England

Open Access Article

1 - Compensation for Damages Caused By Privacy Violations in Media and the Approach of Iranian and British Law towards Its Violation
zeynab aslani ali jafari jafar salmanzadeh

10.30495/mediastudies.2023.70128.1487

The media are responsible for protecting the privacy of individuals, and in case of violation and damage to individuals, they must compensate for the damage. Damages caused by privacy are often spiritual and non-material, and it is not possible to completely restore the More

The media are responsible for protecting the privacy of individuals, and in case of violation and damage to individuals, they must compensate for the damage. Damages caused by privacy are often spiritual and non-material, and it is not possible to completely restore the previous situation. The aim of the current research is to compensate the media from several private systems in the laws of Iran and England, which was done using the document-library method. The research findings showed that In Iran's laws, protection of privacy is used to protect individuals against defamation, dignity and property, but there are still many challenges in protecting privacy and personal data. In the English legal system, privacy does not have a single validity. The records in the legal system of this country show that in some cases the court has considered compensation for the violation of privacy. But in this country there is no explicit guarantee for the right to privacy. The general approach of English law is based on the predominance of privacy protection in the form of quasi-crime and the obligation to compensate for damages and refer to other civil wrongs. However, compared to Iran, England's supportive approach is far more favorable than Iran in some aspects, especially the privacy of communications, information and data Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - New methods of financing football clubs in developed countries and the developing countries have a comparative study
Taghi Torabi Mahsa Ghorbani Meysam Bagheri Samaneh Tarighi

The main objective of this comparative study is to see how professional football clubs in Iran and England’s premier league are financed. This applied research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical way. The results of the study showed that there is a More

The main objective of this comparative study is to see how professional football clubs in Iran and England’s premier league are financed. This applied research has been conducted in a descriptive and analytical way. The results of the study showed that there is a significant difference between the ways through which English and Iranian professional football league clubs are financed. Most Iranian clubs are funded by government and industry-based sources (65%) while most English clubs are private and are funded by television broadcasting rights (31%), match-day income and cash flow from business (22%). Some major barriers to financing Iranian professional football league clubs are as follows; the state-run clubs, lack of financial transparency , the fact that IRIB refuses to pay the media broadcasting right to the clubs, failure in complying with copyright law in Iran , inappropriate competition schedules, unsuccessful club marketing management, club managers lack of awareness about new methods of financing , limited use of creative sport directors with financial and business expertise at different levels of football industry Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - A Study of Hiddenness of the Point of Resemblance in the Simile of “Old Fox” Allegory in Enlightenment Age Poetry (with an emphasis on the poems of Adib Pishavari)
Hasan Alizadhe Ramin Sadeghinezgad Maryam Mohammadzadhe

10.30495/jpll.2023.1975376.1287

Fox is one of the names that has become associated with cunning since time immemorial. Adding the adjective “old” to this name casts light on other aspects of the deceptive power of this animal. This subject becomes important when we know that in a given poi More

Fox is one of the names that has become associated with cunning since time immemorial. Adding the adjective “old” to this name casts light on other aspects of the deceptive power of this animal. This subject becomes important when we know that in a given point in the history of Iran, i.e. Enlightenment Age, the phrase “Old Fox”, is used as the point of resemblance to describe the Great Britain. This phrase has been frequently used by the media and writers in their similes and turned to an inseparable part of the political culture of Iran. The Enlightenment poets based on their knowledge of this high potentiality for giving depth to their words proceeded to overcome the strangulation space and enlighten the people. Since the point of resemblance in this simile is hidden, we have struggled to explain it in this essay. The fundamental question of this writing that we are trying to answer is: Why, of all the interpretations used to demonstrate British cunning, only the title of "old fox" has persisted? This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical method. The necessity of such research is because the pseudo-aspect is hidden in this allegory and needs to be investigated. A writing that examines why the pseudo-face is covered in this allegory likeness is not written and hence it is new. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Providing a roadmap for technical and vocational secondary school educational system in Iran
zohreh bagherzade Alireza Asareh

Focusing on the USA, the UK, Germany, and Japan, this study aimed to identify the characteristics of technical and vocational educational system in such countries to improve the vocational and technical educational system in Iran. This study was a comparative survey. Da More

Focusing on the USA, the UK, Germany, and Japan, this study aimed to identify the characteristics of technical and vocational educational system in such countries to improve the vocational and technical educational system in Iran. This study was a comparative survey. Data were collected using documentary method and libraries research as well as surfing the related websites as UNESCO and Ministries of Education of the studied countries. The used pattern was George Brady. Based on the findings, improving the quality of educational system, building confidence, promoting the employment efficiency, entrepreneurship, and adopting with the international markets were the determined purpose of such countries in this very field. Developing a national qualifications framework, using an eclectic approach for teacher training, allocating more hours devoted for the internship, communicating teachers with companies, continuing corporation under the supervision of an expert, having evaluation by using a variety of different types (lasting, formative, continuous), considering the emotional factors, professional ethics, and grouping evaluation were highly noticed in these countries.Taking the successful models of developed countries into consideration and applying them in our vocational and technical educational system in our country would provide more occupational chances for graduate students. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Civil liability arising from the violation of sports contracts in the laws of Iran and England with a look at Islamic jurisprudence
Abdollah Doulah Mahdi Firozabadian Gholamreza Yazdani

The purpose of this research is the comparative study of civil liability resulting from the violation of sports contracts in the laws of Iran and England with a view on Islamic jurisprudence. The research method is descriptive-analytical and taken from library sources. More

The purpose of this research is the comparative study of civil liability resulting from the violation of sports contracts in the laws of Iran and England with a view on Islamic jurisprudence. The research method is descriptive-analytical and taken from library sources. In response to the question, what is the civil liability resulting from the violation of sports contracts in Iranian and English law with an approach to Islamic jurisprudence? It was found that athletes in sports clubs, like other legal entities, have rights and obligations, and failure to fulfill these rights and obligations - either contractual or legal - may cause the clubs to be held civilly or legally liable, depending on the case. The legal relationship of the sports clubs with the athletes and coaches is based on the employer-employee relationship and is subject to the labor law, except in special cases such as the regulations and circulars of the relevant federations. Clubs are vicariously responsible for damages caused by athletes and coaches to third parties, including opposing athletes and spectators. The basis of civil liability of sports clubs in Iran's legal system and Islamic jurisprudence and European countries is based on the assumption of fault. The most important duty of sports clubs is to comply with the club's safety obligations, which non-compliance leads to civil or police liability of the respective club. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Comparative study of internationalization of higher education curricula in Finland, England and China
fatemeh behjati mohammad hosen yarmahmudiyan alireza eraghiah

Today, internationalizing higher education is as an effective strategy to meetthe diverseneeds ofglobalsociety. In fact, the most important pillars of international systems of higher education are international curricula.  Internationalization has been carried out More

Today, internationalizing higher education is as an effective strategy to meetthe diverseneeds ofglobalsociety. In fact, the most important pillars of international systems of higher education are international curricula.  Internationalization has been carried out in some countries. The present study is an analysis of curricula in three countries. The analysis includes techniques for systematic analysis of literature, regularizing the results of observations, interviews, discussions, documents, compare, and analyze the findings provide a framework for analyzing whole texts. The inductive approach supports the view. Research findings include the strategies, programs, activities for internationalization of higher education curriculum Supervised teaching methods in each country Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Consequence of England Policy at Constitutional Revolution of Iran after Treaty 1907
aliakbar khadrezadeh

Before spreading Germany power in Europe, England was looking mainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached the peak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in to consideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England which had More

Before spreading Germany power in Europe, England was looking mainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached the peak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in to consideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England which had confronted the growing threats of Germany in the Persian Gulf, sought to put aside its old policy based upon competing with Russia in Iran.In the late 19th centuary England brought to end its different with France and signed "treaty 1907" with Russia.By signing this treaty, England policy in Iran was changed which was based on decreasing Russia influence and favouring the constitutional revolution changed and applied another policy in Iran together with Russia which led to bombarding the first parliament Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - A Study of Reasons of Establishment of Ottoman Empire Political Agency in Boushehr Port
Abbas Ashoorinejad

Following England and Netherland Ottoman Empire was the third international power which opened its political agency in BoushehrPort entitled "Shahbandari" in 1871 AD/1288 AH. This verifies the exceptional significance of BoushehrPort and Persian Gulf waterway in regiona More

Following England and Netherland Ottoman Empire was the third international power which opened its political agency in BoushehrPort entitled "Shahbandari" in 1871 AD/1288 AH. This verifies the exceptional significance of BoushehrPort and Persian Gulf waterway in regional and international relations throughout the second half of the 19th and the beginning of 20th centuries. The Ottomans established their political agency for some reasons: firstly, BoushehrPort which was close to the strategic Persian Gulf waterway had a significant role from ancient times in international politics and business also in transiting goods to hinterland India and the ArabiaPeninsula. Secondly, the English as the most important international rival of the Ottomans had peculiar influence on South of Iran, Boushehr, and Persian Gulf. The presence of the Ottomans would az a rule limit the activities of the old rival. Thirdly, the anti-English feeling of the people in the southern Iran, especially in Boushehr was so high that Ottomans, united with Germany, could practically benefit from this feeling of people against England on the threshold of First World War. This article tries to study the afore-mentioned issues on the basis of first-hand documents and records, some of which being still unpublished.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The investigation of Iran`s Foreign Indebtedness in the Era of Mozaffaradin Shah
mosayeb abbasi

The studies carried out on Iran`s economic condition in Naseraddin Shah`s era show that the King and Statesmen could not save the country from financial crisis and fund shortage not using practical and scientific strategies. Consequently, in order to finance the require More

The studies carried out on Iran`s economic condition in Naseraddin Shah`s era show that the King and Statesmen could not save the country from financial crisis and fund shortage not using practical and scientific strategies. Consequently, in order to finance the required money, they petitioned for foreign loans. After Naseraddin Shah`s assassination, Mozaffaradin Shah came to power and this catastrophic heritage put the old king into trouble. The inability in increasing income through proper management and  short  return financial resources and not allowing knowledgeable statesmen to do financial reforms rose foreign indebtedness as Iran`s socio- economic and political conditions in Mozaffaradin Shah`s era were more critical than before. The purpose of this study is to analyze Iran`s foreign indebtedness in this era and its effect on the country. The study shows that Mozaffaadin Shah and his Statesmen run the country more poorly than the previous ones. Engaged in England`s tricks, nation`s protest and elite and journalists` criticism, they borrowed variously from Russia and England to spend on unnecessary allocations. Accordingly, a very poor and endangered country was given to Mashrote. Manuscript profile

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10 - World war two and The Allies Arrival in Iran& The Issue of the England
neemat ahmadi unes sadeghi

World war II, which was started in 1939 as a result of some political disputes, had various political, economic and social consequences in Iran. Historians have long been concerned with the Allied military presence in Iran during1941-1945. The Governments of Foroughi, A More

World war II, which was started in 1939 as a result of some political disputes, had various political, economic and social consequences in Iran. Historians have long been concerned with the Allied military presence in Iran during1941-1945. The Governments of Foroughi, Ahmad Qavam, Ali Soheili, Bayat, Sadrolashraf and Ebrahim Hakimi assumed power in this juncture. Foroughi, the first prime minister after Reza Shah, played a critical role in hushing the status. The period of Ghavam’s premiership was spent with economic crisis due to the presence of the confederates in Iran and results due to the WW2. The age of Soheili accompanied with the conference of the confederate heads in Iran which is known as Tehran conference. Generally the principal trait of years 1941to 1945 and the most important concern of Iranian governments during that period were involvement with results due to the presence of the confederates in Iran and the issues related to post war in national and international areas. In the present Article, the presupposition is that government’s approach to Iran's occupation in many cases was passive and as a result of accepting the demands of the Allies. Therefore, the passive position of the Government in foreign policy and political instability in domestic affairs caused social crises and economic pressure on the people Manuscript profile

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11 - A speculation over Timortash’, a minster of Royal Courts during Reza Shah, political behaviour and the end of his currier
usef motevali

Formation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators  during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahla More

Formation of Pahlavi dynasty was the result of efforts a number of Smart administrators  during the Reza Shah who by managing the critical condition of Iran and by help of foreigner governments could provide a ground for the fall of Qajar and the formation of Pahlavi dynasty. Abdol-Hossian Sadr-e Azam Korasani known as Timortash was one those smart administrators in this period. He together with two other admistrators, Ali Akbar Davar and Nasrollah Firouz played an important role on rise of Reza Khan and formation of Pahlavi dynasty. It was probably because of his effort that he was later appointed as the minster of Royal Court and became the second powerful man in Iran after Reza Shah.  Because of  strong position of Timoretash in early of Reza Shah rule, the appointment of any Prime Minesters, Minsters, MPs, Provincial governors and... was nearly impossible without his consent. However, in middle of Reza Shah Rule anything was changed. In this period not only he lost all of his political influence and power, but also he lost his life as well. In this research and based off on contemporary documents and sources from Qajar and pahlavi it has been tried to examine the process of Timoretash raising to power, his political currier and end of his life by using historical research method Manuscript profile

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12 - Examine the roots of the crisis in the Cabinet of the Mashrute revolution in 1285 until 3rd of Esfand in 1299
mohammad yosofi juibari ali arasteh

Cabinets that have reigned after Mashrute revolution faced with several problems for different reasons, such that 51 cabinets have reigned during 14 years and one in 3 months were average changes of period that indicates no good situation in early Mashrute. Several inte More

Cabinets that have reigned after Mashrute revolution faced with several problems for different reasons, such that 51 cabinets have reigned during 14 years and one in 3 months were average changes of period that indicates no good situation in early Mashrute. Several internal and external factors played role in these crisises. From external point of view, direct and unlimited involvements of colonical governments including Russia and England in all the internal issues of Iran and determining their intended prim minister in order to fulfill their profits and wants, practically, made cabinets as part of instruments of colonial authorship in Iran. Nevertheless, it should be mentioned to the internal factors like the first experience of Mashrute and parliamentary authorship, personal and familian ego- centrism, groupism, preference of private advantages to the public and disturbance as aresult, different classes and groups became pessimistic toward structure and performance of Mashrute system and prepar objective and subjective substract for emergence of a dictator. Finally Rezakhan could end the event flow infavor of himself relying on internal and external factors and partially personal abilities. In this article, it is attempted to examine internal and external crisises in Iranian Cabinets since Mashrute revolution in 1285 solar calendar to coupdetat of 3rd of Esfand in 1299 of solar calendar.the methodology is descriptive – analytic and based on library and archive method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - The Consequence of England Policy at Constitutional Revolution of Iran after Treaty 1907
Ali Akbar Khedrizadeh

Before spreading Germany power in Europe, England was lookingmainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached thepeak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in toconsideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England whichhad conf More

Before spreading Germany power in Europe, England was lookingmainly to protect its own interests in India.Since Germany reached thepeak of its power and applied the policy of "taking the east in toconsideration" during the second Wilhom (1888-1918),England whichhad confronted the growing threats of Germany in the Persian Gulf,sought to put aside its old policy based upon competing with Russia inIran.In the late 19th centuary England brought to end its different withFrance and signed "treaty 1907" with Russia.By signing this treaty,England policy in Iran was changed which was based on decreasingRussia influence and favouring the constitutional revolution changed andapplied another policy in Iran together with Russia which led tobombarding the first parliament. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - Studying Differences of Child Inheritance in Iranian and English Law
Amin Javadi davoud nassiran

10.22034/ijrj.2021.682412

In the present article, with the focus on the child's inheritance and descriptive-analytical method, we tried to distinguish the approach of two legal systems of Iran. In this regard, three issues are explained in the two legal systems: the causes and barriers of inheri More

In the present article, with the focus on the child's inheritance and descriptive-analytical method, we tried to distinguish the approach of two legal systems of Iran. In this regard, three issues are explained in the two legal systems: the causes and barriers of inheritance, share of the child's inheritance and the inheritance status of the particular child. And it is concluded that despite the fact that in both legal systems Sanguinity and marriage are necessary for inheritance and there is a gradient pattern in the division of inheritance, but in British law, on the one hand, the barriers to inheritance are exclusive to the murder of the deceased and, on the other hand, the gradient pattern is adjusted by the rule of priority and if there are children, they do not inherit the deceased parents. Regarding the inheritance status of other child cases, it became clear that in Iranian law, the existence of a legitimate birth is necessary in order to realize the inheritance. While in UK law, by adopting specific acts, in addition to the criterion of kinship, both legitimate and illegitimate and contractual criteria have also been identified. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

15 - Civil Liability of Concise Cause of Medical Team in Iran's and England's law
Ali Ravanan Seyyed Mehdi Mir Dadashi Mohammad Sadeghi Ebrahim Delshad Maaref

10.22034/ijrj.2019.669370

Medical team of concise cause is among the most difficult issues of jurisprudence. Legal causation relationship is of high significance and there is no clear and certain answer according to that in law systems. In Iran law, there is a special attention towards scientifi More

Medical team of concise cause is among the most difficult issues of jurisprudence. Legal causation relationship is of high significance and there is no clear and certain answer according to that in law systems. In Iran law, there is a special attention towards scientific regulations of choice, paying to treasure, drawing rule, justice and fair rule and liability distribution and in England law, there is attention towards some theories like the rule of all or nothing and financial cooperation, damage and harm risk, simultaneous causation and extensive corporate responsibility. Concise cause in England law is of relative liability and proving the subject is of high significance. The governor proceeds to develop rules according to intrinsic and transverse regulations of law using Islamic law so that the task of courts is defined. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Reflections on the methodology in Ismail Raineh's historiography based on the place of England in his historiography
reza ghandeharizadeh ahmad kamranifar soheyla torabi farsani

Ismail Rain's historiographical structure is based on a methodological basis and has significant components. Weakness of causal approaches in analyzing historical developments, overcoming the political approach and the existence of a kind of vacuum in his historiography More

Ismail Rain's historiographical structure is based on a methodological basis and has significant components. Weakness of causal approaches in analyzing historical developments, overcoming the political approach and the existence of a kind of vacuum in his historiography towards social and cultural issues, highlighting a tendency towards international relations in his historiography, prominent role of documents with Relying on a type of disclosure-oriented behavior, overcoming the descriptive approach to deep analytical methods,The acquisition of a narrative of contemporary history based on colonial relations and some other components can be considered as the main principles governing the methodology of Ismail Raine's historiography. In addition to the methodological aspects, Ismail Raine's historiography is significantly related to the role of Britain in the contemporary history of Iran, so that it can be considered as British-centered historiography.In this study, two issues will be examined in relation to the historiography of Ismail Ryan. The first is the methodological foundations of his historiography, and the second is the centralism of England and its reflection and place in Ismail Raine's account of contemporary history. Therefore, an attempt is made to consider these two aspects of his historiography through the analytical method and content measurement of Ismail Rain's works. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - the resualts of St. Petersburg Agreement in iran
Hojat Abdolahi Masomeh Gharadaghi Manuchehr samadivand Nazli Eskandarinejad

During the Qajar period, Iran was considered the point of Russian-British convergence policy. Due to Iran's strategic importance and important geopolitical components, such as the location of the crossroads of the superpowers, the government plays a shocking role in the More

During the Qajar period, Iran was considered the point of Russian-British convergence policy. Due to Iran's strategic importance and important geopolitical components, such as the location of the crossroads of the superpowers, the government plays a shocking role in the confrontation between the superpowers and the Indian issue, as well as the Afghan crisis in the east and the Caucasus wars in the northwest. Russia came from the north in four directions, British India and Afghanistan from the east, the Ottomans from the west and Britain from the south in the Persian Gulf to the Qajar states. Which dominates the vital highway of the world. In the treaty of August 31, 1907, he concluded an agreement with Tsarist Russia, dividing Iran into three regions under his influence and Russia, and neutralizing it completely, and completely protecting Iran. However, the territorial integrity of Iran and the independence, order and development of the country were emphasized. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

18 - Analyzing the role of Jews in stabilizing the flow of Babism and Bahaism
seyedali hasani

The Babi and Baha'i movement, which was formed in Iran about two hundred years ago, has been established and continued to expand despite all the oppositions that have been faced with them. The main question that is raised in this regard is that many emerging moveme More

The Babi and Baha'i movement, which was formed in Iran about two hundred years ago, has been established and continued to expand despite all the oppositions that have been faced with them. The main question that is raised in this regard is that many emerging movements and groups have been formed throughout history in Shia in Iran or other Shia-dominated areas, but because they were faced with widespread opposition, they disappeared. They left and there is no mention of them except in documents and books, but despite the many oppositions that Babism and Baha'ism faced, this current was established and continued to expand? What could be the factors of this stabilization? Have external factors played a role in this matter? What is the role of followers of other religions in this regard? This research, using the descriptive-analytical method, only tries to analyze the role of an external factor and the role-making of Jews in this regard. The result indicates that considering the situation of Iran in this period of time, it was not possible to stabilize and expand this movement without the intervention of external factors and the role-playing of some people inside. In order to maintain its political and economic goals, in order to disrupt the unity and harmony of Iranians, England tried to stabilize the Babism and Baha'i movement in Iran with the help of minorities such as Jews. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

19 - Comparison of goals, content and methods of religious education in elementary school in Iran and the European Union of England
parvaneh kaviani Seyed Hossein Vaezi

AbstratCompare the objectives, content and evaluation methods of primary school religious education in Iran and the European countries EnglandThe aim of this study was to compare primary school religious education in Iran and European countries UK,A comparative study wa More

AbstratCompare the objectives, content and evaluation methods of primary school religious education in Iran and the European countries EnglandThe aim of this study was to compare primary school religious education in Iran and European countries UK,A comparative study was that the population ofDocuments concerning religious education sites and publications in scientific journals, scientific documents and official legal bills related to the issue of religious education in Iran and England,After collecting data for comparative analysis method were analyzed.The results showed that religious education is in these two countries have similarities, but have fundamental differences in objectives, evaluation and course content are. The results of this study can be used as proximal to utilize the strengths of religious education in England and identify internal weaknesses to be used.Keywords: Iran, the UK, primary school, religious education, compared Manuscript profile

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20 - Investigating the role of the emergence of the oil industry on social development
reza kiyaninya

Darcy contact in 1901 B.C and discovery and emersion of the oil industry In masjedsoleiman(MIS) have been cased the profound changes in the structure in this oil area so that , saddenly a very traditional society where the main part of it have been made by Nomads. When More

Darcy contact in 1901 B.C and discovery and emersion of the oil industry In masjedsoleiman(MIS) have been cased the profound changes in the structure in this oil area so that , saddenly a very traditional society where the main part of it have been made by Nomads. When west has conferonted due to the discovery of oil and the presence of English in this area wiht the latest scientific eshievements and has been on the way of modernism that Eventually , it has led to the formation of a new class with a new identity known as the Company.Keyworde: oil industry ,social,masjedsoleiman (MIS), Iranian Oil Company, and England. Manuscript profile

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21 - File readout of Iran – England Oil Company in International Court of Justice
Davood aghaee

Following nationalization of Iran oil industry on 20 March1951 as well as dispossession from Iran-England oil company, English government believing that the act of nationalization of Iran oil industry based on stipulations and provisions of the contract between Iran and More

Following nationalization of Iran oil industry on 20 March1951 as well as dispossession from Iran-England oil company, English government believing that the act of nationalization of Iran oil industry based on stipulations and provisions of the contract between Iran and England means unilateral redemption of the contract, supporting its nationals through diplomatic actions against Iranian government and based on the notice mandatory acceptance of jurisdiction of the court of justice registered a petition in secretariat of court of justice. Iran, acting such like, in a document entitled preliminary consideration, objected the jurisdiction of court of justice hearing the case. Iran said one of the reasons of court of justice jurisdiction hearing the claim is its interpretation out of article 2 paragraph 7 of UN charter concerning prevention from interference which is an inherent jurisdiction of governments as well as other reasons practiced in context to how ever and in spite of providing various reasons by English government to prove the jurisdiction of court of justice to consider the case, court of justice, finally, rejected its jurisdiction in a superficial decision and removed from the agenda the case. However, this paper studies and researches, from a legal view, process performed from the onset to decision and parties reasoning and implications of international court of justice judges that are emphatic for proving rightness of Iranian government and people nationalizing oil industry Manuscript profile

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22 - European Economic and Social Crisis in the Third Era:England, France, Germany
Habibollah Abolhassan Shirazi Zahra Sadeghi

Abstract The financial crisis occurred in late 2007 in the United States of America and quickly spread to other parts of the world especially Europe and due to the communication and huge exchange of economic, financial and trade markets of the Europe with the United S More

Abstract The financial crisis occurred in late 2007 in the United States of America and quickly spread to other parts of the world especially Europe and due to the communication and huge exchange of economic, financial and trade markets of the Europe with the United States of America, it had a great  direct effects on the economics of European countries. This crisis in the Europe since the last major economic crisis (1929) has had the greatest economic and social problems and led to the budget deficit, rising unemployment, a sharp decline in GDP, rising debt, the devaluation of the euro and the social unrests in Europe and especially in the three major European countries. England, France and Germany are countries that have better economic conditions of other European countries. Given the fact that the size of relations with America, which had consequently adopted many influences. However from the beginning of the crises, these countries tried to control the policies separately or jointly in groups of 20 industrialized nations, and even implemented. The positive effects will occur and the relative economic recovery continues.   Manuscript profile

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23 - Sinusoidal Relation between Iran and Britain after the Islamic Revolution
Jahanbakhsh Mohebbimia Alireza Amini Hasan Sanati

After the Islamic revolution, relations between Iran and the UK have unique constraints which mainly were because of the lack of acceptance of new facts by the British after the revolution.In contrast to this view of the analysis, it can be noted in relation to Iran.Sin More

After the Islamic revolution, relations between Iran and the UK have unique constraints which mainly were because of the lack of acceptance of new facts by the British after the revolution.In contrast to this view of the analysis, it can be noted in relation to Iran.Since the advent of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region and internationally was not in interests of the British andIran had the capacity to influence the avarice of England, this country always been its endeavor to weaken or intensify pressure on Iran, and this procedure is unfriendly to continue.The most important are the British government plans to support Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war, Salman Rushdi issue,European Union accord and pioneer of the American and British governments in actions against Iran in the UN Security Council andcatapult the legitimate rights of the Iranian people to access peaceful nuclear technology.This paper attempts to examine the rise and fall of relations between Iran and England after the Islamic Revolution. Manuscript profile

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24 - A Survey on the Challenges of Foreign Policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and England in the Persian Gulf
Abbasali Rahbar Seyd Javad Sahihonnasab

Abstract With the appearance of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1357, there was a new era of relations in foreign policy of the country. Of which can be modified for Iran's foreign policy is pro-west policy of the former regime and changed to the principle of neither More

Abstract With the appearance of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1357, there was a new era of relations in foreign policy of the country. Of which can be modified for Iran's foreign policy is pro-west policy of the former regime and changed to the principle of neither East nor West after the Islamic Revolution. Persian Gulf region is one of the world's major region which have attracted the attention of great powers and Iran is very important country of the region for various reasons, including the long history of civilization and being the longest beach in the area and possession of the strategic Strait of Hormoz and the country's rich oil and gas area. Britania as a great power in the Persian Gulf region has a long history in this important area, and attempts to influence the course of events after the September eleven, it will going through an active role in regional and global affairs. Besides having great powers such as Britain and the whole of the advanced industrial world's oil and energy resources in the Persian Gulf makes always look for transit security in the region to control its resources to the West.  However with the appearance of these countries in the region, we need to examine the British foreign policy in this area in order to understand the challenges of foreign policy, as a global power. Therefore, in this study, some of the most important foreign policy challenges both England and the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Persian Gulf as the power and influence have worked in the area studied.       Manuscript profile

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25 - A comparative study of assignment of contract in Iranian legal system and common law with emphasis on lease contract
amir abbas kavoosi Hassan Badini Nejad ali Almasi

The assignment of the contract and the assignment of the position related to the contract by the assignor of the contract to the receiver causes the party to the original contract to withdraw from the primary legal relationship and another person or persons are placed i More

The assignment of the contract and the assignment of the position related to the contract by the assignor of the contract to the receiver causes the party to the original contract to withdraw from the primary legal relationship and another person or persons are placed in the contractual position of the assignor as a substitute. The most vital effect of the secondary transfer of the lease contract is the same as the voluntary transfer of the contract of the third party, for the method of subrogation of the buyer in the secondary transfer of the lease, it is clear that it is the buyer's representative in the same tenant in relation to the transfer of the right to receive rent and the right Termination and discharge to him is disputed and disputed in the courts. The findings of the research indicate that in the English legal system, with the secondary transfer of the lease contract to the buyer, he is obliged to conclude and accept the terms of the lease contract, and despite the contractual legal transfer to the buyer, the seller also becomes responsible. The research method is descriptive and analytical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - Brexit and Special Relations in lieu of Global Britain idea
Alireza Ghadrdoust Nakhchi Mehdi Zakarian Amiri Hamid Ahmadi

10.30495/psq.2022.1947230.2163

The results of the United Kingdom referendum to leave the European Union on Thursday June 23, 2016 was a big shock not for the UK but for the Europe and the rest of the world. In the plebiscite, 52 percent of the eligible voters chose leave, better known as Brexiteers, More

The results of the United Kingdom referendum to leave the European Union on Thursday June 23, 2016 was a big shock not for the UK but for the Europe and the rest of the world. In the plebiscite, 52 percent of the eligible voters chose leave, better known as Brexiteers, to take the rest of the 48 percent out of the Union. Due to type, form and the nature of the UK relations with the countries, the effects of the vote is quite understandable. Moreover, the leave vote put a huge question mark on the on-going efforts of European integrations.Changing world conditions, emerging China as an effective power, along with Russian moves especially after annexation of Crimea, jeopardizes EU’s firm stance against international developments. On the other side of the Atlantic, occurring Trump phenomenon in 2016 in the United States changed deep-rooted “Special Relations” with the two Anglo-Saxon countries and the Europe, as well. In the aftermath of the Brexit, “Global Britain” strategy focuses more than ever on Britain’s role in the world. In this strategy, Britain away from EU can be an active player in the world arena.This paper based on integration theory will quest the answer to the question of do we face close UK-US relations in the post-Brexit? The findings show that the two countries will be closer and the UK needs the US to gain its goals in the Global Britain policy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Execution of Civil Verdicts of Spiritual Damages in Iran and England Law
Alireza Haraj Abasat Pourmohammad

Any damage caused to individuals, should be compensated by the person causing the damage. In addition to material and loss of life damages, there have also been spiritual damages and the legal system of Iran faces many challenges in execution of verdicts of compensation More

Any damage caused to individuals, should be compensated by the person causing the damage. In addition to material and loss of life damages, there have also been spiritual damages and the legal system of Iran faces many challenges in execution of verdicts of compensation. This research was conducted in an analytical descriptive method and its purpose is to survey and compare the issue of spiritual damages in the two legal systems of Iran and England. The conclusion of research concluded that in England, spiritual damages are linked with material damages and are included for the first-degree relatives of victim. Forensic psychologists determine the severity of spiritual damages and then the judge determines the amount of damage and orders its payment. At the same time, the cost of treatment is objectively compensated, although this type of compensation can only be implemented for a genuine person. In Iran, there is no precise mechanism for determining spiritual damages and usually, the amount of damage is determined while referring to the judicial procedure and Arash, that is determined according to the report of experts, which usually does not explain the justice-oriented principles, therefore, judges mainly try to reach a compromise between the parties. Attention to this fact, revealed the necessity and requirement of complete and accurate determination of rules of this field. The compensation verdict of spiritual damage is sentenced according to criterions of execution judge in determination of accurate amount of damage, which has limited authorities that are not obvious in England Law. Manuscript profile

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