying alive of girls. And these differences among the arguments of interpreters and historians make the reader to ponder about them. Furthermore, these differences show that the burying alive of girls can have other reasons from what has been stated or these reasons are included in those stated. However, by studying the roots of this tradition among Ignorant Arabs (Jahili Arabs) and analyzing it through semiology, the reasons of this tradition has been revealed, and the obstacles to the understanding of it has been removed. The semiological approach shows that there are lots of signifiers that need signified more than what has been stated. Those signifiers have linked religion and religious beliefs. The thing that is clear is that to kill human beings and victimize them for the gods has existed among former religions and nations. Semiological analysis and their equivalents show that there is a strong connection between the victimization of human beings among former nations, and the victimization of boys for gods among Jahili Arabs, and the burying of girls. And this connection links tradition to religion and beliefs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Allegorical novel blindness
Mah NazariThe "blindness" of the Portuguese parable of Jorge Saraamago was published in1995. In this novel, "the poem" speaks of the beauty of the blindness that governed the animal's interior. The seemingly uncanny greetings. It is considered to be a white and hazy hollow landi MoreThe "blindness" of the Portuguese parable of Jorge Saraamago was published in1995. In this novel, "the poem" speaks of the beauty of the blindness that governed the animal's interior. The seemingly uncanny greetings. It is considered to be a white and hazy hollow landing in a stinging swamp. The story is full of a dreamlike allegory with a bitter and sad humor that has highlighted the life of the monotone and the horizon. Saramago creates a horrifying nightmare that the industrial community has forgotten human dignity and has gone back to barbarism as a result of the failure of a man because he does not pass his dignity and neglects one's respect, and the world leader has replaced the collective reality. The significance of this novel Due to the rich atmosphere of the story, it is possible to examine the author's message from different angles, which is examined in a descriptive analytical manner. Issue: A writer and journalist as a contagious disease? Hypothesis: This allegorical novel is the mirror of today's life, which accentuates Bats and is a symbol of ignorance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Study and Analysis Of Praised and Censurable Ignorance
Ahmad Reza YalamehaIn the majority of mystical literature texts, ignorance is considered with a negative concept and has always been considered as the first step of the mystic's downfall and the cause of deviating from the spiritual journey. Sufis take ignorance as a huge cover which the MoreIn the majority of mystical literature texts, ignorance is considered with a negative concept and has always been considered as the first step of the mystic's downfall and the cause of deviating from the spiritual journey. Sufis take ignorance as a huge cover which the Tariqa devotee come up with on the path of spiritual journey, a coverage on the way of strangers and non-lovers generating and inheriting wickedness and misery. As far as they believe, ignorance is the most significant cause of envy in the Judgment Day Resurrection and one of the devastating calamities of human being, cause of deviation from the right path and refraining from the Almighty. The point of reflection upon which this paper is prepared is the fact that Mowlana as opposed to other mystics takes ignorance as the pillar and basis of the materialistic world and believes that this ignorance is necessary and adequate for the survival and sustainability of this world and makes it developed. What Mowlana tries to prove through allegory and assimilation is what is not mentioned in other mystical and Sufi literature. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Social Nostalgia in the Poems of Fereydoon Moshiri
mehdi sotoodian moslem rajabiOne of the psychological terms that entered the field of literature is known as “nostalgia”. Although it has recently entered art and other sciences, it is not a new thing at all. Generally speaking, no one has ever been content with the current situation of MoreOne of the psychological terms that entered the field of literature is known as “nostalgia”. Although it has recently entered art and other sciences, it is not a new thing at all. Generally speaking, no one has ever been content with the current situation of society and his life and has always felt sad and gloomy in some days. One of the many types of nostalgia is social nostalgia. This nostalgia has attracted the attention of many poets, literati and critics in literature. One of the competent poets of contemporary times whose poems comprise a lot of social nostalgia is Fereydoon Moshiri. Moshiri’s poems are indeed an exact mirror of his time’s society. This research was done in order to present a correct image of his era and the society in which he lived by explaining the components of social nostalgia and investigating his poems Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - A Study of Sanai's Poems Based on Peter Blaw's Theory of Exchange
esmat Ahmadi roknabadi Dr. Azizollah Tavakoli Kafi Abad Dr.mahmoud sadeghzadehAccording to Peter Blaw's theory of exchange, each member of society, during his or her social exchanges and connections with knowledge, falls into groups that receive rewards, and through these rewards, their social bond with knowledge and wisdom is strengthened; But i MoreAccording to Peter Blaw's theory of exchange, each member of society, during his or her social exchanges and connections with knowledge, falls into groups that receive rewards, and through these rewards, their social bond with knowledge and wisdom is strengthened; But if these people, as members of society, do not receive any reward for their actions in the process of these exchange transactions, their connection with science and learning will be weakened and, as a result, they will remain in the same ignorance. In this research, using descriptive-analytical method and referring to the theoretical sources of the research, an attempt has been made to explore the sociological axes of Peter Bellaw's theory in Sanai's poems, so that the reaction of the people depicted in his poems against the action Analyze the environment. The results of the study indicate that when the human intellect is closed, in contrast to the entry of any new information, it is not able to examine them rationally, and Sanai in his poems, put the concepts of ignorance and rationality together in its confrontational effects. In this way, it has awakened the audience to educational issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The Nahj al -Balaghah literature in culture male-female relations in society
Narjes NasrollahiMental health has long been of interest to Muslims, the origins of which can be traced back to the Qur'an And explored the approach of rhetoric. Man is a creature who has been replaced by God on earth. Man needs to be educated in order to reach the position of God's cal MoreMental health has long been of interest to Muslims, the origins of which can be traced back to the Qur'an And explored the approach of rhetoric. Man is a creature who has been replaced by God on earth. Man needs to be educated in order to reach the position of God's caliph. Factors such as natural environment, family environment, community, companionship, friends have a great impact on one's education. The literature of tribal elders, leaders and propaganda apparatuses can be effective in creating culture and educating the people of the society. Imam Ali (AS) in order to create an Islamic way of life in the family and the correct education of the family with the words of Shiva and eloquent and eloquent educated Muslims after the Prophet (PBUH). In Nahj al-Balaghah, he used purposeful words and phrases to create a culture in accordance with the Islamic worldview in order to protect the society from the psychological damage caused by the wrong relations between men and women in the society. Among the tools to improve the relationship between men and women in society, curb lust Sex and the proper use of the tools that God has given to man; It is like the eyes, ears, tongue, behavior and actions of human beings. In pre-Islamic ignorance and modern ignorance; To bury alive There were children, especially daughters, polygamy, marriage with the father's wife, incestuous marriage, following the devil, immorality, and gossip. This article compares the words and words of Imam Ali (AS) in the moral education of men and women and the creation of a lifestyle in society in contrast to Western and European education. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Crime ignore the new Iranian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure effects
Mehdi SoleimaniAbstract: When a criminal commits a crime he should be, principally, prosecuted, judged and punished. This rule has some exceptions. For example in forgivable crimes, punishment depends on private plaintiff's decision (opinion). Other important exceptions of crime ignor MoreAbstract: When a criminal commits a crime he should be, principally, prosecuted, judged and punished. This rule has some exceptions. For example in forgivable crimes, punishment depends on private plaintiff's decision (opinion). Other important exceptions of crime ignorance are discussed in unchaste crimes field. In these crimes, due to some reasons such as society interest, preventing spread of prostitution and prohibitions, the legislator proceeds on the issue of crime and as a feature of Islamic criminal policy ignorance following juridical resources. Considering importance of the issue in preserving chastity it has been discussed both in code of criminal procedure and Islamic Penal Code. Paying detailed attention to substantive and procedural law, some principles can be explored in the field of crime ignorance including: principle of crime ignorance in the field of unchaste crime and its absence in other crimes and etc. The aim of current study is to investigate such principles and their exceptions with critical analysis.Key words: crime ignorance, unchaste crimes, spreading prostitution, Islamic Penal Code, procedure code Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Existence Requirements of Lesion Option
fakhroddin Asgahri Sam Mohammadi Sam Mohammadi Zahra MostafaviLesion is a serious imbalance about the value of the considerations in a contract. Aggrieved lesion can terminate the transaction. The following three conditions are necessary for the realization of lesion option: the contract is to be bilateral, the economic imbalances MoreLesion is a serious imbalance about the value of the considerations in a contract. Aggrieved lesion can terminate the transaction. The following three conditions are necessary for the realization of lesion option: the contract is to be bilateral, the economic imbalances at the time the contract was concluded and the ignorance of swindle. Some jurists have identified the criteria for gross lesion, but, according to the famous jurists that followed by the Iranian Civil Code the usage and custom may discern it. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - An Investigation into the Nature of the Jurisprudential Ruling on an Unknown Object of Sale by Itself
seyyed mohammad HeydariThe knowledge of the parties to the transaction (sale) about the quality and quantity of both the object of sale (and the thing which is taken in return for the object sold and the defined price is taken to be the conditions, among others, for the validity or legality o MoreThe knowledge of the parties to the transaction (sale) about the quality and quantity of both the object of sale (and the thing which is taken in return for the object sold and the defined price is taken to be the conditions, among others, for the validity or legality of the transaction. In other words, both the object of sale and the price thereof has to be known for both parties and well defined and specified in detail in terms of their quantity (weight, volume, number, …) and quality as well as other involved descriptions of quality and quantity which may have effects on the value of the two exchanged items of commodity. The evidence for the conditions laid down for the valid transaction are as follows: a prophetic hadith that rejects the chance of gain or loss in a transaction, known as hadith-e nafyi gharar, traditions and consensus; the latter, of course, has been subject to controversies. That is, though it is certain that there exits consensus of opinion to the matter in question, the ruling issued on the basis of the prophetic hadith is known to and agreed upon by both the Sunni and Shiite scholars. Hence there would be no consensus on faith in this regard. Therefore, according to Islam, any transaction is considered as valid or legitimate provided that both parties are fully aware of the transaction being carried out, and in case they are ignorant of the object of transaction, i.e., of what they are going to sell or buy, the transaction of this kind is hazardous, and thus invalid and prohibited by the Islamic Law. In the prophetic hadith we read: “the Messenger of Allah [Prophet Muhammad], may peace be upon him, prohibited a transaction that is hazardous.” Manuscript profile -
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24 - The Effect Quality of Knowledge and Ignorance in the True and Apparent Principles of the Shiite and Public Opinion
mohammadreza kazemi mohammadreza eskiSpecifying the limits of divine laws and principles, with respect to knowledge or ignorance, is one of the accessories of legislation and a fundamental issue about the validity and the ideas of legislators. The present issue, called the commonality of knower and ignoran MoreSpecifying the limits of divine laws and principles, with respect to knowledge or ignorance, is one of the accessories of legislation and a fundamental issue about the validity and the ideas of legislators. The present issue, called the commonality of knower and ignorant in Islamic law, along with the issues of validity, has been presented concisely in Islamic texts, but regarding its content and concepts it was present extensively in Islamic texts and shrewdly discussed by Islamic lawyers and jurists, and by dividing the issue of commonalities of principles into true and apparent principles and studying the issue of ignorance about these principles, they started to exchange their views. In this article , investigating these opinions through the study of the effects of knowledge and ignorance in true and apparent principles and presenting logical and quoted reasons, we have shown that in real principles(which are gained through absolute reasons like frequent quotations and Quranic texts, or suspected reasons like quotations and appearance of Quran)God has made rules regarding good and evil deeds and they are not changeable and in fact they have been created observing the good and evil and the assigned knowledge and ignorance have no function in its creation. and all followers are obliged to obey them forever, like saying the prayers and avoiding alcoholic drinks. As for apparent principles, the current duty of followers is to follow the current principle until the true principle is discovered. It is concluded that true principle are absolute, that is they must not be violated under any condition, but apparent principles are confined to knowledge or ignorance. . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Examining the relevance of ignorance to the Shari'a ruling in criminal liability
seyed mohammad sadri Abedin Momeni Mohammad Mehdi Karimi Salimi Ignorance is one of the less frequent but very important concepts in Iranian criminal law. The legislator did not provide a precise definition of ignorance, and in Article 155 of the Islamic Penal Code, the meaning of ignorance is used in an indefinite manner, as More Ignorance is one of the less frequent but very important concepts in Iranian criminal law. The legislator did not provide a precise definition of ignorance, and in Article 155 of the Islamic Penal Code, the meaning of ignorance is used in an indefinite manner, as it considered ignorance of the ruling as a legitimate excuse. In Article 217, one of the conditions for the implementation of the limit is the awareness of the criminal about the sanctity of his behavior. Therefore, the meaning of ignorance should be obtained in jurisprudence, because the fundamental concepts of Iranian Islamic law originate from jurisprudence and the principles of Twelver Imam Shia jurisprudence. By examining the history of the debate from ignorance to judgment in the two sciences of jurisprudence and jurisprudence, this research seeks to find an answer to the definition of ignorance in the Islamic penal law of Iran, especially Article 155 of the Islamic Penal Code on the issue of ignorance to judgment from a Sharia point of view. The summary of the research is that according to Sharia, if the ignorant person is incapable or the guilty party is not complicit, his ignorance is considered as an excuse in Sharia and is punishable. Otherwise, his claim of ignorance will not be accepted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Criticism of ignorance and superstitiousness in the Contemporary Poetry
Ali Asqar Halabi Neamat Esfahani OmranOne of the discussions in the contemporary Poetry especially in the last few decades which has won great favor by the scholars and had produced valuable works is the field of literary criticism. Sociological criticism, one of its branches studies the work in its s MoreOne of the discussions in the contemporary Poetry especially in the last few decades which has won great favor by the scholars and had produced valuable works is the field of literary criticism. Sociological criticism, one of its branches studies the work in its social milieu especially in terms of engaged literature examines the social ills in a society in order to reveal and express the bitter realities and pains so that the audience could reflect upon them and in this way get aid to find a remedy for those crisis. (farzad, 1378, 71) The subject which ought to be dealt with utmost sensibility is the problem of growing superstition and ignorance in the contemporary poetry in Iran from the beginning of Constitutionalism till 1357. A major problem which is unfortunately not dealt with seriously by the scholars in contemporary literature. For this reason we were encouraged to study and examine the impact of superstition on the poetry at the time of constitutionalism and at Nima’s time. As a background of the study, briefly the roots of the problem in Iran’s past and contemporary history were dealt with and where possible evidence and example from the contemporary poetry were presented and analyzed. Manuscript profile
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