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Open Access Article
1 - Modelling of Input Phosphate Load to the Caspian Sea from Tajan Watershed Using Soil and Water Assesment Tool
ّFatemeh Rajaei Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz Mostafa GholipourBackground and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed tha MoreBackground and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed than standard level, evaluation of phosphate pollution input from Tajan watershed to the Caspian Sea is a priority for watershed health assessment. Method: In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the simulation of phosphate during the years from 2001 to 2014 were used. Findings: The results showed that annual phosphate during 2001 to 2014, from about 29,000 to 102,900 kg in watershed output were different. Phosphate in winter and autumn were allocated 98 percent of total annual load. The highest levels of phosphate were in February (an average of 11 621 kg) and lowest in June (average 0.7 kg). Also, phosphate concentration was higher than drinking water quality standards (0.2 mg/l) in most subbasins. Discussion and Conclusion: It is necessary to reduce the phosphatein in these subbasins. They should be prioritized in water quality management programs. Also, results showed that the SWAT model can be a useful tool for pollution reduction strategies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - بررسی تنوع گونه ای و تغییرات فصلی کنه های موجود در بزهای استان زنجان
افشین بهمن شبستری جابر داوودی -
Open Access Article
3 - Seasonal abundance of Planococcus ficus (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) in Jahrom vineyards, Fars Province-Iran
Majid Fallahzadeh Nazila Saghaei Hadi OstovanThe vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) has been found in most grape-production areas throughout the world. The damage of the pest has increased on grape in some parts of Fars province-Iran during recent years. Some ecological aspects of vine mealybug were studi MoreThe vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) has been found in most grape-production areas throughout the world. The damage of the pest has increased on grape in some parts of Fars province-Iran during recent years. Some ecological aspects of vine mealybug were studied in vineyards in Jahrom during 2008-2009. Seasonal abundance of vine mealybugwas monitored by time-consuming examination technique. In geographical condition of Jahrom vineyards P. ficus has 5 generations of seasonal abundance from April to November. After fifth generation all stages of P. ficus (female adult, nymphal instars and egg) overwintered on root from late November to next March. Population density of female adult and nymphal instars increased rapidly in May and has a great decline after harvest in August. Vine mealybugs were found in trunk in spring, leaves, buds and fruit in summer, however, the mealybugs always were found in protected locations (under the bark of the trunk). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Seasonal fluctuations of percent parasitism of the leaf miner Agromyza sp. (Dip., Agromyzidae) on chickpea
S. Changizi R. Vafaei Shoushtari S. S. Modares Najafabadi A. A. ZamanyThe leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonal fluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per MoreThe leaf miner Agromyza sp. is one of the most important pests of chickpea. Seasonal fluctuation of percent parasitism of the pest was investigated on chickpea in Khomeyn,Iran in 2009. Samples were taken on two days a week and number of larvae and parasitized larvae per plant were counted parasitism laboratory. The parasitoids emerged from larvae were identified. The highest percent was 18.8 on June. 29 In this experiment the parasitoids activity and the peak of leaf miners larvae population were in the same time in khomeyn region. In probability level 0.05, the regression between number of leaf miners larvae and % parasitism was positive and significant (R2=0.6). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Biology, seasonal population fluctuation and distribution of the Cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hom: Margarodidae) in east of Mazandaran province, Iran
S. Javadi S. E. MahdavianThe cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell is a polyphagous pest which has been distributed all around the word including Iran. The pest attacks to citrus and many other plants. The biology of I. purchasi at laboratory conditions (21.7°C, 75 R. H. MoreThe cottony cushion scale Icerya purchasi Maskell is a polyphagous pest which has been distributed all around the word including Iran. The pest attacks to citrus and many other plants. The biology of I. purchasi at laboratory conditions (21.7°C, 75 R. H. and 10:14 L:D) and its seasonal population fluctuations in two citrus orchards located in Sari (North of Iran) were studied during 2003- 2005. Samples were taken weekly from 10 trees in each orchard. Three 10cm twigs were taken randomly from each tree in each sampling occasion and number of adults and nymphs were recorded in laboratory. The mean number of eggs per female was 295. 7 with incubation period of 9. 1 days. Developmental period of the 1st , 2nd and 3rd instars was 19.5, 26.5 and 56.2 days respectively. Adults were observed from April to March. Three peaks of nymphs occurred in July, November and February and three for adults in May, August and February. According to these data, it is estimated that I. purchasi overwinters in all stages specially the 2nd instar nymphs. The investigation showed that the cottony cushion scale distributed throughout the east of Mazandaran from Behshahr to Noor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Biology and seasonal fluctuation of cottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria (Chloropulvinaria) floccifera (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Citrus orchards of northern Iran
M. F. Hallaji-Sani A. Rasekh B. GolainCottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood is almost cosmopolitan having been spread widely by the plant trade. This soft scale is one of the most important scales of citrus orchards in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. The biology and seasonal fluctuation of MoreCottony camellia scale, Pulvinaria floccifera Westwood is almost cosmopolitan having been spread widely by the plant trade. This soft scale is one of the most important scales of citrus orchards in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. The biology and seasonal fluctuation of pest was studied in natural conditions in the West of Mazandaran. Furthermore, the biology of this soft scale was studied in laboratory condition. To study population dynamics, 10 leaves from each five Thomson navel orange trees, Citrus sinensis L. were taken every two weeks. P. floccifera completed one generation per year, hibernating as an adult insect. The last overwintering females were observed in early June and Middle May in 2009 and 2010, respectively. First instar nymphs appeared in middle July and late June. Second instar nymphs were first observed in early August and middle July, peaked in last August and last July in 2009 and 2010, respectively, whereas the third instar nymphs peaked in late September and late August. The complete life cycle of females required 58.2±2.1 days in the laboratory conditions, 25±10ºC, 70-80% RH, and 14:10 (L:D). Number of eggs in egg sac ranged from 445 to 680. Data showed that the ladybirds Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Chilocorus bipustulatus Gordon feed on P. floccifera. This study revealed that P. floccifera is present in all citrus plants sampled in the area of study in Mazandaran and Guilan provinces. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Population fluctuation of egg parasitoids of sunn pest and determining of dominant species in Varamin and vicinity
Hasan GhahariPopulation fluctuation of sunn pests’ parasitoids (Scelionidae and Encyrtidae) was studied in 5 different localities of Varamin including, Javad-Abad, Dehmacin, Gharchak, Asgar-Abad and Pishva. Seven parasitoid species including, Telenomuschloropus, Trissolcusbasa MorePopulation fluctuation of sunn pests’ parasitoids (Scelionidae and Encyrtidae) was studied in 5 different localities of Varamin including, Javad-Abad, Dehmacin, Gharchak, Asgar-Abad and Pishva. Seven parasitoid species including, Telenomuschloropus, Trissolcusbasalis, Tr. grandis, Tr. rufiventris, Tr. semistriatus, Tr. vassilievi and Ooencyrtustelenomicida were collected from the mentioned regions. Upon the samplings in Gharchak, 4 species, T. semistriatus, T. grandis, T. Vassilievi and T. Rufiventris, were collected which of these T. semistriatus and T. grandis were determined as dominant species. Mean percent parasitism of T. semistriatus was higher than the other species and the highest parasitism (44.63%) was obtained in 22 May 2014. In Pishva, 5 parasitoids, T. grandis, T. vassilievi, T. semistriatus, T. chloropus and T. Basalis, were collected, which T. grandisand T. vassilievi were the dominant. The parasitism of these two parasitoids were started in 10 April 2014 and the maximum parasitism of T. grandis(27.89%) in 22 May 2014 and for T. vassilievi (22.39%) in 29 May 2014. Parasitoids of sunn pest in Javad-Abad were identified as T. rufiventris, T. grandis and Telenomus chloropus which of these, T. rufiventris was determined as the dominant species. The beginning of its parasitism activity was observed in 17 April 2014 and its maximum (26.44%) in 7 May 2014. The collected species in Dehmacin were included T. semistriatus, T. vassilievi, T. grandis and O. telenomicida which 2 species T. semistriatus and O. telenomicida were the dominant. The maximum percent parasitism was obtained in 22 May 2014 for T. semistriatus and 29 May 2014 for O. telenomicida. Six parasitoid species including, O. telenomicida, T. rufiventris, T. vassilievi, T. grandis, T. semistriatus and T. simony were collected from Asgar-Abad, which of these 3 first species were the dominant species. The highest percent parasitism for T. vassilievi(16.68%) and T. rufiventris (13.21%) was obtained in 22 May, 2014, and for T. grandis(23.72%)in 5 June 2014. Regarding to sex ratio of parasitoids, mean percent of emerged females was more than the male production in all sampled regions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Survey on species diversity and season changes of Ixodidae ticks in Tabriz in 2009
M.H Khayat Nouri حسین Hashemzadeh FarhangTicks are very important in animal husbandry and they can transmit different disease. Some of the important transmitted disease by the ticks such as theilerioses and babesioses are very distributed in our studied area and hence this study was done about sheep ticks spec MoreTicks are very important in animal husbandry and they can transmit different disease. Some of the important transmitted disease by the ticks such as theilerioses and babesioses are very distributed in our studied area and hence this study was done about sheep ticks species diversity of Tabriz city to obtaining epidemiological importance aspects from sheep disease that are transmitted by ticks in this area. Our results showed that in this study the species diversity of founded ticks were Hyalomma anatolicom anatolicom, Rhipicephalus bursa, Rhipicephalus sanguinus and Haemaphysalis sulcata. Of the 1302 prepared ticks Hyalomma anatolicom anatolicom with 919 in number (70.58%) was the highest infection having and Haemaphysalis sulcata with 45 in number (3.46%) was the least infection having and after Hyalomma anatolicom anatolicom, Rhipicephalus sanguinus with 200 in number (15.36%) and Rhipicephalus bursa with 138 in number (10.6%) were observed with highest infection having rate respectively. Also highest infection of season was summer compared (p<0.05) with other seasons. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - A Study on variations in photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, flavonoid, and anthocyanin compont contents in two halophyte species (Salsola dendroides Pall. and Limonium reniforme (Girard) Linczin in different seasons
Sepideh Bakhshi Hossein ABBASPOUR Sakineh saeidisarNumerous biochemical and molecular mechanisms have been developed in plants to fight against salt stress namely, change in the content of osmolytes, enhancement of phenolic compounds, and supporting photosynthetic activity. These mechanisms lead to products and processe MoreNumerous biochemical and molecular mechanisms have been developed in plants to fight against salt stress namely, change in the content of osmolytes, enhancement of phenolic compounds, and supporting photosynthetic activity. These mechanisms lead to products and processes which improve the tolerance to salinity. Since there is no significant research on the resistance mechanisms of the species Salsola dendroides pall and Limonium reniforme (Girard) Lincz., some of these physiological changes in the aforementioned plants were investigated under natural stresses during different seasons to study their tolerance mechanism. To this end, plants were randomly collected from Incheboron area, north of Gorgan with four replicates during spring, summer, and autumn. Results showed that with increased temperature and salinity in summer, chlorophyll pigment contents significantly decreased in both Salsola dendroides and Limonium reniforme species. Soluble sugars content significantly increased in shoots and roots of Salsola dendroides in spring compared with other seasons while soluble sugars content in Limonium reniforme was higher in summer in comparison with spring. In summer, flavonoid contents significantly increased in shoots and roots of both species compared with other seasons. Anthocyanin content significantly changed with the change in seasons, while the highest anthocyanin contents were observed in shoots and roots of Salsola dendroides and Limonium reniforme in summer and autumn, respectively. Most of these changes were associated with activation of physiological and biochemical processes which allow the plants to adapt to saline conditions. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Seasonal and diurnal changes in photochemistry and antioxidant responses, and phenolic metabolism in evergreen Jasminum fruticans
ghader habibiIn this study, seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthesis and phenolic metabolism in evergreen jasmin (Jasminum fruticans L.) were examined over a 12-month period. We found the differences in pigment and phenolic contents between the values determined during the aut MoreIn this study, seasonal and diurnal changes in photosynthesis and phenolic metabolism in evergreen jasmin (Jasminum fruticans L.) were examined over a 12-month period. We found the differences in pigment and phenolic contents between the values determined during the autumn and winter months and the values determined during the spring and summer months. During the autumn and winter months, the low seasonality of Chla was accompanied by increases in both carotenoids and phenol levels which play a major role in photoprotection processes. While the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) showed diurnal changes during the winter months, such diurnal changes were not observed for the other seasons. These diurnal changes reflected dynamic photoinhibition, as an adaptation mechanism, which may actually protect the leaves against photodamage under cold conditions. During the winter months, increased O–J phase (from the OJIP chlorophyll fluorescence curve) and decreased I–P phase in parallel with the reduction of Fv/Fm, revealed that the cold stress influenced both the donor and acceptor sides of PSII. Interestingly, we found the relationship between diurnal changes of Fv/Fm and those of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels and catalase (CAT) activity during the winter months. Diurnal changes in CAT activity represented the differences between the values determined in warm and cold seasons. Compared with the diurnal changes during the spring and summer months, the maximum activity of CAT was observed at 15:00 h during the winter months, which indicated that CAT may play an effective role in protection of photosystems under a high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during cold days. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - بررسی تغییرات فصلی آنزیمهای آنتیاکسیدان درسه گونه گلسنگ Lecanora muralis (Schaerer)Rebenh.، Xanthoria parietina (L.)Th.fr. و Ramalina farinacea(L.)Ach. از منطقه مغان
مه لقا قربانلی ملاحت رهبری بیله سوار صدیقه اربابیان -
Open Access Article
12 - اثر تغییرات فصلی بر برخی فرایندهای فیزیولوژیکی گیاه صنوبر (Populus deltoides Marsh.)
مژگان فرزامی سپهر محبوبه محمدی مه لقا قربانلی -
Open Access Article
13 - بررسی تغییرات فصلی دو اسمولیت پرولین و گلیسین بتائین در 3 گونه Nepeta persica Boiss. و Salvia leriifolia BENTH. و Teucrium polium L. از رویشگاه طبیعی استان خراسان رضوی
مه لقا قربانلی فاطمه اسدالهی -
Open Access Article
14 - توانایی ذخیره انرژی بام سبز گسترده با پوشش گیاهی متفاوت در مقایسه با بام بدون پوشش در یک دوره یکساله در ایران
نوید وحدتی علی تهرانی فر فاطمه کاظمیدمای هوا در شهرها به دلیل رخداد پدیده جزیره گرمایی و تغییر اقلیمی اجتناب ناپذیر، به­طور پیوسته رو به افزایش است. این افزایش دما منجر به ایجاد مشکلاتی چند از جمله کمبود انرژی در شهرها، برهم زدن شرایط آرامش، ایجاد آسیب برای شهروندان و تشدید آلودگی­ها شده است. راه& Moreدمای هوا در شهرها به دلیل رخداد پدیده جزیره گرمایی و تغییر اقلیمی اجتناب ناپذیر، به­طور پیوسته رو به افزایش است. این افزایش دما منجر به ایجاد مشکلاتی چند از جمله کمبود انرژی در شهرها، برهم زدن شرایط آرامش، ایجاد آسیب برای شهروندان و تشدید آلودگی­ها شده است. راه­های گوناگونی برای کاهش این نگرانی­ها و مخاطرات وجود داشته و از این میان بام­های سبز بسیار کارا و موثر نشان داده­اند. این تحقیق به بررسی عملکرد ذخیره انرژی (تغییرات دمایی) در یک بام سبز با پوشش­های گیاهی متنوع در ایران و شهر مشهد پرداخته است. 9 گونه گیاهی از سه دسته مهمی که معمولا در بام سبز به کار می­روند (گراس، گیاهان پوششی و سدوم­ها) (Agropyron cristatum, Festuca aurundinaceae, Festuca ovina, Potentila sp., Frankinia thymifolia, Sedum acre, Sedum spurium, Carpoboratus edulis و Vinca minor) گزینش و تغییرات دمایی در 4 فصل متوالی (پاییز، زمستان، بهار و تابستان) در قالب یک آزمایش کاملا تصادفی با 3 تکرار ثبت گردید. یک واحد آزمایشی بدون پوشش گیاهی (بام بدون پوشش) نیز به عنوان تیمار شاهد در نظر گرفته شد. دماسنج­های کوچک دستی برای اندازه­گیری دما در هر جعبه قرار داده شد. نتایج حاکی از اختلاف معنی­دار بین بام­ سبز و بام بدون پوشش با در نظر گرفتن تغییرات دماست (P < 0.01). مطابق پیش بینی، گیاهان با اندازه بزرگتر و وزن زیست توده بالاتر درجه حرارت را با ثبات بیشتری نگهداشت و به ترتیب دماهای بالاتر و پایین­تر کمتری در فصول گرم و سرد سال در آن­ها مشاهده گردید. آسایش دمایی و کاهش مصرف انرژی می­تواند با استفاده از بام سبز در سطح گسترده برای نیازهای رو به فزونی شهرها و جمعیت شهروندی، تامین گردد. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - بررسی تغییرات فصلی بر شیوع پرهاکلامپسی طی پنج سال اخیر در بیمارستانهای آموزشی مشهد
Roya Nasiri Akram Ahmad SHADMEHRI -
Open Access Article
16 - Survey of the infective tick fauna on cows and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province, Iran
Jaber Davoodi Naser Hoghughi Rad Shahram ShahrokhiTicks are obligatory ectoparasites of animals especially mammalians. Tick species living on cow skin, their population variations and infection rate of cows according to age, gender and season were studied from March 2006 to February 2007 in Azarbayejan e qarbi province MoreTicks are obligatory ectoparasites of animals especially mammalians. Tick species living on cow skin, their population variations and infection rate of cows according to age, gender and season were studied from March 2006 to February 2007 in Azarbayejan e qarbi province, Iran. Tick specimens were collected from 1800 male and female cows of different ages in 21 cities of the province and data were analyzed by SPSS software. As a result, 183 cows (%10.16) have been infected by ticks. The highest and lowest infection rates were observed in late May and February, respectively. Results of data analysis showed that there were significant differences between numbers of ticks isolated in different seasons. From 703 adult and larvae of identified ticks, Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum (%49.78), Rhipicephalus bursa (%18.91), Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum (%11.95), Rhipicephalus sanguineous (%13.37), Dermacentor marginatus (%4.55), Boaphilus anulatus (%0.71) and Rhipicephalus thuranicus (%0.71) had highest abundance, respectively. Ticks on the cow body surface were observed on inguinal region (%50.26), perineum (%30.1), breasts (%15.87) and testis (%3.7). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Studies on sheep tick fauna and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province
Sohrab Rasoli Naser Hogogi Rad Jaber Davoodi Hamed AhariAn investigation was conducted in order to determine the tick species of sheep body surface and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province from March 2006 to April 2007. Sampling was done from overally 1800 sheep of both sexes, from 21 cities a MoreAn investigation was conducted in order to determine the tick species of sheep body surface and their seasonal population variations in Azarbayejan-e-qarbi province from March 2006 to April 2007. Sampling was done from overally 1800 sheep of both sexes, from 21 cities and their suburbs of the province. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS computer software. The results revealed that 243 (13.44%) sheep was infested by hard ticks. The highest percentage of the sheep tick infestation was observed in Miandoab area during June 2006, while lowest percentage was in shahindegh area during February 2006. There was a significant difference (p<0.005) in the tick population of sheep during the seasons and months of the year. Out of 1200 ticks were collected on sheep and were identified as: Hyalomma anatolicum anatolium (36.7%), Rhipicephalus bursa (34.83%), Dermacentor marginatus (12.75%), H. a. excavatum (8.41%) , Boophilus annulatus (3.33%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2.8%), Hae. sulkata (1%) and Rhipicephalus sanguinus (0.83%). The difference of tick site preference was significantly noticeable. Distribution of ticks over different parts of sheep body surface according to their frequency were as follow respectively: under the tail (fat) (46%), groin (22%), head and meck (15%), on the breasts (12%). Manuscript profile
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