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Open Access Article
1 - Analysis of Education and Extension Barriers to Develop Dehydrated Products Resistance in Khorramabad Township
Hossein Mikhak Mehdi Rahimian Saeed GholamrezaiThe present research is a survey and applied research where the objectives were to analyze the challenges of development of crops resistant to dehydration and to recognize the status of educational and extension barriers among farmers in Khorramabad township. The statis MoreThe present research is a survey and applied research where the objectives were to analyze the challenges of development of crops resistant to dehydration and to recognize the status of educational and extension barriers among farmers in Khorramabad township. The statistical population consisted of two groups of experts in the field of water management and water crops farmers in Khoramabad township in 2016-2017 (N = 7050). From experts 'community of 38 people and from the farmers' society, 202 people were selected by multi-stage sampling method and the required data were collected by a questionnaire. Questionnaire's reliability and validity confirmed respectively through computing Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α=0.761) and content validity. Data analyzed by SPSS software. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, barriers to the development of crops resistant to dehydration were classified into four categories: perceptual-attitude, informational-cognitive, service-supportive and educational-promotional. The results of the Mann-Whitney test showed that among the 18 barriers examined, only two barriers to "poor communication between experts and farmers regarding the cultivation of crop resistant crops" and "the lack of up-to-date extension training with site pattern changes" You did not stop developing crop resistant dehydrating products. But the comparison of the average of the presence of any barrier in the region with the average importance of the same obstacle showed that 16 other barriers significantly impeded the development of crops resistant to dehydration in the Khorramabad Township. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Designing a model for promoting healthy crop farming behavior in Kermanshah province in Iran
Marzieh Moaref Alireza Poursaid Roya Eshraghi Samani Hamed Chahar soghi aminHealthy or organic products as a solution to healthy human and environment is being considered. In this regard, this Quantitative research is seeking to design a model for promoting healthy crop cultivation among Kermanshah province producers in order to advance the cul MoreHealthy or organic products as a solution to healthy human and environment is being considered. In this regard, this Quantitative research is seeking to design a model for promoting healthy crop cultivation among Kermanshah province producers in order to advance the cultivation of this type of product. By review of the literature and the history of research The variables of the research were identified by using the planned behavioral , Health Beliefs and DOI Models. Using the Descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling to validate variables promoting healthy crop production. The statistical population of the study consisted of 80304 of beneficiaries in Kermanshah province. A sample of 400 farmers in the province was selected by multistage cluster sampling with proportional assignment from seven cities. 400 researcher-made questionnaires were distributed among users in seven provinces. The data collection period was from 1396 to 1397. Data analysis was performed in descriptive statistics using SPSS version 23 and inferential statistics using SmartPlins version 3. Results from structural equations Showed that the Intention variable has the most impact on behavior and Comparative advantage Behavior, Compatibility, Attitude, Perceived behavioral control, Perceived benefits Threats have a positive and significant effect on the intention and healthy cropping behavior of the product. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Sustainable development of cropping pattern based on optimal irrigation scheduling in real time (Case study: Shoushtar plain)
Saeb KhoshnavazOn-time information and real time decision-making are effective factors in the process of water management in the farm. Therefore, in the present study, a real-time decision support system has been developed for the irrigation scheme of Mian-Ab irrigation network in Sho MoreOn-time information and real time decision-making are effective factors in the process of water management in the farm. Therefore, in the present study, a real-time decision support system has been developed for the irrigation scheme of Mian-Ab irrigation network in Shoushtar plain with 24 sub-sets of cropping pattern and results are compared with existing pattern. To increase the accuracy of modeling, including soil water balance, crop production and root growth, a one-day time step is considered by replacing real-time data. For this purpose, the Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) is used to maximize the net benefit of a growing season. The results showed that the optimal economic efficiency of water was obtained for tomato by 92500 IRR/m3. Its yield production also has increased more than 3000 kg/ha in an optimal strategy with a 35 percent reduction in water consumption. Furthermore, critical periods of crop water requirement was between the maximum canopy cover and the start of senescence. Crops like wheat, barley, and rapeseed which their conopy coverage decrease after senescence stage, are more compatible with deficit irrigation. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Evaluation of the effect of cropping pattern on groundwater resources of Mehranplain using the system dynamics approach under scenarios of energy price changes
Ebrahim Darvishi Abdolrahim Hooshmand Hamza ali alizadeh zahra Izadpanahcropping pattern changes and increasing energy tariffs helps groundwater resources management. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of crop pattern on groundwater level in Mehranplain using the system dynamics approach under different scenarios of energ Morecropping pattern changes and increasing energy tariffs helps groundwater resources management. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of crop pattern on groundwater level in Mehranplain using the system dynamics approach under different scenarios of energy price changes. To develop the model, a conceptual framwok was designed and the dynamic hypotheses were formulated. The calibration and validation of the model were performed for a period of 8 and 6 years, respectively, and the model simulated in a 25-year period until 1420 in nine scenarios. The results showed that changing the crop pattern from alfalfa to conola with increasing 100 percent in energy tariff would have the most positive impact on aquifer is equivalent to an increase of about 55 million cubic meters of aquifer water volume, and an increase of about 8 meters in the groundwater level. Also changing the crop pattern from alfalfa to corn with increasing 50 percent in energy tariff lead to groundwater level stability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Optimization of the crop cultivation in the Shabestar plain underwater constraint
Azadeh Falsafian Ali PanahiAccording to Iran's semi-arid and dry climate, water as one of the limiting factors of production plays an important role in determining the type and combination of farming activities. Adverse effects of reduction of Water Resources in many areas of Iran's agriculture a MoreAccording to Iran's semi-arid and dry climate, water as one of the limiting factors of production plays an important role in determining the type and combination of farming activities. Adverse effects of reduction of Water Resources in many areas of Iran's agriculture are considerable. It seems that these undesirable effects are so evident in Shabestar plain as one of the agricultural poles of the West Azerbayjan province and excessive underground water harvesting have affected the agricultural sustainability of the case study region. Determining optimal cropping pattern according to the resources and constraints of each region is considered as one approaches to the evolution in the agricultural system and moving towards sustainability. The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimal cropping pattern in the Shabestar plain subject to the water constraint. For this purpose, linear programming and goal programming methods were used, under some scenarios in order to achieve maximum profit and minimum water consumption. The results of optimal pattern under profit maximization goal show that the profit and water consumption increase by 382.2 and 44.3 percent respectively and also minimizing water consumption objective associates with decreasing 90.6 and 22.78 percent framing profit and water consumption, respectively. However, considering the optimal cropping pattern under the scenario of achieving profit maximization and minimum water consumption simultaneously, shows profit increase by 1.1 percent and water consumption decrease by 4.71 percent. Under this situation, the acreage of irrigated barley, rained barley and rapeseed had increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Development of mathematical and optimization model for agricultural water allocation based on non-dominated sorting
Reza Lalehzari Hadi Moazed Saeed Boroomand Nasab Ali HaghighiWater resource management is a main driver to increase economic productivity for an agricultural area. Under water shortage condition, efficient use of available water is necessary for required sustainable crop production in arid and semi-arid area. Therefore, a co MoreWater resource management is a main driver to increase economic productivity for an agricultural area. Under water shortage condition, efficient use of available water is necessary for required sustainable crop production in arid and semi-arid area. Therefore, a combination procedure of mathematical modeling and optimization techniques has been developed for water allocation to maximize the economical productivity and total efficiency of an irrigation scheme.Optimization model is presented using multiobjective genetic algorithm and evaluate by two objective functions. Water use efficiency, cropping pattern, reduction of irrigation losses, effective use of rainfall and cultivated area are considered in the objective functions of the model. Irrigation water requirement for each growing stage and cultivated area have been considered as decision making variables. For field study, the main crops of Baghmalek plain and their related area, the cost of agricultural inputs and final price of crops were collected in farming year 2013-2014. The results show that the optimal cultivation area allocated among various crops is decreased for maize, melon, tomato and onion in drought condition. Tomato, bean and onion have obtained more volume of total available water, respectively. Tomato in relative yield and net benefit ratio, vegetable in the percentage of allocated water and bean in effective use of water have the minimum values of evaluation parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Effects of Tax and Subsidy Policies to Maintain and Sustain Water Resources in Kaboodarahang Plain
mehdi elahi Mohammad Hassan Vakilpoor hamed najafi alamdarloo Mohammad Ali AsaadiBackground and Objective: Over the past decades, climate changes and the limitation of surface water resources have caused excessive utilization of groundwater stocks, so that aquifers in most of the country's plains have no favorable situation now. Kaboodarahang plain MoreBackground and Objective: Over the past decades, climate changes and the limitation of surface water resources have caused excessive utilization of groundwater stocks, so that aquifers in most of the country's plains have no favorable situation now. Kaboodarahang plain is as one of the critical forbidden plains of the country which is facing water crisis. The status entails employing proper management of groundwater resources policies. The present study focuses on the economic, social, and environmental impacts of applying tax and subsidy policies per cubic meter of consumed or saved surplus water as an alternative to pricing approach.Method: This study was conducted and investigated via using Positive Mathematical Programming and Maximum Entropy Planning. Tax and subsidy policies were applied per cubic meter of surplus used or saved surplus water in three varying scenarios e.g. 329, 658 and 987 Rials. Needed data and information were obtained by referring to relevant organizations and 141 questionnaires completed via multi-stages cluster sampling method amid farmers of Kaboodarahng Plain during 2016-2017.Findings: The results showed no significant change in the area under cultivation by applying tax and subsidy policies per cubic meter of surplus water consumed or saved, while rather drives the cropping pattern towards certain crops e.g. barley, cucumber and watermelon. Also, the outcomes of the research proved that applying the foregoing policies, besides reducing water consumption would increase the gross profit of target farmers.Discussion and Conclusion: Applying tax and subsidy policies per cubic meter of used or saved surplus water could not only motivate farmers to reduce their water consumption but provide a good alternative to water pricing policy. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Allocation and Management of Water Resources in the Yamchi Dam Basin with Scenario Analysis Approach Using WEAP Model
Atabak Feizi Reza Aghajani JomayranBackground and Objective: Due to limited water resources and increasing water needs, the potentials of water resource allocation using the traditional methods are decreased and the use of new allocation strategies and managing water resources in choosing projects and ma MoreBackground and Objective: Due to limited water resources and increasing water needs, the potentials of water resource allocation using the traditional methods are decreased and the use of new allocation strategies and managing water resources in choosing projects and making correct decisions in allocating and managing water resources is more important than ever. The main purpose of the present study is comprehensive management and planning in order to use the existing water resources of Yamchi dam network located in Ardabil province and meet the demand in the drinking, agriculture, industry and environment sectors, taking into account their future needs.Accordingly, Yamchi dam and its downstream areas are simulated in the WEAP model environment and the model is implemented for current conditions and future development projects in ten different scenarios. The proposed scenarios included examining the impact of allocation, industry needs, increasing irrigation efficiency, removing groundwater resources, changing cropping patterns, single cropping, and combined scenarios. The entries included information on the Yamchi dam and reservoir, groundwater resources, and the parameters needed to calculate the nodes for drinking, agricultural, industrial and environmental needs in the period 2008 to 2018.Findings: The results showed that among the proposed scenarios for the areas under study, the scenario of simultaneous change of cropping pattern and 65% increase in irrigation efficiency is the most suitable option among the studied scenarios, which meets time and volume reliability of drinking and agricultural needs by 100% and will reduce the needs of the current situation by 44%.Discussion and Conclusion: It is worth noting that if the groundwater source is eliminated for any reason, none of the solutions of changing the cropping pattern, increasing efficiency, etc. can fulfill the shortage and it is necessary to treat urban, agricultural and industrial wastewaters and reuse one of them. The results show that urban wastewater treatment and reuse can provide about 60 percent of the shortage of groundwater resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Applying ANN and GIS for estimation of effective parameters in determination of plant pattern (Case Study: Nahavand City)
Hossein Banejad Hamid Mohebzadeh Ehsan OlyaieAbstractOne of the most important issues in irrigated agriculture is determination of optimum plant pattern.Therefore, estimation of effective parameters in quality and quantity of available water is significantand is one of the most important components in adoption of MoreAbstractOne of the most important issues in irrigated agriculture is determination of optimum plant pattern.Therefore, estimation of effective parameters in quality and quantity of available water is significantand is one of the most important components in adoption of management decisions in development ofsustainable agriculture. In this study, Artificial Neural Networks technique has been used forestimation of piezometer wells water level and also effective factors for water quality used inagriculture (EC, SAR). For this purpose, monthly recorded data for piezometer wells water levelduring a seven year and data related with water quality during a four years period in Nahavand plainwere used. Also, a groundwater level in Nahavand in year of 1385-86 was drawn. Efficiency of modelwas evaluated by statistical criteria including coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error(RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). The derived results showed that R2 value for estimation ofpiezometer wells water level is 0.98 and for SAR and EC is 0.991 and 0.990 respectively. The aboveresults indicated the appropriate ability of Artificial Neural Networks as superior technique forsimulation of effective quality and quantity parameters in determination of plant pattern. Also theresults from spatial drowning of groundwater level by Geographic Information System indicated theshortage of water resource in this region Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Influence of Crop Pattern Correction on Reducing Fertilizer’s Effects of Agricultural Activities: A Case Study in Fars Province
Shahryar Nasabian Hamid Mohammadi Alireza KeikhaIn recent years, the increased effects of agricultural systems on the environment concerned scientistsand policy-makers in different countries. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and use ofexcessive ground water are included in these effects. Current study u MoreIn recent years, the increased effects of agricultural systems on the environment concerned scientistsand policy-makers in different countries. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and use ofexcessive ground water are included in these effects. Current study using a Multiple Goals Fuzzy Non-Linear Programming model, analyzed the possibility of ideals realization reducing consumption offertilizers and water in compromising with maximizing gross margin, minimizing risk of production,and increased social benefits goals in the crop pattern of three cities located in three major weatherRegions of Fars Province. Results showed that in many cases there isn't the possibility of completeideals realization in the multiple goals model in comparison with single goal patterns. But consideringthe outcome and the relevant weight assigned to each of the goals by the decision maker consisting ofthe Fuzzy Composite Distance Function, appeared that the crop patterns based on multiple goals aresuperior to current patterns and even single goal pattern in supply of multiple compromised ideals.Implementation of these models in study areas has significant influence on reducing water andfertilizer uses in addition increasing the gross margin, reducing risk and increasing employment oflabor in the region Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Optimization of Cropping Pattern with an Emphasis on Social Benefits in the Rational Exploitation of Water (A Case Study of Fars Province)
Hamid Mohammadi Alireza Sargazi Vahid Dehbashi Mohammad PoudinehBackground and Purpose:The aim of this study is to provide cropping pattern with different objectives to maximize the private and social benefits is separately in the city of Marvdasht. To determine the optimal cropping pattern mathematical programming models was used. MoreBackground and Purpose:The aim of this study is to provide cropping pattern with different objectives to maximize the private and social benefits is separately in the city of Marvdasht. To determine the optimal cropping pattern mathematical programming models was used. Methods: This study was collected the part of data such as yield, price and cost of production of crops and inputs to produce these products in hectare using two-stage cluster analysis method from 97 questionnaire. Results: The results showed the total cultivation area in this case relative to the total current cultivated area was unchanged. But in this model products such as irrigated wheat, dry land wheat, corn, watermelon, cucumber, onion, beans and irrigated lentils removed from the pattern and irrigated barley, melons and onions (with 33193, 1477 and 43126 ha) were planted into a pattern. Also tomato cultivation increased 93 hectares. Conclusion: The results showed social benefits and gross margin in this model relative to current model increased 1627170000000 and 1482915224150 IR. Rials respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - The role of deficit irrigation in compromising environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province
Hamid Mohammadi Parviz Haghightjo Alireza SargaziBackground and Objective: The purpose of this research is the role of deficit irrigation in compromising environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province. Method: This technique is considered as a strategy to increase profitability. However, i MoreBackground and Objective: The purpose of this research is the role of deficit irrigation in compromising environmental – economical goals of cropping pattern in Fars Province. Method: This technique is considered as a strategy to increase profitability. However, in addition to profitability goal, many studies have focused to optimize water and fertilizers consumption as environmental objectives. Current study investigates the rule of deficit irrigation in a model that compromises the economic and environmental objectives. Fasa city in Fars province were selected as the study area since placed in warm climate field and affected by water stress. A Fuzzy nonlinear programming model were used to compromise the goals of maximum gross margin and minimum chemical fertilizer and water consumption for a representative farm in study area. This model was subjected to yield response functions to water and other constraints. Findings: The results showed that the representative farm is inefficient to select cropping pattern in comparison to compromised goals model. This comparison also revealed there is a the possibility for increasing income of representative farm by applying full irrigation to gain potential yield and reducing cultivation area for considering the available water restrictions. Discussion and Conclusion: Although, increasing of gross margin is conflicted by decreasing water consumption and partly by reducing fertilizer use, but generalizing the results of representative farm to the whole city showed that implementation of this model will add the revenues about 94 billion Rials in total area. While the positive environmental outcomes such as reducing about 4.6 million cubic meters of water and 7,246 tons of chemical fertilizer would be the other results of implementing this model. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Investigating Water Use Efficiency in Agricultural Production in Irrigation and Drainage Networks of Khuzestan Province (Case Study: Northern Karkheh Irrigation and Drainage Network)
mohammad pirmoradi ali asareh mehdi asadi loorIncreasing water productivity in agriculture is one of the effective strategies for sustainability of water resources. In this research, irrigation management and water productivity in North Karkheh irrigation and drainage network were evaluated by examining the croppin MoreIncreasing water productivity in agriculture is one of the effective strategies for sustainability of water resources. In this research, irrigation management and water productivity in North Karkheh irrigation and drainage network were evaluated by examining the cropping pattern and the use of land use productivity indices, CPD, BPD and NBPD. The results of the study showed that the mean wheat cultivation in the 5 years period of study (2009-2013) increased by 132% compared to the designer's proposed cultivar, while the average barley yield decreased by 470% compared to the design pattern of the designer. Also, the cultivation of fodder plants such as alfalfa and clover has not been welcomed by farmers in the region. The average 5 years of cultivation at the network level was 5924 hectares and the average water consumption per year was 55.5 million cubic meters; if the water required for the designer crop pattern was an average of 86 million cubic meters per year For 6500 hectares. The five-year average CPD index for wheat, as the product with the highest cropping area, was 818 gm-cubic meters, and for spring crop watermelon, as the product that had the highest water intake among cropping patterns It was 2301 grams per cubic meter. The five-year average of BPD and NBPD for wheat was 5870 and 3018 Rials per cubic meter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Economical effects of draughts on rural regions of Shandiz district in decad (1375 – 85 )
hadi ghanbarzadeh abolfazl behniafarThis paper shows the economical effects of draught by surveying hydrological and agricultural draughts. Shandiz district with area 337.5 km2 is placed in alluvial fan Binalud (northwest Mashhad) and center of agricultcure and gardener in suburban of Mashhad. Decreasing MoreThis paper shows the economical effects of draught by surveying hydrological and agricultural draughts. Shandiz district with area 337.5 km2 is placed in alluvial fan Binalud (northwest Mashhad) and center of agricultcure and gardener in suburban of Mashhad. Decreasing of water supplies and the surface of plantation activities are the results of draught Shandiz district was faced with drought during 1375-85 and due to that event more than 50 percent of the springs in this area were dried, 64.9 percent of the surface of the gardens were reduced and three villages were abandoned. The main goals of this paper are: Surveying the draught in Shandiz district during 1375-85. Studying economical effects of draughts on rural regions Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Evaluating the influences of pressurized irrigation system on the charging of farming structure, cropping pattern and yield
عبدالحمید نظری رضا منافی آذر عبداله عبدالهیMassive allocation of administration power and governmental funds and after several years from use and expansion of pressurized irrigation systems in the country calls for the strengths and weaknesses of this plan identifying primary targets and use them according MoreMassive allocation of administration power and governmental funds and after several years from use and expansion of pressurized irrigation systems in the country calls for the strengths and weaknesses of this plan identifying primary targets and use them according to as a strategy for future. This study was produced in order to evaluation of influences of pressurized irrigation systems of the cropping pattern and yield of crops. Based on the results these systems were designed large- scale farms and administration of them on the small-scale farms reduce territorial integrity and the number of pieces of land among famers. The other hands the cultivater aread of sugar-beet in creased strongly with the rainy irrigation systems. The results of the Evalution of pressurized irrigation systems on the production of crops under cultivation showed that the average production of wheat, barley and sugar-beet has increased respectively 1.31, 0.52 and 31.84 tons per hectare. In general the changing of crops pattern and efficiency per unit area is significantly associated with implementation of pressurized irrigationn. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation of economic yield and productivity indices in row intercropping of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) and alyssum (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.)
Mohammad Hassan Hatefi Farajian Alireza Koocheki Mehdi Nassiri MahallatiIn order to study the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum economic yield and productivity indices, a field experiment was conducted as a completely randomized blocks design with three replications during growing in 2014-2015 at Agricultural Resea MoreIn order to study the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum economic yield and productivity indices, a field experiment was conducted as a completely randomized blocks design with three replications during growing in 2014-2015 at Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Treatment included 1 row of lettuce + 1 row alyssum (1:1), 2 rows lettuce + 2 rows alyssum (2:2), 3 rows lettuce + 3 rows alyssum (3:3) and their monoculture. The results showed that the effect of row intercropping patterns of lettuce and alyssum was significant on fresh weight of both crops. The highest fresh weight of lettuce and alyssum was observed in monoculture with 36200 and 5909.2 kg per hectare, respectively. The highest total land equivalent ratio (1.04) was obtained from 2:2 treatment, indicating 4% yield advantage of intercropping and represents a more efficient use of land in this cropping pattern compared to the monoculture of two crops. The highest competition index was achieved from 3:3 treatment (2.96). In addition, the highest system productivity index was obtained in row intercropping pattern 2:2 with 35466.5. Therefore, it seems that the row intercropping pattern of 2:2 was higher in land equivalent ratio and as well as system productivity index compared to other row intercropping patterns to obtain the highest yield and income than monoculture. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - A survey on the ecological sustainability of introducing new crops in the cropping pattern using emergy approach
samin fallahinejad mohammad Armin Mohammad AsgharipourEmergy analysis is an appropriate strategy for assessing the sustainability of agricultural production systems in a region. In this study, the sustainability of production of four widely grown crops, including wheat and barley,sugar beet and saffron were compared using MoreEmergy analysis is an appropriate strategy for assessing the sustainability of agricultural production systems in a region. In this study, the sustainability of production of four widely grown crops, including wheat and barley,sugar beet and saffron were compared using emergy approach in Khoushab County, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran. The total supporting emergy for wheat, barley, sugar beet and saffron was respectively 2.32E+16, 1.91E+16, 4.95E+16, and 2.04E+16 sej ha-1. The greatest portion of renewable environmental resources were obtained in sugar beet production systems (4.1% of total emergy), and non-renewable environmental resources occurred in barley production systems (55.7% of total emergy). Saffron production systems showed the greatest portion of renewable and non-renewable purchased resources (40.80 and 36.48%). Introduction of saffron and sugar beet as new crops in a given region, compared to wheat and barley as preceding crops in the cropping pattern, caused enhancement in renewable emergy ratio, environmental loading ratio, modified environmental sustainability index, and emergy input ratio, while decreased emergy yield ratio, modified environmental loading ratio, environmental sustainability index, and sustainable development emergy index. Saffron and sugar beet production as new introduced crops to the region resulted in the highest modified environmental sustainability index. Although the environmental loading ratio index of saffron cultivation was higher than other production systems, modified environmental loading ratio was lower than the three other production systems. Therefore, saffron can be recommended as a sustainable crop that has put the lowest pressure on environmental resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Evaluation of effects of different tillage systems, planting row spacing and plant densities on grain yield and yield components of corn
Masoud Mohseni Mohammad hosein HaddadiIn order to investigate the effects of tillage systems and plant densities in two plant pattern, on kernel yield and its component on corn (Zea mays L.cv.sc704), an experimental design , randomized complete block in a strip factorial was used, treatments arr MoreIn order to investigate the effects of tillage systems and plant densities in two plant pattern, on kernel yield and its component on corn (Zea mays L.cv.sc704), an experimental design , randomized complete block in a strip factorial was used, treatments arrangement with four replications in north of Iran in 2010-2011. Main plot was subjected to tillage systems in three levels: 1. Rotary system (RS). 2. Disk system (DS) - 3. Plow and Disck system (PDS). Other factors were plant density in three levels (60000, 70000 and 80000 plant/ha) and plant pattern were conventional row (linear) and new two rows (zigzag). The results indicated that all traits, were not affected by tillage systems ,while the grain yield and 1000 seeds weight, which were affected by plant density showed significant difference. With the increase of density from 60000 to 80000 plants/ha, grain yield and 1000 seeds weight increased, an amount of from 9.09 to 11.14 t/ha and 332.35 to319.52 gr respectively. Grain yield and 1000 seeds weight were not affected by plant pattern . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Optimizing the cultivation pattern of important crops in Miandoab plain
معراج Fallahi سعید Soofizade علی اکبر BaghestaniChoosing the optimal cultivation model that is both environmentally sustainable and suitable for specific climatic conditions in each geographical region can be considered as one of the efficient solutions to solve the challenges and increase the profitability of agricu MoreChoosing the optimal cultivation model that is both environmentally sustainable and suitable for specific climatic conditions in each geographical region can be considered as one of the efficient solutions to solve the challenges and increase the profitability of agricultural activities.For this purpose, in this study, an attempt has been made to design the optimal pattern of crop cultivation in Miandoab plain, which is the fourth most important plain of the country, located in West Azarbaijan province.Optimizing the cultivation pattern was done in the form of two separate goals of maximizing profit and minimizing water consumption.For this purpose, the required data for the three years 2016-2018 were collected from various provincial and national institutions, and the average data of the mentioned three years were used to propose the optimal pattern of crop cultivation in the form of each of the mentioned goals.In this research, 12 important crops cultivated in this plain have been used.The results showed that the two crops of rainfed chickpeas and nut sunflowers, with the cultivation of the entire agricultural lands of the plain with approximately 57 thousand hectares and 5500 hectares, respectively, and a gross profit of 1614 billion rials, were introduced as the optimal model proposed with the aim of maximizing the gross profit.became.In the proposed cultivation model with the aim of minimizing water consumption, the re-cultivation of rainfed chickpeas and nut sunflowers on an area equal to 57.600 hectares and 5300 hectares will result in the optimization of water consumption.In other words, two goals of profit maximization and water consumption minimization will be achieved by sub-cultivating dry peas and sunflower seeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Optimal cropping pattern of Eqlid’s sugar beet growers under water constraints and risky considerations
Fardin Boostani Hamid Mohammadi2The main objective of this study was to develop an optimal cropping pattern for sugar beet growers of Eqlid district (Fars province) and to investigate its importance in cropping pattern. Regarding the effect of risk on producer's decision, two sources of risk including MoreThe main objective of this study was to develop an optimal cropping pattern for sugar beet growers of Eqlid district (Fars province) and to investigate its importance in cropping pattern. Regarding the effect of risk on producer's decision, two sources of risk including price and yield risks was considered. Beside the other objectives, reduced water use was also dealt with applying multi objective Programming framework. The results showed that the income difference of current and optimal cropping pattern is only 7 percent. However, they are different in crop combination, so that, in current pattern 3.8 hectare out of 6.8 hectare of representative growers belongs to sugar beet, while in the case of optimal pattern, it reduces to 0.2 hectares. In general, in developed cropping patterns, sugar beet-wheat dominated production combination changes in favor of been. The change meets the goal of reduced water use up to 33 percent in addition to providing the current gross margin. The results revealed that farmers mainly consider price risk, to a great extent, in cropping pattern. It was also determined that inefficiency of sugar beet in using water as a restricting input has been resulted in reduced priority of sugar beet in cropping pattern. Manuscript profile
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