Forough

Open Access Article

1 - Modernism in Forough & Shamlou’s Poems
Mohammadreza Tajik Farzaneh AhadzadehNamini

Preface and the goal of research: Modernism has become the dominant methodology of art for few decades. It is characterized as the aesthetic and cultural reaction against modernity and modernization. Its prominent trait, either in poetry and roman, or cinema and paintin More

Preface and the goal of research: Modernism has become the dominant methodology of art for few decades. It is characterized as the aesthetic and cultural reaction against modernity and modernization. Its prominent trait, either in poetry and roman, or cinema and painting, is the rational Philosophy and thinking. This research tries its goal on two sections: First, the theoretical fund of the thesis, that responds to the questions like what the modernism is, what is the literary modernism, and which characteristics would be searched in a modern work? In the second section the goal is to confirm that the poems of Forough and Shamlou are modernistic according to modernism theories. On the other hand these two poetries are compared from the view point of modernistic criteria. Method of research: The research is done by method of content analysis, respecting Rene Wallek’s theories on the book “Literary theory”, Peter Childs’book “Modernism”, and Marshal Berman’s book Experience of Modernity. The research examines Some Poems of Forough and Shamlou from the view of modernistic content and form by categorical and contextual analysis , and through these works studies the poet’s reaction and concerns as a social discourse of modernism. Findings and Results: The findings approve that modern criteria are prominent at the two poet’s works like deep thoughts individualism, deep introversion, social fall, symbol, metaphor etc…and according to these characteristics, we can name them as modern poetries. Comparing these two poems from the view of modernism, regarding some modern principles the result would be that, as of characteristics such as individualism, introspection, self-reflection, and skepticism, Forough’s poetry is closer to modernism. Both poets are strongly social commited , and finally none is philosophical thinking, However most of their poems are based on deep thinking. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - A Comparative Study of Subject's Situation in Forough and Akhavan Literature with Emphasis on Another Birth and Winter
Mohammad Sharifian Rajab Fakhraeian Hossein Mehrabi Bardar

10.30495/clq.2021.683758

In the field of aesthetics of literary works, a lot of research has been conducted, but these works less has been considered from the perspective of semantics. In the present article, using a descriptive-comparative method and based on library sources, secondary intenti More

In the field of aesthetics of literary works, a lot of research has been conducted, but these works less has been considered from the perspective of semantics. In the present article, using a descriptive-comparative method and based on library sources, secondary intentions in the rhetorical application of the subject situation in mentioning or deleting, introducing or not, presenting or delaying and focusing, adjectives and constraints are analyzed based on rhetorical science books. The analysis of "Another Birth" and "Winter" shows that the mention of subject is important to Forough and Akhavan more than its omission, and it seems that in both cases of omission or mention, their goal is often to convey the content in the shortest time with the most emphasis. In presenting and delaying the subject, the presentation of subject is more important than the delay, and he has used the presentation and delay of the subject for the purposes of "placing the subject in the mind of the addressee" and expressing "pain and sorrow." Forough and Akhavan, for more emphasis, introduce subject by adding a name, pronoun or adjective, and have used Nakareh subject less than Maarefa subject. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A View of Women’s Position in the Poetry of Nizar Qabbani & Forough Farrokhzad
Abdolreza Attash Elahe Peysepar

From the dawn of history in all human communities, women have been regard as men’s partners. A great deal of every man’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions concerns and addresses women. In all eras of Arabic and Persian literature, some reflection and portrait More

From the dawn of history in all human communities, women have been regard as men’s partners. A great deal of every man’s thoughts, feelings, and emotions concerns and addresses women. In all eras of Arabic and Persian literature, some reflection and portrait of women in either verse or prose is noticeable. The current article studies women’s position in contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry by inspecting the poems of such an influentialArab poet as Nizar Qabbani otherwise known as the poet of women. On the other hand, as part of the comparative scheme of the study the researchers study Forough Farrokhzad, the most influential female poet in contemporary Persian poetry. Thus each poet is studied for their original and peculiar literary expressions, and fresh view of women’s rights and social position in their respective and not so apart cultures.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Ego's Hadith in Forough Farrokhzad and Nazik al-Malaika's Poetries
Farideh Salamat Nia Saeed Kheir Khah Barzaki Abdolreza Modarres Zadeh

Forough Farrokhzad as an Iranian contemporary poet and Nazik al-Malaika as an Arab contemporary poet who were pioneers of new poetry, handover their responsibility of transfeing important parts of their poteries to ego's hadith. Both female poets who are famous represen More

Forough Farrokhzad as an Iranian contemporary poet and Nazik al-Malaika as an Arab contemporary poet who were pioneers of new poetry, handover their responsibility of transfeing important parts of their poteries to ego's hadith. Both female poets who are famous representative of feminine literature in Iran and Iraq, express the dominant viewpoints of their eras moreover having feminine language and feelings and concerns such as loneliness and solitude, misandry, women's oppress, pesimisticism, social isuues and etc. are remarkable in their poetry. Forough and Nazik al-Malaika have internal discourse in order to express their thoughts, conscious and unconscious and try to make their poetries more effective. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - The Concept of Pain and Suffering in Ghadat alSamman and Forough Farrokhzad’s Poetry
Effat Naderinejad Mostafa Gorji

Pain and suffering are among the tragic aspects of life. Alongside with death, isolation, freedom, and guilt, they are part of the possible fate of all people. This problem is reflected in art and literature, especially feminist literature which should be analyzed indep More

Pain and suffering are among the tragic aspects of life. Alongside with death, isolation, freedom, and guilt, they are part of the possible fate of all people. This problem is reflected in art and literature, especially feminist literature which should be analyzed independently. On the other hand, the comparison of various nations’ literature, authors, and genres helps one discover the nature and origins of universal and common human thoughts and emotions. Thus the researchers intend to evaluate and analyze the subject of pain and suffering in contemporary literature particularly in the works of two female poets, Ghada al-Samman and Forough Farrokhzad, as representatives of Arabic and Persian literature. This study approaches the concept and ontology of pain and suffering, respectively. Here, the Researchers attempt to categorize the concept of pain and suffering based on their nature, existence, purpose, and function in order to discover their possible causes and outlets. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Comparative reading of feminine themes in the poetry of Nabileh Al-Khatib and Forough Farrokhzad
Tayebeh Sadat Javanian Sadegh Ebrahimi Kavari Sahad Jadari

10.30495/clq.2021.681949

Feminine literature, despite the history of Arabic and Persian literature, due to social and cultural barriers as a context for expressing feminine thoughts and expressing its problems has not had much crystallization in the Arab lands and Iran. After the social and pol More

Feminine literature, despite the history of Arabic and Persian literature, due to social and cultural barriers as a context for expressing feminine thoughts and expressing its problems has not had much crystallization in the Arab lands and Iran. After the social and political developments in the Arab countries and the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, feminine poetry achieved a significant crystallization and somehow introduced the idea of women poets and their worldview. This research has tried to analyze the poetic themes of two Persian and Arabic poets, Forough Farrokhzad and Nabila Al-Khatib, a Jordanian poet in terms of poetic content and expression of women's ideas. The poems of these two poets contain women's issues. At a glance, the works of these two poets show that women's ideas are related to rejecting the constraints and cumbersome personal and social traditions of women's lives, especially in the East, and also include issues such as love, motherhood, and so on. Both poets have tried to rely on poetry, the expressive larynx to mature the presence of women and her social and cultural identity, given that poetry both because of feminine indicators in a positive way of their social and cultural identity as women and it represents its unique literary style. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Comparative study of "verb stylistics" in Forough Farrokhzad's social poems And Golrokhsar Safiava through the lens of the transient system
Simin Fayzollahi Khoday nazar Asazadeh

10.30495/dk.2022.1948515.2392

Halliday's orthodoxy approach provides the researcher with a tool through which he or she can grasp the ideology of the text and the ways in which the speaker chooses to convey his or her thought. This approach is the product of a "social look" at language and takes pla More

Halliday's orthodoxy approach provides the researcher with a tool through which he or she can grasp the ideology of the text and the ways in which the speaker chooses to convey his or her thought. This approach is the product of a "social look" at language and takes place at the language level with the help of three intellectual, interpersonal, and textual paradigms. The role of thought is divided into two functions: empirical and logical. In the empirical function, the language expresses the experiences of the outside world. The product of this function in the sentence is a transitive that is used to identify different types of processes in the sentence - which is manifested in the verb. One of the main themes of contemporary poetry, especially women's poetry, is attention to social issues and its representation in the language of poetry. A poet who reflects social concepts in his poetry, his goal is to raise artistic and social perception and insight. He wants his poem to have a human message and to acquaint people with the events of his time. The souls of poets of social poetry are born with a sense of social responsibility and the poet lives with the people and among the people. Among contemporary female poets, Forough Farrokhzad is one of the women who reflects social ideas in her poems and by reading her poetry, the audience can become aware of her views on social issues. Among contemporary Tajik women, Golrokhsar Safiyava is also considered a poet with social concerns. This research tries to answer the main question in a descriptive-analytical way: Which language processes did Forough Farrokhzad and Golrokhsar Safiava use to express the views and social concerns of their time? And what is the place of these processes in the transmission of social thought of these two poets? Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Liberal Discourse Analysis of Forough Farrokhzad's Poem "Ali told His Mother One Day" based on Laclau and Mouffe's Discourse Theory
Somayyeh Rahmani Fam Arash Moshfeghi Naser Alizadeh

10.30495/dk.2022.692016

Liberalism, often referred to as the ideology of modern times, is one of the concepts that has influenced the social and political developments in Iran since the constitutional era, and we are witnessing its widespread emergence in literature. Discourse analysis is also More

Liberalism, often referred to as the ideology of modern times, is one of the concepts that has influenced the social and political developments in Iran since the constitutional era, and we are witnessing its widespread emergence in literature. Discourse analysis is also a type of interdisciplinary study that analyzes words and leads to in-depth reading of literary works. Based on the theory of analysis of the discourse of Laclau and Mouffe, this research tries to show the details of liberal concepts in order to identify them in the contemporary period based on the poem "Ali told his mother one day" by Forough Farrokhzad. According to this theory, the main goal of the liberal discourse is to compete with the prevailing discourse to establish freedom and independence as the central signifier of this discourse, and also seeks to identify itself by articulating the floating implications of tradition-breaking and the struggle for freedom. This discourse finds its political subject by mythologizing the militant human being, who is the same fish and Ali who is the child within Forough Farrokhzad, and challenges the hegemony of the ruling discourse in order to establish its order in the ruling society. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the research data has been studied using content analysis method and library and document research method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Psychological schemas Syntax-to-view interface In Forough Farrokhzad's Poem "Gift"
Rashin Mobasheri Hossein Hasanpour Alashti Morteza Mohseni

10.30495/dk.2022.1940505.2340

The way of thinking that results from the influence of brain processes can produce a variety of syntactic rules; Therefore, various factors including motivation, fear, emphasis, etc. cause the position of words to shift and produce different types of expressive and verb More

The way of thinking that results from the influence of brain processes can produce a variety of syntactic rules; Therefore, various factors including motivation, fear, emphasis, etc. cause the position of words to shift and produce different types of expressive and verbal arrays, which in turn creates different visual regions. Schemas are the common boundaries between author, text, and audience that can be represented based on a particular visual logic. Based on this approach and considering the overlap of the interpretation of the text and the author and the psychological confirmations of Forough Farrokhzad's poem "Gift", she uses the cinematic image, because this poem is based on depth images and positive images through (Vision) ability and visualization (Light and darkness) of action. In terms of the structure of imagery, night and darkness, are in the center, Poetic images have been created using symbolism. with the aim of brevity that justifies the closed view. The tone of this image is sad based on the music of the poem as a result, it requires a slow rhythm in the sequences, this poem has two paragraphs that, depending on the content, make the beginning and end of the image contrast. This poem is also functionally social and as a critical statement, it deals with both the critique of society and the way out of social and cultural impasse. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Investigating the Concept of Power in the Letters of Forough-al-Dawlah the daughter of Naser-al-Din Shah Qajar, relying on the power theory of Michel Foucault
Masumeh Shahsavari Fatemeh Heydari

10.30495/dk.2020.678935

     Studies show that the lives of women throughout history have been constantly ups and downs and in the face of injustice and contempt.With regard to men's writing in Persian history and literature, less information can be obtained about the perso More

     Studies show that the lives of women throughout history have been constantly ups and downs and in the face of injustice and contempt.With regard to men's writing in Persian history and literature, less information can be obtained about the personality traits and cognitive identity of women.Their presence in the political, social, and political spheres of the Qajar period, and those that have gone away from time to time, is important for achieving this recognition.Among these works, letters are worth more because of the facts of life.This research has been aimed at analyzing these letters, the extent and manner of exercising the power of women in the courtroom.The research method in this paper is based on analysing of Forough Dawlah's letters, Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar's daughter, and their compliance with the statements of power of nineteenth-century theorist Michel Foucault.The result obtained indicates that Despite the increasing awareness and increasing the presence of women in the community, they have not been able to respond to the demands of self-restraint without the support and support of men, and in the context of the distribution of power, they have been subordinate to the lower.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Manifestation of Naturalism in Forough Farrokhzad’s Poems
Dr. Reza Sadeqi Shahpar Neda Karimi

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - The study of Individual self and social self in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry
Zahra Dorri

10.30495/dk.2021.1920668.2179

Human beings, regardless of their epistemic perspectives, consider themselves distinct from other elements of existence while having mutual interactions with different biological and sociological phenomena. Two of the most important topics in sociological sciences is th More

Human beings, regardless of their epistemic perspectives, consider themselves distinct from other elements of existence while having mutual interactions with different biological and sociological phenomena. Two of the most important topics in sociological sciences is the study of the existential capacity of humans and the study of their social interactions with the family, the homeland, and the world. These two subjects are often referred to as, respectively, individual self and social self. The study of Forough Farrokhzad's poetry can reveal various personal and social manifestations of her as an Iranian woman. This is because her poetry is mainly arisen from the subconscious and is associated with social realism and symbolism. The present study shows that an individual self has always been present—albeit with a declining course—in all periods of Forough's life and poetry. Moreover, the study clarifies how individual self and social self confront with each other and how a perfectionist and reformist social self eventually dominates. In connection to this issue, it will be shown that the expression of dissatisfaction with what is happening in human society is one of the prominent features of Forough's poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Synesthesia:The Study of Poems of SiminBehbahani and ForouqFarokhzad
Maryam Sa'adzadeh Shahin Ojaq Alizadeh

Synesthesiais one ofthe fictional figures which has hadmore frequencyin creation of contemporary poems compared to the past. For this, the author tries to analyze and revealhow this figure has been used inpoems of two prominent female poets "Forough" and "Simin" and use More

Synesthesiais one ofthe fictional figures which has hadmore frequencyin creation of contemporary poems compared to the past. For this, the author tries to analyze and revealhow this figure has been used inpoems of two prominent female poets "Forough" and "Simin" and uses samples analysis and descriptive method through diagram and figures to evaluate this rhetorical element in their poems. It is concluded that using this artistic form for the two poets is significant in similarity in integrating senses and also senses frequency.ForoughFarokhzad has taken more advantageof synesthesia in contrast toSimin. Synesthesia was more frequent in the poetry of both poetsbased on the type (abstract to Sensory) compared to (Sensory to Sensory) one. Both poets have taken advantage of auditory and visual senses in way of integration of the senses.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Allegorical images of Animus in Forough Farrokhzad's poems
Mohammad Reza Kamali Baniyani

10.30495/jpll.2022.698189

One of the influential poets in Persian literature is Forough Farrokhzad. Due to the dominance of his idealistic poetry in contrast to idealistic poetry, his poetry has shifted to a kind of democratic poetry. Careful analysis of his poems shows the metamorphosis and met More

One of the influential poets in Persian literature is Forough Farrokhzad. Due to the dominance of his idealistic poetry in contrast to idealistic poetry, his poetry has shifted to a kind of democratic poetry. Careful analysis of his poems shows the metamorphosis and metamorphosis of his poems from a kind of taste hermeneutics to a kind of philosophical hermeneutics. The purpose of this study is to show the allegorical forms in Forough Farrokhzad's poems. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and by examining the revelation of allegorical aspects of animus in Forough Farrokhzad's poems.Based on this research, it is determined what are the examples of animus that Forough Farrokhzad has used in his poems and what effect each of them has had on the expression of his thoughts.The authors of this research have found allegorical images of animus in Forough Farrokhzad's poems in coherent places and in different forms such as myths, religious ceremonies, dreams and personal imaginations, etc. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Analyzing critical parables in Farrokhi's and Forough poems with the approach of social influences
Hosein Mehrabibardar mohammadali sharifiyan rajab fakhraeiyan

10.30495/jpll.2023.1977088.1291

Critical parables are one of the last tools of elite thinkers and poets to protest against the atmosphere of suffocation and suffocation prevailing in the society. The importance of this research is to know that in a society reform is formed in the real sense and growth More

Critical parables are one of the last tools of elite thinkers and poets to protest against the atmosphere of suffocation and suffocation prevailing in the society. The importance of this research is to know that in a society reform is formed in the real sense and growth and perfection are realized, that critiques based on reasoning from the intellectual class become common. The purpose of this research is to examine Farrokhi's allegorical-critical poems along with similar examples from the Holy Quran, Nahj al-Balagha and great poets, especially with a descriptive-analytical method based on library sources, and the critical view of Farrokhi in his allegorical poems according to the prevailing conditions. to be analyzed in the bowl of social literature on its own time. No background was found on the topic of critical parables of Farrokhi poems. The method of research was extracting allegorical-critical poems in Divan and analyzing them. The question is whether the allegorical criticisms of Farrokhi had an impact on the social developments of that time or not? He sees no other way than to express the facts in the form of plain and sometimes allegorical, metaphorical and ironic prose. Because he has tried the path of evangelism and gossip before, like all the freedom fighters of history, he knows the hard end, but he believes that he keeps the light of awareness on, and because his choice is a conscious courage, even if his life is on the line, he conveys his words and his message. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Parables of Protest in the Poetry of Forough Farokhzad and Ghada al-Samman
Z. Soleymani

The structure of traditional society in Iran and Arab states, their values, and cultures have helped shape the social situation of women. The women are forced in these societies to lead isolated lives, far from the social life. Forough Farokhzad from Iran and Ghada al-S More

The structure of traditional society in Iran and Arab states, their values, and cultures have helped shape the social situation of women. The women are forced in these societies to lead isolated lives, far from the social life. Forough Farokhzad from Iran and Ghada al-Samman from Syria are two poets who antagonized the patrimonalist traditions and raised their voice against discrimination and oppressions of women in the male dominated Persian and Arab societies. A compresion between Forough and Ghada, as two protest poets who have aimed their critical views against the false beliefs in their societies, is emerged here.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - : contemporary poetry , verbal sonnet , forough farokhzad , allegory , feminine
M. kamarkhani M. J. Kazazi

Frequent application of verbal language in the works of some poets, has led to a flow of today’s poetry known as verbal poetry. Elegant lyric thoughts which are personal and experimental, leads to the discovery of lovely scenes in the form of verbal language, reac More

Frequent application of verbal language in the works of some poets, has led to a flow of today’s poetry known as verbal poetry. Elegant lyric thoughts which are personal and experimental, leads to the discovery of lovely scenes in the form of verbal language, reacting against the traditional principles of sonnet, including meter and rhyme. Couplets and their verbal replacement has changed the form of verbal sonnet. Forough Farokhzad and Seyed Ali Salehi are formal founders  of verbal sonnet. Farokhzad has expressed her emotions and pains while expanding the limits of language through development of the least lingual intermediate and cultural advancement. This factor has changed her into an iconoclastic poet. The poet presents a sensory and tangible attitude, using verbal language and protest, expressing her emotional feelings. To present such an attitude, she has sacrificed cultural ethical contracts along with feminine norms. In these dimensions, her poetry has a norm. Based on these dimensions, her poetry has a negative reflection in the minds of audiences because she has not used lingual intermediates and symbolic or metonymic tools as a poet for expressing her feminine issues and she has used some contractive metonymies. In this article, we first define verbal poetry and its evolution, and then express elements against feminine contracts and effect of removing the symbolic language or forming transgressive feminine patterns. Moreover, we will investigate some instances of symbolic usage in her poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Male discourse analysis in FOROUGH FARROKHZAD and GHADA SAMMAN poems
Nazanin Farzad

In our era, the age of science and knowledge, where women are also making a significant contribution, educated women try to promote the place of women to its original and natural position, alongside the man. In the distant past, ignorance and savagery had become her int More

In our era, the age of science and knowledge, where women are also making a significant contribution, educated women try to promote the place of women to its original and natural position, alongside the man. In the distant past, ignorance and savagery had become her into a pet, which couldn’t be as effective as men in society. Therefore, woman in the limits of home had accepted routine life. The women’s originality movement that was product of Humanism and the Renaissance, very soon enveloped all over the Europe and later spread among the Orient lands. In Islamic lands, radical Feminism is not seen. Because in ISLAM women enjoyed civil rights, except in the case of inheritance and witness, unlike the Middle age Church. So the orient women are not men’s enemy. They believe that women are complementary to men and trying to resolve this misunderstanding with men. In dealing with, women right and her freedom in front of men, Forough Farrokhzad, Iranian poet and Ghada  Al-Samman, Arabic poet are the same. In this discourse, although the man once was unwanted enemy, now is her lover too. So in their discourse, the man has two faces, marauder in the past and promising besides complementary of today’s life. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Allegory, Symbol and Metaphor, Forough Farrokhzad’s Romantic Poetry
R. Masoomi Sh. Ojagh Ali Zade

Forough Farrokhzad has been a poet whose life has been the focus of attention. Her works are seldom analyzed. The author of the article has made an attempt to analyze most of her poems from this perspective, with reference to their use of reputable sources to investigat More

Forough Farrokhzad has been a poet whose life has been the focus of attention. Her works are seldom analyzed. The author of the article has made an attempt to analyze most of her poems from this perspective, with reference to their use of reputable sources to investigate the use of the allegory (external and abstract), symbols (ideogram) and metaphors (personification and animism) in the works of the poet. It is concluded that Forough is a very special person who has used symbols. After the birthday song is written by the poet and intellectual perfection. Her analogy is quite prosperous in terms of form and content that is very interesting and noteworthy. She seems to have made a very extensive use of diagnostic and significant and noticeable personifications. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

20 - A new look at the function of the street: providing a conceptual model of High Streets for All approach (Case Study: comparing Imam Khomeini Street and Foroughi Street in Tabriz)
Mana Vahidbafandeh Javad Imani Shamloo Melika Fadavi

10.30495/juepd.2023.1982644.1166

         The high and main streets of the city are the heart of cities nowadays. Today, these vital arteries are facing new social, environmental and economic challenges and must deal with the uncertainty of the city. Now the impo More

         The high and main streets of the city are the heart of cities nowadays. Today, these vital arteries are facing new social, environmental and economic challenges and must deal with the uncertainty of the city. Now the important question is how to design and plan the main streets of the city in such a way that it meets the different expectations of society and at the same time, it can be compatible with future developments. Many planners and urban designers in the world are thinking of creating strategies to restore the role of high streets to their original position as a place to serve visitors, businesses and stakeholders that all people can use. The high streets for all approach is a popular approach in urban studies in recent years. Nevertheless, so far, it has not been mentioned in the research field of Persian texts and sources in the specialized field of urban planning. Although this approach is successful in global experiences. The purpose of this research is to look at the function of the street by presenting a conceptual model of the high streets. In addition, to validate and better introduce this new approach, two critical streets of Tabriz City (Imam Khomeini Street and Foroughi Street) have been compared from the perspective of this approach. The general approach of this research is descriptive-analytical. Collecting information and field data through a questionnaire and the sample size based on Cochran's formula is 384 people. The research findings show that the essential components of the "High Street for All" approach are more vital in Imam Khomeini Street than in Foroughi Street, and only Foroughi Street has a higher priority in the two indicators of "personal branding, presence of famous commercial brands." To create a High Street for all streets, it should be a strength at the comprehensive level of spaces in all dimensions, including the relationship between humans and the environment.Extended AbstractIntroduction:The High Streets for All mission seeks to stitch the actual uses of the city back together following decades of dispersal and separation and invites us to rethink how we live and move around the city. High streets are the places most people can walk to or get the bus from; they provide common access points to the city’s cycle routes, bus and overground systems. High streets are essential places of employment. This research seeks to know whether the idea of High streets for all is applicable in the cities and streets of Iran and the world. So far, many cities worldwide, such as London, the founder of this concept, have succeeded in implementing it, and these streets have become public places for everyone. In the current research, the theoretical foundations are aimed at the functional revitalization of urban streets. For this purpose, the sources are based on creating a conceptual model according to the contextual-cultural conditions of the case examples. Then, an evaluation was done on Foroughi Street and Imam Khomeini Street in Tabriz, both of which are commercial and essential streets of the city. This comparison aims to find the best high street for basics close to the High Street for everyone.Methodology:The statistical population in this research includes the entire city of Tabriz (according to the definition of urban scale for High Streets) and the sampling is from different people of the city according to the context of the subject. The size of the statistical population of Cochran's formula according to the population of Tabriz city (1,727,476 people) and taking into account the error level of 5% is equal to 384 people. After collecting the field data, Spss software was used to analyze each component in case samples to analyze the mean using descriptive statistics methods. Considering the normality of the data in both samples, the standard deviation was used T-test for two independent models (independent two-sample t-test). Also, collecting information through document study and using the latest sources in the relevant field.Results and discussion:Based on the studies and tests conducted, most of the average data indicate the high potential and parameters of the "High Street for All" approach in Imam Khomeini Street. About 14 leading indicators had a high statistical average in this sample. Still, in contrast to Foroghi Street, due to the presence of a new context in the component of economic sustainability (personal branding, presence of commercial brands), it has a very high average, which indicates the strength of the element (sustainability Economic) on this street. In general, it can be said that the hypothesis of the research is confirmed according to the investigations carried out, and Imam Khomeini Street is considered a well-equipped street with a high average in most of the indicators and from this point of view, it has a lot of potential for the growth and design of businesses.Conclusion:High streets are social; they promote mutual friendship and cultural exchange. At once, global and local high streets offer everyday experiences and opportunities for social interaction worldwide. Designers tell us they particularly value this opportunity to be around other people. This opportunity is significant to socially vulnerable groups like older people or new neighbors looking to make friends. The streets of the "High street for all" are one of the modern city's most characteristic features and the city's most familiar public property. Well-equipped streets are places where most of the city's people from every class and income group can walk. Shared access points to bike and bus routes indicate high access to these streets. Paying attention to the economic dimensions of sustainable cities, including supporting creative businesses through cooperative work centers and holding start-ups, is also one of the new topics of this approach. According to the investigations and the successful experiences of the world, this example of streets can be very successful in promoting and improving presence in urban spaces. Based on this, this approach can act as a strong driver in the direction of balance and creating inclusive spaces in the streets of Iran. This research tried to introduce this functionally successful approach with sample evaluation. We hope that sufficient attention will be paid to it in future research. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

21 - Examining the verb modal in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry by considering the verb modal
zary khodaei mehri talkhabi toraj aghdaie heidar hasanlo hosein Arian

This study is on of Examining the verb modal in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry by considering the verb modal. Based on different theories and from fundamental positions, the verb modal reflects the writer's point of view. So, this tool can be used to examine the inner thou More

This study is on of Examining the verb modal in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry by considering the verb modal. Based on different theories and from fundamental positions, the verb modal reflects the writer's point of view. So, this tool can be used to examine the inner thoughts and thoughts of the author. This study aims to examine the the verb modalto explain Forough’s attitude and point of view and study his mind and soul deeply, to answer this fundamental question, how dose Forough Farrokhzad's thoughts and ideas reflect in the syntax of words and can Forough's thought be received among the the modal of his poetic actions? The importance of this research is in examining and analyzing the the verb modal, it is possible to achieve the style, knowledge and sense of forough.In this article, we study the the verb modalin Forough Farrokhzad's poems collection, called "Another Birth", while analyzing various theories about the the verb modal. By providing samples, we concluded that in most cases, Forough used obligation aspect to express thoughts, nostalgic feelings, escape to childhood , to express regrets, wishes and failures. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and after collecting poetic evidence it has been studied and analyzed. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

22 - A consider of the poetic structure of rebirth work on based on the conceptual metaphors
mohamadbagher shahrami seyed ali hashemi araghtoo

The contemporary metaphor theory has been started from 1980 decade with the cognitive linguistics theories and is considered as a predominant and important subject in the linguistic investigations and literary works in the whole world. One of the biggest theoreticians o More

The contemporary metaphor theory has been started from 1980 decade with the cognitive linguistics theories and is considered as a predominant and important subject in the linguistic investigations and literary works in the whole world. One of the biggest theoreticians of this domain is Zoltán Kövecsesthat many his works is about metaphor and perhaps no one in the world have focused on it like him. He completed the lakoff, Johnson, turner ̕s view about the contemporary metaphor theory. He is the first person who has learned the cognitive metaphors approaches in interpretation of verse to the readers. He also had considered the cognitive metaphors approaches in the impressionism school and named this literary genre: the cognitive impressionism. One of the most important poetic subjects in forough farrokhzad we can find the mixture of impressionism characters and the cognitive metaphors approaches. So in this essay we are going to consider these type of forough poems on based on the Kövecses cognitive impressionism theory. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

23 - Post-Romanticism in the Poetry of Forough Farokhzad
Behzad Khajat

The purpose of the present research was to study the course of romanticism and its transition in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry. Romanticism was one of the most important literary schools in the world which rooted in the West's economic and social developments and has be More

The purpose of the present research was to study the course of romanticism and its transition in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry. Romanticism was one of the most important literary schools in the world which rooted in the West's economic and social developments and has been critically accounted for, in various ways. However, in Iran, the material grounds for the emergence of this school had not been entirely completed and, consequently, romanticism could not be activated in the literary community like its western counterpart. From the Constitutional Revolution and the first translation of literary works, some features of this school had entered literary life and then had prevailed with the social developments. Forough Farrokhzad was one of the most influential figures in Iranian romantic poetry whose poem was a mirror of the developments in the Iranian romantic school. So it was possible to study the dynamics of this school in the field of poetry today in her works. This article aimed to use the descriptive-analytical method to emphasize the characteristics of the school of romanticism in transforming of the poetry of Forough Farrokhzad.The results indicated that Forough Farrokhzad's poetry had been able to reach a special position in a difficult path of superficial romanticism to a well-known and thoughtful romanticism. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

24 - The Color Element as the Symbol of Forough Farrokhzad’s Feminine Style
Eqlima Ansari Ashraf Chegini

The purpose of the present research was to study the role of color and its symbols in expressing feminine sentiments and emotions of Forough by using the new views of color psychology. The use of colors and feminine symbols were the means for Forough to communicate with More

The purpose of the present research was to study the role of color and its symbols in expressing feminine sentiments and emotions of Forough by using the new views of color psychology. The use of colors and feminine symbols were the means for Forough to communicate with her audience, expressing her feminine thoughts, speaking of a woman’s concerns and aspirations, and ultimately, defending her virtue as a woman. Regarding this element in her sentimental and feminine poetry contributed to a better understanding of her and, to a large degree, a decent connection of the audience with her feminine thoughts and feelings. This research was based on descriptive – analytical study, and according to the results obtained from the current study, red was at the highest frequency as the most vibrant color with a perfectly positive effect; after that black was considered as the heaviest color, which is the expression of the most feminine feelings in Forough’s poetry. Pink with the lowest frequency was used as an utterly feminine color; and other colors including white, green, silver, blue and gold, were roughly the same, reflecting the spirits, regrets, wishes, and chastity of this female poet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

25 - Volumetric travel in time ؛ The Role of Eventual Memory in Poetry Poetry; Based on Memory Segmentation from Bergson's View
sadaf mohseni alireza farnam

Abstract The purpose of this paper, which is a library and documentary research, is to investigate the role of incidental memory in promoting self-awareness using visual and emotional richness in Forough Farrokhzad's works based on psychological criticism and representa More

Abstract The purpose of this paper, which is a library and documentary research, is to investigate the role of incidental memory in promoting self-awareness using visual and emotional richness in Forough Farrokhzad's works based on psychological criticism and representation of the two in poetry. In this regard, the difference between soul and body is first discussed from Bergson's point of view; According to him, "soul" and "body" are the only time difference, and the soul and consequently self-awareness are always present in the past and do not look to the past to current events. Therefore, strengthening "random memory", which is a smooth and three-dimensional memory, will play an effective role in increasing self-awareness. In this descriptive and analytical study of content, we intend to increase the level of self-awareness by guiding the reader to use more random memory to have a significant impact on the process of psychotherapy and relief from mental problems. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - An Archetypal Reading of Forough Farrokhzad's "The Wind Will Take Us Away" from the Perspective of Northrop Frye
Seyed Reza Ebrahimi

10.30495/farsij.2023.1997159.1769

In his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye argues that the mythical mode is the most abstract and stylized of all literary modes. Frye uses the seasons in his archetypal schema, aligning each season with a literary genre. He argues that a hero's life mimics the cycle of More

In his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye argues that the mythical mode is the most abstract and stylized of all literary modes. Frye uses the seasons in his archetypal schema, aligning each season with a literary genre. He argues that a hero's life mimics the cycle of the yearly seasons, with comedy aligning with spring, romance with summer, tragedy with autumn, and satire with winter. Critics consider Forough Farrokhzad's "Another Birth" collection to be the manifestation of her intellectual and poetic evolution cycle, endowed with a profound look and thought about the myth of creation. One of the notable poems in this collection is "The Wind Will Take Us Away". Using Northrop Frye's Archetypal criticism, this study aims to investigate the transformation in the vision and thought that the poem presents in the archetypes expressed with the concepts of the seasons. The findings show that the subject of the poem, passing through the love myth and romance of her life and entering the field of the winter myth, achieves understanding, awareness, and new experiences, making a thoughtful expression of the concept of love. This transformation can be found in the transformation of the concept of love, which passes from a physical, transitory concept associated with destruction and coldness, to a heavenly and eternal sphere that is comforting, warm, and life-giving. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - The Transition to Modernity in Contemporary Iranian literature from the Interpretive Sociology Approach (Case study ideas of methodological Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad)
Hussein Abolhasan Tanhaei Mahmood Azimi Rasta

This paper is a comparative analysis in relation to the transition process of modernity in contemporary Iranian literature based on the dialectical attitude Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad is in the works and their narratives. This study sought to find an appropri More

This paper is a comparative analysis in relation to the transition process of modernity in contemporary Iranian literature based on the dialectical attitude Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad is in the works and their narratives. This study sought to find an appropriate answer to this key question was Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad in the transition to modernity in contemporary Iranian literature in their methodological study on the creation of his works have been based on what attitude? The study is Generally based on interpretive sociology approach. Meanwhile, some theoretical perspectives (Mead, Blumer and George Gorvich) in the analysis of important works of Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad was used. as a result, Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad in the transition to modernity in contemporary Iranian literature in terms of methodology and the type of attitude and abductionistic, subscriptions are very close together. methodological research is based on looking at social reality. Accordingly, important works of fiction and non-fiction Sadegh Hedayat and some important poems of Forough Farrokhzad in particular two collections of poetry "birth" and "believe in the cold season" was studied and analyzed. As a result, choose the kind of look and attitude in dealing with the creation of their work, In the transition to modernity in Iranian literature, methods of abductionistic and dialectic process together have fellowed. In terms of methodological abductionistic approach in a dialectical process in creating his art work clearly points were shared. But different on Their methodology is to look beyond gender Forough Farrokhzad, and staying within the traditional male-oriented structure that Sadegh Hedayat could not the distinction tradition and religion and time objectivity are not separate in naturalistic method mutual. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - A Psychoanalytical Reading of ForoughFarrokhzad’sPoetry through looking glass of Freud and Adler
Ali Dehghan Soheila Ghasemi

Psychology criticism tries to publicize the motives and mental excitements and the affective factors on creature of a literary work by using the work itself and on the other hand by the help of the author or poet’s biography by emphasizing on psychology and psycho More

Psychology criticism tries to publicize the motives and mental excitements and the affective factors on creature of a literary work by using the work itself and on the other hand by the help of the author or poet’s biography by emphasizing on psychology and psychoanalysis principles. And it tries to know whether the enthusiasm, interest and agitation of the work is feigned or is the reflection of creator’s distracted and plaintive soul? And wants to know what factor has caused the enthusiasm and agitation like this?  Honesty and artistic soul which have the elements like creativity, sensitiveness and is released from the net of molds and mottos, give the confident answer to psychoanalysis researches. Forough Farrokhzad’s personality includes the whole of these features. Therefore, in this research, Forough’s poems inspected based on Freud and Adler’s psychoanalysis viewpoints and distinguished that various defense mechanisms is seen against her depression and mental anxieties in her poems. And varieties complexes and mental motivations have influenced her life style and her instinct and poem perfection. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - Maternal Articulation in the Poetry of Parvin Etesami and Forough Farrokhzad
Faranak Shahmoradi Mohammad Hadi Sameni

Articulation of feelings and emotions has always been a theme of interest in the poetry of women writers in Iran. One of such emotions is the maternal one which has received more stress and attention by women writers across the world and Iran. This paper prepared throug More

Articulation of feelings and emotions has always been a theme of interest in the poetry of women writers in Iran. One of such emotions is the maternal one which has received more stress and attention by women writers across the world and Iran. This paper prepared through close reading is a comparative study in the poetry of Parvin Etesami and Forough Farrokhzad to investigate their voices as mothers. In doing so, reasons for such articulations including social and literary parameters are investigated. Considering such parameters and the poetry of the two writers, it seems that Etesami with his powerful poems pays more attention to moralities and tries to correct whatever she does not like through advice. She highlights the role of motherhood by means of the same technique. On the other hand, the poetry of Farrokhzad often accentuates a motherhood language that is meant for women to encourage them to resist against men. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Description in Forugh Farrokhzad’s Poetry
Mahboobeh Mobasheri Zahra Kian bakht

Type and modality of ‘description’ has always had significance and special  manifestation  in  the  poetry  of  different  periods  of  Persian Literature, so that study and analysis of descriptions is highly ins More

Type and modality of ‘description’ has always had significance and special  manifestation  in  the  poetry  of  different  periods  of  Persian Literature, so that study and analysis of descriptions is highly instrumental in stylistic trends of literary works. In contemporary poetry also analysis of   descriptions   in   many   cases   demonstrates   norm   –breaking   and innovative approaches of poets, in consequence of their regarding affairs from a novel viewpoint. Due  to  significance  of  descriptions  and  their  sublime  position  in literary works it is necessary to investigate these works in this regard. The present study firstly seeks to investigate types of description in Forough Farrokhzad’s poetry on the basis of some definitions in Arabic language and literature, and also the tropes the poet has practiced in this regard such as simile and personification as the most frequent ones. Secondly, epithets are analyzed in terms of grammatical concerns. These epithets are categorized according to Dr. Ali-mohamad Haghshenas’ Persian grammar and treatment of each epithet considering their grammatical structures is examined statistically. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - Jung's Principle of Contradiction in Relation to the Unified Opposites of Water and Fire (Relying on the Poetry of Forough Farrokhzad and Amal Dunqul)
Nasrin Bigdeli Fereydoon Tahmasbi Shabnam Hatampour Farzaneh Sorkhi

10.30495/rpcl.2023.699184

The principle of contradiction is one of the most important factors in the development and flourishing of personality in the collective unconscious part of the human mind, which in Jung's school of analytical psychology is the motivator of all behavior and the producer More

The principle of contradiction is one of the most important factors in the development and flourishing of personality in the collective unconscious part of the human mind, which in Jung's school of analytical psychology is the motivator of all behavior and the producer of all mental energy. By making scientific comparisons between mental energy and sustained biological force, Jung establishes a deep connection between the intensity of the mental energy of myths and their conceptual nature, so that their conceptual place in the deep layers of literary and artistic works is well illustrated. In this study, considering the mental energy and inner force of myths, the works of creators such as Forough Farrokhzad and Amal Dunqul are explored based on Jung's principle of contradiction or duality, to determine the extent and intensity of their influence on the paradoxical and symbolic nature of mythical elements and The unified paradoxes of fire and water and their negative/affirmative revelations are studied in the works of Farrokhzad and Donqol in relation with such elements as rain, lake, river, Satan, flood, etc. Considering the discontents of the contemporary world, an analytic/descriptive method has been used in order to show the political thought and idealistic objectives of these two poets which concern the meaningful notions and dual psychological tendencies of sacred and ideal myths such as purity, purging, fertility, fecundity, rebirth, dynamism, immortality, deliverance and illumination.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - Rationality and modernism in the thought and works of Mohammad Ali Foroughi
Mohamad Ali nobakht maghsood ranjbar Ali mohseni

The inefficiency and backwardness of the structure of the political system ruling Iran during the Qajar period did not bring any achievements for the Iranian nation except poverty, disease and humiliation. Hence, the elites tried to create a change in the paradigm of th More

The inefficiency and backwardness of the structure of the political system ruling Iran during the Qajar period did not bring any achievements for the Iranian nation except poverty, disease and humiliation. Hence, the elites tried to create a change in the paradigm of thought that governs the traditional Iranian system and an important change in the Iranian intellectual space by combining rationality and modernism. The aim of the present study is to measure the relationship between rationality and modernism in the works and ideas of Mohammad Ali Foroughi "Zaka-ol-Molk". Foroughi with deep thinking and avoidance of extremist tendencies and study of new philosophical and political ideas of the West, which was unprecedented among the political elites until his time; He had a deep and measured understanding of the political body of Iran. With a realistic vision and focusing his power on political enlightenment and translation, he wrote classical texts of Western culture, lecturing and writing articles; Introduced modern philosophical, economic and political ideas to Iranians. The main research question is that; To what extent has rationality and modernism influenced the thought and works of Mohammad Ali Foroughi? And the hypothesis of the present article is that Mohammad Ali Foroughi had a better understanding of rationality and modernism than the modernist elites of his time and his effort was to create a coherent and measured writings in intellectual development, intellectual maturity and the creation of modern institutions theoretical and practical role Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

33 - A Look at the Transformation of Signs in Forough Farrokhzad's Poetic Thought
Mostafa Bagheri Zahra Eshaghi Ahmad Forouzanfaf Nazila Khosravi Tarnik

Since the system of signs is constantly changing and transforming due to the change in social structures, paying attention to the metamorphosis of signs in the poetry of a particular poet can be a way to know the changing meanings of signs. Through the language of Forou More

Since the system of signs is constantly changing and transforming due to the change in social structures, paying attention to the metamorphosis of signs in the poetry of a particular poet can be a way to know the changing meanings of signs. Through the language of Forough Farrokhzad's collection of poems, this research has shown the context of explaining and understanding his mental feelings, which are expressions of external experiences in the language of his poetry. The current research has been selected with a descriptive-analytical method and by selecting poems by Forough Farrokhzad in Captured, Wall, Rebellion, Another Birth poetry books, and Let's Believe in the beginning of the cold season. The researchers are looking for the extent to which the poems of Forough Farrokhzad adhere to the external nature of the signifiers in the dictionary, and where these signs have become impossible among other signs. The results of the research show that the implied meanings have been investigated in eight categories night, death, sun, love, perfectionism, water and its symbols, tree, window, and the symbol of the night have the highest frequency of change and transformation. In the books of Captured, Wall, and Rebellion, there is still no trace of this way of speaking and the special arrangement of signifiers and signifiers, and what is there is a simile and a little metaphor, but in the poems of other collections of births, let's believe in the beginning Cold season, Forough expresses many elements and manifestations of nature in line with the expression of his thoughts, symbolically and impossibly in diverse and different meanings. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

34 - Analyzing the theory of "social interest" in Forough Farrokhzad's poems based on Alfred Adler's individualistic psychology
Khadijeh Fooladi

      Applying scientific-literary theories in criticizing literary texts and reading them is a method that is very popular and used in research recently due to its solid and analyzable method and style. Psychological theories have a special and More

      Applying scientific-literary theories in criticizing literary texts and reading them is a method that is very popular and used in research recently due to its solid and analyzable method and style. Psychological theories have a special and valuable place among different fields that can be discussed around literary texts. Individualistic psychology was founded by Alfred Adler and one of the theories in this individualistic psychology is the theory of social interest. In this article, which is done in a descriptive-analytical way based on document analysis and the method of library studies, the poems of Forough Farrokhzad are analyzed and investigated based on the theory of social interest based on Adler's individualistic psychology. The results of the research show that the social interest in Forough Farrokhzad's poems is very strong in paying attention to his fellow men, especially women. The component of despair and loneliness in his poems makes it possible to consider him as an isolated personality type. Forough is a poet whose desired perfection is to reach a world where his fellows, especially the women of the society, are in safety and peace. In general, it can be said that the social interest in the existence of Forough is summarized in the effort to create better conditions for their fellows, especially women. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

35 - Investigating the shadow archetype in didar dar shab forough's poem
mehran alivand kazem dezfoolian

Shadow is the of Jungian archetypes. Archetype has an ancient and eternal concept. And it considers as the common language among all human beings. Archetype places in collective unconscious. Shadow is the sinner and unprocessed dimension of us that deals whit our defect More

Shadow is the of Jungian archetypes. Archetype has an ancient and eternal concept. And it considers as the common language among all human beings. Archetype places in collective unconscious. Shadow is the sinner and unprocessed dimension of us that deals whit our defects and incompleteness. Also it is origin of creation and prosperity. Archetypes specially shadow usually appears in dream s or creative work of literature. In some parts of forough's poems we can see the traes of shadow. Chehre ye shegeft (the amazing face) has features of shadow. Forough e this rejected and ruined face that had no clear appearance at night and talked to it, and the shadow took the chance for telling the truth that always been hidden. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

36 - Examining the Public Literary Sphere with the Public Moral and Political Sphere in Contemporary Iran (With emphasis on Nima, Forough and Shamlou's poetry examples)
Mahmoud Mozafari Morteza Bahrani Nassereddinali Taghavian

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

37 - Examining the Translations of Forough Farrokhzad’s Selected Poems by a Native and a Non-Native Speaker Using Vinay and Darbelnet’s Model
Enayat A. Shabani Nafiseh Emadi Fatemeh Daftari

Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

38 - Environment in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry; From Familiarity and cohabitation to dissolution
Enayatollah Daraei Effat Najar Nobari

The history of showing nature in Persian literature is as long as the history of literature. Since the 20th century, man's view of nature has changed, which led to the emergence of ecologism and, as a result, the formation of "Ecocriticism". In this criticism, the relat More

The history of showing nature in Persian literature is as long as the history of literature. Since the 20th century, man's view of nature has changed, which led to the emergence of ecologism and, as a result, the formation of "Ecocriticism". In this criticism, the relationship between literature and environment is examined. The purpose of this research is to investigate how nature is represented in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry; How are the pleasant or unpleasant phenomena of nature, as well as the gender-oriented representation of nature in her poetry? The research method is a combination of ecocriticism and rhetoric. The presence of nature is different in two periods of Forough's poetry. In the first period (captive, wall, rebellion), she looks at nature from the outside (in the form of similes and metaphors and rarely in animism and symbols). In the second period (Rebirth and let's believe the beginning of the cold season), nature is symbolic and alive. Forough identifies herself with nature and plants her hands in the garden. The pleasant natural phenomena in Forough's poetry indicate the lofty ideals of man; Like the sky and stars (superiority and awareness), birds (liberation and happiness), earth and plants (fertility and abundance), water and rain (purity and tenderness) and fire (love and passion). In her poetry, mud, rock, stone (indifference), night, snake, crow (reprehensible and talkative) and wind (death and inexistence) are represented in an unfavorable way. Forough reproduces the patriarchal historical and mythological culture. she represents the man like the sky, moon, sun and rain in a lofty, bright, warm, active, pure and purifying way; While the woman is shown as small, weak, receptive and polluted like a bird, earth, fields, dew, rocks and mud. Forough's poems are against the views of feminists. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

39 - Discourse Analysis of Forough Farrokhzad’s Poetry “The Window” According to Systematic-functional Linguistics
Shervin Khamseh

Discourse analysis is an intertextual research analyzing the texts according to its context of situation. The poetry has been studied according to Holliday’s theory on Systematic-functional linguistics based on descriptive-analytical approach for revealing hidden More

Discourse analysis is an intertextual research analyzing the texts according to its context of situation. The poetry has been studied according to Holliday’s theory on Systematic-functional linguistics based on descriptive-analytical approach for revealing hidden layers. First, the poetry has been divided into four parts after describing ideational, interpersonal and textual meta-functions. Then each one was analyzed by drawing tables and frequency research. Finally, the whole poetry was annotated as a coherent text.  The results indicate that the poetry has been written in realistic and objective vision and dynamism. The poetry has assumed few bipolar atmosphere by high frequency of the participants (I & You). The plenty usage of indicative mood shows poet’s confidence on her words and the high frequency of present tenses makes more influence on readers to their agreements. The poetry was written opposing to dominant discourse of the time: more attention to technology and less on spirituality.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

40 - Study of the Symptomology of Bipolar Disorders (Manic-Depressive) in Forough Farrokhzad's Poems
Arash Moshfaghi

AbstractWith a profound look at the literary works of poets and literary writers, one can see the growth and development of literature and psychology.  Since, every created work is not outside the world of psychology. Because the inner psychological states of the c More

AbstractWith a profound look at the literary works of poets and literary writers, one can see the growth and development of literature and psychology.  Since, every created work is not outside the world of psychology. Because the inner psychological states of the creator of the work shadow on the created work, and in fact, the literary work expresses the conscious and unconscious inner psychological dynamics of the author. One of these common situations in the individuals, especially in the poets, can be depressed mood which leads to "depression". Depression disorder, which is placed in the inside of mood disorders class, in its full form, has several types that one of its types is bipolar disorder (Manic-Depressive). The aim of the present study was to examine the poems of Forough Farrokhzad, known as Pari Shahdokht of contemporary poetry, based on the semiotics of bipolar disorder (Manic-Depressive). For this purpose, the analytical method of poetry of the poet was used. According to the results, it seems that the existence of two essential drives of life and death in Forough's poems is impressive. The poet has been able to place two opposite and contradictory sources in her poems with artistic techniques, all of which emanate from inner psychological states full of contrasts and contradictions of human. The main factor of these states can be attributed to the failures, frustrations, and backwardness of social knowledge and ... of any human being which is very prominent in the poems of this poet. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

41 - Studying the Social Realistic Frequencies in the Poetry of Forough Farrokhzad
Leila Golipouri

Abstract         Realism is a literary school which spread in Europe and America in 1850 – 1880. Its most important characteristic is that it considers man as a social being and seeks the roots of his behavior, whether good or b More

Abstract         Realism is a literary school which spread in Europe and America in 1850 – 1880. Its most important characteristic is that it considers man as a social being and seeks the roots of his behavior, whether good or bad, in the society. Realism entered the Persian literature through Iranians' familiarity with the West in an imitative and concordant with the constitution revolution; and the poets and writers took advantage of this school  in creating their works. Persian women poets such as Forough Farrokhzad used it in composing their social poetry. The present article, with the analytic – descriptive method, and by considering the impact of the different governments which had on the social frequencies till post revolution, is going to study some of the realistic social frequencies in Forough's poetry. The consequence of this research is that the element of woman relying on fighting against desperation, espousing the justice and advocating the right of man were of the most important frequencies of social realism which were of significant elements in the women's movement in this Persian lady's poetry. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

42 - Transition to modernity in contemporary Iranian literature- A Case Study of Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad
Mahmoud Azimie Rasta Hussein Abolhasan Tanhaei Hussein Aghajani Mersa

Abstract The present study describes the process of transition to modernity in contemporary Iranian literature.    To this effect, two contemporary Iranian literature writers namely, Sadeq Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad were selected. With the application More

Abstract The present study describes the process of transition to modernity in contemporary Iranian literature.    To this effect, two contemporary Iranian literature writers namely, Sadeq Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad were selected. With the application of the Cognitive Components approach, corresponding components were traced in their works and thoughts and subsequent to comparing and contrasting the results with the development of modernity, the status of thought in contemporary Iran was revealed. The study method was library research and content analysis and the paradigm was based on the interpretive sociological approach. Based on these and the Cognitive approach of Sadeq Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad and the transition to modernity in Iran, the main question was: What type of style and viewpoint did they possess that influenced the construction, outlook and creativity of their workrs? In the analysis of their major works, the result, based on the Cognitive approach, showed that both of their styles and viewpoints adhered to creative abduction approach and a dialectic process. However, some static viewpoints using the dialectic approach to the subject and object results from their superior educational background affected their outlook on man. While that Sadegh Hedayat conformed to the traditional male-oriented structure which was not useful in forming a distinction between tradition and religion objectivity and separating them with a naturalistic approach, Forough Farrokhzad focused on traditional gender boundaries. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

43 - It is only the Sound that remains
Rafât Hadgi zadeh

Since the very beginning of the first edition of her poetry collection in 1331, till the end of her thirty two years of life in 1345, Farokhzad wrote poetry with her own style of expression and language.  With her particular use of diction, and unique imagery, she More

Since the very beginning of the first edition of her poetry collection in 1331, till the end of her thirty two years of life in 1345, Farokhzad wrote poetry with her own style of expression and language.  With her particular use of diction, and unique imagery, she could depict a different world in an old- fashioned, male-oriented society which dominated the Persian Literature. A look upon the history of Persian Literature reveals that one seldom encounters conservative writings of women commenting on the traditional restrictions with no rights to express their views since the old conventional system regarded man as strong, logical, ruler, and speaker, yet woman as obedient, illogical, and silent.  The symbol of a good woman was “an angel in the house” submissive, and patient who totally sacrificed herself at home.  In this poem, Farokhzad finds empty the place of creative, thinking women in the domain of Art and Culture, and with such claim as “why should I stop”  begins her struggle. Obviously such  male- oriented society at that time could not accept such non-conventional ways, norm violated language, bold expressions,  and truthful diction coming from a woman but Forough, the Iranian woman created a new atmosphere where she could resist the conventional traditions of society and fight for expressing her independent identity.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

44 - A Study on Iran’s Societal Backward in the Q§j§rs Era According to “Tarbiat” Newspaper
Abdullah Motevali Mohammad Hassan Beigi

: Newspapers played an irreplaceable role in changing the approach of Iranian society during the Qajar era. In the process leading to the formation of the Constitutional Movement within Iran, several newspapers were published. Some of them, regardless of their political More

: Newspapers played an irreplaceable role in changing the approach of Iranian society during the Qajar era. In the process leading to the formation of the Constitutional Movement within Iran, several newspapers were published. Some of them, regardless of their political stance, pursued a pathological approach to the general issues of society. The Tarbiat newspaper was one of the most important and stable of these newspapers. For nearly nine years, it sought to root out the elements and factors of societal stagnation, offering practical solutions to exit from those unpleasant conditions. The identification of the factors of societal backwardness and the proposed models of the newspaper for structural reform in the society of the Qajars formed the main issue of this article. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer this fundamental question: What are the main factors of the backward of Iranian society in the Qajar period from the perspective of the Tarbiat newspaper? And what models does the newspaper propose to get out of this situation? The results of the study show that the newspaper’s emphasis is more on cultural weaknesses and inability to expand up-to-date knowledge. Accordingly, the newspaper’s proposed system is more focused on increasing the scientific capacity of society and also the radical treatment of this disorder. Of course, from this perspective, the reform of the educational and training system is considered as the main priorities. In addition to this, the reform process will be fruitless without considering the reconstruction of the moral system of society Manuscript profile

List of Articles Forough

Sanad

Links

Related Centers

Technical Support

Official pages