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Open Access Article
1 - Investigation on effect of lignocellulosic wastes (rice straw and husk) using wood-cement composite
Meysam Mehdinia Mina Janahmadi Arash Farajpoor Asghar Tabei Saeed KamraniThis research has been to study the effect of lignocellulosic wastes (rice husk ash [Pozollan] and rice straw) on properties of wood-cement composite. Accordingly, some boards using rice straw, mixture of poplar wood and rice straw, and cement (Portland type2) MoreThis research has been to study the effect of lignocellulosic wastes (rice husk ash [Pozollan] and rice straw) on properties of wood-cement composite. Accordingly, some boards using rice straw, mixture of poplar wood and rice straw, and cement (Portland type2) were prepared. Rice husk ash was also used as pozollan in 3 levels of 0, 2% and 4% by weight. For evaluation of applied properties, bending strength, modulus of elasticity, shear strength, water uptake and thickness swelling were done in accordance with ISO-16983 and DIN-68763 standards. The results showed that, while lignocellulosic material switched from rice straw to mixture of poplar and rice straw, mechanical properties were improved, but physical properties were increased. In addition, the highest bending strength, modulus of elasticity, shear strength, and lowest water uptake and thickness swelling was obtained in 4% pozzolan treatment. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Development of Two Packaging Approaches Based on Nano Silver Particles for Increasing the Shelf Life of Strawberry
N. Ehsani Sh. Shahriari R. Famil MomenIntroduction: The application of new approaches for packaging valuable fruits such as strawberry has become an attractive research subject. These approaches are used to keep the fruits properties at high quality by increasing storage time. Materials and Methods: In this MoreIntroduction: The application of new approaches for packaging valuable fruits such as strawberry has become an attractive research subject. These approaches are used to keep the fruits properties at high quality by increasing storage time. Materials and Methods: In this study, two different packing methods (Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) using gas mixture (10% O2, 15% CO2, 75% N2) and Nano Silver Particles were employed. The impact of using these methods on the validity of storage time has been studied. The strawberry packaging using Nano Sliver Particles has been analyzed during 16 days in the poly-ethylene covers with the thickness of 40 microns at the temperature of 50°C. The measures used in the experiments consisted of weigh loss, solid particles in solutions, acidity, pH, fruit tissue hardness, color and the weight percentage of the O2 and CO2 existed in the package. Results: The results of the two methods on the qualitative properties of strawberry at 5°C and at different time intervals (i.e. 4, 8, 12 and 16 days) indicated that both methods increased the shelf life of the fruit regards to improved sensory characteristics. Conclusion: The experimental results illustrated that both introduced packaging approaches increased the storage time. The experimental data also indicated that the qualitative characteristics of strawberry, namely fruit color and tissue hardness have increased by using the presented approaches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Investigation of Thin Layer-Drying Kinetics of Strawberry Using Infrared Radiation
F. Salehi Introduction: One of the new techniques in the drying of food is the application of infrared radiation that increases the drying rate, enhanced the final product quality, and decreases the costs of the process. Materials and Methods: In this study, drying kinet More Introduction: One of the new techniques in the drying of food is the application of infrared radiation that increases the drying rate, enhanced the final product quality, and decreases the costs of the process. Materials and Methods: In this study, drying kinetic modeling of strawberry in an infrared dryer was investigated. The effect of radiation lamp power (150, 250 and 375 W) and distance of the lamp from the sample (5, 7.5 and 10 cm), on drying time, and moisture diffusion coefficients during the drying process of strawberry were evaluated. For measuring the weight of the samples during experimentation without taking them out of the dryer, the tray with samples was suspended on the digital balance. Standard models (Wang and Singh, Henderson and Pabis, Approximation of diffusion, Page, Modified Page –II, Newton, Midilli and Logarithmic) were fitted to experimental data to study the drying kinetics and fitting quality (coefficient of determination and standard error) of them was analyzed. Results: By increasing infrared lamp power from 150 to 375 W, the drying time of strawberry is reduced by 79.8%. Decreasing the distance of the lamp from a sample from 10 to 5 cm, 40.1 % of drying time is reduced. The effective diffusivity coefficient was increased by increasing heat source power and decreasing distance. Moisture effective diffusivity coefficient of strawberry was between 1.54×10-9 to 13.83×10-9 m2/s. Conclusion: The effect of radiation lamp power and distance on the drying process of strawberry is significant. Modeling of strawberry drying process showed that all the models led to proper results, but in total, the Page model, compared to other studied models, with the biggest coefficient of determination (R2=0.999) and the smallest error (<0.011), had closer results to the experimental data. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Quality Evaluation of New Developed Symbiotic Yogurt over the Storage at Refrigerator
N. Moayednia -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigation of Effects of Bio Chars Derived from Wheat and Corn Straw on Zinc Adsorption in Aqueous Solutions
hamidreza boostani hanieh askariIntroduction: In recent years, use of bio char as bio sorbent for pollution control of aqueous solutions containing heavy metals, has been considered by researchers. In the present study, the efficiency of wheat straw bio char and corn straw bio char for the removal of MoreIntroduction: In recent years, use of bio char as bio sorbent for pollution control of aqueous solutions containing heavy metals, has been considered by researchers. In the present study, the efficiency of wheat straw bio char and corn straw bio char for the removal of Zinc from aqueous solutions had been investigated under the influence of various factors such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose and adsorbent concentration. Material and Methods: Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to describe the adsorption isotherm and Pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models were applied for description of adsorption kinetics. Results: The optimum pH for Zn adsorption was found to be 5 by two bio chars. With increasing contact time, Zn adsorption efficiency was increased by two adsorbents and at 24 hours reached to equilibrium. The increase of bio char dosage until 20 g.L-1, the percentage of Zn removal in solutions was enhanced by tow adsorbents; however, the upper dosage of adsorbent caused a decrease in removal efficiency. The results indicate that the Langmuir model better fits on adsorption data than Freundlich model. Accordingly, Zn adsorption capacity by corn straw bio char (9.60 mg. g-1) was higher than the wheat straw bio char (6.77 mg.g-1). The kinetic data were better represented by the pseudo-second-order than the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, so it seems that the dominant process of Zn adsorption to be a chemisorption. Conclusion: The results showed that the bio chars which used in this experiment can be applied as a low-cost, effective and available adsorbent for removal of Zn from aqueous solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A Comparative Study between the Environmental Pollutions Of Straw Bale Systems and Bricks
Mahshid Ansari Meghedy Khodabakhshian mohammad hadi abolhasaniBackground & Objective: The brick indusrty shares a significant amount to the global environmental pollution. In the production stages of this indusrty, pollutants such as particulates, CO2, NOX, CO and SOX get released into the atmosphere. Considering the increase MoreBackground & Objective: The brick indusrty shares a significant amount to the global environmental pollution. In the production stages of this indusrty, pollutants such as particulates, CO2, NOX, CO and SOX get released into the atmosphere. Considering the increase of pollution and also the production rate of bricks in the country, replacing bricks with another type of material can lead to reduction of these pollutants.Material and Methodology: In order to achieve the goals of the study, review study method was used and library resources, databases, scientific and research journals, related books and available data (Statistical yearbooks of Ministry of Agriculture, Energy balance sheet of Ministry of Energy and statistics of State Management and Planning Organization over the past few years) were employed.Findings: Findings reveal that straw could be an appropriate replacement for bricks from the environmental and economic points of view; although it's widely available and has useful features; concerns such as moisture, insects and combustion have made the application of straw bales in building industry very insignificant. Straw bale systems consist of compressed panels that can replace bricks in building industry without any environmental pollution and with high economic efficiency.Discussion and Conclusions: Brick is the most used building material in the world. Considering its large effect on pollution, findings show that straw bale systems, which are completely renewable, can reduce this pollution significantly; such that straw bale buildings can be seen all over the world in places such as USA, Europe, Canada, Australia, Japan and China. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Experimental Investigation on Cadmium Ions Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Modified Wheat Straw Biosorbent
Abolfazl Jahangiri Elham AmeriBackground and Objactive: Cadmium is one of the heavy metals resulting from wastewater of different industries, and it is also highly toxic to human and the environment. So, the cations of this metal must be removed or reduced down to effluent standards. The aim of the MoreBackground and Objactive: Cadmium is one of the heavy metals resulting from wastewater of different industries, and it is also highly toxic to human and the environment. So, the cations of this metal must be removed or reduced down to effluent standards. The aim of the current study was to investigate the cadmium removal efficiency by modified wheat straw from aqueous solutions. Method: In this study, wheat straw as the adsorbent was prepared in a laboratory scale and pulverized by standard ASTM sieves (40-120 mesh sizes). Consequently, wheat straw was functionalized by using NaOH solution with concentration of 0.7 M. FTIR analysis was used to characterize the functional groups in the prepared adsorbent. Adsorption process was accomplished in a batch laboratory-scale with emphasis on the effect of various parameters such as mesh size, pH, contact time, initial concentration of Cd (II), adsorbent dosage and mixing rate on the adsorption efficiency. Findings: FTIR results showed that the modification of the wealth straw brought increase of stretch vibration band of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Optimized values for each factor to achieve the highest uptake were found to be as follows: the mesh size of 70, the contact time of 30 minutes, the initial concentration of 20 mg/L, the pH 7, the adsorbent dose of 1.5 g and the agitation speed of 240 rpm, at 25 ° C, respectively. Discussion and Counclusion: The maximum removal efficiency of cadmium was found to be %98.5, at the optimized experimental condition. In general, results showed that the modified wheat straw as an unusable and cheap sorbent could be consider for the removal of the cadmium ion with nearly complete removal efficiency, at the optimized condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Study of antioxidant effect of rosemary leaf extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) and strawberry fruit extract (Fragaria vesca) on stomach cancer cells
Mehdad Enkari Samira Goodarzi Kiana AnsariPurpose and Problem: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world that causes many deaths among humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of rosemary leaf extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) and strawberry (Fragaria vesca) on MorePurpose and Problem: Stomach cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world that causes many deaths among humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of rosemary leaf extract (Rosmarinus officinalis) and strawberry (Fragaria vesca) on stomach cancer cells. Method: After preparing two plant substances and extracting them, measure the antioxidant power of iron regeneration (FRAP), the toxicity of the two plant extracts used on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells and fibroblasts in concentrations. 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/ml were measured by MMT method and IC50 was measured in two plant extracts for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. One-way analysis of variance with a significance level of 0.05 was used to analyze the results. Results: The results showed that the highest FRAP levels for strawberry fruit and rosemary leaf extracts in water solvent were 1.68 ± 0.08 and 0.94± 0.15, respectively. The results showed that 2mg /ml for rosemary leaf extract and strawberry fruit has the best effect to prevent the growth and proliferation of cancer cells and fibroblasts. The values obtained for IC50 showed that the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the antioxidant activity for the two extracts at 96 h was the lowest. Conclusion: The results showed that both extracts have anti-cancer effects on AGS cell line in Stomach cancer that strawberry fruit has a more suitable effect than rosemary leaf. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Stylistic analysis of straw and Palm "Reza Reisi”
Sepideh SepehriBahar is one of the pioneers of stylistics in Iran in the introduction of the book itself in the particular way of understanding and expression of thoughts by combining words and choosing their words and interpreting them. Shamsia, in general, considers stylistics as se MoreBahar is one of the pioneers of stylistics in Iran in the introduction of the book itself in the particular way of understanding and expression of thoughts by combining words and choosing their words and interpreting them. Shamsia, in general, considers stylistics as self - evident and believes that it is difficult to define its comprehensive and comprehensive definition. Reza Reisi The owner of the novel is a documentary “Nakhl & Neyi” Like many writers of war and resistance literature Like many writers of war and resistance literature, it has a particular style, especially from the point of view of language and art In terms of language, the use of short, clear sentences, vocabulary and slang terms, broken verbs, and the presence of southern weather in the story can be pointed out. His intellectual layers like that Realism, reliance on the historical citation of war in Khorramshahr, the expression of human relations the emphasis is on the principle of realism. This research Following is a descriptive analytical method a stylistic look to the story “Nakhl & Neyi”. The method approach of this story is a layered approach which has been studied in three linguistic, intellectual and literary layers the main question of the research is which lighter layer and which features in each layer reveal with a higher frequency? It is clear that by addressing these features, readers can familiarize themselves with the way of thinking and the type of author's view of the war. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Seed Density in Direct Planting of Two Spring Wheat Varieties
Davod Omidinasab Mohammad Hossein Gharineh Abdolmahdi Bakhshandeh Mehran Sharafi Zadeh Alireza ShafeiniaTo investigating the density of weeds in direct seeding wheat in the corn straws (no tillage wheat), a split factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with four replications and three factors including cultivar at 2 levels, (Chamran MoreTo investigating the density of weeds in direct seeding wheat in the corn straws (no tillage wheat), a split factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with four replications and three factors including cultivar at 2 levels, (Chamran and Behrang), seed density at 5 levels (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 Kg/ha) and nitrogen fertilizer from urea source at 6 levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250) in fall of 2011 – 2012 in an agricultural farm located 30 km south of Dezful. The result of analysis of variance revealed that the effects of cultivar, seeding and nitrogen fertilizer on weed density and dry weight of weeds and yield and grain yield components were significantly different at 1% level. The least weed density was observed at 250 Kg/ha, with one weed per square meter. Results showed that greater consumption of nitrogen fertilizer will increase the dry weight of weeds per area unit, so that the fertilizer level of 250 kg nitrogen per hectare with an average of 9.9 grams in the square meter had the highest dry weight of weeds per area unit. The no tillage seeding caused increasing the grassy weeds. Using seeds over 100 Kg/ha which decreases yield grain and increases nitrogen consumption to the level 150 (Kg/ha) resulted in significant increase in grain yield. Chamran cultivar, with grain yield average of 413.70 (kg/ha) was preferd to Behrang cultivar. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Effect of Different level of Nitrogen and Vermicompost on Quantitative and Quali-tative Traits of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Mustafa Adebifar -
Open Access Article
12 - Evaluation Seed Yield, Its Components and Protein Concentration of Wheat in Response to Different level of Nitrogen and Vermicompost
Mostafa Adebifar -
Open Access Article
13 - مقایسه آماری انباشت فلزات سنگین به صورت جرم خالص برداشت شده در اندام های گیاهی
شهرام گودرزیبا توجه به نقش گیاهان در پالایش لجن از فلزات سنگین و همچنین میزان جذب فلزات سنگین از لجن توسط اندام ‎های زیرزمینی و هوایی گیاهان، راندمان حذف فلزات مس، کروم، روی، کادمیوم، نیکل و سرب توسط سامانه ­های طبیعی، حاوی دو گونه گیاهی نی و تیفا محاسبه شد. راندمان ح Moreبا توجه به نقش گیاهان در پالایش لجن از فلزات سنگین و همچنین میزان جذب فلزات سنگین از لجن توسط اندام ‎های زیرزمینی و هوایی گیاهان، راندمان حذف فلزات مس، کروم، روی، کادمیوم، نیکل و سرب توسط سامانه ­های طبیعی، حاوی دو گونه گیاهی نی و تیفا محاسبه شد. راندمان حذف بر اساس تفاوت‎های جرم اولیه فلزات سنگین موجود در لجن، و جرم حذف شده توسط گیاهان به عنوان جرم خروجی از سامانه، محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد تفاوت میزان انباشت جرم خالص فلزات سنگین در اندام ‎های هوایی دو گونه گیاهی نی و تیفا، در پنج فلز از شش فلز مورد بررسی، معنی­ دار، و تنها در مورد فلز نیکل غیرمعنی ­دار بود. در مورد سه فلز مس، کروم و روی اختلاف بین اندام ‎های هوایی دو گونه گیاهی در سطح یک درصد و در مورد کادمیوم و سرب اختلاف در سطح پنج درصد معنی­ دار گردید. بنابراین با توجه به این تفاوت ‎ها و همچنین ملاحظه تفاوت بین جرم برداشت شده توسط اندام ‎های زیرزمینی و برآوردی از مجموع جرم برداشت شده فلز مورد بررسی توسط کل گیاه می ­توان برای مقاصد گیاه ­پالایی از دو گیاه مورد بررسی برای حذف فلزات مطالعه شده در این تحقیق استفاده کرد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - مطالعات آزمایشگاهی بررسی میزان حذف نیترات و فسفات در سیستم های زهکش زیرزمینی با استفاده از فیلتر زیستی (مطالعه موردی ناحیه II عمرانی رامهرمز)
مهرداد امیری مهدی اسدی لورفرآیند حذف بیولوژیکی نیترات در منابع آبی از نظر اقتصادی، قابلیت کاربرد و راندمان، مناسب ترین روش میباشد. به علاوه این روش یکی از مناسبترین روش ها جهت حذف آلودگی نیترات در محیط­های اشباع می­باشد. در این تحقیق از روشهای آزمایشگاهی برای بررسی کیفی عملکرد پوشش&sh Moreفرآیند حذف بیولوژیکی نیترات در منابع آبی از نظر اقتصادی، قابلیت کاربرد و راندمان، مناسب ترین روش میباشد. به علاوه این روش یکی از مناسبترین روش ها جهت حذف آلودگی نیترات در محیط­های اشباع می­باشد. در این تحقیق از روشهای آزمایشگاهی برای بررسی کیفی عملکرد پوشش­های مصنوعی و زیستی زهکش­های زیرزمینی استفاده شده است. این بررسیها به منظور کاهش غلظت نیترات و فسفات در پوششهای ژئوتکستایل و بهبود پسابهای زهکشی انجام شده است. در این مطالعه با ساخت نمونه­ی فیزیکی شبیه­ساز زهکش منطقهی مورد آزمایش، بررسی و اندازهگیری نیترات و فسفات ورودی به سیستم و مقدار خروجی آن از مدل و توانایی حذف این دو آلاینده در فیلترهای مصنوعی و زیستی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. پوشش مصنوعی مورد ارزیابی از نوع 450 PP تولید کارخانجات ایرانی است. مدل فیزیکی با مقیاس 10/1 نسبت به زمین واقعی ساخته شد و قطر لوله­های زهکشی مورد استفاده 20 میلی­متر انتخاب شد؛ که در عمق 35 سانتیمتری از سطح خاک کارگذاری شد. اطراف لولههای زهکش توسط پوششهای مصنوعی پوشانده و در مرحله بعد به دلیل نیاز به منابع کربنی بیشتر جهت فرآیندهای میکروبی دنیتریفیکاسیون و حذف بیشتر نیترات با فیلتر زیستی (پوشال جو) پوشانده شد. تمام پوشش­ها از نظر استاندارد کومو مورد تایید قرار گرفت. میزان غلظت نیترات و فسفات ورودی و خروجی مدل با استفاده از دستگاه اسپکتوفتومتر اندازهگیری شد. نتایج حاصل از کاربرد فیلترهای زیستی نشان از حذف نیترات ورودی بعد از گذشت 20 روز از شروع آزمایش و آزاد شدن کربن پوشال جو را داشت. نیترات ورودی به مدل در ابتدای آزمایش 160 میلیگرم بر لیتر مشخص شد؛ که این مقدار در خروجی به مقدار تقریبی 20 میلیگرم بر لیتر رسید. این مقدار نشان از حذف حدود 87 درصد از نیترات ورودی به مدل فیزیکی بود. میزان فسفات ورودی و خروجی از مدل تقریبا برابر بوده و حذف فسفات توسط فیلترها انجام نشد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Analysis of Poetics of Persian Classic Poet and Critical lookt at the Contemporary Poetry(with emphsis on Poetic Prose)
Hamed tavakkoli darestaniWith the advent of poems, prose and white, and with the loss of many features of classical Persian poetry, hard to the statement of a "novel" and part of a "prose poem" felt different, although today many theorists , to express some element dividing line such as "metaph MoreWith the advent of poems, prose and white, and with the loss of many features of classical Persian poetry, hard to the statement of a "novel" and part of a "prose poem" felt different, although today many theorists , to express some element dividing line such as "metaphorical" and the "virtual" have asked to between poetry and other literary texts, distinguish, looks back on this issue, the deadlock has been encountered. The most important features of classical Persian poetry, musical elements, prosodic weight and it is, that due to the elimination of these features in prose poems, many poems, in terms of substance and form, with lots of stories and novels are not distinguishable in this study, with some elements of classical poetry, is shown, which insists classical rhetoricians and poets, the prosodic elements such as weight, consciously and deliberately have been on and why the revolution in lyrics were not and did not want to get rid of prosodic meter limit therefore a critical review of blank verse and prose, and we will show that this kind of poetry, because the emancipation of musical elements and prosody, can never be perfect poem and in terms of form and substance with other literary texts, including novels and stories, etc., are not distinguishable and recognizable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Analysis of Persian Classical Poetry Rhetoric; a Critical Look at Contemporary Poetry
Hamed Tavakoli DarestaniWith the advent of poems, prose and white, and with the loss of many features of classical Persian poetry, hard to the statement of a "novel" and part of a "prose poem" felt different, although today many theorists, to express some element dividing line such as "metapho MoreWith the advent of poems, prose and white, and with the loss of many features of classical Persian poetry, hard to the statement of a "novel" and part of a "prose poem" felt different, although today many theorists, to express some element dividing line such as "metaphorical" and the "virtual" have asked to between poetry and other literary texts, distinguish, looks back on this issue, the deadlock has been encountered. The most important features of classical Persian poetry, musical elements, prosodic weight and it is, that due to the elimination of these features in prose poems, many poems, in terms of substance and form, with lots of stories and novels are not distinguishable in this study, with some elements of classical poetry, is shown, which insists classical rhetoricians and poets, the prosodic elements such as weight, consciously and deliberately have been on and why the revolution in lyrics were not and did not want to get rid of prosodic meter limit therefore a critical review of blank verse and prose, and we will show that this kind of poetry, because the emancipation of musical elements and prosody, can never be perfect poem and in terms of form and substance with other literary texts, including novels and stories, etc., are not distinguishable and recognizable. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Evaluation of controlling effects of alfalfa fields dodder with different amount of rotten wheat straw
haydar MousaviIn order to control different amounts of rotten wheat straw infested feature dodder alfalfa under field conditions, two separate experiments in crop year 2014-2015, in two different field of Urmia region, with a randomized complete block in four replications were evalua MoreIn order to control different amounts of rotten wheat straw infested feature dodder alfalfa under field conditions, two separate experiments in crop year 2014-2015, in two different field of Urmia region, with a randomized complete block in four replications were evaluated. Treatments consisted of seven levels straw weighing one, two, three, four and five kg, hand weeding and no control were considered. Different amounts of straw was distributed on whole plots' surface. In each block, one plot for manual control and an infected plot were as control. Test results showed that the effect of different amounts of straw used in alfalfa on some vegetative traits such as stem diameter, stem height, and fresh weight of alfalfa was significant at the 1% level and increase compared was to the control treatment. Results also showed that yield and yield components of meaningful use different amounts rotten wheat straw yield of dry matter and chlorophyll content, is the 1% level. Among the different amounts of straw, 5 kg treatment showed the best results in dry matter yield about 1.8 kg/m2) compared to other treatments. It was found that the use of rotten wheat straw and straw to control the dodder (5 kg per pound) had a good effect. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Assesment of Relationships between Seed Yield and Some Morphophysiological Traits of Bread Wheat Genotypes under Rainfed and Supplementary Irrigation Conditions
Saman Motazedi Saeed Seifzadeh Reza HagParast HamidReza Zakerin Hamid Jabbari Jahanfar daneshianRelationship, between seed yield and it morphological characteristics and their relative importance in 25 bread wheat genotypes under both rain-fed and supplementary irrigation conditions studied using a randomized complete block design with three replications were eval MoreRelationship, between seed yield and it morphological characteristics and their relative importance in 25 bread wheat genotypes under both rain-fed and supplementary irrigation conditions studied using a randomized complete block design with three replications were evaluated during growing seasons of 2014 and 2016 at the Kermanshah’s Sararud Rainfed Agricultural Research Station. Analysis of variance showed that all traits under study, except spike length, exhibited significant differences in rainfed and supplementary irrigation condition. In supplementary irrigation conditions, these traits showed higher values as compared to those of rainfed condition. The application of supplementary irrigation resulted in reduced leaf and canopy temperatures. The coefficients of simple correlation between the traits, for both of the rain-fed and supplementary irrigation systems, indicated that cell membrane stability, flag leaf length, straw yield, relative water content, 1000 seed weight, chlorophyll content, leaf and canopy temperatures were maximally correlated with the seed yield. Traits like straw yield and flag leaf length were inserted into the regression model of rainfed irrigation condition and traits such as the straw yield, flag leaf length, relative water content and spike yield were also inserted into the regression model of supplementary irrigation condition the results demonstrated that the former traits accounted for 0.741 of the seed yield variations and the latter traits explained 0.899 of the seed yield variation. Path coefficient analysis showed highest positive direct effect on seed yield in rain-fed condition, and straw yield and flag leaf length, relative water content, flag leaf length and spike yield in supplementary irrigation condition. Based on the results of this study, straw yield was found to be the most important indicator to select for higher yielding varieties of wheat under both rainfed and supplementar irrigation conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effect of Drought Stress and Straw Mulch of Wheat on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Sesame
Jahanbakhsh Behzad Nejad Zeinolabedin Tahmasebi Sarvestani Ahmad Aien Ali Mokhtassi BidgoliTo study the response of sesame plant under water deficit condition to the management methods, a factorial split experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Jiroft Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Educa MoreTo study the response of sesame plant under water deficit condition to the management methods, a factorial split experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Jiroft Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center in 2015. Irrigation treatments were soil field capacity, permanent wilting point, root development depth and percent availability water to sesame (with four levels: 100, 80, 60 and 40% of the required water). Ecotypes used, were Halil, Borazjan 2 and local population of Jiraft. In this experiment, wheat straw mulch used with two levels: (without using mulch and using 7.5 tons of mulch per hectare). The results showed that simple effects of drought stress and mulch and the interaction of drought stress × mulch on all measured traits were significant at the probability level of 1%. The interaction of drought stress × ecotypes × mulch was significant only for number of branches and oil percentage. The highest and lowest seed yield and oil percentage were belonged to Haleil and Borazjan 2 ecotypes, respectively. Use of 7.5 tons straw mulch per hectare resulted in improving the means of measured traits as compared to that of control. The highest percentage of oil was obtained from Halil ecotype by using straw mulch and irrigation level of 100% (53.10%), but its difference with irrigation level of 80% (52.9%) was not significant. In general, the results showed that the using of straw mulch of wheat reduced positively the effects of water deficits. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Evaluation of heavy metals concentration in strawberry (Case study: Agricultural lands of Sanandaj)
مهرداد Cheraghi ندا Ariaeinejad بهاره LorestaniContaminants are damaging factors of the ecosystems. Amongst, heavy metals are due to their toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation are of great concern even in low concentrations. Kurdistan province with an annual production of 30,000 tons of strawberry produces 88 MoreContaminants are damaging factors of the ecosystems. Amongst, heavy metals are due to their toxicity, persistence and bio-accumulation are of great concern even in low concentrations. Kurdistan province with an annual production of 30,000 tons of strawberry produces 88 percent of the strawberry in Iran. In this study, 25 samples were obtained randomly from soil (depth of 0-30 cm), leaf and strawberry crop of all five existing farms located on the road of Sanandaj to Kamyaran. The samples were transported to laboratory and acid digestion was performed on the samples. Afterwards, the quantity of cadmium, arsenic, lead, zinc and copper were measured using atomic emission device. The results revealed that metal concentrations of cadmium, zinc and copper (0.01, 6.03, 13.67 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than the standards of FAO/WHO. Meanwhile the concentrations of heavy metals of arsenic and lead (36.88, 3.57 mg/kg, respectively) were higher than the defined standards (with 95% confidence level). It seems that the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is the main cause of heavy metal contaminations in the strawberry farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Evaluation of Incubation Time, Salt and Date Waste in Production of Orange Pigment by Monascus purpureus Using Response Surface Methodology
Mahshid Asghari Mahshid Jahadi Nafiseh GhasemiseproMonacus purpureus (M. purpureus)produce six types of pigments from yellow to dark red color pigments. Monascus­ fungus has been welcomed due to its various pigment production and healing properties. The aim of this study, evaluation of incubation time (11-21days), s MoreMonacus purpureus (M. purpureus)produce six types of pigments from yellow to dark red color pigments. Monascus­ fungus has been welcomed due to its various pigment production and healing properties. The aim of this study, evaluation of incubation time (11-21days), salt (7-12 %) and date waste (15-55%) in production of orange pigment by M. purpureus using response surface methodology in solid state. After optimization of these factors, it was showed the highest amount of orange pigment was obtained during the 21-day incubation period, 7% salt and the date syrup concentration was 55%. In optimum conditions, a maximum yield of orange pigment was 5.31 (ODU.ml-1), fermentation yield was 0.252 (ODU.ml-1.day-1), pigment production yield per biomass 0.623 (ODU.mg-1), yield of orange production per carbon source consumption 0.043 (ODU.gr- 1), the substrate conversion rate was 93 (%). The results of this study showed that date waste and Wheat Straw could be used as an affordable and effective substrate for the production of orange pigment by M. purpureus fungus. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Investigating effect of pH and concentration of strawberry juice on the viability of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum
Tahereh Berimavandi Vajiheh Fadaei NoghaniIn this studyresearch, probiotic strawberry juice was produced using probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum and four factors brix (9,11,13), pH (3,4), time (0,7,14,21,28) and bacteria (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum) were stu MoreIn this studyresearch, probiotic strawberry juice was produced using probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum and four factors brix (9,11,13), pH (3,4), time (0,7,14,21,28) and bacteria (Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum) were studied using factorial design in a completely randomized factorial design; and some physicochemical properties (pH, acidity, vitamin C and soluble solids) and probiotic bacterial population of probiotic strawberry juice were measured. The result showed that during storage time, pH, vitamin C, total soluble solids and bacterial population decreased (p<0.05) and acidity increased (p<0.05). With increasing the brix, acidity, soluble solids and bacterial population increased (p<0.05) and vitamin C decreased (p<0.05). With increasing pH, Vitamin C and bacterial population increased (p<0.05) and acidity decreased (p<0.05). The results showed Lactobacillus casei was higher; also, the highest viability of probiotic bacteria in pH = 4, brix= 13 and storage time zero was observed. Keywords: Strawberry, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, probiotic juice Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Evaluation of the effect of Salvia chorassanica essential oil nanoemulsion on reducing mold decay of strawberry fruit after harvest
Mohsen Vazifedoost Azam mehraban zohreh didar Mohammad Hossein Haddadkhodaparast Masoumeh Mehraban Sang AtashIn recent years, due to the harmful effects of toxins and chemical preservatives on human health, the tendency to use natural antimicrobial compounds such as essential oils have been increased. In this study, nanoemulsion of Salvia chorassanica essential oil was prepare MoreIn recent years, due to the harmful effects of toxins and chemical preservatives on human health, the tendency to use natural antimicrobial compounds such as essential oils have been increased. In this study, nanoemulsion of Salvia chorassanica essential oil was prepared by ultrasound method and its antifungal activity against three molds of strawberry rot (A. niger, B. cinere and R. stolonifer) was investigated and compared with thiabendazole fungicide. In addition, the potential of these compounds to reduce mold decay of strawberry fruit during 12 days refrigerated after coating was evaluated. The results showed that the nanoemulsion of essential oil had more antifungal activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the essential oil nanoemulsion were lower than the thiabendazole. Nanoemulsion treatment of essential oil at a concentration of 12.5 µl / ml on the surface of strawberries was able to delay the growth of A. niger spores for 6 days and B.cinere ، R. stolonifer spores for 9 days. Also, application of nanoemulsion coating of S. chorasanica essential oil and thiabendazole fungicide with a concentration of 25 µl / ml on strawberry surface, unlike control samples without coating, were showed no mold growth until the end of the 12th day. Therefore, nanoemulsion of S. chorasanica essential oil can be suggested as a suitable alternative to the fungicide thiabendazole. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Ruminal Degradation Kinetics of Wheat Straw Irradiated by High Doses of Electron Beam
P. Shawrang A.A. Sadeghi J. Ahmadpanah -
Open Access Article
25 - تأثیرات غنیسازی کاه ارزن انگشتی (Eleusine coracana) با جیرههای مبتنی بر فضولات خشک شده طیور بر عملکرد بزهای کونکان کانیال
آ.آ. بلو بی.جی. دسای آر.جی. بورته وی.اس. دندکار جی.اس. دیهکاله اس. کومار وی.کا. گبرمدهیناین آزمایش با هدف مطالعه اثرات جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات طیور بر مصرف ماده خشک، تغییرات وزن زنده، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و تعادل ازت بزهای کونکان کانیال صورت گرفت. 30 راس بز کونکان کانیال با سن 9 تا 12 ماه و متوسط وزن 66/13 کیلوگرم در قالب یک طرح بلوک تصادفی (RBD) مورد Moreاین آزمایش با هدف مطالعه اثرات جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات طیور بر مصرف ماده خشک، تغییرات وزن زنده، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی و تعادل ازت بزهای کونکان کانیال صورت گرفت. 30 راس بز کونکان کانیال با سن 9 تا 12 ماه و متوسط وزن 66/13 کیلوگرم در قالب یک طرح بلوک تصادفی (RBD) مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. بزها به صورت تصادفی به پنج تیمار (T1 تا T5) تخصیص داده شدند. تیمار یک شامل بزهای تغذیه شده با صفر درصد جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات خشک شده طیور بود. در تیمار دوم، بزها با 20 درصد جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات خشک شده طیور ، در تیمار سوم، بزها با 40 درصد جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات خشک شده طیور ، در تیمار چهارم، بزها با 60 درصد جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات خشک شده طیور، در تیمار پنجم، بزها با 80 درصد جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات خشک شده طیور تغذیه شدند. میانگین مصرف ماده خشک (کیلوگرم) در گروه­های تیماری غنی­سازی شده با فضولات خشک طیور (تیمار دوم (12/18±99/572)، تیمار سوم (76/27±09/614)، تیمار چهارم (79/32±37/605)، تیمار پنجم (15/9±24/619)) در مقایسه با تیمار شاهد (تیمار اول (86/28±47/571)) بالاتر بود. وزن بدن زنده نهایی (کیلوگرم) در تیمار پنجم (27/1±4/19) به شکل معنی­داری (05/0 >P) بالاتر از تیمار اول (02/1±72/14)، تیمار دوم (88/0±45/15)، تیمار سوم (48/0±03/16) و اندکی بالاتر از تیمار چهارم (19/1±28/18) بود. به همین ترتیب در کارآیی ضریب تبدیل، تیمار پنجم (28/0±0/9) و تیمار چهارم (44/0±34/8) به صورت معنی­داری (05/0>P) عملکرد بهتری در مقایسه با تیمارهای T3 (29/0±53/3)، تیمار دوم (48/0±88/2)، تیمار اول (34/0±89/2) داشتند. قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی نیز در همه پارامترهای اندازه­گیری شده در تیمار پنج به نحو معنی­داری (05/0>P) بالاتر بوده و تعادل ازت نیز در تمامی گروه­های تیماری مثبت بوده است. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می­دهد که خوراندن جیره­های مبتنی بر فضولات خشک شده طیور تا سطح 80 درصد به بزهای کونکان کانیال که کاه ارزن بند انگشتی را به عنوان جیره پایه دریافت می­کنند، ارزش خوراک را بهبود بخشیده و عملکرد بهتری ایجاد می­کند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Effect of Phosphorus Supplementation to Ammoniated Rice Straw on Rumen Fermentability, Microbial Protein Synthesis and in vitro Nutrient Degradability
Z. Zulkarnaini M. Zain N. Jamarun A. Tjakradidjaya -
Open Access Article
27 - Chemical Composition, Physical Characteristics, Rumen Degradability of NDF and NDF Fractionation in Rice Straw as an Effective Fibre in Ruminants
A. Teimouri Yansari -
Open Access Article
28 - اثر قارچ (پلوروتوس فلوریدا) بر ترکیب شیمایی
م. ناصحی ن.م. تربتی نژاد س. زره داران ا.ر. صفاییاین تحقیق به ­منظور بررسی اثر عمل­آوری بیولوژیکی با قارچ پلوروتوس فلوریدا بر ترکیب شیمیایی و تجزیه­پذیری شکمبهای ماده خشک و آلی کاه گندم و جو انجام گرفت. کاه گندم و جو از مزارع استان گلستان ایران جمع­آوری و بعد از پاستوریزه کردن، با اسپان قارچ (5 درصد و Moreاین تحقیق به ­منظور بررسی اثر عمل­آوری بیولوژیکی با قارچ پلوروتوس فلوریدا بر ترکیب شیمیایی و تجزیه­پذیری شکمبهای ماده خشک و آلی کاه گندم و جو انجام گرفت. کاه گندم و جو از مزارع استان گلستان ایران جمع­آوری و بعد از پاستوریزه کردن، با اسپان قارچ (5 درصد وزن تر) مخلوط شد. بعد از 21 روز نمونه­ها در آون (60 درجه سانتی­گراد) به منظور توقف رشد قارچ خشک شد. تجزیه­پذیری ماده خشک و آلی به روش کیسه­های نایلونی با استفاده از دو رأس قوچ دالاق فیستولا گذاری شده تعیین گردید و نمونه­ها از صفر تا 96 ساعت در شکمبه قرار داده شدند. کشت قارچ به ­طور معنی­داری مقدار ماده خشک، NDF و ADF را در کاه گندم و جو کاهش داد (01/0P<). خاکستر و پروتئین خام به­ شکل قابل توجهی در تیمارهای آزمایشی با کشت قارچ افزایش یافت (01/0P<). مقدار عصاره اتری و ADL در اثر عمل­آوری با قارچ تغییر معنی­داری پیدا نکرد. بخش محلول (a) و بالقوه قابل تجزیه (a+b) ماده خشک در اثر عمل­آوری با قارچ به­ طور معنی­داری در هر دو کاه افزایش یافت (05/0P<). بخش نامحلول اما قابل تجزیه (b) ماده خشک کاه گندم در اثر عملآوری با قارچ به ­طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت (05/0P<)، اما در کاه جو تغییر معنی­داری پیدا نکرد. بخش a و a+b تجزیه­پذیری ماده آلی در اثر عمل­آوری در هر دو کاه افزایش یافت (01/0P<). بخش b تجزیه­پذیری ماده آلی در اثر عمل­آوری با قارچ در کاه گندم به ­شکل قابل توجهی افزایش یافت (01/0P<)، اما در کاه جو تغییری پیدا نکرد. بنابراین، نتیجه گرفته می­شود که عمل­آوری با قارچ ارزش غذایی کاه گندم و جو را در تحقیق حاضر بهبود بخشید. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Effect of Feeding Dietary Treated Wheat Straw with Urea and Whey on Fattening Lambs Performance
O. Dayani R. Tahmasb A. Khezri A.R. Sabetpay -
Open Access Article
30 - استفاده از کاه برنج غنی شده با اوره و اورهآز در تغذیه گاوهای گوشتی بومی در حال رشد
آ. اکتر م. اسدوزمان م.م. حسین ال. اسداین آزمایش به منظور مطالعه اثر تیمار کاه برنج با اوره و خاک میدن (midden soil) حاوی اوره­آز، روی ترکیب شیمیایی کاه برنج، مصرف خوراک حیوانات، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، افزایش وزن بدن، راندمان تبدیل خوراک و بازده اقتصادی کلی تغذیه برای یک دوره 105 روزه انجام شد. دوازده گا Moreاین آزمایش به منظور مطالعه اثر تیمار کاه برنج با اوره و خاک میدن (midden soil) حاوی اوره­آز، روی ترکیب شیمیایی کاه برنج، مصرف خوراک حیوانات، قابلیت هضم مواد مغذی، افزایش وزن بدن، راندمان تبدیل خوراک و بازده اقتصادی کلی تغذیه برای یک دوره 105 روزه انجام شد. دوازده گاو گوشتی بومی (وزن زنده 67/1±130 کیلوگرم) انتخاب و به چهار گروه حاوی سه حیوان در هر گروه تقسیم شدند. حیوانات، جیره­های حاوی کاه برنج تیمار شده با 1) 3 درصد اوره + 2 درصد خاک میدن (گروه A)، 2) 3 درصد اوره + 3 درصد خاک میدن (گروه B)، 3) 3 درصد اوره + 4 درصد خاک میدن (گروه C) و 3 درصد اوره + 5 درصد خاک میدن (گروه B)، دریافت کردند. به­علاوه، 2 کیلوگرم علوفه سبز، 450 گرم مخلوط کنسانتره و 40 گرم نمک برای هر 100 کیلوگرم وزن بدن، در اختیار تمامی حیوانات قرار گرفت. تیمار کاه برنج با 3 درصد اوره و 2 درصد خاک میدن منجر به یک افزایش در محتوای پروتیین خام جیره از 3/3 به 08/7 درصد شد. این مقدار به ترتیب به 4/7، 9/7 و 14/8 درصد در تیمارهای B،C و D افزایش یافت. کل افزایش وزن در پایان آزمایش (روز 105) 39، 5/42،5/46 و 49 کیلوگرم به ترتیب برای گروه­های A، B،C و D بود. افزودن کاه برنج تیمار شده با 5 درصد خاک میدن به­عنوان منبع اوره­آز + 3 درصد اوره به­ طور معنی ­داری ضریب قابلیت هضم ماده خشک، پروتیین خام، عصاره اتری و عصاره عاری از ازت را در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها افزایش داد. ماده آلی، پروتییین خام، الیاف خام، عصاره عاری از ازت قابل هضم و مجموع مواد مغذی قابل هضم به ­طور معنی ­داری در تیمار D بیشتر از سایر تیمارها بود. سود کلی تولید گوشت در تیمار D به ­طور معنی ­داری بالاتر از سایر گروه­ها بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Effect of Graded Substitution of Barley Grain with Raisin Waste in Diet Contained Low Quality Forage on Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Ram Lamb
M. Ahmadi M. Yari M. Hedayati -
Open Access Article
32 - The Effect of Different Dietary Crude Protein Content on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Blood Metabolites of Cull Bali Cows Fed on Urea-Treated Rice Straw
I.G.N. Jelantik G.E.M. Malelak I. Benu C.L.O. Leo-Penu -
Open Access Article
33 - Effective Microbes (EM) Supplementation Effect on Feed Intake, Digestibility and Live Weight Changes of Washera Sheep Fed Wheat Straw
A. Fekadie A. Abera C. Yitbarek -
Open Access Article
34 - Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on antioxidative responses, phenolic metabolism and photochemical activity of strawberry under salt stress
Soheila Samadi Ghader Habibi Atousa Vaziri -
Open Access Article
35 - Impactof Integrated Organic Nutrient Handlingon Fruit Yields and Quality of Strawberry cv. Kurdistan in Iran
Ahmad Dadashpour Mohammad JoukiThis study was conducted during 2008-2009 to investigate the influence of different organic nutrient combinations on yields and quality of strawberry cv. Kurdistan in Iran. The experiment comprised of five organic nutrient treatment combinations including the recommende MoreThis study was conducted during 2008-2009 to investigate the influence of different organic nutrient combinations on yields and quality of strawberry cv. Kurdistan in Iran. The experiment comprised of five organic nutrient treatment combinations including the recommended dose of N, P and K through chemical fertilizer as control. Treatment N2 (manure+Azotobacter+ woodash+phosphorus solubilizing bacteria+oil cake) improvedsignificantly quality of fruit about diameter (3.11cm), length (3.95 cm), volume (20.397 cm3), weight (11.11g), total sugars (7.95%), total soluble solids (TSS) (9.01o Brix), acidity (0.857), TSS: acidity ratio) (11.12) and yields (238.95 g/plant). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Comparative study of qualitative and chemical characteristics of Camarosa and Parus strawberry cultivars during 15 days of storage
Marziyeh Akhond Fariba Heidarizadeh Maryam KolahiStrawberry fruit (Fragaria ananasa) has many uses in the food industry, especially the essential oil and extract obtained from this fruit is used in many food products. In this study, changes in qualitative and chemical traits of two strawberry cultivars during 15 days MoreStrawberry fruit (Fragaria ananasa) has many uses in the food industry, especially the essential oil and extract obtained from this fruit is used in many food products. In this study, changes in qualitative and chemical traits of two strawberry cultivars during 15 days of storage at 4 ° C were investigated. The results showed that the firmness of texture, the amount of soluble solids and the taste index in Kamaroza cultivar were significantly higher than Parus cultivar. The pH of both cultivars increased, while during these 15 days the amount of soluble solids and taste index in Parus cultivar increased significantly. Tissue stiffness and weight loss percentage in both cultivars showed a significant decrease during 15 days, but this decrease was more in Kamaroza cultivar. The studied qualitative and chemical traits as well as taste index in two strawberry cultivars were effectively changed during 15 days under the influence of cultivar type and storage period. These studies showed that the type of strawberry cultivar is a determining factor in terms of nutritional value and the content of natural compounds during storage and post-harvest conditions, so that Camarosa cultivar showed a special advantage over Parus cultivar in these respects. Low temperature storage seems to be an efficient way to preserve strawberry fruit. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Investigation and feasibility study of graphite production process from poplar wood waste, tire and straw
Mortaza Gholizadeh Aysan Faraji Bakhshkandi Aziz Babapoor Hassan AghdasiniaIn this study, for the feasibility of graphite production, three samples of poplar wood, tire and straw were pyrolyzed at temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800 ℃ with a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a retention time of 20 minutes. The effects of pyrolysis temperature o MoreIn this study, for the feasibility of graphite production, three samples of poplar wood, tire and straw were pyrolyzed at temperatures of 500, 600, 700 and 800 ℃ with a heating rate of 5 ℃/min and a retention time of 20 minutes. The effects of pyrolysis temperature on the produced char. were also investigated. The results showed that increasing the temperature of pyrolysis led to a decrease in char efficiency, and all three samples had the highest efficiency at 500 ℃ temperature, which is due to the higher decomposition of raw materials at higher temperatures. According to the results of elemental analysis, the concentration of carbon increased with increasing temperature for preparation of all samples, but the concentration of hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen decreased. According to FTIR analysis, functional groups of -OH, C-H, C=O and C-O were observed in all three samples obtained from poplar wood, tire, and straw and the ratio of aromatic to aliphatic compounds increased at higher temperatures. According to the XRD analysis, the (002) peak related to the graphite plates was observed in the XRD patterns of the samples. This peak in XRD patterns of all samples obtained at 800 °C was sharper and narrower than that of the samples obtained at the other temperatures. Also, this peak was more similar to the coresponding peak of commercial graphite than that of the samples obtained at the other temperatures. The result of TGA showed that the samples obtained at 800 °C had less weight loss and more thermal stability than the other samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Production of biobutanol from rice straw: An overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation
Nooshin RahnamaRice straw is a promising agricultural residue for the production of biobutanol due to its plentitude and low commercial value. Rice straw has high potential sugars that can be converted into fermentable sugars. However, biobutanol production from rice straw-based on th MoreRice straw is a promising agricultural residue for the production of biobutanol due to its plentitude and low commercial value. Rice straw has high potential sugars that can be converted into fermentable sugars. However, biobutanol production from rice straw-based on the current technology is not economically viable due to the challenges and restrictions throughout the overall process of rice straw-biobutanol conversion. For the process to be economically viable, the use of an appropriate pretreatment technique is of great significance since an effective pretreatment can result in efficient hydrolysis. In this article, a total number of 66 articles from 1980-2018 were first searched on databases using keywords and then were reviewed. This paper reviews the current approaches and advances available for the production of biobutanol from rice straw. The challenges encountered throughout the overall process of bioconversion of rice straw into biobutanol are discussed as well. Even though much attempt has been made to develop a proper technique for pretreatment of rice straw, efforts are still required to make the process more efficient and economically feasible. The use of genetically modified butanol tolerant strains has resulted in butanol production at higher concentrations. Therefore, in situ product-recovery systems have become more economical as substrate inhibition and butanol toxicity to the culture are drastically reduced. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Control of strawberry gray mold fungus with combined application of different species of Trichoderma and salicylic acid
saghi younesi mehrdad salehzadeh mohammad javad soleymani pariBackground & Objectives: The rot caused by strawberry gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most important rots causing damage in the field and market. The purpose of this research is that biological control agents and compounds inducing plant defense reactions MoreBackground & Objectives: The rot caused by strawberry gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) is one of the most important rots causing damage in the field and market. The purpose of this research is that biological control agents and compounds inducing plant defense reactions seem to lead to a reduction in the frequency of spraying or not spraying fungicide compounds on the crop.Materials & Methods: Different isolates of B. cinerea were collected from greenhouses and farms in Kurdistan province, and their morphological and molecular characteristics were determined. In the following, different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) either individually or in combination with different Trichoderma species were investigated in the laboratory and greenhouse on strawberry gray mold.Results: In the comparison of averages, the highest percentage of inhibition in the cross-culture between Trichoderma spp and Botrytis sp. is related to T. orientalis (60.82%), the highest percentage of inhibition of the extracellular secretions of Trichoderma isolates on the growth of Botrytis in each two concentrations of 15 and 30% related to T. ceramicum was 85.57% and the effect of volatile compounds of different Trichoderma species on the growth of B. cinerea showed that the highest percentage of inhibition was related to the treatment of T. asperellum isolate with 63.70%. Investigating the effect of salicylic acid in preventing the mycelium growth of botrytis fungus in the laboratory showed that with increasing concentration of salicylic acid from 1 to 2 millimolar, the inhibition percentage of Botrytis cinera increased to 61%.Conclusion: The results of the experiment showed that the use of some Trichoderma species along with salicylic acid increases the resistance and control of strawberry to gray mold disease in the field and laboratory. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - The effect of application plant mulches on weeds control of fig (Ficus carica) orchards in Estahban region
Zahra Tabesh Farhad MohajeriTo study the effect of different types of plant mulch and their thicknesses on weeds control of fig (Ficus carica) orchards, an experiment was performed in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Estahban region of MoreTo study the effect of different types of plant mulch and their thicknesses on weeds control of fig (Ficus carica) orchards, an experiment was performed in a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Estahban region of Fars province, Iran in 2018, where factors were non-living mulch in three levels (Almond shell, Wheat straw and Licorice residues) and mulch thickness in four levels (Control, 5, 10 and 15 cm). The results indicated that mulches can significantly reduce weeds density and growth (dry and wet weight) in compare to control treatment. Application of Licorice residues better than other treatments controlled the growth and density of weeds in fig. Among the levels of different mulch thickness, 10 cm thick mulch, in addition to minimize soil moisture loss, resulted to reduce the biological yield of weeds. In general, non-living mulches can be an effective agronomic management to control the weeds in fig orchards. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Nitrogen Management Options in Winter Rice under Boro- Fallow-T. Aman Cropping System
AMINA KHATUN A.B.M. MOSTAFIZUR B. J. SHIRAZY A. SAHA M. S. KABIR -
Open Access Article
42 - The Removing Cadmium Ions from Aqueous Solutions Using Barley Straw: An Experimental Study
Maysam Salih Mutlaq Mohammed Azwaz Nahed Mahmood Ahmed Ashour H. Dawood Alaa A. Omran Rana Warid Maya Talib Kh. Hussein Hind Ali NasserCadmium is a toxic metal that can contaminate water sources and pose serious health risks to humans and the environment. Therefore, there is a need for developing low-cost and eco-friendly methods for cadmium removal from water. In this research, we investigated the eff MoreCadmium is a toxic metal that can contaminate water sources and pose serious health risks to humans and the environment. Therefore, there is a need for developing low-cost and eco-friendly methods for cadmium removal from water. In this research, we investigated the efficacy of barley straw in removing cadmium ions from aqueous solutions. The adsorbent utilized was laboratory-scaled barley straw that underwent pulverization via standard ASTM sieves, specifically those within the 40 to 120-mesh sieve size range. The functionalization of barley straw was achieved via treatment with a 0.8 M NaOH solution. The adsorbent was subsequently characterized by FTIR analysis to identify the presence of functional groups. The FTIR analysis indicated that the modification of barley straw led to an elevation in the stretch vibration band of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. At the optimized experimental condition, a cadmium removal efficiency of up to 98.60% was achieved. These results demonstrate the potential of barley straw as an effective adsorbent for removing cadmium ions from aqueous solutions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - Evaluation of methyl jasmonate application in some traits of two strawberry cultivars (Queen Eliza and Paros) under salinity conditions
abolfazl lolaei SEDIGHE zamani Shokoufeh MoshfeghifarSoil salinity is one of the factors that can put farmers at risk, so special arrangements should be made in this regard. Identifying some physiological mechanisms in strawberry plants is essential in the face of salinity. Methyl jasmonate is a plant growth regulator tha MoreSoil salinity is one of the factors that can put farmers at risk, so special arrangements should be made in this regard. Identifying some physiological mechanisms in strawberry plants is essential in the face of salinity. Methyl jasmonate is a plant growth regulator that affects many biochemical and physiological processes of the plant. . The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 3 treatments and 378 plants with different concentrations of methyl jasmonate (0, 1, 2 μm) under salinity stress conditions with levels of 0, 5 and 10 Decimens) on some morphological responses (plant height, leaf area, dry weight and plant weight) and physiological (soluble solids, vitamin C and acidity) and yield (number of fruits, fruit weight and fruit yield) in the year 2018-2019 in the city of Azad Shahr, Golestan province, in two cultivars of Fragaria × Ananassa Duch., Queen Eliza and Parus strawberries. The results of this study showed that salinity stress significantly reduced the morphological and physiological properties of two strawberry cultivars Queen Eliza and Parus. Quantitative properties of plant height, leaf area, dry weight of plant, and qualitative properties of soluble material, vitamin C and acidity decreased with increasing salinity and with the effect of methyl jasmonate significantly increased vegetative and reproductive growth. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
44 - Evaluation of the application of Salicylic acid on some traits of two Strawberry cultivars (Queen Eliza and Parus) in Salinity conditions
abolfazl lolaei SEDIGHE zamani Shokoufeh Moshfeghifar akbar fathiSoil salinity is one of the main stresses of plants Acid salicylic acid plays a role in the regulation of various physiological processes and plant growth. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the use of salicylic acid on some of the traits of strawberry in salini MoreSoil salinity is one of the main stresses of plants Acid salicylic acid plays a role in the regulation of various physiological processes and plant growth. A pilot study was conducted to investigate the use of salicylic acid on some of the traits of strawberry in salinity and factorial based on randomized complete block design with two treatments in 3 replications and 189 plants with different concentrations of salicylic acid (0 , 2 and 4 mM) under conditions of salinity stress (0, 5 and 10 dS) on some morphological characteristics (plant height, number and leaf area, fresh and dry weight of the plant) And physiological (soluble solids and acidity) and yield (number of flowers per plant, number of fruits, fruit weight and fruit yield) in Azad Shahr city of Golestan province in 2019-2018 in two cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa Duch, Queen Eliza and Paros. The results of this study showed that salinity stress significantly decreases vegetative and reproductive growth of the plant by increasing its concentration and its effect is more. And the use of salicylic acid significantly increased the growth of these traits. Among the fungicidal concentrations of salicylic acid, the highest amount of flower number, number of fruits, fruit weight and yield was observed in 2 mg / L acid salicylic acid treatment. In interaction of these two treatments, the highest level of fruit quality was observed in treatment (salinity of 5 dS / m × 4 mM acid salicylic acid) in both cultivars. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
45 - Evaluation of weed biodiversity indices of strawberry fields in Kurdistan province
Sirwan Babaei Soraya Ahmadi Iraj Tahmasebi Mohammad SarsaifiStrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) belongs to the Rosaceae family. One of the most critical challenges of strawberry production is the plants that cause problems in harvesting and reduced yield. This study was carried out to identify weed flora in strawberry growing MoreStrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) belongs to the Rosaceae family. One of the most critical challenges of strawberry production is the plants that cause problems in harvesting and reduced yield. This study was carried out to identify weed flora in strawberry growing regions in Kurdistan province. In this study, determining the genus and species of common weeds in the strawberry fields of two regions was investigated. For this purpose, 13 farms in 6 villages in the Kamyaran region and 11 farms at 11 villages in the Marivan region with the more cultivated area than their surrounding villages were selected. The results of weed flora study in Sanandaj-Kamyaran axis farms showed that the most prevalent weeds in Sanandaj-Kamyaran axis strawberry fields are related to broadleaf weeds including (Convolvulus arvensis L.), (Cirsium arvense), (Acroptilon repens), (Setaria viridis L.), (Allium canadense L.) and (Vicia persica Boiss) with dominance index of 201.5, 200, 193.72, 193.48, 192.24 and 190.64 respectively. The first three weeds were perennial weeds, and the last one was an annual weed. However, among the narrow-leaves annual weeds, (Setaria viridis) had the highest prevalence index (193.48) due to traditional irrigation using rivers and streams, which carry weed seeds in their path. However, in the Marivan region, all species had a high prevalence index, although Portulaca oleracea L. and Cynodon dactylon L. had a higher dominance index than the others. Manuscript profile
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