دشمن

Open Access Article

1 - Doing Justice to the Political.The International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan: A Reply to Sarah Nouwen and Wouter Werner
Seyed-abbas Poorhashemi Mahmood Golestani

This article is a reaction to Sarah Nouwen and Wouter Werner, ‘Doing Justice to thePolitical. The International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan’, 21 EJIL (2010)941.It takes issue with attempts to understand international law and particularly theworkings o More

This article is a reaction to Sarah Nouwen and Wouter Werner, ‘Doing Justice to thePolitical. The International Criminal Court in Uganda and Sudan’, 21 EJIL (2010)941.It takes issue with attempts to understand international law and particularly theworkings of the International Criminal Court in terms of Carl Schmitt’s thesis on thepolitical as distinguishing between friend and enemy. My contention is that partiesto a violent/political conflict may try to mobilize the law in their struggle, but thatthe structure of the law itself escapes the logic of the political: law cannotbe‘political’ in the Schmittian sense. The unexpected upshot of this is that Schmitt’snotion of the political may operate as a normative criterion for testing whether legalofficials are still respecting the constraints of their practice. If legal authorities areindeed in the business of defining the enemy of mankind, then they are not doingthis through or with the help of the law. They may simply act against the law. Tosubstantiate this point, the article thinks through the difference betweenconventional and absolute/real enemies and contrasts these notions with thecharacteristics of (international criminal) law. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Comparative Study of Mahmoud Darvish and Bahar's Patriotism
Leila Jalali Safi Allah Kord

If the Palestinian – related poetries are divided into three titles as Palestinian displaced, devotees and concepts such as return to Palestine, it would be illuminated that after 1967 which Palestine demonstrated its presence in the battle with Israel, many poetr More

If the Palestinian – related poetries are divided into three titles as Palestinian displaced, devotees and concepts such as return to Palestine, it would be illuminated that after 1967 which Palestine demonstrated its presence in the battle with Israel, many poetries were composed. Mahmoud Darvish – Palestinian resistance poet – became famous after 1967. His poetry could be divided into three stages as beginner with featherless sparrows, intermediate with olive leaves and advanced with love to Palestine. He knows pullback as ten jumps to developments. Since his poetry is the heart of the Palestine's contemporary poetry this the present paper tries to study the resistance literature manifestations such as national identity, patriotism, fight against the old persecution and motivation. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Priority of Soft-War over Hard-War; Why and How?
Morteza Moosapoore fatideh

10.22034/sej.2021.1925866.1314

The purpose of the present study is to review the priority of soft-war over hard-war as well as its causes and ways. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that Islam has always emphasized that before any military conflict, the enemies should More

The purpose of the present study is to review the priority of soft-war over hard-war as well as its causes and ways. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results showed that Islam has always emphasized that before any military conflict, the enemies should be invited to the religion of Islam by logical dialogue and clarification but if they did not accept the word of truth and persisted on their heresy and enmity, then they should be opposed.  As it is mentioned in religious texts, soft-war has always priority over hard and military war and Jihād and that before military Jihād, the enemies should be invited to religion and attracted to Islam through advertisement or mental force. Therefore, it is everyone's duty that firstly and innately, think about soft-war, and secondly, hard-war should be followed in the meantime just in necessary cases and for preventive purposes. The causes and grounds of hard-war should be eliminated as much as possible and if hard and physical war occurred in a place, it is necessary to apply some strategies to turn it to soft-war. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Study of population dynamics of oak tortrix moth (Tortrix viridana) and its natural enemies in Fars province
Sayed Asghar Alehossein Sayed Hasan Saadati Habiballah Hamzeh Zarghani

Tortrix viridana is a serious pest of oaks in the Kamfirooz oak forests.Oak bud tortricid (Tortrix viridana) has five larval instars in Kamfirooz oak forests. The pest overwinters as diaposed eggs. The first larval instar emergence coincides with tree budburst when they More

Tortrix viridana is a serious pest of oaks in the Kamfirooz oak forests.Oak bud tortricid (Tortrix viridana) has five larval instars in Kamfirooz oak forests. The pest overwinters as diaposed eggs. The first larval instar emergence coincides with tree budburst when they enter bud scales. First instar larvae appear between 10th to late march, depending on weather condition. Weather parameters such as low temperature at the time of egg hatching determine losses of the pest to the host tree. First, second, third, fourth and fifth instars of the pest take 4-7, 5-8, 5-8, 6-12 and 7-14 days respectively. Pest larvae make their feeding sites by attaching leaves in clusters through webbing.  Larvae suspend themselves from a fine silken thread until they find a suitable feeding site and when there is a crowd of larvae on the some branches of the trees, larval movement between trees through hanging can be facilitated by wind. Many predators including spiders, ants, beetles and occasionally birds feed on pest larvae. The pest finishes its larval stages between 26 and 47 days (with an average 31.5 days). Pupal stage lasts 1-2 weeks. Trees can offset pest damages after pest outbreak, provided rainy winter precede, but if pest outbreak occurs in a year with low precipitation followed by a dry and hot summer, high losses due to pest will be unavoidable. Egg, larva, pupa and adult temporal distribution frequencies were 72.61, 10.14, 2.73, and 14.52 percent respectively. Direction had no significant effect on pest damage. Pest moths emerge during late April up through mid may. Moth population reaches its peak within 2-3 weeks after its appearance, and gradually disappears after its unimodal peak. Swarming as a social phenomenon may be observed during the emergence of adults. Twenty species of Aranidae belong to more than 7 families including Lycacidae, Oplinoidae, Clubionidae, Araneidae, Ulobridae, Phomicidae, Salticidae, four species of Coleoptera including Tenebrionidae (one unidentified species) and three coccinellids (Coccinellidae) as well as four species of Hymenoptera were among frequently collected natural enemies of the pest. Population dynamics of Exochomus quadripustulatus, one of the important coccinellids was also studied in sampling plots.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Population dynamics of cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae and identification of its natural enemies in canola farms in the North of Fars province
Iman Khazdouzi Nejad Jamali Majid Fallahzadeh Abufazel Dousti

According to this research the population dynamics of cabbage aphid andidentification the natural enemies in canola farms in the north of the Fars province that have been done during the years 2009 – 2010. Three species of aphids have been known; Myzus persica Sul More

According to this research the population dynamics of cabbage aphid andidentification the natural enemies in canola farms in the north of the Fars province that have been done during the years 2009 – 2010. Three species of aphids have been known; Myzus persica Sulzer, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.)and Aphis gossypii Glover. The cabbage aphid was the dominate species with 75.5% abundance. M. persicae and A. gossypii with 16.5% and 8% relative abundance in order were in the second ranges. Also in order to consider the population dynamics of cabbage aphid in the selected farms with 2 hectare spaces for each, gathering 30 leaves regularly by random from canola bushes weekly. So on the basis of these samplings it has been considered that the aphid population began at the middle of March until the middle of May at the time of blossom and sheathes was at the highest point, with the average temperature 7.5ºC daily and 77% R.H. Also regarding the natural enemies, 13 species of predatory and 1 species of parasitoid in the Coccinelledae, Syrphidae, Chrysopidae and Braconidae families have been gathered. This study revealed that in the canola farms the peak of natural enemies density occurred after the aphid's population peak of the late growing season. The most abundant predators were as follow: Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Scaeva albomaculata (Macquart 1842) and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens 1836). Also a species of parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh 1855) has been found. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Identification of natural enemies of citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hem., Psyllidae) in Hormozgan province
M. Hasanpour A. A. Talebi E. Rakhshani A. Ameri-Siahouei

Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hem., Psyllidae) is one of the most important pest of citrus in south Asia. In Iran, the pest has spread in Hormozgan, Sistan- Baluchestan and Kerman Provinces. The pest sucks plant sap and able to transferring the Liberob More

Asian citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hem., Psyllidae) is one of the most important pest of citrus in south Asia. In Iran, the pest has spread in Hormozgan, Sistan- Baluchestan and Kerman Provinces. The pest sucks plant sap and able to transferring the Liberobacter asiaticum Grining bacteria which is a dangerous disease of citrus throughout the word. In this survey, natural enemies of D. citri in Hormozgan province were studied during 2007–2008. As a result of this study, two parasitoid species belonging to Encyrtidae and Eulophidae, one common lace wing species (Chrysopidae), five lady bird species (Coccinellidae), and two spider species from the families of Salticidae and Linyphidae were collected and identified. Among the natural enemies of Asian citrus psylla, Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) (Hym., Eulophidae) is new record from Iran and its morphological features are presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Biology of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hem., Coccidae) under laboratory conditions and its seasonal fluctuations in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province
S. A. Mafi Pashakolaei

Biology of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hem., Coccidae) and its seasonal fluctuations were studied in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province, Iran, during 1996-1997. The pest has 3-4 generations and over-winters as eggs, 2nd and 3rd stages and adu More

Biology of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso (Hem., Coccidae) and its seasonal fluctuations were studied in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province, Iran, during 1996-1997. The pest has 3-4 generations and over-winters as eggs, 2nd and 3rd stages and adults on different citrus varieties and ornamental plants in the region of study. The shortest and longest developmental periods of one generation were 38 and 50 days, respectively. The mean numbers of eggs per female were 159, 229 and 171 in spring, summer and autumn, respectively. The mean life-span of males was 41.1 and 65.8 and for females were 52.4 and 84.3 days at 20 and 25℃, respectively. The activity of over-wintering individual began at the end of April in both sprayed and unsprayed orchards. However, the peak of the mealybug population occurred in August and September in unsprayed orchards and in September and October in sprayed ones. The peak of population of natural enemies synchronized with the peak of the pest in unsprayed orchards. This synchronization might be a reason for reduction of the pest damage to fruit by 30%-40% in unsprayed orchards. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Explaining the Security Strategy to Confront the Intentions in Kalile and Demneh ( the Stories from animals )
mohammad khodadadi Mohammad Ali Gozashti

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Open Access Article

9 - The role of chemical ecology in plant-natural enemies relationships
Neda Kheradpir

Allelochemicals are the main manager of interspecific relations which can convey different types of relations and behaviors of different organisms according to the chemical compound and its concentration, sender and receptor species. It is committed in plant world and p More

Allelochemicals are the main manager of interspecific relations which can convey different types of relations and behaviors of different organisms according to the chemical compound and its concentration, sender and receptor species. It is committed in plant world and plant apply infochemicals with different tasks to level up their fitness and employ natural enemies belong to Arthropoda for higher survivorship. In this paper, a review of previous researches on plant-natural enemies chemical ecology is presented. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Criticizing The book Tasmiyat Man Qotel Ma’ al-Husayn
ebrahim salehi

The book Tasmiyat Man Qotel Ma’ al-Husayn (the names of martyrs of Karbala) was written in the second century (A.H.) by Fozayl ibn Zobayr. 106 persons are named in this book as those who martyred in Karbala in defense of Imam al-Husayn. The importance of this book More

The book Tasmiyat Man Qotel Ma’ al-Husayn (the names of martyrs of Karbala) was written in the second century (A.H.) by Fozayl ibn Zobayr. 106 persons are named in this book as those who martyred in Karbala in defense of Imam al-Husayn. The importance of this book is that it is regarded among those old authentic sources in this regard. The author has mentioned some names that are considered in other authentic sources as the names of Imam al-Husayn’s enemies, such as: Mohajir ibn Ous, Kathir ibn ‘Abdollah and Bokair ibn Hay. Following this book, some authors circulated this point. This article tries to show that this book is not reliable in spite of its oldness.   Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Jurisprudence and Principles Governing the Policy of Islamic Republic of Iran in International Arena
Javad Olyaei Tayebeh Arefnia Abbas Samavati,

Countries are unable to run their government without establishing relations in the world. Any communication requires the expediency and understanding of the other party, which in the field of international relations without recognizing the enemy of these relations leads More

Countries are unable to run their government without establishing relations in the world. Any communication requires the expediency and understanding of the other party, which in the field of international relations without recognizing the enemy of these relations leads to the destruction and exploitation of our country. In all areas, it was based on the will and interests of the other countries. After the victory of the revolution, the relationship with the colonists was due to the lack of interruption and this has led to hostility. Emergency Relationships Is it necessary to know the enemy? This article, using an analytical descriptive method, seeks to respond and examine the enemy from the perspective of the Qur'an and the traditions and principles governing foreign policy and rejecting any one -way relationship and mastery of aliens and considers the negotiations to be recognized as the enemy and their conspiracies. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - .
mojtaba garavand esmaeil sepahvand zaynab nazari

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Open Access Article

13 - The main methods of "strategic influence" of the enemy in the religious system From the perspective of Quranic teachings - narration
Mahdi Gorji Azandariani Maryam Haji Abd Al-Baqi Mahdi Eizadi Muhammad Hadi Homayun

The historical conflict between the right front and the wrong front has been formed since the beginning of human presence. On the one hand, the "divine religion" and on the other hand, the false front, from the system of Satan to the long line of hypocrites, infidels, p More

The historical conflict between the right front and the wrong front has been formed since the beginning of human presence. On the one hand, the "divine religion" and on the other hand, the false front, from the system of Satan to the long line of hypocrites, infidels, polytheists, the system of domination, and so on. Although the tools and methods of the enemy have changed in historical periods, its purpose and content have always been the same: the dismantling of the right front in every individual and social form. "Strategic influence" is one of the most important soft threats against the rule of law and the religious system. The present study - which helps the view of updating and functionalizing religious knowledge - identifies the main methods of "strategic influence" of the enemy in the religious system from the perspective of Quranic teachings - narrative. The research is descriptive-analytical in the form of "library method" and based on "ijtihad interpretation" with the tendency of "thematic interpretation" which tries to identify methods, for them comparative equation, Analyze content and conceptualize. Research shows that the enemies in the process of "strategic influence", which is mainly based on cognitive-perceptual warfare, dimensions of vision, attitude, motivation, secretarial and action of the religious system at different levels of structure, leadership, rulers, elites and people. The result of the research indicates that based on the teachings of the Qur'an-narration, the enemies in the direction of "strategic influence" in various and complex ways such as "probable"; "Completion"; "Protection"; "Istehwaz"; "Question"; "Humanity"; "Misguidance"; "Seduction"; "Induction"; "Fright"; "Distortion"; "Decoration"; "Dominance"; "Delivery"; «تضلیل»; "Bribery"; "Development"; "Threat"; "Deception"; "Kid"; "Copper"; "Nazgh"; "Revelation"; "Temptation" and ... use that depending on the conditions, requirements and the target community, sometimes case tactics and in many cases combined methods are used. It is clear that the result of such an attack will be "strategic deception" and "transformation of the religious system from within." Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

14 - استعاره ابزاری برای ترسیم انگاره دشمن
تژا میر فخرایی

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Open Access Article

15 - Enemyology and methods of interacting with enemies according to the Qur'an, hadiths and Imamiyah Jurisprudence
Isa Haghi Mostafa Rajaipour Hossein Ahmari

One of the most important issues in human life is enemyology and an appropriate understanding of the strategies to deal successfully with the enemy. The Holy Qur'an has named six groups of enemies: "Satan and his companions", "Nafs-Amara (lasciviousness)", "some of wive More

One of the most important issues in human life is enemyology and an appropriate understanding of the strategies to deal successfully with the enemy. The Holy Qur'an has named six groups of enemies: "Satan and his companions", "Nafs-Amara (lasciviousness)", "some of wives and children", "infidels and polytheists", "some People of the Book, especially Jews" and "hypocrites". The Prophet, on the one hand, fought culturally and socially against idolatry, atheism, and hypocrisy in belief and practice, and the triangle of atheism, polytheism, and hypocrisy was also placed against him during his mission and did not give up any struggle against and monotheism. The current research aims to know the components of interaction with the enemy according to the Qur'an, hadiths and Imamiyah Jurisprudence. The research method is descriptive-analytical using library and documentary sources. The results of the research show that Holy Qur'an teaches us what special method we should use in confronting each of the enemies. In clearer words, it teaches Muslims the way to deal with Satan, Nafs-Amara, infidels, etc. separately, and also, it puts a special way to deal with every enemy's method. Among these methods are Faith and trust in God, abandoning sins, constant remembrance of God, seeking refuge in God, self-purification, fearing God and restraining the soul from whims and desires, surrendering oneself and affairs to God, cutting off all communication and friendship other than God, declaring a clear position of disliking them, cultural struggle through the Qur'an, religious insight and tolerance, interaction with the enemy. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Identification host ranges and abundance of parasitoids of stored product pests in Mashhad
M. H. Akbari Asl A. A. Talebi H. Kamali

A survey was conducted to identification, host ranges and abundance of parasitoids of stored product pests in Mashhad, Iran. Stored product pests and their parasitoid were collected during the period from Jul. to Nov. 2006 from different storages in Mashhad. The survey More

A survey was conducted to identification, host ranges and abundance of parasitoids of stored product pests in Mashhad, Iran. Stored product pests and their parasitoid were collected during the period from Jul. to Nov. 2006 from different storages in Mashhad. The survey revealed on fifteen types crop commodities (Rice, Corn, Lentil, Vetch, Wheat, Split Pea, Pea bean, Wheat flour, Rice flour, Rainsin, Mealed wheat, Dryed fig, Peanut and Walnut meat) stored in ways (Basket, Bag and Flat stores). ِAs a result of this study, 10 species of stored product pests and five species of their parasitoid were identified. The parasitoids were: Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym. Braconidae), Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead) (Hym. Bethylidae), Theocolax elegans (Westwood) (Hym.: Pteromalidae), Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hym.: Pteromalidae) and Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst) (Hym.: Ichneumonidae). The existence of these natural enemies particularly C. tarsalis and A. calandrae may encourage using them as potential biological control in food stored products at this area Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

17 - Natural enemies of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and population fluctuation of green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea Stephen in potato fields of Ardabil plain, Iran
Hossein Ranjbar Aghdam

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata is one of the most important pest insects in main potato growing areas. Natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle was collected and determined in potato fields of Ardabil province, Iran. Based on the results, the pre More

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata is one of the most important pest insects in main potato growing areas. Natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle was collected and determined in potato fields of Ardabil province, Iran. Based on the results, the predatory species of Chrysoperla carnea, Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia variegate and Nabis punctatus from the class Hexapoda, and Enoplognatha mediterranea from the class Arachnida were determined as natural enemies of the Colorado potato beetle in Ardabil. In addition to predatory arthropods, an entomopathogenic nematode, Hexamermis sp.,  and an isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis were collected and determined as the most important biological control agents of the pest population. Among identified arthropods, population of lacewing C. carnea was considerable in potato fields. Therefore, its population fluctuation was studied in Ardabil plain. Obtained results showed that C. carnea  produced only one generation during the activity period of the Colorado potato beetle in Ardebil potato fields. Moreover, the entomopathogenic nematode, Hexamermis sp. was the most important natural enemy of the Colorado potato beetle so that it could destroy up to 80 percent of overwintering population of the pest in potato fields before spring.            Manuscript profile

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