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Open Access Article
1 - Research Trends and Methodologies in the Study of Public Administration: Journals' Content Analysis, 2010-2014
حمزه صمدی میارکلائی حسین صمدی میارکلائیObjective: The purpose of the present study is the exploration and analysis of the research trends and obvious methodologies in the study of the Public Administration (PA), especially in the content of the journal of "Public Administration and Development (PAD)" and "In MoreObjective: The purpose of the present study is the exploration and analysis of the research trends and obvious methodologies in the study of the Public Administration (PA), especially in the content of the journal of "Public Administration and Development (PAD)" and "International Public Management Journal (IPMJ)" in the 5-years period of time (2010-2014). Methods: Present study is a qualitative research based on the content analysis, which uses the descriptive-analytical approaches to evaluate and descript the content of journals' published papers. Findings: Findings shows that journal of "Public Administration and Development (PAD)" pays more attention to the papers which uses qualitative methods for the gathering and analysis of data, but "International Public Management Journal(IPMJ)"focus more on the papers which use quantitative methods for the gathering and analysis of data. In the case of the considered research topics, both of them move in line with each other and in the line of their own determined mission. The common focus of two journals puts on the issues such as: public service and public service motivation, public-private-civil society(citizenship)partnerships, governance and good governance, public sector performance, administrative and management reforms in the public sector, models and theoretical foundations of the public management and public administration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Jonathan Z. Smith: A Reflection on the Meaning and Concept of Comparison in the Study of Religions
Mohsen Ovaisy Mahdi Lakzaei Abolfazl MahmoudiJonathan Zittell Smith is one of the most important critics of Mircea Eliade's approach to comparative religious studies, who has written works in fields such as "comparative methodology", "Classification of Religions" and religion in the contemporary world. One-sided f MoreJonathan Zittell Smith is one of the most important critics of Mircea Eliade's approach to comparative religious studies, who has written works in fields such as "comparative methodology", "Classification of Religions" and religion in the contemporary world. One-sided focus on similarity and homogenization and the discovery of similar patterns in the comparative studies of religions was the dominant method in religious studies, which was expressed by Eliade. In fact, the most important criticism of Eliade's approach is absence of serious attention to historical details, cultural and social contexts, and economic and political elements. Zittell Smith accused Eliade's comparative method to "Colonizing" the subject of research and believed that comparison does not only indicate to common and similar factors. He sought to present a comparative model that includes both differences and similarities. He reviews the main methods of comparison including (ethnological, encyclopedic, morphological, evolutionary and comprehensive comparison of religious patterns) and finally chooses the "morphological-structural" approach with emphasis on historical and anthropological components. He considers it a more correct comparative method than other methods. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Ontology, Epistemology and Methodology of Religion according to Thomas Luckmann
samane feizi Mehdi Hassanzadeh behzad hamidieh mansour motamediLuckmann defines religion as a meaning system that transcends man from his biological nature to become actor of the social scene. Since understanding the philosophical foundations of science is important for understanding and interpreting theories and research results a MoreLuckmann defines religion as a meaning system that transcends man from his biological nature to become actor of the social scene. Since understanding the philosophical foundations of science is important for understanding and interpreting theories and research results accurately and clarifies the basis of the researcher's thought and coherence of his theory, in this paper the ontological, epistemological and methodological foundations this definition has been investigated. Luckmann has an intermediate position in ontology; he seems to be realistic in that religion arises in the intersubjective relationship of individuals, and has the power of social control as an institution. In epistemology and methodology, he is constructivist; believes that phenomenology is an approach can provide a framework for understanding the concepts and measuring social reality from a constructivist standpoint. But in method, he distinguishes between sociology as science and phenomenology as philosophy, and uses phenomenology as a theoretical context for his thought. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Development of an Optimal Formulation for Flavored Doogh-Based Soft Drink Using Response Surface Methodology and Evaluate the Resulting Powder
Z. Sarlak F. Garavand R. Mohammadi M. Hosseini M. RouhiIntroduction: Doogh is a fermented drink that is consumed in Iran and other Middle Eastern countries. Due to the increased awareness of the harmful effects of carbonated drinks, Doogh consumption have been increased considerably because of its nutritional benefits. Usin MoreIntroduction: Doogh is a fermented drink that is consumed in Iran and other Middle Eastern countries. Due to the increased awareness of the harmful effects of carbonated drinks, Doogh consumption have been increased considerably because of its nutritional benefits. Using healthy and antibacterial flavoring agents such as lime extract and mint distillate, in certain concentrations, can reduce the viability of traditional yoghurt starters and be a good alternative to industrial thermal processes (in heated Doogh). In addition, the powder of these products under certain conditions will contribute to ease maintenance and transportation. Materials and Methods: In the present study, Doogh-based soft drink optimized with lime extract (0-6% v/v) and mint distillate (0-4% v/v) for sensorial and antioxidant properties, using response surface methodology (RSM) and studied during refrigerated storage at 5°C. Soft drink powder was produced by spray dryer in different input air temperatures to increase the product’s shelf life and weight loss. Results: The results showed that the the best model fitted on the sensory total score and IC50 was quadratic. The addition of 3.382% (v/v) lime extract and 2.484% (v/v) mint distillate to drink led to the highest sensory total score and lowest IC50 (the highest antioxidant activity). The optimized formulated drink was stable for 42 days with non-significant loss of sensory quality (p>0.05). For long term storage and production of powder by spray dryer, input hot air temperature at 170°C caused the highest percentage of solubility and sensory acceptability. The resulting powder also had acceptable moisture content, water activity (aw) and color total changes (ΔE). Conclusion: The consumption of Doogh-based products with traditional flavors, might be a strategy to increase the variety of soft drink market. The results of present study showed that Doogh formulated with 3.382% (v/v) lime extract and 2.484% (v/v) mint distillate had desirable sensorial and antioxidant properties. Moreover, the novel Doogh-based drink was transformed to powder that have high solubility and sensory score using spray drier at 170°C. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Etymology of Comparative Interpretation Method by Najjarzadgan in Interpretive Heritage
Ensiyeh Asgari Interpretive works called “comparative interpretation” increase remarkably in last decades while research interpretation has not grown equally. One the important issues is the comparison method which needs to be known and recognized. This research stud More Interpretive works called “comparative interpretation” increase remarkably in last decades while research interpretation has not grown equally. One the important issues is the comparison method which needs to be known and recognized. This research studies comparison method specifically in Najjarzadgan works. His method involves three stages of quotation, expression and ideas criticism. Since the mentioned stages form the general criteria of interpretive texts, an etymology could be done on his method. The present research studies fourth and sixth centuries which are known as historical turning point. The results show that Najjarzadgan method goes back to traditional interpretations and his works developed gradually by considering some preferences. Quotation and expression of ideas are developed based on documentaries; but arbitration and decision making are done with the same tools and basics. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - A Methodology and Interpretation of Shiite Jurisprudence
majd vaziriAbstract Due to the special place of the methodology in understanding the standards and the correct ways of the scientific exploration from the relevant sources in each knowledge, and due to the position of the Quran in inferring the religious commandments as t MoreAbstract Due to the special place of the methodology in understanding the standards and the correct ways of the scientific exploration from the relevant sources in each knowledge, and due to the position of the Quran in inferring the religious commandments as the main source of legal interpretation as an interdisciplinary science, this paper studies and practices the division of various methodologies in extracting jurisprudence rulings from the ruling verses in Shiite school as well as it mentions the general characteristics of the jurisprudence interpretation in Shiite religion. In this regard, major and minor procedures, including reference to the principles of rational conversation, the legal interpretation of the Quran to Quran (consisting of seven sub-methods), the legal interpretation of the Quran to the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH) and Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (consisting of two sub-accounts, with nine sub-categories, and attachment), referring to the correlates of mental methodology, referring to a consensus, referring to the rules, jurisprudence, interpretation, logic and referring to the dignity of the verses and their interpretations are separated and classified Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Descriptive Methodology of Al-Mizan Interpretation based on Content Analysis of Qaaf Surah
Hadis RiyahiOne of the most significant factors influencing the development of humanities is the explanation of methodological issues. This helps the researcher to better understand the process of religious studies and the context of the formation of religious texts, and through th MoreOne of the most significant factors influencing the development of humanities is the explanation of methodological issues. This helps the researcher to better understand the process of religious studies and the context of the formation of religious texts, and through this can lead to the discovery and extraction of deep semantic layers of Qur'anic verses in the form of new methods. This article tries to study the interpretation of "Al-Mizan" and describe its method using descriptive methodology and quantitative and qualitative content analysis. By choosing Qaaf Surah, the researcher examines the method of the following Allameh and its interpretive propositions; Finally, with the help of statistical data, Allameh's method has been analyzed and introduced in Qaaf Surah. The findings of this study indicate that Allameh has used ijtihad method to interpret the verses of Qaaf Surah compared to other methods and most of the figures are in quantitative analysis related to this field and after this field the interpretation of Quran to Quran (context) has the highest frequency in the types of interpretation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Identifying the mental patterns and perceptions of education providers about the commercialization of higher education in Iran: an application of Q methodology
hajar mansuori Ali yazdkhasty zahra sadeqiaraniPurpose: The research was carried out following the normalization of economic views and making money from education with the aim of investigating the mental patterns of education providers from the commercialization of education with Q methodology. Method: A targeted s MorePurpose: The research was carried out following the normalization of economic views and making money from education with the aim of investigating the mental patterns of education providers from the commercialization of education with Q methodology. Method: A targeted sample size of 60 faculty members of various universities in Isfahan city was selected. The data collection tool was a 66-item questionnaire taken from research literature and interviews with education experts. Q factor analysis was performed in SPSS software. Findings: There were five mental models of justices with a specific value of 31/946%, universally responsible people with a specific value of 12/247%, economic-oriented entrepreneurs with a specific value of 7/604, moralists with a specific value of 3/713 and culturalists with a specific value of 1/513% among the opinions of the participants. The mental model of justices considers the issue of educational justice and the right to public education to be essential. The mental model of inclusive responsibilities considered the issue of employment of graduates to be essential. The mental pattern of economy-oriented entrepreneurs was in complete contrast with other patterns with importance to economic issues and the effect of entrepreneurial universities on financial independence from the government, they were in favor of commercialization of education. The two models of moralists and culturalists had similar paradigms. Conclusion: The research introduces the dominant mental model and expresses the dimensions of opposition and agreement of the models, and the results can help policymakers in the strategies used in educational commercialization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The methodology of cognition in transcendent wisdom
MohammadHossien Irandoost Eshagh Aban Cognition and knowledge have been the categories that allscholars and philosophers discuss and research on. In the methodology of cognition, one should pay attention to the main sources of the philosopher in achieving cognition. Mulla Sadra has a completely new m More Cognition and knowledge have been the categories that allscholars and philosophers discuss and research on. In the methodology of cognition, one should pay attention to the main sources of the philosopher in achieving cognition. Mulla Sadra has a completely new method and approach, and he does not completely reject or confirm any of his previous methods, including the method of recognizing peripatetics, enlightenment, mysticism, and theology, and he does not approve of these methods and their sources, including proof and revelation. In addition, the intuition has also been used, and it has provided a comprehensive, complete, and new analysis, and has laid a new horizon for the attainment of knowledge. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Department of Management, Parsabad Moghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Parsabad Moghan, Iran.
kheyrollah SarbolandThe aim of this study was to identify and understand the views and mental models of managers of government organizations on the factors influencing innovative work behavior. The research method is a type of mixed research the main idea is to know people's mindsets, view MoreThe aim of this study was to identify and understand the views and mental models of managers of government organizations on the factors influencing innovative work behavior. The research method is a type of mixed research the main idea is to know people's mindsets, views, opinions and attitudes about the phenomenon under study. The statistical population was all senior managers of government organizations in Tehran in 2020 The study sample consisted of 24 senior managers of government agencies in Tehran which were selected by targeted sampling method and obtained through in-depth interview of the discourse space and using their comments, the sample and options of Q and then the collection of Q were obtained. Q methodology was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis include identifying the factors that make up managers 'mindsets in line with innovative work behavior, as well as explaining managers' mindsets in this regard. The results show that examining opportunities, generating ideas, promoting ideas, realizing ideas, and reflecting on the five main mentalities of managers in the direction of innovative work behavior. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Methodology of Applying Prophetic Ahadith in the Mystical Works of the First Seven Islamic Centuries
Mohammad Raja Sahibdel Mohammad Javad Shams Shahram PazookiAhadith are of great importance to mystics and Sufis, as they have cited them to explain their intellectual frameworks, both after Quranic verses and independently. This is confirmed by the application of more than ten thousand ahadith and pseudo-ahadith. However, somet MoreAhadith are of great importance to mystics and Sufis, as they have cited them to explain their intellectual frameworks, both after Quranic verses and independently. This is confirmed by the application of more than ten thousand ahadith and pseudo-ahadith. However, sometimes a coherent and codified system is observed in some of these applications, but most of them lack a formal order or arrangement, where only the semantic function of the cited ahadith has been considered. If a "mystic" or sufi is well-acquainted with ahadith and even goes beyond that, to the extent of being considered a "hadith-narrator" (or mohaddeth), he will have a unique "perception" and "application" for ahadith due to his special worldview and methodology. This "methodological monopoly" does not imply that there is a "single approach" to dealing with ahadith, as one group has considered hadith narration to be subject to the fulfillment of tasks such as "self-purification" while another group strictly prohibited any hadith narration. By relying on library sources, the quantitative and qualitative status of the ahadith applied in the most important mystical prose works of the first seven centuries were studied in this research. The findings showed that the citation of narratives has been increased during the first seven Islamic centuries, and mystics and sufis have not sought to explain their methodology in approaching and perceiving ahadith; rather, they have used them with respect to the positivist function of "prophetic hadith" to establish their own teachings and goals. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Comparative Analysis of Imam Khomeini's Interpretation Method and Tabatabaei's
Hasan Vahhabpour Mohammad Hossein Saeini Farhad EdrisiBy considering the scientific, mystic and political personality of Imam Khomeini on the one hand, and the scientific and mystical character of Tabatabaei on the other hand, we are going to survey the view of two great persons as declared. The return to the Qur'an and th MoreBy considering the scientific, mystic and political personality of Imam Khomeini on the one hand, and the scientific and mystical character of Tabatabaei on the other hand, we are going to survey the view of two great persons as declared. The return to the Qur'an and the Muslim holy book is something that is well reflected in the interpretation and interpretive views of the interpreters. Research method in this paper is based on the writings and speeches of Imam Khomeini which has been investigated comparatively in Tabatabaeis' interpretation of Quran verses. By clarifying the views of Imam Khomeini and Tabatabaei, the importance of Quran in their social and personal life is revealed. Other verses of the Quran can be interpreted by using similar interpretation method. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - ارزیابی و نقد شرح مثنوی رینولد. ا. نیکلسون
راضیه خوش ضمیر -
Open Access Article
14 - Typology of Experts' Attitudes on Constraints of Conservation Agriculture Development (A Q Methodology )
Shahpar Geravandi Fereshte Moradi Mohamad Hossein BabaeiIn recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many MoreIn recent years، conservation agriculture has emerged as a multidimensional approach to the sustainable use of water and soil resources and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Despite the efforts، development process of this approach is slow and faces many obstacles. In the present study، an attempt was made to examine the obstacles to the development of conservation agriculture from the mental dimension of the experts of the Research Center. The target population was the experts of Sararud Research Center in Kermanshah in 2019-2020 who were studied purposefully. In this regard, Q methodology was used. This method is one of the mixed research methods. Based on the findings of the Q-factor results، the number and manner of groupings show that the range of mindsets and opinions of experts regarding barriers to conservation agriculture have differences and similarities. Therefore، according to the purpose of studying Q and the criterion of interpretability of factors or groups, 5 categories (technology-centric، tradition-oriented، knowledge-centered, cognitive-centric, institution-centered) of the mentality and beliefs of experts in Sararud Research Center Kermanshah has been obtained. Each group had different mindsets and attitudes about barriers to the development of conservation agriculture. Given the prevailing mental model identified (central institution)، it is recommended that the government provide incentives and grants (loans، etc) to beneficiaries so that they can apply the method conservation agricultural farms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Transition to Modernity in Contemporary Iranian literature from the Interpretive Sociology Approach (Case study ideas of methodological Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad)
Hussein Abolhasan Tanhaei Mahmood Azimi RastaThis paper is a comparative analysis in relation to the transition process of modernity in contemporary Iranian literature based on the dialectical attitude Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad is in the works and their narratives. This study sought to find an appropri MoreThis paper is a comparative analysis in relation to the transition process of modernity in contemporary Iranian literature based on the dialectical attitude Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad is in the works and their narratives. This study sought to find an appropriate answer to this key question was Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad in the transition to modernity in contemporary Iranian literature in their methodological study on the creation of his works have been based on what attitude? The study is Generally based on interpretive sociology approach. Meanwhile, some theoretical perspectives (Mead, Blumer and George Gorvich) in the analysis of important works of Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad was used. as a result, Sadegh Hedayat and Forough Farrokhzad in the transition to modernity in contemporary Iranian literature in terms of methodology and the type of attitude and abductionistic, subscriptions are very close together. methodological research is based on looking at social reality. Accordingly, important works of fiction and non-fiction Sadegh Hedayat and some important poems of Forough Farrokhzad in particular two collections of poetry "birth" and "believe in the cold season" was studied and analyzed. As a result, choose the kind of look and attitude in dealing with the creation of their work, In the transition to modernity in Iranian literature, methods of abductionistic and dialectic process together have fellowed. In terms of methodological abductionistic approach in a dialectical process in creating his art work clearly points were shared. But different on Their methodology is to look beyond gender Forough Farrokhzad, and staying within the traditional male-oriented structure that Sadegh Hedayat could not the distinction tradition and religion and time objectivity are not separate in naturalistic method mutual. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Time and place ̉s station in knowing method after great prophet ̉ s departure in passing ignorant ̉s society
hamid parsaniya habiballah halimeGreat Prophet in society invited people, that they rush to in the direction of null in their all different walks of life,to become dominant corruption and oppression in spite of this, Good God want by that excellencies given right to government, and want cleanse people MoreGreat Prophet in society invited people, that they rush to in the direction of null in their all different walks of life,to become dominant corruption and oppression in spite of this, Good God want by that excellencies given right to government, and want cleanse people ̉s heart from polytheism uncleaness and trimmed their behaviour and then amended fhair gathering. The Final prophet in ten years inviting period after own departure was fonforonting with different stations in regard to time and place and with different people in regard to phsycology and sociology that this followed that different exigencies, SO in this paper will answered this question that whether this different exigencies also come from phsycology and Sociology dimension and time and place dimension in that excellency knowing method. With studies and analysis about historiced, sire maghazi, translations, commentary book, getting result, that great prophet observed people,s capacity from phsycology and sociology and with attention to that every speech has place and time and every point has place with establishment mosque and demolition Mosque, dispatch invitations, creation unity, sen ding messenger to negotiation countries,s heads and… He could widen Islam to spreed word. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Theoretical Approach to Ecofeminism
Halimeh Enayat Heydar FathzadehOne of the important outcomes of the development of world economics hasbeen quick destruction of natural resources and ecosystem of the world. Somefeminists believe that ecology is a specific feministic issue and they createdsomething which can be called “ecofemin MoreOne of the important outcomes of the development of world economics hasbeen quick destruction of natural resources and ecosystem of the world. Somefeminists believe that ecology is a specific feministic issue and they createdsomething which can be called “ecofeminism”. Before the advent of westernexploitation and western sciences, natives had close and friendly relations withthe world nature all over the world. Natural forces commonly were consideredfeminine as they were manifestation of productive powers of vegetation andreproduction.There was a feminine principle that is woman’s specific relations with thenature through production and reproduction, giving birth to a baby, feedingbabies and keeping them safe during their growth. This feminine principle was aguarantee that natural environment should not be abused, but it should beattended to and put into operation with care. However, this relation with thenature and natural resources was severely damaged with the advent of westernexploitation. And the feminine principle was overturned. Nature which was stillconsidered feminine turned into a passive resource. The overturning paved theway for environment destruction, overuse of the earth and harmful expansion oftechnology. The only way out of this crisis was to reestablish primitive relationof women with the environment and promotion of returning to the nature. In thisway, ecofeminism came to existence. For this reason, ecofeminism is an effortto overcome the shortcomings of the main stream of sociology to respond theecosystem problems which the world is grappling with. This theory tries toovercome the methodological reductionism of the main idea of feminism byconsidering the necessary usage of multi-reasoned explanations in studying thesuperior and inferior relations, and it has thus turned into a promising theory toovercome some methodological, epistemological and ontological shortcomingsof feminism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - A comparative study of qualitative content analysis and hermeneutics
Tahmoureth Shiri Neda AzimiThis paper is a comparative study of qualitative content analysis and hermeneutics in which it is tried to compare these two analytical methods and find similarities and differences in a specified comparative format. This study is a case criticism carried by documents a MoreThis paper is a comparative study of qualitative content analysis and hermeneutics in which it is tried to compare these two analytical methods and find similarities and differences in a specified comparative format. This study is a case criticism carried by documents and the results of it show that, despite the similarities of the two methods, there are significant differences between them both from ontological and methodological points of view. In qualitative content analysis, there is an attempt to adopt an analytical-constructive approach to using qualitative and phased methods by which overt and covert contents of a text to be discovered. But in hermeneutics, there is an attempt to adopt a holistic-combinatory approach and using propositional arguments by which the hidden content of a text to be discovered. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - شرح نظریه اجتماعی-فرهنگی ویگوتسکی در پرتو یافتههای روششناسی قوم شناختی
Behrooz Azabdaftariقرنها بود که دانشمندان علوم گوناگون مانند فلسفه، روانشناسی، مطالعات جامعه–فرهنگشناختی، تعلیم و تربیت، زبانشناسی قومشناختی، تحلیل گفتمان و نقد ادبی با چالش بزرگی در رابطه با کارکردهای مغز انسان درگیر بودهاند. پژوهشگران درباره پرسشی دشوار تأمل میکردند: آیا ذه Moreقرنها بود که دانشمندان علوم گوناگون مانند فلسفه، روانشناسی، مطالعات جامعه–فرهنگشناختی، تعلیم و تربیت، زبانشناسی قومشناختی، تحلیل گفتمان و نقد ادبی با چالش بزرگی در رابطه با کارکردهای مغز انسان درگیر بودهاند. پژوهشگران درباره پرسشی دشوار تأمل میکردند: آیا ذهن است که جامعه انسانی را میسازد، یا جامعه است که ذهن انسان را میسازد؟ آن عده از پژوهشگران که با مشرب فکری ویگوتسکی آشنا نیستند هنوز هم پاسخی به این پرسش نیافتهاند. امّا امروزه به مدد نظریه جامعه–فرهنگشناختی ویگوتسکی، افق به نظر روشن میرسد و همگان با قبول صحّت نظریه ویگوتسکی براین باورند که کارکردهای ذهن انسان با واسطه دستاوردهای فیزیکی و نمادین (روانشناختی) تحقّق مییابد و همین ابزار انسان را قادر میسازد که محیط طبیعی و شرایط زیستی را تغییر داده و از این گذار میتواند کارکردهای اولیه زیستشناختی ذهن خود را نظم بخشیده، آنها را تحت کنترل خود قرار دهند. مفهوم بنیادین در این مفکّره این است که انسان رهاشده از قیود زیستشناختی، صاحب اختیار سرنوشت خود میشود. بدیهی است، چنین اندیشهای مسؤولیتهای خطیری را بر عهده سیاستمداران در جهت فراهم ساختن بستر مساعد برای رشد قوای دفاعی، اخلاقی و رشد اجتماعی خود قرار میدهد. درواقع، موضع فکری ویگوتسکی در رابطه با ایجاد کارکردهای عالی ذهن انسان که قائم بر متغیّرات، اجتماعی، فرهنگی و تاریخی میباشد، یافتن راهحل مناسبی برای معمای مثنویّت جسم و روان بهشمار میرود. در این مقاله کوشش شده است در حمایت از دعوی ویگوتسکی مربوط به تشکیل کارکردهای عالی ذهن انسان با واسطه ابزار روانشناختی و فیزیکی شواهدی چند از روششناسی-قومشناختی ارائه دهیم. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Reason of Usul Science from the Perspective of Imam Khomeini (General Method of Ijtihad in Usul Science)
Mostafa Hamedani Usul science is a knowledge to study reasons of fiqh and to represent the rules of inference in fiqh. But there are very important questions about methodology of Usul science. What are reasons of Usul science? What rules does Usul science argue? Res More Usul science is a knowledge to study reasons of fiqh and to represent the rules of inference in fiqh. But there are very important questions about methodology of Usul science. What are reasons of Usul science? What rules does Usul science argue? Response to these questions explains the foundations of production, development, refinement, critique and evaluation in Usul science. So the current study aims to draw an inference from Imam Khomeini's original works and opinions, so reasons of Usul science can be investigted in a case study from his perspective. In this study, the rules of reasoning are summerized in each problem of Usul science and then common patterns that are subjected to inductive method in these cases are defined. Consequently, general pattern is achieved from methods of Usul reasoning. This pattern has nine reasons: lexical analysis that refers toanalysis of word’s first meaning that comes to mind; conventional analysis comes in 3 forms: rational analysis (rational method), generalization (speech refers to common noun and thing) or performance analysis of conventional masters; innate understanding that does not need theoretical reasoning because it itself is reason; rational reasoning that is argumentation based on philosophical wisdom; narrative reason that includes narratives of infallibles; hybrid reason comes in two forms: rational – narrative reason and rational – literal reason. In addition to extracting this inductive pattern, the current study does not ignore the explanation of each reason’s quiddity, their dimensions and pathological discussion around them. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Reflections on the methodology in Ismail Raineh's historiography based on the place of England in his historiography
reza ghandeharizadeh ahmad kamranifar soheyla torabi farsaniIsmail Rain's historiographical structure is based on a methodological basis and has significant components. Weakness of causal approaches in analyzing historical developments, overcoming the political approach and the existence of a kind of vacuum in his historiography MoreIsmail Rain's historiographical structure is based on a methodological basis and has significant components. Weakness of causal approaches in analyzing historical developments, overcoming the political approach and the existence of a kind of vacuum in his historiography towards social and cultural issues, highlighting a tendency towards international relations in his historiography, prominent role of documents with Relying on a type of disclosure-oriented behavior, overcoming the descriptive approach to deep analytical methods,The acquisition of a narrative of contemporary history based on colonial relations and some other components can be considered as the main principles governing the methodology of Ismail Raine's historiography. In addition to the methodological aspects, Ismail Raine's historiography is significantly related to the role of Britain in the contemporary history of Iran, so that it can be considered as British-centered historiography.In this study, two issues will be examined in relation to the historiography of Ismail Ryan. The first is the methodological foundations of his historiography, and the second is the centralism of England and its reflection and place in Ismail Raine's account of contemporary history. Therefore, an attempt is made to consider these two aspects of his historiography through the analytical method and content measurement of Ismail Rain's works. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Analysis of factors and consequences of burnout in nurses using Q method
Nima Kanani Azari Morad Rezaei Dizgah mehrdad goudarzvand chegini Hamidreza Rezaee KelidbariThe present research is a kind of mixed quantitative and qualitative research in which using the Q approach, the mental patterns of experts and specialists in order to identify and categorize the causes and consequences of burnout in nurses are examined. In this study, MoreThe present research is a kind of mixed quantitative and qualitative research in which using the Q approach, the mental patterns of experts and specialists in order to identify and categorize the causes and consequences of burnout in nurses are examined. In this study, first-hand sources (semi-structured interviews) and second-hand sources (literature and past research) have been used to collect data. Purposeful sampling was used to select the statistical sample and the discourse space and Q expressions were obtained by using the views of 8 participants. The validity of the study was satisfied by the control and supervision of the participants in determining the Q expressions and its reliability was confirmed by retesting. based on the available variables, the Q matrix was designed and experts were asked to sort the expressions and its data were analyzed using Q factor analysis and the final model. Research was obtained. Regarding the results of Q method, according to the priorities made by experts in the fields of psychology, management and nursing, the final grouping according to the frequency and sharing of opinions in the two general groupings performed by Q factor analysis, into four categories of factors. Organizational, infrastructure, job and context affecting burnout and three categories of individual, organizational and external consequences affected by burnout in nurses were affected. The results of the present study can be used to prevent burnout in the nursing community. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Evaluating the quality level of services provided by the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST) using the Six Sigma methodology.
Ali Bairanvand Mohamad Ebrahim Samiei Sareh RahmanianObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality level of services provided by the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST) using the Six Sigma methodology. Methodology: The studied population in this research includes the users of (R MoreObjective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality level of services provided by the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST) using the Six Sigma methodology. Methodology: The studied population in this research includes the users of (RICeST). 120 users in this center have been chosen as the samples by a simple random way. Data collection tool in this study was the LibQUAL Questionnaire. Using this questionnaire, the gap between the customers' expectations and perceptions was identified and analyzed. Data were analyzed using the statistical software "Spss" and the mean and standard deviation were calculated for the obtained data. In each of the evaluated cases, the calculated standard deviation was compared with the sigma level in the output table for the types of sigma in order to specify the qualitative efficiency of services. By this way, the error rate in each of the provided services has been determined. Findings: the findings showed the employees in the Regional Center for the Science and Technology Information have been able to meet the users' minimum expectations in this center in all cases except the option "The courteous staff"; and have allocated the efficiency 50% which is equal to 500,000 errors per million. In the other words, the average rate was true in all raised options about the staff in this center. The efficiency, 69. 20 percent, obtained from the users view about the quality of existing resources in this center represents their relative satisfaction with the current condition. Only about the option "the presence of a website in the center" the level of users' expectations has been equal to the actual level and the efficiency 99. 97 percent been achieved. The quality of library space at the actual level has been lower than the maximum level of users' expectation, but it has been higher than the level of users' minimum expectations. The efficiency 69. 20 percent about the center space indicates 308,000 errors per million. In this case, it has been far from achieving the desired level or the maximum users' expectations. Conclusion: The results showed that in most cases, Regional Information Center for Science and Technology require to increase the actual level of service. Near the maximum level of expectations with actual service, will result to increase efficiency service quality and the Users ‘satisfaction. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - The main methods of "strategic influence" of the enemy in the religious system From the perspective of Quranic teachings - narration
Mahdi Gorji Azandariani Maryam Haji Abd Al-Baqi Mahdi Eizadi Muhammad Hadi HomayunThe historical conflict between the right front and the wrong front has been formed since the beginning of human presence. On the one hand, the "divine religion" and on the other hand, the false front, from the system of Satan to the long line of hypocrites, infidels, p MoreThe historical conflict between the right front and the wrong front has been formed since the beginning of human presence. On the one hand, the "divine religion" and on the other hand, the false front, from the system of Satan to the long line of hypocrites, infidels, polytheists, the system of domination, and so on. Although the tools and methods of the enemy have changed in historical periods, its purpose and content have always been the same: the dismantling of the right front in every individual and social form. "Strategic influence" is one of the most important soft threats against the rule of law and the religious system. The present study - which helps the view of updating and functionalizing religious knowledge - identifies the main methods of "strategic influence" of the enemy in the religious system from the perspective of Quranic teachings - narrative. The research is descriptive-analytical in the form of "library method" and based on "ijtihad interpretation" with the tendency of "thematic interpretation" which tries to identify methods, for them comparative equation, Analyze content and conceptualize. Research shows that the enemies in the process of "strategic influence", which is mainly based on cognitive-perceptual warfare, dimensions of vision, attitude, motivation, secretarial and action of the religious system at different levels of structure, leadership, rulers, elites and people. The result of the research indicates that based on the teachings of the Qur'an-narration, the enemies in the direction of "strategic influence" in various and complex ways such as "probable"; "Completion"; "Protection"; "Istehwaz"; "Question"; "Humanity"; "Misguidance"; "Seduction"; "Induction"; "Fright"; "Distortion"; "Decoration"; "Dominance"; "Delivery"; «تضلیل»; "Bribery"; "Development"; "Threat"; "Deception"; "Kid"; "Copper"; "Nazgh"; "Revelation"; "Temptation" and ... use that depending on the conditions, requirements and the target community, sometimes case tactics and in many cases combined methods are used. It is clear that the result of such an attack will be "strategic deception" and "transformation of the religious system from within." Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Assessing the Familiarity of Accounting Phd Students with Research Methodology in Iran
یاسمن علی اصفهانی زهرا دیانتی دیلمی فاطمه صرافAbstract Due to the importance of researchers' aristocracy in research methodology, in order to conduct innovative and effective research, the present study seeks to examine the familiarity of doctoral students with research methodology in accounting. This paper is des MoreAbstract Due to the importance of researchers' aristocracy in research methodology, in order to conduct innovative and effective research, the present study seeks to examine the familiarity of doctoral students with research methodology in accounting. This paper is descriptive-survey and applied in terms of purpose. In order to conduct this research, a 60-item questionnaire was used in year 2020 regarding the level of familiarity of 178 PhD students in entrance year 2017 of public, Azad and Pardis universities with the methodology. The sampling method in the first stage is stratified random sampling that determines the number of samples in each floor (including three public, Azad and pardis floors) and in the second place the questionnaire using cluster sampling with respect to the ratios Distributed among PhD students in selected universities. One-sample mean test, One way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) & Scheffe test were used to conduct this research. Findings of this study show that the level of knowledge of accounting Phd students about research methodology is at a weak and undesirable level & Phd students in accounting at public universities are more familiar with research methodology than students at the Azad universities & Pardis universities. The findings of this study indicate the need to strengthen the research strength of accounting students and pay more attention to the course of research methods and aristocracy to research methodology in this field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Reviewing the methodology of the book Humanities Issues; Methodological challenge (Emphasizing the methodology and epistemology of the theory of modern Islamic civilization)
Kazem AzimiThe purpose of this article is to review the methodology of the book "Qadaya Uloom al-Ensaniyyah; Eshkaliyato Al-Manhaj" (Issues of Humanities; Challenge of Methodology) with emphasis on methodology and epistemology of the theory of modern Islamic civilization. This boo MoreThe purpose of this article is to review the methodology of the book "Qadaya Uloom al-Ensaniyyah; Eshkaliyato Al-Manhaj" (Issues of Humanities; Challenge of Methodology) with emphasis on methodology and epistemology of the theory of modern Islamic civilization. This book was published in 2014 under the supervision of Dr. Yousef Zidan and contains an introduction and eight articles about research methodology in some fields of humanities. The method of collecting and analyzing information in this article is an argument that after the general extraction of the content of the articles, the most important problems of the epistemology of the specific articles and the outstanding statement of the methodology of each article have been criticized with reference to the relevant sources. The main question: in terms of methodology and epistemology, what criticisms can be made on the content of the book with emphasis on the theory of modern Islamic civilization? Results: The results obtained in this article show that the design and development of the methodology of human sciences and the examination of its various aspects in the Islamic discourse is the introduction to the design and development of the theory of modern Islamic civilization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Using of RSM to optimize the heat treatment of electroless Ni-P coating for simultaneously improvement in corrosion resistance and hardness
Jvad Golab Mostafa AlishahiIn the present study, Ni-P coatings were successfully deposited on mild steel surface via electroless plating. The optimization of heat treatment parameters (i.e., temperature and time) based on response surface methodology has been systematically studied in order to ob MoreIn the present study, Ni-P coatings were successfully deposited on mild steel surface via electroless plating. The optimization of heat treatment parameters (i.e., temperature and time) based on response surface methodology has been systematically studied in order to obtain the simultaneously improvement in corrosion resistance and hardness. X ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS analysis were used to characterize the coatings. The corrosion behavior of the coatings was evaluated using Tafel polarization method in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. It has been found that the as-plate coating has an amorphous structure and heat treatment caused to precipitate Ni3P phase as well as to form crystalline nickel phase. The corrosion resistance and hardness are strongly affected by heat treatment. By increasing the time and temperature corrosion resistance and hardness firstly increased and then decreased. The results showed that low corrosion rate less than 2 mpy and high hardness value more than 900 vickers were achieved by heat treatment at 450° C for 75 min. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - شناسایی عوامل مؤثر در توسعه تکواندو ایران و ارائه مدل
رضا ایمان زاده عباس خدایاری حمید قاسمی نازنین راسخ -
Open Access Article
29 - Identifying Effective Factors of the Development of Taekwondo in Iran and Presenting the Model
reza emanzade abbas khodayari hamid ghasemi nazanin rasekhThe present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of Taekwondo in Iran and the presentation model. The statistical population of the study consisted of all professors and faculty members of sport management, experts and managers of the ministr MoreThe present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the development of Taekwondo in Iran and the presentation model. The statistical population of the study consisted of all professors and faculty members of sport management, experts and managers of the ministry, and the affiliate of the sports championship of the Ministry of Sports and Youth, leaders and experts of the Taekwondo Federation and coaches of the Taekwondo team. In the qualitative part of the research, using the method of theoretical sampling with 25 people in the community, qualitative interviews were conducted to achieve theoretical saturation. In the small part, according to the uncertain size of the research community, using a Morgan table, 277 people were selected as sample size and random sampling was performed. The instrument for measuring the research in the qualitative section was semi-structured interview. In next stage, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. To obtain the validity of the questionnaire, the formal and content validity and construct validity were used, and for reliability, it was used Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research showed that seven factors including social and cultural factors, technology factors, economic factors, political factors, sports agents, management factors and places and equipment are effective on the development of the country's tactical skills. Therefore, it is recommended to pay special attention to all the factors identified in this study to develop sport for Iran. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Methodological Discussion in International Relations Theories from the Philosophy of Science Aspect
Reza Kaviyani Shide Shadlou This paper studies theories of international relations from the philosophy of science perspective based on two types of evaluation. The first type is through meta-analysis, that is, how international relations are evaluated through ontology, epistemology and met More This paper studies theories of international relations from the philosophy of science perspective based on two types of evaluation. The first type is through meta-analysis, that is, how international relations are evaluated through ontology, epistemology and methodology. In fact, the “whyness” and “howness” of the emergence and retrieval of thoughts in the field of international relations are at the center of this meta-analysis. The second type is based on the theoretical foundations which include questions such as “What are the peculiarities of international relations in these theories? What are the components of international relations based on different theories of the field? What is the implied discourse in different theories of international relations? What relation is between theory and action? What are the impacts and consequences of theories of international relations in terms of methodology?” Accordingly, this paper utilizes a descriptive-analytical method within the interdisciplinary topics of international relations and philosophy of science to explore the above mentioned issues. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Affect Background of Ontology, Epistemology and Methodology in the Study of Political Culture: Compare the Two Approaches of Anthropology and the Study of Modernization
Afshin Ashkevar Kiyaie There are various forms of social research with different approaches that distinguish them using the four aspects of ontology, epistemology, methodology and method. In examining the political culture, this article have tried anthropology (with quality process) a More There are various forms of social research with different approaches that distinguish them using the four aspects of ontology, epistemology, methodology and method. In examining the political culture, this article have tried anthropology (with quality process) and modernization studies (with quantity process) approaches are presented and compared with those four aspects to be aware of the depth difference between the two approaches in study of political culture. The main questions of article are how affecting four aspects: ontological, epistemological, methodological and methods in a research? How affecting those four aspects in examining of political culture? The main hypothesis is that any researcher attitude towards the nature of social phenomena (ontology) affecting the kind of knowledge (epistemology) researcher and then the two aspects affect the kinds of methodologies and finally, in relation to the three aspects, the researcher selects the type of collected data (method). The purpose of this article introduces the two types accommodating and puting on a special channel in these four aspects in the study of political culture. Manuscript profile
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