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Open Access Article
1 - Study and the role of social capital components in the crisis of Lake Urmia (Emphasizing the management of the operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks in Bonab plain
Mohammad Sadeqh Oliaei Farhad Paknia somayeh aziziSocial capital is considered by researchers as an explanatory variable in various social, political and economic issues. On the other hand, the Urmia Lake crisis has become an environmental and operational challenge during the last decade. In this study, considering the MoreSocial capital is considered by researchers as an explanatory variable in various social, political and economic issues. On the other hand, the Urmia Lake crisis has become an environmental and operational challenge during the last decade. In this study, considering the importance of the issue of social capital in human and social studies, its relation with farmers' desire to revive Lake Urmia has been addressed .In order to study the various components of social capital on farmers' tendency to help restore Lake Urmia, a questionnaire related to the elements of trust, coherence, participation and tendency was designed and completed field by farmers. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results show that the level of social participation is more important than the other two components, although the effect of the component of trust and coherence is significant and significant. The results show that by increasing one unit to the percentage of social capital of 0.34%, it increases the willingness of people to participate in the settlement of Urumia Lake crisis. The results of the factor analysis of the component of social participation is statistically indicative of a good model (CFI=0/88). Lack of attention to social participation in solving the Urumia Lake crisis as a social, human, environmental, economic, political and climate crisis will have irreparable consequences in all human and environmental spheres of life. It is also necessary to evaluate the concept of trust and coherence of individuals and ways to increase these dimensions of social capital Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - The environmental effects of Uromieh lake road
نادر Habibzadeh منصور BadrifarUromieh lake, located in the interface of West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijanprovinces, is one the unique habitats in all around the world creating breathtaking andpicturesque landscape in this area. The instruction of a suitable road, consideringenvironmental issues, c MoreUromieh lake, located in the interface of West Azarbaijan and East Azarbaijanprovinces, is one the unique habitats in all around the world creating breathtaking andpicturesque landscape in this area. The instruction of a suitable road, consideringenvironmental issues, can turn this region to one of the tourist attraction centers inIran. By the way, apart from the foregoing advantage this proceeding will facilitatetransportation between capital cities of two important provinces, namely WestAzarbaijan and East Azarbaijan thereby pave the way for the progress of this region.However even though, considering the vulnerable and sensitive ecosystems, theimplementation of this project will result in some deleterious effects from theviewpoint of environmental and social-economic aspects. Therefore, environmentalimpact assessment of this project is really inevitable. In this research theenvironmental threats related to this project along with the effects of Uromieh lakewatershed on the construction of this road have been examined. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Environmental consequences of reduced water levels in the lake uromieh and its survival
Mohmmad Ali Ahmady Samira AsghariThe rich biodiversity of Iran at the center of cross road of Asia/Africa and Europe has been damaged very much just because of industrial pollutions, vast urban area, trashes, UN controllable grassing, jungle and desert alleviation, and soil erosion. Water has been a cr MoreThe rich biodiversity of Iran at the center of cross road of Asia/Africa and Europe has been damaged very much just because of industrial pollutions, vast urban area, trashes, UN controllable grassing, jungle and desert alleviation, and soil erosion. Water has been a critical matter in Iran because of men destructive activities. Uremia lake_the biggest lake in the Middle East_has been dried completely. Uremia Lake located in 45 to 46 longitudes and 37 to 38/5 altitudes. This lake is one of the biggest Lake in Iran plateau. UNISCO declared the lake a world heritage site. Because of having unique and beautiful natural attractions. Uremia Lake is the second beautiful lake in the World for its flora, fauna and attractions. Its one the best example of Sustainable Tourism. The aim of this research is study of water shortage in the lake and offering the best proposal for saving it. This research is descriptive and the data has been gathered through the valid book and documents and has been analysis descriptively. The results of researches show that water of Urmia Lake decreased 6 miters during 13 years. The main reasons are: dedicating %90 of water for agriculture use. development Planning for the area, for the area, using water for cities, villages, lack of good and efficient management, lack of good pattern of Plantation, hot weather and evaporation, and using Too much of underground water supplies digging wells. The situation of Urmia Lake is showing lack of planning and proper civil projects. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Estimation of Inflow to Urmia Lake Using Time Series and Basin's Future Simulation Modeling in Two Long and Short Term Scenarios
اردلان شریف نسب Mojtaba ShourianThe Urmia Lake is the largest and the most important internal lake in Iran and is one of the most valuable international hemispherical resources in the world. But the Lake has been gradually getting dried nowadays. If the Lake gets completely dried, irreparable environm MoreThe Urmia Lake is the largest and the most important internal lake in Iran and is one of the most valuable international hemispherical resources in the world. But the Lake has been gradually getting dried nowadays. If the Lake gets completely dried, irreparable environmental, economical and social damages would be appeared in the region. So, finding a practical solution for surviving the Urmia Lake is crucial. In the present research, it has been tried to predict the inflows of the rivers leading to the Urmia Lake, once based on the long term period’s recorded data and another time based on the recent dry period’s recorded data, by using autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series models in order to exert the effects of the recent drought in the forecasted data. The ARMA models are developed in the MATLAB soft ware. After calibration of the created models, the predicted discharges of the basin’s rivers were entered into the simulation model of MODSIM in order to estimate the water consumptions in the basin's future condition and finally the entering flows to the Urmia Lake in each of two forecasting scenarios. Results show that in each of two forecasting scenarios of long and short periods, the environmental water right of the lake wouldn’t be supplied totally. Also, if the agricultural water consumptions would get reduced about 14% and 56% in long and short periods respectively, the lake’s water right would be supplied completely. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Temporal analysis of storms in East of Urmia Lake using the Huff curves method
Yagob Dinpashoh Saina Vakili AzarIn this study, the Huff curves were extracted using the 418 events in the four selected stations. Firstly, the total storms were classified into the four distinct classes according to their durations including i) 0-2, ii) 2-6, iii) 6-12 and more than 12 hours. Then, the MoreIn this study, the Huff curves were extracted using the 418 events in the four selected stations. Firstly, the total storms were classified into the four distinct classes according to their durations including i) 0-2, ii) 2-6, iii) 6-12 and more than 12 hours. Then, the Huff curves were plotted for the 10%, 20%, … and 90% non-exceedance probabilities. Analysis conducted for each of the classes, separately, for the stations. Another Huff curve plotted using the all events in a unit class. Some statistical distributions commonly used in hydrology were utilized. The three indices (S2/10, I2/10, and Q2/10) calculated. The design hyetographs for each of the selected stations using the information of all events in a unit class prepared for 2 and 10-years return periods. The mathematical models of Huff curves derived as the Logistic model. The parameters estimated for all models. Results indicated that except Sarab, having the first quartile precipitation type, the three other stations had the second quartile types. The same results obtained for the class of storms with duration less than two hours. But for the classes of 2-6 and 6-12 hours, in some stations the type of precipitation shifted to the further quartile. The vertical distance of 50% and 90% Huff curves in the first, second and third quartiles shortened as the quartiles increases (S>I>Q). It was found that the Logistic model is capable in fitting the curves. The correlation coefficients between the observed and modeled values were found to be from 0.978 to 0.998. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Multivariate Analysis of Hydrological Droughts in Urmia Lake basin Using Artificial Data Generation Technique and Copula Functions
Babak Shahinejad Zahra Shams Zabihollah Khani temeliyeh Azadeh ArshiaBackground and Aim: From a hydrological point of view, measuring the flow of rivers, lakes and groundwater is a measure of drought and there is a baseline time between the lack of rainfall and the decrease of running water of inlets and lakes and groundwater. More studi MoreBackground and Aim: From a hydrological point of view, measuring the flow of rivers, lakes and groundwater is a measure of drought and there is a baseline time between the lack of rainfall and the decrease of running water of inlets and lakes and groundwater. More studies have been done on meteorological droughts compared to hydrological droughts. Therefore, the purpose of this study is multivariate analysis of hydrological droughts in Lake Urmia basin using artificial data generation models and Copula functions. Therefore, using a combination of the above methods for the analysis of hydrological droughts was used as a new method for the analysis of hydrological droughts.Method:In this study, in order to multivariate analysis of hydrological droughts in the Urmia Lake basin, the flow data of 28 hydrometric stations in which the flow regime is real were used during a statistical period of 40 years (1978-2017). Also, Ar (1) model was used to generate artificial data and SDImod index was used for drought analysis. For this purpose, artificial data were generated in 1000 sequence. Since univariate drought analysis and analysis based on historical data can not show the horizontal of future droughts alone, so using the Ar (1) model, annual data were generated and then using the model The Valencia and Schakke generated monthly artificial data. Then drought characteristics (intensity and duration) were extracted for both historical and generation data series and common distributions in hydrology were fitted to intensity, duration and flow data. Then the transfer probability matrix and their steady state condition matrix (SSC) were also calculated. Also, multivariate analysis of hydrological droughts was performed using ten Archimedean Copula functions. The above coding was done in MATLAB software environment.Results: The results of this study showed that after examining the homogeneity of data and their static test, most of the data had the necessary homogeneity and the results of data homogeneity showed that the coefficient of explanation was above 0.9 and the results of static test and Their trend showed that the data were within the allowable range of 1.2 ±2.1 and ±1.96. The results of fitting the data on the common statistical distributions showed that the Log Pearson Type3 (LP3) function was known as the superior distribution functions on the flow data and the gamma and exponential distribution functions on the severity and duration of the drought, respectively. The number of drought periods based on different scales of SDImod index showed that for different periods the number of drought periods for short-term scales was more than long-term scales. Also, the average intensity and duration of drought for generated and historical data indicate an increase in the intensity of drought for generated data compared to historical data. The results of classifying drought periods for historical and generated data showed that approximately 68% of the data were in the normal range during the statistical period and 32% were other classes. The result of the Copula functions showed that the Joe Copula function in the first order and Filip Gumble and Galambos functions in the next order were known as the superior Copula functions.Conclusion: Finally, the results showed that the artificial data generation models for annual and monthly data for statistical years less than 30 years maintain the statistical characteristics of mean, standard deviation, skewness and correlation between two consecutive months, while increasing The number of statistical years of model performance becomes more favorable. The cumulative probability of non-annual drought and the probability of normal and wet season in hot months of the year is higher than other months of the year. Also, with increasing periods of drought, the cumulative probability of non-drought increases, so that with increasing periods, this probability decreases and becomes almost zero. The results of the joint and conditional return periods as well as the Kendall return period showed that the probability of drought occurring in future periods is expected to be at least similar to the historical data. The results also showed that the Joe Copula function was recognized as the superior Copula function for historical and generated data. Accordingly, the theoretical Copula function is close to the 45 degree angle bisector against the experimental Copula function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Effect of Land Use Trends on the Amount of Agricultural Water Consumption in Urmia Lake Watershed in the Next 20 Years Using Markov Chain
Kiyoumars Roushangar Mohammad Taghi Aalami Hassan GolmohammadiBackground and Aim: Reducing the water level of Urmia Lake and its effects on the environment around the lake has been one of the important national and international issues and challenges in the last two decades. In accord with the studies, one of the critical factors MoreBackground and Aim: Reducing the water level of Urmia Lake and its effects on the environment around the lake has been one of the important national and international issues and challenges in the last two decades. In accord with the studies, one of the critical factors affecting this declining trend has been the rise in harvest, especially for agriculture. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to simulate the future status of water resources in the Urmia Lake basin, influenced by the area of agricultural land uses.Method: For this purpose, Landsat satellite image data for the period 2000 to 2020 are firstly classified using the SVM algorithm in ENVI5.3 software and the classification accuracy is analyzed using the Kappa Coefficient algorithm.In the following, the statistics and information related to the change of cultivation pattern (from arable to garden) and water sources discharging Lake Urmia are calculated. In the next step, the simulation of land use changes for 2030 and 2040 is done using two LCM and CA-MARKOV methods. And finally, after determining the amount of changes in each land use, the amount of water required for agricultural affairs in the catchment is simulated using NETWAT model.Conclusion: The results show that the area of two uses, irrigated agriculture and garden will increase from 1450 and 395 square kilometers in 2000 to more than 3600 and 1650 square kilometers in 2040, respectively, This will increase the amount of water Needed or agriculture from 1,500 million cubic meters in 2000 to more than 4,100 million cubic meters in 2040.Results: From 2000 to 2020, water consumption in irrigated agriculture has increased by 1253.05 Km2; which according to Markov's prediction method, this amount will reach 2049.54 Km2 in 2040 that raises the amount of water consumption by 1 billion and 473 million cubic meters. The gardens land use has increased by 688.02 Km2 from 2000 to 2020, and according to Markov's prediction method, this amount will reach 1276.14 Km2 in 2040, which raises the amount of water consumption by 703 million cubic meters. From 2000 to 2020, 367.06 Km2 has been added to the drayland farming, which according to the prediction of Markov method, this amount will reach 531 Km2 in 2040, which soars the amount of water consumption by 253 MCM. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Evaluation of the climate change impacts on the crop yields and proposing the changing cropping pattern strategy (case study: Simineh Rood basin)
Mostafa Rezaee Zaman Ali AfruziForecast and evaluate the effects of climate change can be very useful in planning future managers. Various tools used to achieve this goal. In this research, the SWAT model is used to simulate and evaluate the climate change impacts on the crop yields in Simineh Rood b MoreForecast and evaluate the effects of climate change can be very useful in planning future managers. Various tools used to achieve this goal. In this research, the SWAT model is used to simulate and evaluate the climate change impacts on the crop yields in Simineh Rood basin and the changing cropping pattern strategy is evaluated as a comparative plan. To model the climate change conditions in the region, under the A2 and B2 scenarios, the HadCM3 atmosphere-ocean general circulation model outputs’ are used. Using the SDSM model, the outputs are downscaled and the minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation data are obtained for the years 2010 to 2033 and the data are used as inputs for the SWAT model. Afterwards, the values of water and temperature tensions, crop yields and the inflow of Urmia Lake in the climate change conditions are estimated and it is named as BAU. The results showed the increase in the average tensions of water and temperature and also the reduction in the crop yields. After evaluating the climate change impacts in the basin, changing the cropping pattern to wheat and barley is evaluated as a comparative strategy that showed 32% and 24% reduction in the water tension under the A2 and B2 scenarios compared to BAU condition. Also the produced calorie and the inflow of the lake showed 15.6% and 15.8% under the A2 scenario and 11.8% and 12.1% under the B2 scenario increase, respectively, compared to the BAU condition. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Verifying precipitation data of TAMAB and meteorology institute in Urmia basin
Navid Ghajarnia Abdolmajid Liaghat Peyman Daneshkar ArastehWater resources management, forecasting, and decision making require reliable estimates of precipitation. Therefore, a normal and an inevitable part of any hydrological or water management project before starting the research is analyzing the accuracy of time series. Fo MoreWater resources management, forecasting, and decision making require reliable estimates of precipitation. Therefore, a normal and an inevitable part of any hydrological or water management project before starting the research is analyzing the accuracy of time series. For this purpose by using statistical tests, the time series are analyzed heterogeneous and improbable fluctuations of data and if needed are corrected or omitted. Although usually passing the statistical tests, scientifically verifies the efficiency of the data, more precise verifications on the data may lead to different results. Therefore, in this study by choosing precipitation data of Urmia basin as a case study, final results of some statistical tests on the efficiency of the data are analyzed. Careful and precise analysis of the time series especially in comparison with neighboring stations shows that full reliance on the statistical tests alone is not enough for analyzing the efficiency of the time series and the results of these tests may mislead users on the true condition and efficiency of the data. Based on the results of this study, only 2.4 percent of the data need correction or must be omitted; nevertheless, more precise analysis through data shows that about 12.6 percent of the data are completely unsuitable and must be omitted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Recognition and Ranking the Causes of the Outbreak Crises in Uromieh Lake Using Delphi Technique
ali reza ejazi Mahmoud Shariat Parvin FarshchiBackground and Objective: Drought is one of the natural phenomenons which have the most damages to the arid and semi-arid areas. Today the catchment of Uromieh Lake with large scale of population density is one of the most important environmental challenges, so that, be MoreBackground and Objective: Drought is one of the natural phenomenons which have the most damages to the arid and semi-arid areas. Today the catchment of Uromieh Lake with large scale of population density is one of the most important environmental challenges, so that, because of low precipitation and decrease of water flows in recent years, the life of this lake has been in serious hazard. This catchment with 52000 square kilometers, and average of 200 to 900 millimeters of rainfall, has the water volumes of 22 billion cubic meters of water in all its catchment. There has been constructed several dams with reserving volume of 3 billion cubic meters on the rivers coming to the lake, in order to providing the needs of agriculture and human fresh water. Regarding the diminish of catchment area of the lake and the amount of water flow, prefect restoration of the lake is very rare. Method: In this research, we have tried to explain the impact of the factors of the crises with recognizing the causes of outbreak of crises by using Delphi technique, in order to accession of managing priorities. Findings: In this research, four main criteria and 21 sub-criteria have been identified the causes of crisis in the lake of Uromieh. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, there are four main criteria and 21 sub-criteria. Construction of dams with 23 percent and changes in cropping patterns with 8 percent of impact, are the most important and effective causes of crises in the lake of Uromieh. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Statistical Assessment of Heavy Metals and Radioactive Elements Built in Sediments and Residual Salts in the Dry Bed of Lake Urmia
Asghar Asghari Moghaddam Fatemeh Nazari Mohsen Moazzen Vartan SimmondsBackground and Objective: In recent years, the water level of Lake Urmia has been increasingly reduced and a huge amount of sediment and salt has remained in its bed. Due to the geology around the lake as well as the effluents and sewage that have entered the lake, harm MoreBackground and Objective: In recent years, the water level of Lake Urmia has been increasingly reduced and a huge amount of sediment and salt has remained in its bed. Due to the geology around the lake as well as the effluents and sewage that have entered the lake, harmful elements have entered the lake water. With the regression of the lake, the complex contaminants in the water have been transferred to the sediments and salts of the lake bed, which in case of possible conversion of these sediments and salts containing hazardous elements into fine dust, will affect the surrounding areas. In this study, the content of heavy harmful metals (As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn, V, Cd and Hg) and radioactive materials (Th and U) in sediments and salts of Lake Urmia were evaluated. . The purpose of this study is to identify and study the source of contamination of harmful elements in sediments and residual salts in the dried bed of the semi-eastern part and between the passage of Lake Urmia. Method: To investigate, sampling of sediments and surface salts of the lake was done from the eastern and middle part of the lake and the samples were geochemically evaluated and statistically analyzed. Findings: Comparison of the results of the obtained concentrations with the average crust showed that the elements As, Cu, Ni, Co, Hg, Cd, Th and U in the region are more than the average crust. Discussion and Conclusion: The studied elements were examined by statistical evaluations such as correlation coefficient, cluster analysis and factor analysis. The results of all three methods were consistent with each other. According to these results, the origin of U and Hg elements is geology and the origin of other human elements. The main sources of human pollution are from urban and industrial effluents and sewage in the areas around the lake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Investigation of Management Strategies for Urmia Lake Based on Economic Valuation
aida shariatmadari Majid Abbaspour Zahra Abedi Alireza VafaeinejadBackgrounds and Objectives: The recent water scarcity and decrease of precipitation have led to considerable changes in the ecosystem of Urmia Lake. The main objective of this study is to investigate the management strategies regarding Urmia Lake based on economic valua MoreBackgrounds and Objectives: The recent water scarcity and decrease of precipitation have led to considerable changes in the ecosystem of Urmia Lake. The main objective of this study is to investigate the management strategies regarding Urmia Lake based on economic valuation. Methodology & Material: In this study (2016), the existing library and Internet documents as well as field studies were used. The statistical population in this study included the stakeholders, locals and tourists in Urmia. Sampling was done randomly and the sample size was determined after pre-tests using Cochran’s test. The method and data analysis tool in this study was contingent method, and Excel software and E-views were used to determine the economic values of Urmia Lake. GIS software was also used to express the changes occurred in the lake. Findings: Considering changes of water level in Urmia Lake in recent years, the inadvertent extraction of water from the wells and cultivation of crops that consume water content at high level in farming lands are assumed as important factors for drying Urmia Lake. Discussion and Conclusion: The willingness to pay for protecting different values of Urmia Lake was estimated as totally 52.496 USD per person, monthly. The proper management of resources, the right of water for each river in the Urmia Lake basin, cessation of constructing new dams on other rivers entering the lake, changing the pattern of cultivation, and increasing water productivity are among the measures that must be taken to balance the fluctuation of water level in this lake. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Modeling of villagers' behavior in the face of drought risk in Lake Urmia (Case study: villages in Bonab County)
Alireza Soleimani Majid Parishan Ali Majnouni- ToutakhaneBackground and Objective: Perception of risk leads to the regulation of practical behaviors to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the experimental behaviors of villagers in Bonab city to understand the risk of drought in Lake Urmia. For this purpose, MoreBackground and Objective: Perception of risk leads to the regulation of practical behaviors to deal with it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the experimental behaviors of villagers in Bonab city to understand the risk of drought in Lake Urmia. For this purpose, a combination of individual and social approaches was used. Material and Methodology: The present study is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is residents over 15 years old in 29 villages of Bonab city, which is equal to 23653 people. Using Cochran's method and simple random method, 380 people were selected as the sample size. The tool used in this research is a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and multivariate regression tests, and path analysis. Findings: The results of path analysis on the dependent variable showed that drought-tolerant crop, knowledge and skills, income, age, length of stay, participation in training programs, and modernization of irrigation canals have a direct effect on practical behaviors to reduce drought risk. Also, the results of path analysis on the dependent variable of intention to perform risk reduction behaviors in the future, showed that the variables of cultivation of drought-tolerant crops, self-efficacy, age, level of education, trust, previous experience, and responsibility have a positive effect and optimistic bias variables, income, and age. The risk perception variable had a negative effect. Indirect effects through the two variables of believes and income also affect the variable of intention to reduce the risk of drought. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the research results, the perception of drought risk by the villagers, this understanding has not yet changed the behavior of the rural community in practice. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Pathology of Environmental Policy Compiling Process (Case Study - Lake Urmia)
Shahram Shiranzaei Dordaneh AghajaniBackground and Objective: In the current situation, planning and policy making is necessary to prevent the spread of environmental disasters and one of the most important issues in the country is the issue of Lake Urmia which in recent years, many policies have been app MoreBackground and Objective: In the current situation, planning and policy making is necessary to prevent the spread of environmental disasters and one of the most important issues in the country is the issue of Lake Urmia which in recent years, many policies have been approved that have not been sufficiently effective. The purpose of the current study is based on the approach of policy analysis. Material and Methodology: The research strategy was applied in terms of purpose is practical and according to the nature of the problem, a qualitative research approach was chosen. The research method is a case study with the aim of describing and collecting data from semi-structured interviews and the data analysis method is quantitative content analysis. Participants are environmental experts who have relevant knowledge and experience in the subject. The baseline model based on the public policy analysis process diagram includes problem determination, goal setting, criteria decision making, option selection, option analysis, and option comparison. Findings: Findings and studies of Lake Urmia, which are based on the views of the statistical community of policy makers and experts acknowledged that the process of destruction in the Lake Urmia basin has slowed down but the destruction of the environment in the country, 20% is due to the compiling of weak laws and regulations, 60% is due to non-compliance with full implementation of laws and economic valuation of the environment and the remaining 20% is due to how policies are evaluated. Discussion and Conclusion: As 100% of the statistical community of this research, including policy makers and experts, admitted that the process of destruction in the Urmia lake basin has slowed down, but the main reasons for the spread of environmental destruction in the country are the lack of adherence to the implementation of laws and the lack of economic valuation of the environment in the past years. This research was carried out in order to determine the problems and objectives of the existing policies in the Deparment of Environment. In this regard, it is suggested that this research should occur in the larger scope of other effective governmental organization in the area of Lake Urmia in order to restore and protect the wetland and provide water resources, including the Ministry of Energy, the Ministry of Agricultural, the Program and Budget Organization and their provincial units. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Studying Air Quality Changes in Tabriz in Terms of PM10 Pollutant Density Using AQI Index and its Relation with Drop of Water Level in Uremia Lake during 2008-2011
Abdollah Dargahi Reza Dehghanzadeh Vahideh Fahiminia Yahya Jabbari Farnaz AziziBackground and Objective: Particles are main pollutants from view point of general health and environmental issue. The aim of this research was to review the monthly, seasonal and annual trend of PM10 and to determine air quality using AQI and its relation with drop of MoreBackground and Objective: Particles are main pollutants from view point of general health and environmental issue. The aim of this research was to review the monthly, seasonal and annual trend of PM10 and to determine air quality using AQI and its relation with drop of water level in Uremia Lake during 2008-2011 in order to present a knowledge base plan to manage particles. Method: This study is a cross-sectional typr. The data on PM10 were collected from Departement of Environment in Tabriz and Meteorological Organization of West Azerbaijan Provence. Then, the obtained data were analyzed considering air quality index using SPSS ver.21 software. Results: During the four years (2008-2011), changes in concentration of PM10 were meaningful (P=0.001). The concentrations in 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011 were 86.13±70, 83.63±60.87, 87.40±42, and 92.69±73 microgram per cubic meter, respectively. Spring, winter, May and March had the highest amount of partcles as 103.18, 98.01, 88.81, 95.57 microgram per cubic meter, respectively. Conclusion: Among the studied months, March and among the studied seasons, spring and winter possessed the worst air quality in terms of PM10. The reasons are intensity of particles entrance and environmental conditions during that period in one hand, and the worsen condition of Uremia Lake on the other hand. Therefore, several factors increase the amount of hazardous particles and salt particles effect. It can be condluded that there is a need for an integrated management to reduce these emissions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Heat Budget in Uremieh Lake
Hesameddin Mehrfar Masoud Torabi Azad Amin Raeesi Abdolreza Sabet Ahd Jahromi Balal PartoviThe subject of heat budget has always been one of the most important causes of physical studying of the oceans, the seas and the lakes. The purpose of this article is to determine the variation of each effective parameter in the heat balance of Uremieh lake. Heat balanc MoreThe subject of heat budget has always been one of the most important causes of physical studying of the oceans, the seas and the lakes. The purpose of this article is to determine the variation of each effective parameter in the heat balance of Uremieh lake. Heat balance can play an important role in the physics, meteorology and water movement of Uremieh lake. in this article, each heat budget term equation, by means of empirical relations and satellite measured information such as (water and weather temperature, cloud cover, wind speed, relative humidity, and the pressure of solar radiation of filled steam) has calculated and its measures (Qsw=8183.42 & QLw=-2651.47 & QS = 360.57 & QL = 5173.9 W/m2) is obtained later the effective of this atmosphere parameter on heat budget terms is analyzed and discussed. finally, the measurements obtained are compared with medium worldwide and concluded that the heat exchange among the sea, atmosphere, wind, basin volume, etc. can create processes in the lake and help to heat transmission. Its measure equals (QV = -86.05 W/m2) By obtaining these heat measurments we see that there is a good balance between the lake heat budget terms. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Modeling the impacts of Urmia lake drought on soil salinity of agricultural lands in the eastern area of fuzzy object based image analysis approach
Kayvan Mohmadzadeh Bakhtiar FeizizadehObject based image analysis (OBIA) techniques are known as new methods in the domain of remote sensing image processing methods which are having significant potentialities for a variety of applications in pedology sciences. In this regard OBIA known as approach which in MoreObject based image analysis (OBIA) techniques are known as new methods in the domain of remote sensing image processing methods which are having significant potentialities for a variety of applications in pedology sciences. In this regard OBIA known as approach which integrate spectral and spatial pattern of satellite images for obtaining more accurate results. This approach has developed against of pixel based methods which are facing serious challenges due to the similarity index in spectral properties. The main objective of this study is to analyze soil salinity and apply an integrated approach of Fuzzy-object based for monitoring changes in soil characterize in the eastern area of Uremia Lake which has been under an environmental impact of lake drought. For this goal, Landsat 7 satellite images (ETM+) of 2000 and Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite image, for 2015 was prepared. In doing so, first pre-processing steps on satellite images were established. Accordingly, soil salinity trends of agricultural croplands in eastern area were evaluated using fuzzy object based image analysis approach. For this goal, we employed the object based features including: NDVI, spectral indices, brightness and NDSI. The results of this research indicated that, significant progress in increasing salinity areas while the soil salinity rate measured up about 21.54 % (833/18 Km2). According to the results, the salty barren lands with positive slope 19.7 % represent a positive growth rate while it has increased from 15.3 % to 35.05 %. Results indicated the critical environmental situation for the agriculture croplands located in the Eastern area of Uremia Lake which requires the attention of decision makers and authorizations in the East Azerbaijan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Application of Time Series Analysis in Anticipation Brine Evolution in the Urmia Lake
Jadad Darvishi Khatoni Forogh Aba Saghi -
Open Access Article
19 - Environmental management of water resources and environmental issues with a view to the Urmia Lake
سعید SHafaei Sa SHafaei کیانا KiarostamiIn terms of water quantity and quality is the most important part of an ecosystem. Reduced both the quantity andquality of water in a large negative impact on ecosystems and biodiversity threaten leaving Natural food sourcesand effects on organisms and causes irreparabl MoreIn terms of water quantity and quality is the most important part of an ecosystem. Reduced both the quantity andquality of water in a large negative impact on ecosystems and biodiversity threaten leaving Natural food sourcesand effects on organisms and causes irreparable damage, Knowledge and information about water rights and theapplication of specific rules to regulate the management macro environment seems essential. Therefore, based onthis study on the lake among the largest watershed of the country is carried out in terms of locationgeographically in northwestern Iran between East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan longitude 44 degrees 14minutes to 47 degrees 53 minutes east and 35 degrees 40 minutes north latitude to 38 degrees and 30 minutes islocatedThe main reasons for studies on slow dry lake-level changes in temperature and precipitation in theregion of 79-83 were studiedAnd consequently the rate of temperature change is not so drastic drop in waterlevel can cause dry lakes and rainfall of 79-83 years of upward growthDuring the same period, but the waterlevel of the lake has suffered a significant drop. Check water level fluctuations indicates that in 1346 the lowestlevel to the height of 1273/86 (m) free water level is reached, If the water level over the past thirteen years to1272/00 (m) about 6/20 mm reduced. In the present study, we believe that the gradual construction of 72 damscatchment basins with the average rate 4/5 billion cubic meters, the lake provides a huge change. Other factors,such as dam construction, the double-pass martyr station in front of the natural cycle of water under stirring thenatural order of living plant material suspended in the water cycle, the water creates many changes in theecosystem. The indiscriminate digging of the wells during the past seventeen years (91-74) of approximately 650thousand to 336 thousand Ring has increased among the factors that makes it believe that responsible decisionsin the coming years factors inland lake with a rejectUndoubtedly, completely separate the lake into northern andsouthern even completely dry lake will follow. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - The environmental, political and security consequences of the drying up of Urmia Lake using remote sensing on the barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in the Urmia Lake basin.
vahid isazade Jvad EshaghiIn this research, the aim of this research is to the environmental, political and security consequences of the drying up of Lake Urmia using remote sensing on the barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in Lake Urmia. In terms of the purpose, the present research MoreIn this research, the aim of this research is to the environmental, political and security consequences of the drying up of Lake Urmia using remote sensing on the barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in Lake Urmia. In terms of the purpose, the present research is in the category of applied research, and in terms of the nature and method of the research, it is a descriptive survey type of research. The statistical population of the current research is the army barracks of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the area of Lake Urmia. To monitor salt particles in Urmia Lake, Sentinel 5, Madis and Landsat 8 satellite images for 2000 to 2022 from the Google Earth Engine system were used. In this research, the spatial descriptions and analyses available in the geographic information system (GEE system and Gis Arc software) have been used. According to the results of Moran's spatial autocorrelation analysis of salt dust dispersion and their impact on army barracks in Lake Urmia basin during 2010, Moran's coefficient showed 0.816328%. This percentage has reached its highest level by 2022. The highest concentration of hot spots (dispersion of salt particles) can be seen in only one high cluster in the northeastern parts of the Urmia lake basin, which includes Tabriz's 2nd Shekhari Barracks and Tabriz's 121st Brigade. In addition, the results of the research show that the security consequences of the mini-guns in the two barracks of Mahabad and Saqzaz Nazar show the defence and security aspect in 2015, which include an increase in the amount of unauthorized traffic, the creation of security loopholes, disruption in the movement of patrolling personnel, a decrease Field of vision, especially in times of wind and visibility, disturbance in standby and support, and disturbance in telecommunication networks are the most important security consequences of crisis defence. In 2022, the spatial dispersion of salt dust was not specific to one barrack, and most of the army barracks in the region were affected by the harmful dust of the lake, in this year, the highest amount of salt dust was found in the barracks of Urmia, Shekhari, Tabriz, Ghoshchi, Saqez and Mahabad is scattered. The security consequences of micro-rounds in the whole region in terms of defence, security and political dimensions, including ethnic-religious differences between the Turks and Kurds, increasing public discontent, decreasing the social solidarity of citizens with the government, increasing street protests and urban riots in the region, ethnic incitement. and more dissatisfaction, security crimes have increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Report on the Discovery of Possible Lower Paleolithic Evidence on the Terraces of the Simineroud River
Rahmat NaderiThe area around Lake Urmia is one of the most important areas in the archaeological studies of Iran. The existence of archaeological sites from the Paleolithic period to the late period shows the attention of humans to this area, and suitable environmental conditions ca MoreThe area around Lake Urmia is one of the most important areas in the archaeological studies of Iran. The existence of archaeological sites from the Paleolithic period to the late period shows the attention of humans to this area, and suitable environmental conditions can be considered as the reason for this tendency to settle in this area. In the past few years, several Lower paleolithic sites were discovered in this geographical zone during various and scattered surveys. These areas, which are deliberately located in the south of the lake and on the terraces of the rivers in this area, illustrate the existence of settlements from the Lower Paleolithic period and the Acheulean tool making industry. According to the technology used to make the artefacts and the typology of the pieces, the Shahrikand area can be related to the Lower Paleolithic period. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Investigation and Description of Discovered Glazed Bricks from Three Season Excavations at Rabat Tepe II
Alireza Hejebri Nobari Reyhaneh AfifiRabat Tepe II is located in west Azerbaijan province and eastern side of Lower Zab river. Until now, three seasons of archeological excavation performed in this arae. The location of Rabat Tepe in south-east of Mannean domain was influenced by two powerful empires namel MoreRabat Tepe II is located in west Azerbaijan province and eastern side of Lower Zab river. Until now, three seasons of archeological excavation performed in this arae. The location of Rabat Tepe in south-east of Mannean domain was influenced by two powerful empires namely Assyrian and Urartian. The effect of these two empires to each other in one side and getting familiar with the vague points of these sovereignties in North west of Iran in an other side increase the archeological aspect of studies and research in Rabat TepeII. The result of these three seasons research is achieving to a lot of potteries, bricks and architectural documents that some of them were discovered for the first time in Northwest of Iran. Rabat tepe earthen wares found in Sardasht are almost similar to those achieved primarily from Galaichi in Bokan. These findings have important role in studying arthistic and technological contexts and help us to restudy the religious, political and social aspects of this area inhabitants. One point which increases the importance of these bricks is the existence of epigraphical clinker bricks. By translation and interpreting of these bricks the name of Mannaean gods, country and province was appeared. Undoubtedly, comprehensive recognition of discovered bricks in this site which spend its first years of excavations can be a proper basic for scientific classification of these precious findings. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - a
آرش نمازی شیشوان ahmad saei حمیدرضا ملک محمدی صادق زیباکلام مفرد -
Open Access Article
24 - Analysis and prediction of water level fluctuations in Urmia Lake using ARIMA model
khadijeh javan Farhad NasiriThis study has been done to evaluate the fluctuations of water level in Urmia Lake and to provide a best model for prediction the water level fluctuations. Monthly water level data for the period (1345 - 1392) was used and homogeneity was assessed by Run Test. Then the MoreThis study has been done to evaluate the fluctuations of water level in Urmia Lake and to provide a best model for prediction the water level fluctuations. Monthly water level data for the period (1345 - 1392) was used and homogeneity was assessed by Run Test. Then the stability of mean and variance of the data was tested in order to put down the non-stability by creation a rank in series. Trend of the monthly series was eliminated by making a difference and the time series of water level was evaluated by using Box- Jenkins model and the best model was fitted. Accuracy of the model was verified based on AIC, BIC and chart analysis of autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation functions and ARIMA = (0, 1, 4) (1, 1, 1)12 was selected as a suitable model. The selected model was fitted then the model was tested by Analysis of residuals and confirmed its authenticity. Finally, the monthly behavior of the series was predicted for 9 years later by using this model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Comparison of different methods of classification of satellite images in preparing land use map (Case study: Lake Urmia)
Hossein nazmfar Monir ShirzadThe purpose of this study is to compare nine supervised methods in classifying land cover using Landsat 8 satellite images in Urmia Lake. The nature of this research has been developmental-applied and the method of performing it has been descriptive-analytical. For this MoreThe purpose of this study is to compare nine supervised methods in classifying land cover using Landsat 8 satellite images in Urmia Lake. The nature of this research has been developmental-applied and the method of performing it has been descriptive-analytical. For this purpose, satellite images of OLI sensor related to the date (7/8/2016 and 7/6/2016) were downloaded from the USGS site. And after applying the pre-processing using field visits and the Global Positioning Machine, instructional samples were prepared for each user (Lake, Agricultural land, Salty land, Waste land) in the study area. In the next step, the classification was performed using nine monitored algorithms (neural network, backup vector machine, maximum probability, mahalanobis, minimum distance from average, parallel surfaces, spectral information divergence, binary codes, spectral angle). In the last step, in order to check the accuracy and precision of image classification, evaluation criteria (manufacturer's accuracy, user accuracy, overall accuracy, kappa coefficient) were used. The results indicate that the classification method of backup vector machine with 99.57% capa coefficient after neural network vector support vector machine with 98.66% cappa coefficient and the maximum probability method with 98.58% capa coefficient after neural network method compared to other methods They are more accurate. Also the least accurate are binary code algorithms with parallel surfaces and spectral angles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - پهنه بندی و اولویت بندی حوزه آبریز دریاچه ارومیه به منظور مکان یابی محل دفن پسماندهای شهری با تاکید بر شاخصهای زیست محیطی
فریدون بابایی اقدم جعفر آقایی شاهین علیزاده زنوزی بهمن قلیکی میلان -
Open Access Article
27 - ارزیابی برنامه احیاء دریاچه ارومیه از ابعاد طبیعی _ زیستی ، اقتصادی و حکمروایی آب
اکبر صوفی پرویز کردوانی رحیم سروردریاچه ارومیه یکی از مهم ترین حوضه های آبریز کشور است که به دلیل عوامل متعدد ، از جمله اجرای پروژه های عمرانی، در سالهای اخیر در معرض نابودی قرار گرفته است. دراین مقاله هدف اصلی و کلی ارزیابی برنامه احیا دریاچه ارومیه می باشد. روش تحقیق در این مقاله با توجه به مولفه های Moreدریاچه ارومیه یکی از مهم ترین حوضه های آبریز کشور است که به دلیل عوامل متعدد ، از جمله اجرای پروژه های عمرانی، در سالهای اخیر در معرض نابودی قرار گرفته است. دراین مقاله هدف اصلی و کلی ارزیابی برنامه احیا دریاچه ارومیه می باشد. روش تحقیق در این مقاله با توجه به مولفه هایی مورد بررسی براساس هدف از نوع کاربردی و براساس روش و ماهیت از نوع توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل کلیه روستاهای اطراف دریاچه ارومیه می باشد که کل جمعیت مورد نظر روستاها70267نفربوده؛ حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران(382نفر) انتخاب شدند. روش گردآوری اطلاعات مورد نیاز به دوصورت 1)کتابخانه ای - اسنادی2)روش میدانی(پرسشنامه محقق ساخته)انجام شده است. برای پردازش و تجزیه تحلیل داده های جمع آوری شده از نرم افزار(Spss,- GIs - Excel)استفاده شده است و با توجه به نوع مقیاسها از آزمون کای اسکوئر (خی2)برای اثبات فرضیات و همچنین برای تعین شدت رابطه دو متغیر از آزمون وی کرامر استفاده شده است. براساس یافته های تحقیق ، محاسبه میانگین نشان می دهد که بین بحران دریاچه ارومیه و ابعاد طبیعی _ زیستی ، ابعاد اقتصادی و حکمروایی خوب آب یک رابطه معنی دار وجود دارد. چرا که تاثیر مستقیم ابعاد فوق بر روی دریاچه ( با توجه به بالاتر بودن میانگین 3 از 5 سطح معنی دار ) مورد تائید می باشد . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - شناسایی و اولویت بندی عوامل موثر بر خشک شدن آب دریاچه ارومیه براساس مدل دلفی
محبوب بابایی رضا قادری ایوب بدراق نژاد زهره آزادفلاح -
Open Access Article
29 - Analyzing Rural Development In The Catchment Area of Lake Urmia
aliakbar taghilo ahmad aftab reza khosrobeigiIn planning and development of rural areas is important investigate local and regional differences, Factors affecting the development and modification of existing inequalities is of utmost importance.The purpose of this study was to evaluate rural development and rural MoreIn planning and development of rural areas is important investigate local and regional differences, Factors affecting the development and modification of existing inequalities is of utmost importance.The purpose of this study was to evaluate rural development and rural development is causal explanation. The research is applications and methodology based on a descriptive - analytical. The study area is rural of catchment of Lake Uremia. The indicators of development are Indicators Statistical Center of Iran. TOPSIS model and the model of cluster analysis were used to assess the rate of development and rural classification. The results show that the most highly developed villages (15 villages) in the study area on land with slopes less than 5%, 8 villages are in slopes ranging from 5 to 12 percent and 3 villages on the slopes of over 12 percent are located. Of highly developed villages on slopes less than 5% is located 4 villages in Kurdistan province, 11 villages in East Azerbaijan province. From 8 villages located on a slope of 5 to 12 percent, East and West Azerbaijan provinces, each with 4 and 3 villages are very developed village located in the top 12 percent of land is located in the West Azerbaijan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - برآورد ارزش بهبود وضعیت زیستمحیطی دریاچه ارومیه: کاربرد روش آزمون انتخاب
Mina Salehnia Baballah Hayati Mohammad Ghahremanzadeh Morteza Molaeiدریاچه ارومیه و تالاب­های اقماری آن به عنوان یکی از سایت­های نمونه طرح حفاظت از تالاب­های ایران با مشارکت برنامه عمران سازمان ملل انتخاب شده است. هدف این طرح، کاهش تهدیدات عمده پیش روی این منطقه تالابی با استفاده از یک برنامه جامع مدیریتی است. بنابراین در ای Moreدریاچه ارومیه و تالاب­های اقماری آن به عنوان یکی از سایت­های نمونه طرح حفاظت از تالاب­های ایران با مشارکت برنامه عمران سازمان ملل انتخاب شده است. هدف این طرح، کاهش تهدیدات عمده پیش روی این منطقه تالابی با استفاده از یک برنامه جامع مدیریتی است. بنابراین در این پژوهش به بررسی ترجیحات و استخراج مقادیر تمایل به پرداخت شهروندان ارومیه در جهت بهبود ویژگی­های زیست محیطی دریاچه ارومیه با استفاده از روش آزمون انتخاب پرداخته شده است. داده­ها و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از شهروندان شهر ارومیه در سال 1390 به دست آمده و با کاربرد مدل لاجیت پارامترهای تصادفی مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تمایل به پرداخت به بهبود ارتفاع سطح تراز آب از شرایط بحرانی فعلی به سطح مطلوب تعلق دارد. رسیدن به حد مطلوب کیفیت آب(میزان شوری)، تعداد فلامینگو و آرتمیای دریاچه در ردیف­های بعدی تمایل به پرداخت افراد قرار دارند. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Phenotypic and Genotypic Studies of Halomonas sp. from Urmia Lake
Sh. Irannejad A. Akhavan Sepahy M. A. Amoozegar A. Tukmechi R. PooriUrmia Lake is the second largest salt lake in the world and one scarce perennial hyper saline lake. It has wide biodiversity of halophile and halotolerant microorganisms. In this study, members of the genus Halomonas including moderate halophiles bacteria were isolated MoreUrmia Lake is the second largest salt lake in the world and one scarce perennial hyper saline lake. It has wide biodiversity of halophile and halotolerant microorganisms. In this study, members of the genus Halomonas including moderate halophiles bacteria were isolated from Urmia Lake and their phenotypic and genotypic properties were studied. Samples were collected from different sites of Urmia Lake and were transferred to the laboratory under sterile condition. Then Alkaline Peptone Water (APW), Nutrient Broth (NB), Nutrient Agar (NA), MacConkey Agar (MAC) supplemented with 5% and 10% salt were used for isolations. These cultures were incubated at 35-37 ˚C for 48h and repeated cultures were performed for achievement of pure cultures. Finally 80 isolates were produced. These isolates based on morphological characteristics and phenotypic surveyswere studied. Also biochemical, characterization and salinity tolerant tests were carried out on the isolated strains.For genotypic and phylogenetic studies, 15 isolates were selected for genetic experiment based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Therefore genomic DNA of selective bacteria was extracted and was amplified by PCR technique. The results of sequencing 16S rRNA were edited by dependent softwares and sequences similarity of these strains were analyzed on comparison with registered strains in Gen-Bank of EzTaxon database. 6 isolates belonged to Halomonas sp. that phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. From the phylogenetic viewpoint, these strains belonged to Halomonas janggokensis, Halomonas gomseomensis, Halomonas boliviensis and Halomonas andesensis species. Sequence similarities of Halomonas janggokensis and Halomonas gomseomensis were more than 99%. Sequence similarities for Halomonas boliviensis and the half of isolated Halomonas andesensis showed between 97% and 98.9%. The half of other Halomonas andesensis indicated 94.2% . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Economical valuation of Urmia Lake for non-consumable values
H. Kazemi R. HejaziRenewable natural resources have had a fundamental role in economic and social development of societies during history. Increasing environmental disasters has also concerned economists as well as environmental specialists, and has made the experts at management level to MoreRenewable natural resources have had a fundamental role in economic and social development of societies during history. Increasing environmental disasters has also concerned economists as well as environmental specialists, and has made the experts at management level to realise the need for protection and sustainable use of natural resources. In this study, it was tried to determine the economical value of Urmia Lake,usingLogit method which is based on people’s willingness to pay, by CVM method and WTP measurements. The main purpose of this study was to provide non-consumable value (conservation value) of this lake. In this method, 31 variables were investigated. The estimation of the model was carried out using the Logit method with EVIEWS software (10). Analyzing the results indicated that the amount of willingness to pay for each unit price rise is decreased by 21%. Finally, the average value of WTP for non-consumable economic value of UrmiaLake was estimated to be 52.58x103 and the total economic value of the lake was estimated to be $605 million. Manuscript profile
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