World War I

Open Access Article

1 - Imperial Russia’s Military Designs and Road-Building Projects in Iran
Mohammad Ali Kazembeyki

In recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, mili More

In recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, military threat and interventions has always been a cause of Tehran’s concern. The current article is a translation and study of a secret document regarding fragments of the Russian military plan in Iran, which British intelligence agents obtained in 1909. The examination of this plan in the context of military designs attributed to Russia for both territorial expansion in Iran and endangering the interests of the British in India, reveals Russia’s strategy to advance toward the Persian Gulf in 1907 and the military goals of St. Petersburg investment in road-building projects in Iran as well. The findings also show that following the conclusion of Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, the mentioned war plan, though primarily designed against the interests of Britain, in practice enforced against Iranian nationalists and the Central Powers in World War I. References Asnādī darbāra-yi Hudjūm-i England wa Russia bih Iran, Revised by M. Turkamān, Institute for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (IPIS), 1991/1370. Asnādī Az Rawābiṭ Iran wa Russia, trans. R. Mosalmanian Qobadiani & B. Mosalmanian Qobadiani, Markaz Asnād wa Tāʿrīkh-i Dīplumāsī, Tehran, 1999/1378. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series B, vol. 13, ed. D. Gillard, University Publications of America, 1985. Dar Takāpū-yi Tādj wa Takht, Asnād-i Abū al-Fatḥ Mīrzā Sālār al- Dawla, Revised by Reza Azari, National Library of Iran, Tehran, 1999/1378. Guzārish-hā-yi siyasī Alā al- Mulk, Revised by A. Safaei, Vol. 2, Gurūh-i Intishārātī-yi Ābād, Tehran, 1981/1362. Iran Political Diaries 1381-1965, ed. by R. M. Burrell, Archives Editions, 1997. Kitāb-i Nārindjī, Revised by A. Bashiri, Nashr-i Nūr, 1983/ 1364. U.K.: National Archives, FO, Annual Series of Trade Reports, Cd. 2682. U.K.: India Office, L/MIL/17/15/26. Historical Newspapers Daily Journal [London] Gentleman's Magazine [London] Manchester Guardian [Manchester] Morning Post and Gazetteer [London] Observer [London] Times [London] Weekly Miscellany [London] Books & papers Atkin, M., Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1980. Baker, V.,Clouds in the East: Travels and Adventures on the Perso-Turkoman Frontier, London, 1876. Cohen, A., Russian imperialism: development and crisis, Praeger, Westprot CT, 1996. Curzon, G. N., Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892. Duffy, Ch. Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800, Rout!edge& Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1985. Eastwick, E. B., Journal of a Diplomat’s three years’ Residence in Persia, London, 1864. Ermarth, F. W., “Russia’s Strategic Culture: Past, Present and … in Transition?” Paper prepared for Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S.A., 31 Oct. 2006. available at: www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/russia.pdf Farrington, A. J. (ed.), British Intelligence and Policy on Persia (Iran), c. 1900-1949: India Office Political and Secret Files and Confidential Print, ed., Brill, Leiden, 1999. Floor, W., “The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century,” Iranian Studies, 20- No. 1 (1987). Galbraith, J. S., “British Policy on Railways in Persia, 1870-1900,” Middle Eastern Studies, 25- No. 4 (1989). Ibid , “Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 21- No. 2 (1989). Hotz, A., “Persian Trade Routes,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 47 (1898:Nov. 18-1899:  Nov. 10). Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1535-1914, Vol. I, Princeton, 1956. Istarābādī, Mīrzā Mahdī Khān, Djahāngushā_yi Nādirī, Revised by Seyyed Ali Anvar, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries, Tehran, 1998/ 1377. Iʿtimād al- salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, al- Maāthir wa l- āthār, Revised by A. Afshar, Asāṭīr, Tehran, 1995/ 1374. Jamalzadeh, M. A., Gandj-i Shāygān,  Kaveh, Berlin, 1916 AD/ 1335 AH. Kagan, F. W., Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army, Martin’s Press, New York, 1999. Kazem Beigi, M. A., “Britain wa Khuṭūt-i Āhan-i Iran wa Khāwar-miyāna 1337 AH/ 1919_1918 AD”, Faṣl- nāma Muṭāliāt-i Tārīkhī, No. 22, 1387/ 2008. Ibid, Daryā-yi Māzandarān wa ḳudrat-hā-yi Buzurg: Imperialism-i Britain (1338- 1335 AH/ 1916- 1919 AD), Markaz Asnād wa Tāʾrīkh-i Dīplumāsī Wizārat-i Umūr-i Khāridja, Tehran, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, “Kunsūl-garī-yi Britain dar Iyālāt-i Djunūbī-yi Daryā-yi Māzandarān dar Dawrān-i Ḳādjāriyya wa Kārkunān-i Maḥalī-yi Ān”, Journal of  Social History, No. 2, 2011/ 1390. Ibid, “Mardum, ʿUlamāʾ wa tawsiʿa dar ʿAṣr-i Ḳadjāriyya: Rah-i Gīlān”, Farhang, No. 60, 2006/ 1385. Kazemzadeh, F., “Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864- 1911”, Harvard Slavic Studies, 4(1957). Kowner, R. (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, Routledge Curzon, London, 2007. Kuropatkin, Gen. A., The Russian Army and Russo-Japanese War, translated into English by Captain A. B. Lindsay, E. P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1909. Litten, Wilhelm, Iran Az Nufūdh-i Musālimat- Āmīz tā Taḥt al- Ḥimāyigī (1919- 1860), Trans. M. Mir Ahmadi, Moin-Publisher, Tehran, 1986/ 1367. Lobanov-Rostovsky, A., “Russian Imperialism in Asia. Its Origin, Evolution and Character”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 8- No. 22 (1929). Lockhart, L., Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938. Ibid , “The ‘Political Testament’ of Peter the Great”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 41 (1936). Mackinder, H. J., “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, 23(1904). Marshall, A., The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917, Routledge, London, 2006. Moberley, Gen. F. J., Operations in Persia, 1914-1919, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1987. Mojtahed-Zadeh, P., Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge Curzon, 2004. Nazem, H., Russia and Great Britain in Iran (1900-1914), Tehran, 1975. O’Brien, P. P. (ed.), The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Routledge Curzon, London, 2004. Roostaei, M., “Sardār Akram naẓar ʿAlī Khān-i Ṭarhānī”, Luristān Pazhūhī, No. 3 & 4, 1998/ 1377. Reese, R., (ed.), The Russian Imperial Army, 1796–1917, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006. Resis, A., “Russophobia and the ’Testament’ of Peter the Great, 1812-1980”, Slavic Review, 44: 4 (1985). Sārawī, Muḥammad Fatḥallah b. Muḥammad Taḳī, Tārrīkh-i Muḥammadī, Revised by GH. R. Tabatabai Majd, Amīr Kabīr, 1992/ 1371. Shneidman, J. I., “The Proposed Invasion of India by Russia and France in 1801”, Journal of Indian History, 35(1957). Spring, D. W., “The Trans-Persian Railway Project and Anglo-Russian Relations, 1909-14”, Slavonic and East European Review, 54-No. 1 (1976). Steinberg, J. W., All the Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington, D.C., 2010. Stone, D. R., A Military History of Russia, From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, Praeger, Westprot CT, 2006. Strong, J. W., “Russia’s Plan for an Invasion against India in 1801”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 7(1965). Subtelny, O., “Peter I's Testament: A Reassessment”, Slavic Review, 33: 4 (1974). Sutherland Edwards, H., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885. Taylor, B. D., Politics and the Russian Army: Civil–Military Relations, 1689–2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. Teymouri, A., Aṣr-i bī- khabarī, Tarikh-i Imtiyāzāt Dar Iran, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1953/ 1332. Van der Oye, D. S., “Paul’s great game: Russia's plan to invade British India”, Central Asian Survey, 33:2(2014). Van der Oye, D. S. and B.W. Manning (eds.), Reforming the Tsar's Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution, Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004.                                                     In recent centuries, the relationship between Russia, as a great power, and a neighboring country has had a special place in Iran's foreign policy. Despite the multi-faceted nature of relations between the two countries, the development of Russia’s expansion, military threat and interventions has always been a cause of Tehran’s concern. The current article is a translation and study of a secret document regarding fragments of the Russian military plan in Iran, which British intelligence agents obtained in 1909. The examination of this plan in the context of military designs attributed to Russia for both territorial expansion in Iran and endangering the interests of the British in India, reveals Russia’s strategy to advance toward the Persian Gulf in 1907 and the military goals of St. Petersburg investment in road-building projects in Iran as well. The findings also show that following the conclusion of Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1907, the mentioned war plan, though primarily designed against the interests of Britain, in practice enforced against Iranian nationalists and the Central Powers in World War I.   References Asnādī darbāra-yi Hudjūm-i England wa Russia bih Iran, Revised by M. Turkamān, Institute for Political and International Studies of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (IPIS), 1991/1370. Asnādī Az Rawābiṭ Iran wa Russia, trans. R. Mosalmanian Qobadiani & B. Mosalmanian Qobadiani, Markaz Asnād wa Tāʿrīkh-i Dīplumāsī, Tehran, 1999/1378. British Documents on Foreign Affairs, Part I, Series B, vol. 13, ed. D. Gillard, University Publications of America, 1985. Dar Takāpū-yi Tādj wa Takht, Asnād-i Abū al-Fatḥ Mīrzā Sālār al- Dawla, Revised by Reza Azari, National Library of Iran, Tehran, 1999/1378. Guzārish-hā-yi siyasī Alā al- Mulk, Revised by A. Safaei, Vol. 2, Gurūh-i Intishārātī-yi Ābād, Tehran, 1981/1362. Iran Political Diaries 1381-1965, ed. by R. M. Burrell, Archives Editions, 1997. Kitāb-i Nārindjī, Revised by A. Bashiri, Nashr-i Nūr, 1983/ 1364. U.K.: National Archives, FO, Annual Series of Trade Reports, Cd. 2682. U.K.: India Office, L/MIL/17/15/26. Historical Newspapers Daily Journal [London] Gentleman's Magazine [London] Manchester Guardian [Manchester] Morning Post and Gazetteer [London] Observer [London] Times [London] Weekly Miscellany [London] Books & papers Atkin, M., Russia and Iran, 1780-1828, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1980. Baker, V.,Clouds in the East: Travels and Adventures on the Perso-Turkoman Frontier, London, 1876. Cohen, A., Russian imperialism: development and crisis, Praeger, Westprot CT, 1996. Curzon, G. N., Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892. Duffy, Ch. Russia’s Military Way to the West: Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power, 1700-1800, Rout!edge& Kegan Paul Ltd, London, 1985. Eastwick, E. B., Journal of a Diplomat’s three years’ Residence in Persia, London, 1864. Ermarth, F. W., “Russia’s Strategic Culture: Past, Present and … in Transition?” Paper prepared for Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S.A., 31 Oct. 2006. available at: www.fas.org/irp/agency/dod/dtra/russia.pdf Farrington, A. J. (ed.), British Intelligence and Policy on Persia (Iran), c. 1900-1949: India Office Political and Secret Files and Confidential Print, ed., Brill, Leiden, 1999. Floor, W., “The Iranian Navy in the Gulf during the Eighteenth Century,” Iranian Studies, 20- No. 1 (1987). Galbraith, J. S., “British Policy on Railways in Persia, 1870-1900,” Middle Eastern Studies, 25- No. 4 (1989). Ibid , “Britain and American Railway Promoters in Late Nineteenth Century Persia,” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, 21- No. 2 (1989). Hotz, A., “Persian Trade Routes,” Journal of the Society of Arts, 47 (1898:Nov. 18-1899:  Nov. 10). Hurewitz, J. C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East, A Documentary Record: 1535-1914, Vol. I, Princeton, 1956. Istarābādī, Mīrzā Mahdī Khān, Djahāngushā_yi Nādirī, Revised by Seyyed Ali Anvar, Society for the Appreciation of Cultural works and Dignitaries, Tehran, 1998/ 1377. Iʿtimād al- salṭana, Muḥammad Ḥasan Khān, al- Maāthir wa l- āthār, Revised by A. Afshar, Asāṭīr, Tehran, 1995/ 1374. Jamalzadeh, M. A., Gandj-i Shāygān,  Kaveh, Berlin, 1916 AD/ 1335 AH. Kagan, F. W., Military Reforms of Nicholas I: The Origins of the Modern Russian Army, Martin’s Press, New York, 1999. Kazem Beigi, M. A., “Britain wa Khuṭūt-i Āhan-i Iran wa Khāwar-miyāna 1337 AH/ 1919_1918 AD”, Faṣl- nāma Muṭāliāt-i Tārīkhī, No. 22, 1387/ 2008. Ibid, Daryā-yi Māzandarān wa ḳudrat-hā-yi Buzurg: Imperialism-i Britain (1338- 1335 AH/ 1916- 1919 AD), Markaz Asnād wa Tāʾrīkh-i Dīplumāsī Wizārat-i Umūr-i Khāridja, Tehran, 2005/ 1384. Ibid, “Kunsūl-garī-yi Britain dar Iyālāt-i Djunūbī-yi Daryā-yi Māzandarān dar Dawrān-i Ḳādjāriyya wa Kārkunān-i Maḥalī-yi Ān”, Journal of  Social History, No. 2, 2011/ 1390. Ibid, “Mardum, ʿUlamāʾ wa tawsiʿa dar ʿAṣr-i Ḳadjāriyya: Rah-i Gīlān”, Farhang, No. 60, 2006/ 1385. Kazemzadeh, F., “Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864- 1911”, Harvard Slavic Studies, 4(1957). Kowner, R. (ed.), The Impact of the Russo-Japanese War, Routledge Curzon, London, 2007. Kuropatkin, Gen. A., The Russian Army and Russo-Japanese War, translated into English by Captain A. B. Lindsay, E. P. Dutton and Co., New York, 1909. Litten, Wilhelm, Iran Az Nufūdh-i Musālimat- Āmīz tā Taḥt al- Ḥimāyigī (1919- 1860), Trans. M. Mir Ahmadi, Moin-Publisher, Tehran, 1986/ 1367. Lobanov-Rostovsky, A., “Russian Imperialism in Asia. Its Origin, Evolution and Character”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 8- No. 22 (1929). Lockhart, L., Nadir Shah: A Critical Study Based Mainly Upon Contemporary Sources, London, 1938. Ibid , “The ‘Political Testament’ of Peter the Great”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 41 (1936). Mackinder, H. J., “The Geographical Pivot of History”, The Geographical Journal, 23(1904). Marshall, A., The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1800–1917, Routledge, London, 2006. Moberley, Gen. F. J., Operations in Persia, 1914-1919, Her Majesty’s Stationary Office, London, 1987. Mojtahed-Zadeh, P., Small Players of the Great Game, Routledge Curzon, 2004. Nazem, H., Russia and Great Britain in Iran (1900-1914), Tehran, 1975. O’Brien, P. P. (ed.), The Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Routledge Curzon, London, 2004. Roostaei, M., “Sardār Akram naẓar ʿAlī Khān-i Ṭarhānī”, Luristān Pazhūhī, No. 3 & 4, 1998/ 1377. Reese, R., (ed.), The Russian Imperial Army, 1796–1917, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2006. Resis, A., “Russophobia and the ’Testament’ of Peter the Great, 1812-1980”, Slavic Review, 44: 4 (1985). Sārawī, Muḥammad Fatḥallah b. Muḥammad Taḳī, Tārrīkh-i Muḥammadī, Revised by GH. R. Tabatabai Majd, Amīr Kabīr, 1992/ 1371. Shneidman, J. I., “The Proposed Invasion of India by Russia and France in 1801”, Journal of Indian History, 35(1957). Spring, D. W., “The Trans-Persian Railway Project and Anglo-Russian Relations, 1909-14”, Slavonic and East European Review, 54-No. 1 (1976). Steinberg, J. W., All the Tsar’s Men: Russia’s General Staff and the Fate of the Empire, 1898–1914, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington, D.C., 2010. Stone, D. R., A Military History of Russia, From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya, Praeger, Westprot CT, 2006. Strong, J. W., “Russia’s Plan for an Invasion against India in 1801”, Canadian Slavonic Papers, 7(1965). Subtelny, O., “Peter I's Testament: A Reassessment”, Slavic Review, 33: 4 (1974). Sutherland Edwards, H., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885. Taylor, B. D., Politics and the Russian Army: Civil–Military Relations, 1689–2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003. Teymouri, A., Aṣr-i bī- khabarī, Tarikh-i Imtiyāzāt Dar Iran, Iḳbāl, Tehran, 1953/ 1332. Van der Oye, D. S., “Paul’s great game: Russia's plan to invade British India”, Central Asian Survey, 33:2(2014). Van der Oye, D. S. and B.W. Manning (eds.), Reforming the Tsar's Army: Military Innovation in Imperial Russia from Peter the Great to the Revolution, Cambridge University Press and Woodrow Wilson Press, 2004.                                                                           Manuscript profile

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2 - American Self-Identification: A Strategy of Maintenance
Djuhertati Imam Muhni Ebrahim Sheikhzadeh Amir Rostamdokht

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3 - Investigating the reasons for the deployment of the Allied forces in Isfahan and their treatment of the people in World War II
Abolghasem bagheri Ali Reza Abtahi

Allied forces, including Soviet and British forces, occupied Iran in September 1941. After a while, American forces were added to them. After entering Iran and achieving their goals, these forces were stationed in various areas, especially in some cities, including Isfa More

Allied forces, including Soviet and British forces, occupied Iran in September 1941. After a while, American forces were added to them. After entering Iran and achieving their goals, these forces were stationed in various areas, especially in some cities, including Isfahan, and began patrolling. The deployment and patrolling of the Allied forces in Isfahan has inevitably led to clashes between them and the people of Isfahan. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons for the Allied presence and patrol in Isfahan and their dealings with the people of Isfahan. To investigate this issue, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used with the help of unpublished documents and newspapers related to the deployment of the Allied forces in Isfahan in World War II and also the petitions of the people of Isfahan to city officials to protest the behavior of these forces. The findings of the present study showed that the geographical and communication importance of Isfahan, the presence of German agents and supporters in it and its proximity to the Bakhtiari and Qashqai tribes, forced the Allies to deploy and patrol their forces in this city and surrounding areas. Also, the presence of Allied forces in the city of Isfahan, in addition to breaking the legal and real personality of the officials and people of Isfahan and their superior treatment of the people in this city, also contributed to the spread of phenomena such as insecurity and corruption in the city. Manuscript profile

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4 - World war two and The Allies Arrival in Iran& The Issue of the England
neemat ahmadi unes sadeghi

World war II, which was started in 1939 as a result of some political disputes, had various political, economic and social consequences in Iran. Historians have long been concerned with the Allied military presence in Iran during1941-1945. The Governments of Foroughi, A More

World war II, which was started in 1939 as a result of some political disputes, had various political, economic and social consequences in Iran. Historians have long been concerned with the Allied military presence in Iran during1941-1945. The Governments of Foroughi, Ahmad Qavam, Ali Soheili, Bayat, Sadrolashraf and Ebrahim Hakimi assumed power in this juncture. Foroughi, the first prime minister after Reza Shah, played a critical role in hushing the status. The period of Ghavam’s premiership was spent with economic crisis due to the presence of the confederates in Iran and results due to the WW2. The age of Soheili accompanied with the conference of the confederate heads in Iran which is known as Tehran conference. Generally the principal trait of years 1941to 1945 and the most important concern of Iranian governments during that period were involvement with results due to the presence of the confederates in Iran and the issues related to post war in national and international areas. In the present Article, the presupposition is that government’s approach to Iran's occupation in many cases was passive and as a result of accepting the demands of the Allies. Therefore, the passive position of the Government in foreign policy and political instability in domestic affairs caused social crises and economic pressure on the people Manuscript profile

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5 - Baloochestan during World War I
abbas sarafrazi

World War I also caused some conflict in the East, especially in Iran. Different parts in Iran, especially nomadic areas, were engaged in this conflict. To damage and threaten the English interests in Baloochestan, Germans entered the region, which created some currents More

World War I also caused some conflict in the East, especially in Iran. Different parts in Iran, especially nomadic areas, were engaged in this conflict. To damage and threaten the English interests in Baloochestan, Germans entered the region, which created some currents among the Balooch, among which supporting the English and spreading of arm smuggling are worth mentioning. To secure their interests, the English established ties with the heads of Balooch and also tried to have friendly relationships with Balooch nomads by establishing Mokran group. However, some Balooch tribes resisted the English, waged wars against them and caused serious problems for them. English sources blamed Germans for such resistance, but Iranian Balooch's measures against Germans show that they fought against foreigners to save their land. Baloochestan in World War I and the measures of the English and the German in this region are among the things discussed in the present study. Manuscript profile

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6 - Examining the position and pivotal role of Iran's tribes and nomads in the country's political developments(Case study: the role of the Sanjabi tribe in advancing the political strategies of the Provisional National Government during the First World
bahman Rezaei mahdi mirzaei suroush amiri

With the entry of the hostile forces of World War I into Iran, the central government was unable to protect the borders; Because it had neither a coherent political structure nor an efficient army to prevent their invasion. the high military strength of the tribes and More

With the entry of the hostile forces of World War I into Iran, the central government was unable to protect the borders; Because it had neither a coherent political structure nor an efficient army to prevent their invasion. the high military strength of the tribes and the tribes and the lack of central supervision have forced them to react against the invaders. The Sanjabi tribes are from the Kurds of western Iran, Nizam al-Sultaneh and the nationalists rose up with him and while announcing their opposition to the presence and activities of the troops of the British and Russian governments, they joined with the German and Ottoman forces, in this article, an attempt has been made to investigate with a descriptive analytical method and using library sources The central position and role of Iran's tribes and nomads in the political developments of the country should be discussed. Manuscript profile

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7 - Cultural consequences of World War II in Hamedan (1941-1946)
Majid forotan kaivan shafei Mohammad Ghorban Kiani Anvar khalandi

Abstract:The Allied occupation of Hamedan in World War II had several social, economic, and cultural consequences. The cultural-educational activities of the region underwent temporary and fleeting changes during this period, and the effects of the war caused conditions More

Abstract:The Allied occupation of Hamedan in World War II had several social, economic, and cultural consequences. The cultural-educational activities of the region underwent temporary and fleeting changes during this period, and the effects of the war caused conditions such as the fragmentation of cultural activists' programs, the stagnation of press activity, the stagnation in the performance of literary associations, and the decline of activity. Cinema and theater, the suspension of formal education in schools and the closure of some of them in Hamedan. The subject of this research is the study of the cultural consequences of World War II in Hamedan. The present study has a descriptive-analytical method and approach and the information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the consequences and effects of the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on the cultural situation in the region and what were the causes of these consequences? The findings of this study show; Most of the cultural-educational consequences were unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan, which was gradually revived with the evacuation of the city by the Allies. These negative consequences in the field of culture and education were among the short-term consequences of the war. During the war, the first priority of the people was to meet economic needs, and cultural and educational needs were not considered a priority of the people at that time. Manuscript profile

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8 - Iran on the eve of World War I and the impact of the war on trade in eastern Iran
majid kalegnia manizheh Sadri seyed yosef motevali haghhi Monirh kazemirashed

World War I began on July 28, 1914, eight days after the coronation of Ahmad Shah Qajar, at a time when Iran was experiencing unprecedented chaos in contemporary history. The spring of the constitution and the National Assembly had ended with the tyranny of Mohammad Ali More

World War I began on July 28, 1914, eight days after the coronation of Ahmad Shah Qajar, at a time when Iran was experiencing unprecedented chaos in contemporary history. The spring of the constitution and the National Assembly had ended with the tyranny of Mohammad Ali Shah, and the various groups involved at the local and national levels had left little to be desired. It had practically turned Iran into a Khan Khani government. The government could not collect taxes and the treasury was becoming more empty every day.Given the importance of accurate knowledge of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I, the present study is a library method, based on valid documents and a descriptive, analytical approach to try to get a clear picture of the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I and the impact of war. Offer on Mashhad trade. Clarifying the social situation of Iran during the war years are some of the other results of the research. The purpose of research is to explain and study the situation in Iran on the eve of World War I. ; Iran's turmoil on the eve of war and power struggle, the decline in trade in eastern Iran and the decline in Iranian customs revenue are among the results of the study. Manuscript profile

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9 - Analysis of Iran-Japan relations from the constitutional movement to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty
mohammad Bidgoli asghar rajabi dehborzoei

Undoubtedly, the capacities of the two countries of Iran and Japan in various political, commercial and cultural fields have become an undeniable necessity. In fact, these two great countries with long-standing and historical relations that have always been respected an More

Undoubtedly, the capacities of the two countries of Iran and Japan in various political, commercial and cultural fields have become an undeniable necessity. In fact, these two great countries with long-standing and historical relations that have always been respected and liked by the nation and people of both countries have been the basis for development in all fields throughout history. The aim of the current research is to answer this basic question: how was the relationship between Iran and Japan from the constitutional movement to the end of the Pahlavi dynasty? In this article, the researchers investigate this issue by using the documentary method, relying on written library sources and articles. The results of the present research show that, except for a period in the Second World War when the Iranian government was forced to cut ties with Japan due to the pressure of the Allies, in other historical periods, the political, commercial and cultural relations between Iran and Japan are always and gradually growing and has been expanding. Manuscript profile

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10 - Economic consequences of World War II in Hamedan (1941- 1946)
majid forotan kaivan shafei Mohammad Ghorban Kiani Anvar Khalandi

Abstract:The Allied occupation of Iran in World War II had several political, economic, social, and cultural consequences for Iran. One of these effects was the economic consequences that led to conditions such as famine and food shortages, inflation and recession, high More

Abstract:The Allied occupation of Iran in World War II had several political, economic, social, and cultural consequences for Iran. One of these effects was the economic consequences that led to conditions such as famine and food shortages, inflation and recession, high prices, declining trade, and the closure of production centers. The subject of this research is the study of the economic consequences of World War II in Hamedan. In conducting this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used and information has been collected in a library-documentary manner based on existing reports. This research seeks to answer the question of what were the economic consequences and effects of World War II and the occupation of Hamedan on this region? The findings of the present study show; Numerous factors have played a role in the economic problems of the region during the war and most of these consequences have been short-term and unstable and limited to the occupation of Hamedan. Due to the unfavorable economic situation of Hamedan during the years 1325-1320 was considered as an objective and tangible consequences of the war, solving these problems has been a priority for the people of the region. The outbreak of World War II in the economic field not only had many negative and destructive consequences for the region, but also had positive results such as the construction and improvement of communication routes, the establishment of repair centers, especially military vehicles, and master training. Keywords: Hamedan, World War II, Allies, Economic Consequences. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Analysis of internal and external factors affecting the political-social situation of Tabriz during the First World War
Ali Tarverdi nasab Masomeh Gharadaghi Abbas Ghadimi Gheydari Nazli Eskandarinejad

Due to its geographical, economic and political location, Iran has been a place of conflict for major world powers throughout history. In the First World War, despite the fact that the Iranian government declared neutrality, the same strategic characteristics of Iran ca More

Due to its geographical, economic and political location, Iran has been a place of conflict for major world powers throughout history. In the First World War, despite the fact that the Iranian government declared neutrality, the same strategic characteristics of Iran caused the country to become involved in the political relations of the warring forces. In these relations, the three factors of identitarian currents, Iran's dependence on foreign governments and the political and economic weakness of the central government have been decisive. During this period, due to its geographical location, social and cultural structure, Tabriz was the area of conflict between the Ottoman and Russian forces. The Ottoman and German governments tried to establish their position in the region by beating the drum of identitarian feelings of racial, ethnic and religious groups, and on the other hand, the influence and power of the Russian government and the dependence and weakness of the central government caused Azerbaijan and especially During this period, the city of Tabriz witnessed events such as the activities of the Pan-Tereks, the confrontation of the nationalists against the identity seekers, religious and religious differences, and the Russian government's obstruction of the revival of the tradition of the Crown Prince of Tabriz. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Analysis of World War II reflections on both Simin Daneshvar’s Savashoon and Hanna Mine’s AlmasabihAlzorq (Lights of Blue) novels
Saeid Bozorg Bigdeli Hossein Ali Ghobadi Helwa Saleh

The relationship between literature and society, is bidirectional link, to certify the nature and fate of the literary genre of the novel effect on the literary genres and literary forms.  Novel is tied to the society more than other literary forms. Theme and chara More

The relationship between literature and society, is bidirectional link, to certify the nature and fate of the literary genre of the novel effect on the literary genres and literary forms.  Novel is tied to the society more than other literary forms. Theme and characterization have the greatest role in the reflection of the society situations; therefore, in this article we have tried to analyze the reflection of World War II on theme and characterization. In this paper, the novel Almasabih Alzorq by the famous contemporary Syrian novelist, Hanna Mine and Savashoon by the famous Iranian novelist, Simin Daneshvar from the perspective of the impact of colonialism on both Iranian and Syrian societies have been reviewed. We have tried to analyze these two novels by using the theory of discourse analysis by Fairclough. The similarities and differences between these two novels were evaluated and examined. This led to the conclusion that both novels bear more similarities rather than differences in the colonialism attack and its reflections on Iran and Syria. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - "The Alliance of Islam and its role in government policies during the First World War"
alireza raste Gholam Hossein Zargarinejad sina forozesh

The alliance of Islam is the name of an organization which is placed in Istanbul. This organization has been created by some writers and religious scholars such as Seyyed Jamalodin Asad Abadi in the beginning of the 1890s. The alliance of Islam sought to capture the sup More

The alliance of Islam is the name of an organization which is placed in Istanbul. This organization has been created by some writers and religious scholars such as Seyyed Jamalodin Asad Abadi in the beginning of the 1890s. The alliance of Islam sought to capture the support of the Muslims from the Islamic Caliphate (Ottoman Empire) and to struggle with colonial countries. The delegation of the Alliance of Islam is the name of a group that was founded by the religious nationalists with the beginning of the first world war and the invasion of Russia, Britain and Ottoman into Iran. The milestone in the activities of the delegation of the alliance of Islam was in organizing and directing the jangal movement which was led by Mirza Kuchak Khan. But this indigenous uprising brought about only the name of the alliance of Islam, and did not show any respect towards the Islamic alliance in the policies of the jangal movement. The jangal members, led by Mirza Kuchak Khan, not only did not only help the Ottoman troops, but also they categorized the Ottomans as the enemy, comparable to Russia, therefore they defeated the Ottoman forces in Iran. Manuscript profile

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