GABA

Open Access Article

1 - Effect of Red Algae ethanolic extract and its possible neural interactions on formalin-induced pain in mice
مهسا Mahsa Amireghbal KhajehRahimi Shahin Hassanpour

Due to the side effects of chemical drugs in pain relief, the use of herbal medicines is increasing. Red algae have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Red Algae ethanolic More

Due to the side effects of chemical drugs in pain relief, the use of herbal medicines is increasing. Red algae have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and antimicrobial properties. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Red Algae ethanolic extract and its possible neural interactions on formalin-induced pain in mice. 125 adult male mice allocated in 6 experiments. In the first experiment, mice were injected intraperitoneally with saline, red algae extract (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), and morphine (5 mg/kg). In the second experiment, mice received intraperitoneal injections of saline, red algae extract (10 mg/kg), naloxone (non-selective opioid antagonist, 2 mg/kg), and naloxone + red algae extract. Experiments 4 to 6 were similar to the second experiment but injected with flumazenil (non-selective GABA receptor antagonist, 5 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (non-selective serotonin receptor antagonist, 2 mg/kg), chlorpheniramine (histamine H1receptors antagonist, 20 mg/kg) and cimetidine (histamine H2receptors antagonist, 12.5 mg/kg) were used instead of naloxone. After 30 minutes, subcutaneous injection of formaldehyde was performed on the plantar surface of the right foot, and the time of licking, chewing, and biting (Licking Time) was measured. According to the results, morphine significantly reduced pain time compared to the control group (P<0.05). Red algae extract in a dose-dependent manner reduced pain compared to the control group (P<0.05). Injection of naloxone + red algae extract significantly reduced the analgesic effects of red algae extract compared to the group of red algae extract (P<0.05). Flumazenil + red algae extract significantly reduced the analgesic effects of red algae extract (P<0.05). Injection of cyproheptadine + red algae extract significantly enhanced the analgesic effects of red algae extract (P<0.05). Injection of chlorpheniramine + red algae extract significantly reduced the analgesic effects of red algae extract (P<0.05). The results showed that the analgesic effects of red algae are mediated by opioidergic, serotonergic, GABAergic and histaminergic pathways. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Study of the Anxiolytic Effects of Plantgo major L. and Possible Role of Gabaergic System in these Effects in Rats
Ali Mojtahedin

Inroduction & Objective: Anxiety is a common mental disorders among human populations is considered. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs used to treat them, this study aimed to investigate plantago major leaf extract on the level of anxiety in rats was performed.M More

Inroduction & Objective: Anxiety is a common mental disorders among human populations is considered. Due to the side effects of chemical drugs used to treat them, this study aimed to investigate plantago major leaf extract on the level of anxiety in rats was performed.Material and Methods:In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats were used. Animals were divided in 6 groups: negative control group (normal saline), positive control group (diazepam 1 mg/kg) and 4 treatment groups with plantago major leaf extract (doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg). Elevated plus-maze test was used to assess anxiety. Data using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's post hoc test and a significance level of PResults: The results of this study showed that plantago major leaf extract at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg causes anxiolytic effects in the elevated plus-maze test and 100 mg/kg significantly (PConclusion:According to the results of this study, it seems that plantago major leaf extract due to containing the flavonoid compounds have anxiolytic effects and this effect may be made through the of GABAergic system. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - The effect of menthol on learning, spatial memory and GABBR2 gene expression in male epileptic rats with pentylenetetrazole
Azadeh Karimi Anjiraki Ramesh Ahmadi Hamid reza Mohajerani

10.30495/jdb.2022.1949849.1288

Background:There is a relationship between epilepsy and decreased daily memory, learning and behavioral disorders, so in this study, the effect of menthol on learning and spatial memory and GABA receptor gene expression in epileptic rats was investigated.Materials and M More

Background:There is a relationship between epilepsy and decreased daily memory, learning and behavioral disorders, so in this study, the effect of menthol on learning and spatial memory and GABA receptor gene expression in epileptic rats was investigated.Materials and Methods: In this study, 60 male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10, including control , ethanol, pTZ (37.5 mg / kg), menthol (30 mg / kg) and ethanol + PTZ and Menthol + PTZ groups Chemical kindling was performed over a 28-day period with 14 injections of pentylenetetrazole every other day, then spatial learning and memory were tested by the Morris water maze .Then, the animals were anesthetized and their brains were isolated for GABBR2 gene expression. For statistical analysis of data, one-way and two-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used at a significant level of P <0.05. Delta CT test was used to express the gene.Finding: PTZ decreased learning and memory and menthol was able to prevent this defect and increase learning and memory, also menthol was able to increase GABBR2 gene expression in epileptic rats. Conclusion: Pretreatment with menthol significantly reduced the incidence of epilepsy in epileptic rats with pentylenetetrazole. Menthol increased learning, spatial memory, and GABA receptor gene expression in epileptic rats, Therefore, menthol may be a suitable choice for the treatment and reduction of learning and memory disorders caused by epilepsy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Activation and Inhibition Comparing of GABAB Receptor on Memory in the Basolateral Amygdala (BLA)
M. Khakpoor M.R. Zarrindast A. Vahdati M. Nasehi S.E. Hoseyni

Studies have shown that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter can effect in the modulation of learning and memory in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The aim of this study was to investigate, the effect of GABAB receptor agonist and antagonist in the BLA on memory, More

Studies have shown that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter can effect in the modulation of learning and memory in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). The aim of this study was to investigate, the effect of GABAB receptor agonist and antagonist in the BLA on memory, in male Wistar rats in a step-through type passive avoidance. In this study, male Wistar rats weighing 240–270 g were used. After guide cannulae were bilaterally placed in the BLA, animals were trained in a step-through type passive avoidance task and then tested 24 h after training to measure memory retrieval and locomotor activity. Post-training intra-BLA microinjection of GABAB receptor agonists baclofen (0.01 μg/rat) or GABAB receptor antagonists phaclofen (0.01 μg/rat) decreased step-through latency during retrieval but did not alter locomotor activity. In conclusion, baclofen and phaclofen decreased consolidation of memory formation in the BLA, and GABAB receptors in the BLA may be involved in the memory consolidation deficits. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Effect of Synchronus Intraperitoneal Injection of Harmaline and PTZ on Serotonergic and Gabaergic Pathways and Seizure Threshold in NMRI Male Mice
غلامحسن واعظی فاطمه نصیرزاده

Epilepsy is one of the chronic disorders of nervous system in human being. Totally, this disease is distinguished by motor, sensory and psychic periodic attacks. This disease disrupts the brain function and it is accompanied by different, abrupt, transitory and returnab More

Epilepsy is one of the chronic disorders of nervous system in human being. Totally, this disease is distinguished by motor, sensory and psychic periodic attacks. This disease disrupts the brain function and it is accompanied by different, abrupt, transitory and returnable symptoms that usually, the conscious level gets disruptive. The goal of this research is the study of intraperitoneal injection effects of harmaline and PTZ on seizure threshold and its effect on serotonergic and gabaergic pathways. The experiments were carried out on male mice (NMRI) with approximateweigh of 25-30 gr. In this study, the animals divided into five groups of eight: experimental and sham. Sham groups received intraperitoneal injection of harmaline (dose of 5mg/kg) and intraperitoneal injection of PTZ (dose of 45mg/kg). Three experimental groups received synchronous injection of PTZ (dose of 45mg/kg) and different doses of harmaline (5, 10, 20 mg/kg). After drug injection, seizure reflexes have been recorded through direct observation for 20 minutes. The obtained information was analyzed by applying statistical tests (Tukey and ANOVA). The results of this study have shown that in sham group seizure threshold of PTZ was a dose of 45mg/kg and harmaline seizure thresholdwas a dose of 5mg/kg. Whereas, in pre-test applying of low doses has not shown any symptoms of tremor and seizure, also harmaline in case of dependent dose and significantly has reduced seizures threshold. The results of this study have shown that synchronous and intraperitoneal injection of harmaline and PTZ have reduced the seizure threshold and seizure symptoms have revealed earlier. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Analysis and identification of fungal skin infection Caspian salmon () Salmo trutta caspius on farms Mazandaran Province aquaculture
نیوشا علاقمندان مطلق علی حائری روحانی محمدرضا زرین دست محمد ناصحی

ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is found in all areas and has been implicated in the modulation of memory. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known. GABAb receptors were shown to mediate presynaptic inhibitio More

ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is found in all areas and has been implicated in the modulation of memory. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known. GABAb receptors were shown to mediate presynaptic inhibition on some nerve endings and postsynaptic inhibition on some cell bodies or dendrites. There is evidence to suggest that the hippocampus plays major roles in short term memory and spatial navigation and dorsal hippocampal interneurons are related to GABAergic systems, the goal of these experiments was investigation the possible involvement of CA1 GABAergic system (GABA b receptor) on spatial and non-spatial memory. In this experiment, 64 male mice (NMRI) with an average weight of 25-30 g, in groups of 8 animals were used. Mice were anesthetized using the intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) plus xylazine (5 mg/kg) and placed in a stereotactic apparatus. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started. Novelty apparatus was used for the assessment of spatial and non-spatial memory retention. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey analysis revealed that, sole intra-CA1 injection of  baclofen (GABAb receptor agonist) immediately after training (S4),potentially impairs spatial novelty detection and sole intra-CA1 injection of  phaclofen (GABAb receptor antagonist) immediately after training (S4),potentially impairs non-spatial novelty detection. In finally the data postulated that CA1 GABAb receptor involved in spatial and non-spatial memory novelty. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Evaluation the Role of GABAA and GABAB Receptors in Anxiety-like Behaviors Caused by Lipopolysaccharides in the Dark and Light Box (LDB) Test in Male Mice
Masoumeh Alishahi Maryam Bananej Jalal Solati Ramin Hajikhani Mostafa Ghaderic

Thegabaergic system is considered as the anti-anxiety system in the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GABAA and GABAB receptors in anxiety-like behaviors caused by lipopolysaccharides in male mice. In this test,mice were injected with lipopolys More

Thegabaergic system is considered as the anti-anxiety system in the brain. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of GABAA and GABAB receptors in anxiety-like behaviors caused by lipopolysaccharides in male mice. In this test,mice were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.2 mg/kg), then injected with either muscimol (0.05, 0.1 or 0.2 µg/mouse), bicuculline (0.25, 0.5 or1 µg/mouse), baclofen (1, 2 or 4 µg/mouse) or CGP (0.2, 0.4 or 0.8 µg/mouse) 2 hours later and received intraventricular Celebrex. Five minutes after intraventricular injection, a dark and light box test was performed. The results of this study showed that musimol significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior in the LDB test (p < 0.05). The results of this study showed that musimol significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior in the LDB test (p < 0.05). However, the administration of musimol and LPS did not significantly change the animal’s anxiety-like behavior (p ≥ 0.05). Different doses of bioculin and LPS significantly increased the anxiety-like behavior in the LDB test (p < 0.05). Baclofen and CGP alone and with LPS did not significantly change the animal’s anxiety-like behavior on the LDB test (p ≥ 0.05). Celebrex injection after LPS relieved the anxiety-like behavior caused by LPS injection. In general, it can be claimed that anxiety-like behaviors in animals receiving LPS may be due to inhibition of GABAA and GABAB receptors and increase in the level of inflammatory factors in brain tissue. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - The Effect of Lateral Septal GABAB Receptors on Morphine Sensitivity in Male Wistar Rats by Conditioned Place Preference
Firoozeh Alavian Zahra Zare

10.22034/ascij.2023.1983367.1480

Behavioral sensitivity in response to morphine injection is a suitable model for studying the neuronal substrates of behavioral plasticity that is associated with reward and opioid abuse. The lateral septum (SL) plays a vital role in the reward and learning processes. T More

Behavioral sensitivity in response to morphine injection is a suitable model for studying the neuronal substrates of behavioral plasticity that is associated with reward and opioid abuse. The lateral septum (SL) plays a vital role in the reward and learning processes. The LS nucleus contains GABAergic neurons, and the outputs of this region into the ventral tegmentum (VTA) precisely regulate the amount of released dopamine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of injection of GABAB receptor agonists and antagonists on behavioral sensitivity to morphine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) model. In this experimental study, male Wistar rats were divided into 17 groups. Doses of 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 mg/kg of morphine were injected subcutaneously (S.C) into animals to determine effective and ineffective doses of morphine. An adequate amount of morphine was injected for 3 days to induce sensitization; after 5 days, CPP was performed with an ineffective dose of morphine. Doses of 1.5, 6, and 12 / µg/rat of agonist (baclofen) and antagonist (CGP35348) were injected into LS in the first 3 days of sensitization, 10 minutes before morphine injection. Baclofen at 6 µg/rat (p<0.05) and CGP35348 at 12 µg/rat (p<0.01) significantly reduced morphine sensitivity. GABAB receptors in the LS region can be an important target in the treatment of drug abuse.  Manuscript profile

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