Selling

Open Access Article

1 - Evaluation of The Relationship Between Customer Loyalty And Relationship Selling in Industrial Markets
K. Heidarzadeh M. R. Ramezanighomi

Examines how customers loyalty is influenced by their relationship with the firm at two distinct levels:The specific relationship customers have with their salesperson ; and the overall relationshipcustomers have with the firm . The findings highlight the importance of More

Examines how customers loyalty is influenced by their relationship with the firm at two distinct levels:The specific relationship customers have with their salesperson ; and the overall relationshipcustomers have with the firm . The findings highlight the importance of strong customer-salespersonrelationships in the development of customers overall evaluations of the supplier firm.Furthermore , both types of relationship were found to impact positively on the probability ofcustomers exhibiting behavioral loyalty. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Management Expense:Evidence for Sticky Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs in Iranian Firms
S. Iranzadeh H. Mohammadzadeh moghadam

A fundamental assumption in cost accounting is that the relation between costs and volume issymmetric for volume increases and decreases. In this study, we investigate whether costs are"sticky"—that is, whether costs increase more when activity rises than they dec More

A fundamental assumption in cost accounting is that the relation between costs and volume issymmetric for volume increases and decreases. In this study, we investigate whether costs are"sticky"—that is, whether costs increase more when activity rises than they decrease when activityfalls by an equivalent amount. Our studies and researches are showing, that selling, general, andadministrative (SG&A) costs increase on average 0.43% per 1% increase in sales but decrease only0.32% per 1% decrease in sales. This sticky cost behavior contradicts the traditional model whichassumes that costs behave symmetrically for activity increases and decreases. Our analysis comparesthe traditional model of cost behavior in which costs move proportionately with changes in activitywith an alternative model in which sticky costs occur because managers deliberately adjust theresources committed to activities. We test hypotheses about the properties of sticky costs and how thedegree of stickiness of SG&A costs varies with firm circumstances. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Analysis of the Representation of Economic Culture in Iranian Cinema; Case Study: Best Selling Films of 86-96
hadi ghiasi mohammadreza borzooei sajad rajabi

Cinema is a multi-dimensional phenomena that is effective on other aspects of general culture; includeing political and social culture. One of the least-discussed topics of these aspects in Iran is the relation between cinema and political culture. Seemingly, cinema is More

Cinema is a multi-dimensional phenomena that is effective on other aspects of general culture; includeing political and social culture. One of the least-discussed topics of these aspects in Iran is the relation between cinema and political culture. Seemingly, cinema is highly intervened with political culture and is dependent on investment, either in production and in marketing. It also takes the role of reflecting a variety of concepts implying taste-making and changing economic culture of people and elite groups. Main purpose of this article is to analyse these reflections in the cinema of Iran. We follow the question that in the recent decade, how have been the reflection of economic issues in the cinema of Iran. In this way, 27 movies from 1386 ro 1396 have been analysed through Content Analysis method. The results show that, in general, 113 concepts related to economic culture have been reflected in these 27 movies. Among these concepts, "illegal businesses", "employment and unemployment", "luxury" and "bad economic condition of middle-class" were mostly reflected and rebuilt by films. These reflections of economic culture were mostly due to make negative taste through different ways. rebuilding anti-values and anti-norms, and exaggerating problems of middle-class group and showing off luxury life are instances for this claim. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Trading option, subsidiary selling option and performance of Performance of investment funds and investment companies with DID approach
amir heidarian yazdeli محمد اسماعیل فدایی نژاد rezvan hejazi

10.30495/jfksa.2022.19835

Trading options first entered the stock market in 1973, and since then there has been increasing growth in their market; So that in the current era of trading options in many markets around the world are being traded and bought and sold. In this study, Trading options a More

Trading options first entered the stock market in 1973, and since then there has been increasing growth in their market; So that in the current era of trading options in many markets around the world are being traded and bought and sold. In this study, Trading options and subordinate sales options were examined. Therefore, in this study, Trading options, Subordinate selling options and the performance of mutual funds and investment companies were examined with a dual differences approach. For this research, a sample of 38 investment companies and 244 investment funds of Tehran Stock Exchange were selected using sampling method. This research was conducted for the period 1393 to 1399. The statistical method used in this research is multivariate regression method using data panel method and "Difference-in-Difference". The results of this study showed that: the issuance of subordinated stock options and the issuance of stock options increase the performance of mutual funds and investment companies and also increase the performance of mutual funds and investment companies at times when companies The bonds issued by the subordinate stock are higher than when the companies issued the bonds.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Customer Retention Based on the Number of Purchase: A Data Mining Approach
Sahar Mehregan Reza Samizadeh

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The Examination of the Relationship between Role Stress with Customer Orientation and Job Performance of Retail Salespeople
A. H. Ebrahimy M. Javadi

 The present research aimed at the examination of the relationship between role stress (role conflict and role ambiguity) with customer orientation and job performance of retail salespeople. The programming and activities of a business meet the good result by the u More

 The present research aimed at the examination of the relationship between role stress (role conflict and role ambiguity) with customer orientation and job performance of retail salespeople. The programming and activities of a business meet the good result by the up port of sales. Perfect salesperson has certain specifications whose role is reflected in his/ her performance. The present study reports the result of an experiment designed to test the impact of the role stress in the home furniture market. The research method was survey and descriptive-causal and data was collected in Iran Furniture Market. The Sample size consisted of 273 subjects. The research results showed that there was a significant relationship between the role conflict and customer orientation which indicated the significant relationship between the role ambiguity and job performance and customer orientation in turn.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - An Examination of the Relationship Between Working Relationship Quality With Salesperson Performance & Job Satisfaction & the Role of ASB Behavioral Model in Sale
K. Heidarzadeh Sh. Garmabdari

The present researches look into the examination of the relationship between working relationship quality with salesperson performance & job satisfaction and role of ASB behavioral model in sale for the first time in Iran. The whole Programming & More

The present researches look into the examination of the relationship between working relationship quality with salesperson performance & job satisfaction and role of ASB behavioral model in sale for the first time in Iran. The whole Programming & activities of a business meet the good result by up port of sales. A perfect salesperson has certain specifications whose role is reflected in his or her performance. A main cause of efficiency or inability in the task of commerce & sales is in relation with the cultural & upbringing difference among countries & based on that the Adaptive Selling Behavior pattern has com up. The Adaptive Selling Behavior pattern is on the basis of customers’ desires. The Adaptive Selling Behavior pattern includes the suitable modifications in the salesperson’ s behaviors according to a customer’ s relation or the correction of the salesperson’ s with regards to customers’ reactions during the information’ s receiving along with the sales situation. The Working Relationship Quality emerges as mediator connecting Adaptive Selling Behavior performance & the role of Adaptive Selling Behavior in the sales performance, the relationship between Adaptive Selling Behavior, Working Relationship Quality & Salesperson Performance, Job Satisfaction of Salesperson has been analyzed by the use of 7 hypothesis & exploratory research project, surveying research approach & accidental sampling, the necessary information of 267 people was collected by the support of a valid & reliable questionnaire. This information has also been analyzed by the use of regression coefficient tests & detailed regression coefficient. The achieved results indicate that: 1- Adaptive Selling Behavior significantly has a positive relationship with Working Relationship Quality. 2- Working Relationship Quality significantly has a positive relationship with the Sales Performance & the salesperson’s Job Satisfaction. 3- With controlling the effect of Working Relationship Quality, Adaptive Selling Behavior significantly has a positive relationship with Sales Performance & Job Satisfaction. 4- With controlling the effect of Working Relationship Quality, there is a positive & significant relationship between Sales Performance & salesperson’s Job Satisfaction.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Assessing the Mediating Mechanism of Relationship Quality and the Moderating Effects of Prior Experience in ISP Service
M. Mousakhani M. H. Nasrabadi

This study presents a thorough understanding of how relational sellin behavior, network quality, and service recovery indirectly influence ISP customer loyalty through satisfaction and trust and how prior IT experience moderates the above relationships in More

This study presents a thorough understanding of how relational sellin behavior, network quality, and service recovery indirectly influence ISP customer loyalty through satisfaction and trust and how prior IT experience moderates the above relationships in ISP service. ISPs are seeking customers by offering highly competitive packages. Undoubtedly, a focused approach to establishing the strengths and unique competitive edge of a company is essential for survival given the intense competition. ISPs must create a powerful relationship between Internet and user. Relationship quality is a general assessment of relationship strength and the extent to which a relationship meets the needs and expectations of the parties involved based on a history of successful or unsuccessful encounters or events. This research presents two models of relationship quality that evaluate the indirect influence of relational sellin behavior, network quality, and service recovery on ISP customer loyalty through satisfaction and trust and how prior IT experience moderates the above relationships in ISP services. Data was obtained from questionnaires distributed to ADSL customers of the largest ISP in Iran. The results found that relational selling behavior, network quality, and service recovery indirectly influence loyalty through relationship quality. The effects of relational selling behavior on satisfaction are stronger for inexperienced customers. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - An Explanation of the Nature of Digital Currency and Its Buying and Selling with the Approach of Individual Jurisprudence
Abbas Jalili Marzieh Pilehvar (corresponding author) Ali Sadeghi Shahpar

10.30495/jijl.2022.70387.1613

Digital currency is an economic idea derived from the development of modern computer technology, which has provided a new context for investment and money transfer for humans. Since the entry of digital currency into the economy of countries, the supervision of governme More

Digital currency is an economic idea derived from the development of modern computer technology, which has provided a new context for investment and money transfer for humans. Since the entry of digital currency into the economy of countries, the supervision of governments in the financial field faces challenges, for this reason some countries deal with this issue with more caution and sensitivity. Considering the entry and activity of digital currency in our country and the doubts and ambiguities that exist on this issue from a jurisprudential point of view, it is necessary for the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a Shia government, to respond to these ambiguities. In this article, it has been tried to explain the nature of digital currency and its buying and selling with the approach of individual jurisprudence. The current article is descriptive and analytical and explains the topic using the library method. From the perspective of individual jurisprudence, the nature of digital currency has been adapted and examined in the structure and framework of the company contract, the Ja'ala contract and Hiyazat Mobahat (Possession of free and ownerless property). Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Contract for Production in the Securities Market
Seyed Mohammad Reza Ayati Ali Ale Boye

Contract of Istesna’ is not new a contract. It has been longdiscussed by great juristic scholars dealing with its rulings. SheykhTusi in Al-Khelaf and Al-Mabsoot, Shafe’ei in Al-Umm andSarakhsi in Al-mabsoot have discussed about Istesna’ and it’s More

Contract of Istesna’ is not new a contract. It has been longdiscussed by great juristic scholars dealing with its rulings. SheykhTusi in Al-Khelaf and Al-Mabsoot, Shafe’ei in Al-Umm andSarakhsi in Al-mabsoot have discussed about Istesna’ and it’s licitor illicit position, although in the past its applications were limitedto instances such as orders for making boots, shoes and iron, zinc orwood utensils.In this paper, after explaining the meaning of Istesna’, this contracthas been recognized as an independent one. Then, after introducingIstesna’ securities, jurisprudential and legal issues on the matter andon the relations in trading stock, bonds and institutions in relationwith issues of contract of Istesna’ and jurisprudence of selling havebeen studied. It has been tried to suggest solutions for challenges inthe relevant field. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - The Transaction of Tobacco Products in Jurisprudence
Reza Sheikholislami

The jurists have been deliberating on its selling and smoking, and of course there has not been any agreement among them in this regard. This research considers the relevant jurisprudence evidences and principles comprehensively. The main point is that buying and sellin More

The jurists have been deliberating on its selling and smoking, and of course there has not been any agreement among them in this regard. This research considers the relevant jurisprudence evidences and principles comprehensively. The main point is that buying and selling the filthy (najes) and useless goods, and those which play any role in “sin commitment” are prohibited in Islam, so some jurists claim that the transaction of tobacco products is forbidden, while the others believe it is lawful because the pictures on cigarettes’ pockets warn smokers. It concludes that the important factor which played and plays fundamental role in Islamic commandments about smoking is “customary low” (Orf) and so the jurists must consider all the aspects of the problem. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Comparative Study of Sperm Selling in the Jurisprudence of Islamic Religions
Ayoub Shafeipoor Hossein Nooroddini

The issues related to fertilization in human and animal from past to now had been discussed and disputed by jurists. One of the questions which had been raised here and also answered in present study is that is it possible to buy and sell the sperm of human or animal fo More

The issues related to fertilization in human and animal from past to now had been discussed and disputed by jurists. One of the questions which had been raised here and also answered in present study is that is it possible to buy and sell the sperm of human or animal for fertilization or not? About selling the sperm and semen of animal, the jurists of Hanafi, Maleki, Shafei and Hanbali religions know unlawful selling sperm of animals in each form and in addition to anecdotal evidence, they expressed lack of benefit, ignorance of the value of sales, lack of submission of the sales and lack of benefit for the owner of animal. Imami jurists mentioned the sale of male sperm in animal is execrable and the sale of sperm exited from the body of animal is unlawful and cited to anecdotal evidence. All Sunni religions know unlawful the sale, hire and donate the sperm by man to foreign woman and also donating or selling ovum to man by foreign woman. In this case, they cited anecdotal and rational evidences. Among Imami jurists, some attached to the abomination and some other attached to the license of exited sperm selling and its transfer to the body of foreign woman. To researcher dominating quote about selling sperm of animal is its license in all forms and about selling sperm of human is its sanctity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Surveying the Asymmetry of Price Impact of Block Trades in between Buying and Selling
Ahmad Ahmadpour Mehrab Nasiri

The main purpose of this study, is surveying the asymmetry of price impact of block trades in buying and selling. For this reason, the sample consisted of 525 block trades (310 block in buying and 215 block in selling)have been selected randomly of companies that have b More

The main purpose of this study, is surveying the asymmetry of price impact of block trades in buying and selling. For this reason, the sample consisted of 525 block trades (310 block in buying and 215 block in selling)have been selected randomly of companies that have block trade during the period 1390 to 1392. This trades have attracted the attention of shareholders because of low limits, high volume and price effects. Shareholders do block trades to identify, assess and improve liquidity and market capacity. In this study, first block trades divided into two group’s in buying and selling with using the midpoint method, then the hypotheses are tested. According to previous studies, cross-sectional regression results indicate that there is asymmetry between price impact of block trades in buying and selling. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Evaluation of Matat based on the hadith of Khalid bin Njyh
هادی غلامرضاراوی محمد ابراهیم نژاد کهنی

One of the arguments proving the non-necessity of Khalid ibn al-Hajjaj is Matat narrative traditions is that the scholars have different interpretations about it. n this paper, Legal Opinions and concluded that this narrative expression and opinion is more correct choic More

One of the arguments proving the non-necessity of Khalid ibn al-Hajjaj is Matat narrative traditions is that the scholars have different interpretations about it. n this paper, Legal Opinions and concluded that this narrative expression and opinion is more correct choice And the right to choose, and this tradition can be a cause of unnecessary Matat or not? Through reading books and taking notes and refer to religious books and summarize opinion about this hadith scholars, jurists have brought different interpretations. It seems that the meaning of words in a hadith that term commitment, not a breath.After that narrative can not be regarded as evidence of the need Matat. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Special provisions in the contract of sale with defect from the perspective of Jurisprudence and its compliance with the law in Iran
بتول مغفوری فرسنگی علیرضا عسکری

One of the features of the contract of sale is a defect , This means that anything that exists in the sales price , or causing to be provided . (Provide legal grounds for cancellation of contract on voluntary termination of that contract jurists have called it ownership More

One of the features of the contract of sale is a defect , This means that anything that exists in the sales price , or causing to be provided . (Provide legal grounds for cancellation of contract on voluntary termination of that contract jurists have called it ownership . ) . This judgment detect some known and some more or less the norm as the basis for an objective observer to be deemed to have . Article 422 of the Civil Code states : ” If it is determined that the product was defective after the transaction the customer is free to the product defective or terminate the transaction is accepted by obtaining reports”. In this case, the customer can terminate the transaction or receive reports . In this article we have tried to defect provisions in the contract of sale for the civil rights of Iran's Shiite jurisprudence . Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - The use and sale of psychoactive substances in Imamieh jurisprudence
siamak jafarzadeh

The use of narcotics and psychotropic substances is one of the manifestations of the moral degeneration of mankind, causing corruptions to the body and reason and the entry of severe cultural, economic and social losses to society. In this research, using an analytical More

The use of narcotics and psychotropic substances is one of the manifestations of the moral degeneration of mankind, causing corruptions to the body and reason and the entry of severe cultural, economic and social losses to society. In this research, using an analytical and descriptive method and studying jurisprudential sources and narrative and Qur'anic evidence, the practice of using and buying narcotic drugs is due to the involvement of many people in Iran, especially the youth, and the adverse consequences, and in some cases Examines the irreparable thing that follows And the results indicate that the majority of jurists promise to use drugs and to buy and sell narcotics according to Quranic verses and traditions and legal rules such as: the principle of respect for the forbidden introduction, the rule of law, the rule of neglect of mustache, And some of the jurists, though they have given a verdict to this subject, but, in urgent cases, including medical matters, allow it. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - A Jurisprudential Study of Changing the Usage of Waqf Assets
Mohammad Mehdi Moridi Fakhrullah Mollai Kendallos Hamed Rostami Najafabadi

Undoubtedly Waqf assets like any other property involve passage of time so they have expiration dates. The benefit and expediency of waqf assets depend on the sustenance of those properties so if their life span ends up by any cause, it is natural that their benefits al More

Undoubtedly Waqf assets like any other property involve passage of time so they have expiration dates. The benefit and expediency of waqf assets depend on the sustenance of those properties so if their life span ends up by any cause, it is natural that their benefits also expire. It seems that by changing the usage of waqf assets, those properties can be sustained. The presented study is conducted with the purpose of "finding some strategies to facilitate the sale and conversion of waqf assets and increasing permission cases of changing their usage" and aims to review the arguments for and against this subject, apply previously conducted research by contemporary jurists and lawyers, and challenge the condition of permanence of endowment. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that in some cases, the usage of waqf assets can be changed and those properties can be used for other purposes provided that it is consistent with the aim of the endower.       Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - The improved Semi-parametric Markov switching models for predicting Stocks Prices
Hossein Naderi Mehrdad Ghanbari Babak Jamshidi Navid Arash Nademi

10.22034/amfa.2021.1923297.1565

The modelling of strategies for buying and selling in Stock Market Investment have been the object of numerous advances and uses in economic studies, both theoretically and empirically. One of the popular models in economic studies is applying the Semi-parametric Markov More

The modelling of strategies for buying and selling in Stock Market Investment have been the object of numerous advances and uses in economic studies, both theoretically and empirically. One of the popular models in economic studies is applying the Semi-parametric Markov Switching models for forecasting the time series observations based on stock prices. The Semi-parametric Markov Switching models for these models are a class of popular methods that have been used extensively by researchers to increase the accuracy of fitting processes. The main part of these models is based on kernel and core functions. Despite of existence of many kernel and core functions that are capable in applications for forecasting the stock prices, there is a widely use of Gaussian kernel and exponential core function in these models. But there is a question if other types of kernel and core functions can be used in these models. This paper tries to introduce the other kernel and core functions can be offered for good fitting of the financial data. We first test three popular kernel and four core functions to find the best one and then offer the new strategy of buying and selling stocks by the best selection on these functions for real data. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - A Hybrid MCDM Model to Identify and Prioritize of Promotional Mix Tools in Plastic Industry
Ali Mohaghar Shahram Hashemnia Seyed Hojjat Bazazzadeh Roya Eghbal

Marketing is a process by which people exchange goods and meet their needs and demands. Marketing mix or 4p (product price, place, promotion) is a powerful tool that helps to advance marketing goals. The purpose of promotion is the activities by which the company gives More

Marketing is a process by which people exchange goods and meet their needs and demands. Marketing mix or 4p (product price, place, promotion) is a powerful tool that helps to advance marketing goals. The purpose of promotion is the activities by which the company gives costumer good information about its products and encourages him/her to purchase. So, by prioritization of the components of promotion mix (Advertisement, Sale promotion, Public relations, Personal selling, Direct marketing) compatible with any business, increase in the sale can be achieved. The purpose of this study is to help managers in plastic industry companies in order to identify and prioritize mix promotional tools to improve their sale. For this purpose, 22 effective promotional tools in the plastic industry were identified with the help of library research and experts ideas. 105 head managers with at least 5 years of experience were examined. To collect the data, the researchers used a questionnaire with Cronbach Alpha with the range of 65-83 for all the items and the Validity of questionnaire was confirmed by the experts. After identifying appropriate mix promotional tools by experts, they were prioritized by MADM methods (SAW, TOPSIS, ELECTRA, and LINMAP). As the results of mentioned methods were not the same, in order to reach a consensus, the researchers used mix methods called Copeland. The result of prioritizing by Copeland showed that TV advertisement, trade fairs (creating a special imagination in costumer’s mind by showing the product) and present sale of the product, have more priority relative to other tools. Based on the results, managers and marketers in the plastic industry will be able to identify the best mix promotional methods by the use of multi-attribute decision-making methods and so they can enhance their sale.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - The Study of Effectiveness of Group counseling based on cognitive-behavioral therapy on increasing Anger management among female high school students.
narges Bahrami

The Study of Effectiveness of Group counseling based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, in increasing Anger management among female high school students. The present study was conducted aiming at investigating the efficacy Group counseling based on cognitive-behavioral th More

The Study of Effectiveness of Group counseling based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, in increasing Anger management among female high school students. The present study was conducted aiming at investigating the efficacy Group counseling based on cognitive-behavioral therapy, in increasing Anger management in female high school student. This study is experimental with pretest-posttest design. The studied population was all the high school of first Region 19 of Tehran. The sample was selected through purposeful sampling and then they were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (15 persons, each). The anger management Based on cognitive-behavioral therapy program including 8 sessions of 90 minutes ((one session in a week)) basis was delivered to the experimental group. the control group did not receive any intervention. State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) (Spilberger, 1999) were administered at the pretest and post-test stage to all participations. The obtained data were analyzed by covariance method (MNCOVA). Results showed Anger management in subjects of experimental group significantly increased comparing with control group. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - An investigation into Purchasing, Selling-Renting and loaning economic documents in ancient Elam
زهرا میراشه kamal aldin niknami بهمن فیروزمندی

Ancient Susa lay at the northwestern edge of the Khuzestan plain in the southwest of Iran. The Concentration on crops and harvesting consequently led to technological advancement and wealth accumulation. Gradually, as the result of unsuitable conditions and improper per More

Ancient Susa lay at the northwestern edge of the Khuzestan plain in the southwest of Iran. The Concentration on crops and harvesting consequently led to technological advancement and wealth accumulation. Gradually, as the result of unsuitable conditions and improper performance, starvation, violence and wars emerged in this area. Susiana plain was suitable for agricultural activities. Farm lands belonged either to the royal family and ruling class, temples or free farmers. Elam rulers had complicated and overwhelming responsibilities to maintain and improve agricultural products, or other matters such as observing irrigation systems, creating water canals and passing laws in this regard. Discovered documents from this period are relatively indicating the complicated social and economic relationships among different classes of the society which can shed light on the socio-economic structures in Elam society. Our current knowledge concerning the ancient economy of Elam as one of the main corner stones of the Elam culture formation comes from the written documents and limited archaeological evidences from Susiana excavations and Mesopotamian documents which are not sufficient enough to recreate the economical pattern of this era. In the present paper, we first analyze the role of agriculture in the economy of the Susiana plain as well as selling, purchasing and renting contracts of agricultural lands. Finally, the common system of collateral concerning agricultural lands will be discussed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - An investigation into Purchasing, Selling-Renting and loaning economic documents in ancient Elam Name
zahra mirashe kamalodien niknami bahman firozmandi

Ancient Susa lay at the northwestern edge of the Khuzestan plain in the southwest of Iran. The Concentration on crops and harvesting consequently led to technological advancement and wealth accumulation. Gradually, as the result of unsuitable conditions and improper per More

Ancient Susa lay at the northwestern edge of the Khuzestan plain in the southwest of Iran. The Concentration on crops and harvesting consequently led to technological advancement and wealth accumulation. Gradually, as the result of unsuitable conditions and improper performance, starvation, violence and wars emerged in this area. Susiana plain was suitable for agricultural activities. Farm lands belonged either to the royal family and ruling class, temples or free farmers. Elam rulers had complicated and overwhelming responsibilities to maintain and improve agricultural products, or other matters such as observing irrigation systems, creating water canals and passing laws in this regard. Discovered documents from this period are relatively indicating the complicated social and economic relationships among different classes of the society which can shed light on the socio-economic structures in Elam society. Our current knowledge concerning the ancient economy of Elam as one of the main corner stone's of the Elam culture formation comes from the written documents and limited archaeological evidences from Susiana excavations and Mesopotamian documents which are not sufficient enough to recreate the economical pattern of this era. In the present paper, we first analyze the role of agriculture in the economy of the Susiana plain as well as selling, purchasing and renting contracts of agricultural lands. Finally, the common system of collateral concerning agricultural lands will be discussed.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Invalidity of Endowment in Cases of Selling License
farj behzad moharam irani

In discussion of selling endowment, the general principle is lack of selling endowment. There is disagreement between jurists in getting out of this general rule, but most jurists and even lawyers and civil law of Iran believe in selling endowment in certain cases. In c More

In discussion of selling endowment, the general principle is lack of selling endowment. There is disagreement between jurists in getting out of this general rule, but most jurists and even lawyers and civil law of Iran believe in selling endowment in certain cases. In case of selling endowment in answering to this basic question that if endowment is being invalid in selling or endowment remains in endowment case until the time of selling endowment and is been invalid by external selling. There are three theories: the first theory believes in being invalid of endowment by selling. The second theory believes in being invalid of endowment by external selling and third theory by expressing 8 cases as the cases of selling licenses believe in extending and in some cases believe in being invalid of endowment by selling and in some cases believe in being invalid by external selling. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - Jurisprudence and Legal Review on Selling in “Cyberspace
Mehdi Mohammadian Amiri Ali Reza Asgari Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi Ahmadi Seyyed Hassan Abedian

10.22034/ijrj.2019.665205

The emergence of online shopping, as a form of electronic commerce, has raised the question of what the role of the sale is in this new virtual world. Some believe that online selling activities can be classified as »Moatat «, which is the transaction by con More

The emergence of online shopping, as a form of electronic commerce, has raised the question of what the role of the sale is in this new virtual world. Some believe that online selling activities can be classified as »Moatat «, which is the transaction by contract without using words, and can be followed by the related rules. However, although it seems that such a transaction is in the form of a contract, it is neither a traditional market nor the non-written nor the non-verbal nor the non-oral contract. It is not a Moatat transaction because of using a click to continue the online purchase, nor the absent selling because of setting out the quantity and description of the goods and the buyer-seller interaction through online sites. It is worth mentioning that the quality of interaction between the buyer and the seller within the web is a function of the compatibility with respect to both the style and the content of communication. Thereby, e-commerce seller can enhance the influence of the information she/he provides through advertising and the buyer can inform the seller by an email easily. Taking into account all the evidence, the authors arrived at the conclusion that selling through cyberspace and online marketplaces can be considered as a new brand of selling based on a contract between two parties like traditional one but in the form of e-contract that is an agreement created and "signed" in electronic form. Accordingly, it can be called telecommunication buyer-seller interactions in order to express the communication. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - A Model of Effective Internal Factors for SMEs’ Performance
Jahangir Yadollahi Farsi Aliakbar Aghajani Mohammad Mahdi Mardanshahi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - The rate of willingness to distribute books trough the web by public publishers in Tehran province (Obstacles & solutions)
Mojtaba Ebrahimi Zohreh Mirhoseini

Objective: This study aims to determine the rate of willingness to distribute books trough the internet by pubic publishers  in Tehran province and presentation of difficulties and obstacles. Methodology: The method of this survey is descriptive. The population in More

Objective: This study aims to determine the rate of willingness to distribute books trough the internet by pubic publishers  in Tehran province and presentation of difficulties and obstacles. Methodology: The method of this survey is descriptive. The population include public publishers in Tehran province. Questionnaires and interviews are used for gathering information. Statistic society in this survey is 150 of public publishers in Tehran province whom participate  in 16th international book fair in Tehran. Findings: In the different points of views there are two major scales in this survey: 1.The examination of criteria related to Internet distribution of books shows that the most effective indexes are government support with 73%, economical factors with 68% and cultural factors whit 66% of questionnaires. 2. The most important indexes for request books through the Internet by people and organizations are economics factors with the average of 51%, political and cultural factors with the average of 45% and government’s effect with 29%. Conclusion: The results show the rate of willingness to distribute books through the Internet has obstacles without having a good situation.On the other hand the results from view point shows the publish industry could be helped by manifold factors. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The role of feeling regret in the investor's mass behavior in psychological and financial decision-making with an emphasis on buying and selling positions
Samira Qala Dareh Ardeshir Shiri karam khalili Ali Yasini Gharibeh Esmailikia

The evidence shows that investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange, in addition to quantitative methods, used judgments based on subjective perceptions, non-scientific information, rumors and blindly following a few participants in the capital market to determine the stock More

The evidence shows that investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange, in addition to quantitative methods, used judgments based on subjective perceptions, non-scientific information, rumors and blindly following a few participants in the capital market to determine the stock value. It is also known as collective, herd and mass behavior. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is the role of regret in the decision-making of the investor's collective behavior in the buying and selling situation. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of type. The statistical population of the research includes all the shareholders in the stock exchange, which was calculated as 384 people according to the unlimited population to obtain the statistical sample size using Cochran's formula. And the test made by the researcher to determine the feeling of regret of the investor's mass behavior in the buying and selling situation was carried out on them, the results were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS statistical software. The results showed that the reliability and convergent and divergent validity of the appropriate model and the fit of the structural equations and overall fit were strong, and the feeling of regret had a positive and significant effect on the financial and psychological decision-making of mass investors. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Presenting the Evolutionary Model of Short Selling Using Collective Intelligence and Ant Colony Algorithm
Sadegh Hojjati Arash Naderian Majid Ashrafi Jamadverdi Gorganli Doji

10.30495/ecomag.2023.1998595.1082

The purpose of this research is to present the evolutionary model of short selling using collective intelligence and an ant colony algorithm. In terms of method, this research is in the category of quantitative research, and the purpose of the study is practical. The st More

The purpose of this research is to present the evolutionary model of short selling using collective intelligence and an ant colony algorithm. In terms of method, this research is in the category of quantitative research, and the purpose of the study is practical. The statistical population includes all active companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research has been investigated between 2011 and 2019 for active companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange. The method of data collection is library-type and uses foreign and domestic articles and financial data of companies admitted to the stock exchange, which has been compiled by referring to financial statements and explanatory notes using the new Rahvard Novin software. In the following, we have presented the short-selling model by using EViews 9 software and MATLAB, and then using MATLAB software and the ant colony algorithm, we have presented the evolutionary model of short selling. In the end, by comparing the step-by-step regression model and the borrowed sales model (ant colony algorithm), he presented a model that is more efficient than other models. The result of the research indicates that the short-selling model with the help of the ant colony algorithm has a higher efficiency. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - PRODUCTION MODEL WITH SELLING PRICE DEPENDENT DEMAND AND PARTIAL BACKLOGGING UNDER INFLATION
S. Singh Rakesh Dude R. Singh

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - The Improved Semi-Parametric Markov Switching Models for Predicting Stocks Prices
hossien naderi Mehrdad Ghanbari Babak Jamshidi Navid Arash Nademi

The modeling of strategies for buying and selling in Stock Market Investment have been the object of numerous advances and uses in economic studies, both theoretically and empirically. One of the popular models in economic studies is applying the Semi-parametric Markov More

The modeling of strategies for buying and selling in Stock Market Investment have been the object of numerous advances and uses in economic studies, both theoretically and empirically. One of the popular models in economic studies is applying the Semi-parametric Markov Switching models for fore-casting the time series observations based on stock prices. The Semi-parametric Markov Switching models for these models are a class of popular methods that have been used extensively by researchers to increase the accu-racy of fitting processes. The main part of these models is based on kernel and core functions. Despite of existence of many kernel and core functions that are capable in applications for forecasting the stock prices, there is a widely use of Gaussian kernel and exponential core function in these mod-els. But there is a question if other types of kernel and core functions can be used in these models. This paper tries to introduce the other kernel and core functions can be offered for good fitting of the financial data. We first test three popular kernel and four core functions to find the best one and then offer the new strategy of buying and selling stocks by the best selection on these functions for real data. Manuscript profile

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