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Open Access Article
1 - Inference for generalized inverse exponential distribution based on generalized hybrid Progressive censored data and its application to plasma spray data
parya parviz hanieh panahi saeid AsadiIn many applied research, the researcher does not have access to all the data for some reasons such as time and cost constraints. So, the statistical inference based on the available data is important. In this paper, estimation of unknown parameters of a generalized inv MoreIn many applied research, the researcher does not have access to all the data for some reasons such as time and cost constraints. So, the statistical inference based on the available data is important. In this paper, estimation of unknown parameters of a generalized inverted exponential distribution is studied under generalized Type II progressive hybrid censoring. The maximum likelihood estimators and their existence and uniqueness are investigated. Based on the Bayesian approach, the estimators of the shape and scale parameters are derived under squared error loss function. Since closed - form expressions for the Bayes estimators cannot be obtained, we use Lindley’s approximation and important sampling procedure for obtaining them. Simulation study for comparing the different classical and Bayesian estimations is presented. Finally, two real data sets contain oblique impact of micro droplets onto surface in plasma spray coating process and repair time for a communication transmitter are analyzed for illustration purposes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Comparison of Stochastic Sampling and Application in Financial Mathematics: Evidence from the European-Asian Option Markets
Kianoush Fathi vajargah Hossein Eslami Mofidabadi -
Open Access Article
3 - A DEA-bases Approach for Multi-objective Design of Attribute Acceptance Sampling Plans
S. Jafarian-Namin A Pakzad M.S. M.S. Fallah Nezhad -
Open Access Article
4 - Estimating rice leaf area index at North Iran
Ali Akbar Noroozi Nader Jalali Morteza Miri Moosa AbbasiLeaf Area Index (LAI), is a key component in estimating crop yield and environmental stresses. Given the importance of accurate determination of these parameters, the present study was aimed to estimate the LAI of rice plant. For this purpose, 20 paddy fields were selec MoreLeaf Area Index (LAI), is a key component in estimating crop yield and environmental stresses. Given the importance of accurate determination of these parameters, the present study was aimed to estimate the LAI of rice plant. For this purpose, 20 paddy fields were selected. The data required to perform the operations in the study area were corrected by land impressions (direct method) and measured by AccuPAR (indirect method). Field work to gathering LAI were taken at intervals of 16 days from seedling stage to the flowering stage of rice plants. The results showed that the lowest and highest levels of LAI belongs to seedlings and flowering stages, respectively. The leaf area obtained by both methods, were almost the same for each farm during different stages of plant growth. Consistent with the obtained values by both methods, indicate that the index can be calculated from a derived empirical relationship. Based on this empirical formula for every stage of plant growth, weka3.7 software was adopted to calculate the mentioned relationship. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Surface water Quality modeling using SWAT for ARDAk Basin of Mashhad
MORTEZA NIKAKHTAR Seyedeh Hoda Rahmati Ali reza Massah Bovani iman BabaeianBackground and Objective: During last decades, despite developing various reports and techniques, due to over expansion of water pollution, hydrological models have become sophisticated tools for water resources management and planning because of their remarkable abilit MoreBackground and Objective: During last decades, despite developing various reports and techniques, due to over expansion of water pollution, hydrological models have become sophisticated tools for water resources management and planning because of their remarkable ability to analyze information and economic savings resulting from their application. In this study, using the SWAT semi-distributed model, which operates on the basis of physical and non-physical processes governing the water environment, quantitative and qualitative modeling was developed for Ardak River which supplies a significant part of water demand in drinking and agricultural sectors of Mashhad mega city. So, this research is going to provide a right tool for future planning and design making. Material and Methodology: After entering the information and constructing the model in Swat, for calibration and verification of stream flow, NO3, MINP, TSS, DO and CBOD in SWAT-CUP model, sampling and testing of different water quality parameters were performed in 12 monthly periods from march 2019 to February 2020. Findings: The results showed that except for nitrate, the amount of other water quality parameters such as phosphorus, sediment and carbonaceous organic matter is higher in wet seasons. Discussion and Conclusion: The developed model has a considerable ability to simulate the actual condition of the river and it can be applied to define and implement a variety of scenarios affecting water quality for identifying the best practices by testing different options. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Range classification and evaluation using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Normalized Difference Vegetatiosn Index (NDVI) (Case study: Hablehrood subwatershed of shahrabad basin)
Khadijeh abolfathi Marzieh Alikhah-Asl Mohammad RezvaniEvaluation of canopy rate, production, condition and trends of rangeland is important because of their role in preservation of water and soil resources. The aim of this research is to range classification and evaluation of rangelands of some part of Hable rood catchment MoreEvaluation of canopy rate, production, condition and trends of rangeland is important because of their role in preservation of water and soil resources. The aim of this research is to range classification and evaluation of rangelands of some part of Hable rood catchment using Geographical Information System (GIS( and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index .To do it, range classification was done using field work with Physiognomic- Floristic method along with vegetation sampling in a Stratified random sampling form. To define the condition and trends of the rangelands, the methods named four-factor and orientations were used in row. In this research, to increase the accuracy of the border of final vegetation types, land form unit map and composition of land form unit map with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) map were used in ArcGIS 9.3 surrounding and the border of vegetation types were corrected. Land use map is provided using fuzzy method in the ERDAS IMAGINE software, and then, using Normalized Difference Vegetation index and field work, with respect to the canopy density the rangeland were divided to the three classes named dense range, semi dense range and low dense range. The results indicated the separation of for vegetation types. Also, rangeland was divided to the three categories named good, moderate and weak rangeland with respect to the vegetation canopy. The type named Astragalus spp_ Artemisia sieberi has a moderate condition while the 3 other types have weak condition. Also, all of the 4 vegetation types in the studied area have minus trend. Using GIS and vegetation index can be an effective tool in vegetation type and classification with high accuracy Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis of Mechanical Structures using an Analytical Approach
Mohammad Reza Moarefzadeh -
Open Access Article
8 - Estimation of flicker generating feeders index with combined sampling-simulation method
Peyman NazarianIn this article, the background of the subject and the works done in the field of flicker simulation and tracking are mentioned first, and then the new combined simulation-sampling method to estimate flicker indicators is described. In the following, the computer progra MoreIn this article, the background of the subject and the works done in the field of flicker simulation and tracking are mentioned first, and then the new combined simulation-sampling method to estimate flicker indicators is described. In the following, the computer program FSP, which was developed to analyze and track flicker caused by heavy industrial subscribers, based on the method of this article, is introduced. This software includes the needs of the Zanjan regional electric company in this field and by using the available hardware and data facilities and taking into account the existing limitations; it has the ability to study on flicker and estimate flicker indicators. In the following, using the data extracted from one of the 230 kV substations under the management of the Zanjan regional electricity company, flicker is calculated and studied in a typical network. Checking the Flicker indicators, in cases where it is not possible to actually cut off the feeders, is easily done by the FSP software, and it makes it possible to track flicker generating subscribers and estimate the flicker share of each of them. Introduction Flicker is a physiological phenomenon that is defined as a non-permanent sensory effect of a light source on the human eye, and this effect is caused by the change of flux or spectral distribution of the light source with time. Method The proposed method consists of two practical and theoretical parts, the practical part of which is the measurement of the required parameters of the network and the theoretical part, software calculations to determine the short-term and long-term flicker indicators, which will be obtained by simulating the behavior of the standard flicker meter. Results In this article, it was seen that checking the flicker indicators in situations where it is not possible to actually cut off the feeders, can be easily done by the designed software, and it gives the power companies the possibility to make a better decision to reject or accept the subscribers before signing the contract, or it makes it possible to track and identify the flicker generating subscribers. Discussion Due to the limitation in the sampling frequency, a measure has been taken to be more compatible with the flicker standard; In this way, an algorithm for performing linearization between the voltage samples obtained from the load flow has been used. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Efficiency of 1x1 meter quadrat for estimating of over-wintered adults of Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hem., Scutelleridae) populations in rainfed wheat field
A. Mohseni AminThis research was carried out to evaluate different aspects of one square meter quadrat size to estimate sunn pest over-wintered adults, Eurygaster integriceps Put.(Hem., Scutelleridae) in rainfed wheat field of Borujerd, north of Lorestan province, Iran, during 2003 an MoreThis research was carried out to evaluate different aspects of one square meter quadrat size to estimate sunn pest over-wintered adults, Eurygaster integriceps Put.(Hem., Scutelleridae) in rainfed wheat field of Borujerd, north of Lorestan province, Iran, during 2003 and 2004. Iwao’s regression had higher determination coefficients (r2=0.93) and showed a better fit as compared to r2 values calculated by Taylor’s power law (r2=0.86). Iwao’s patchiness regression slope (β=1.07±0.05) was not significantly larger than 1.0. Consequently, random dispersion pattern was determined for over-wintered adults in rainfed wheat fields. Therefore, Kuno’s fixed precision sequential sampling scheme based on Iwao’s parameters was constructed for overwintered adults of E. integriceps. An additional nine independent data sets, was used to validate the fixed-precision sequential sampling plans with resampling software of RVSP. Sample size curves indicated that estimating over-wintered adult population in rainfed field can be accomplished with a few sampling efforts when population is >2 insects per quadrat. For example only six samples need to be taken for the over-wintered adults, on average to achieve a precision of 0.25 (Dexp=0.25) when =3 insects per quadrat. However, sample sizes increase suddenly when population density is less than 0.3 insects per quadrat. Based on these results, 1*1m quadrat is not recommended to estimate number of over-wintered adults in rainfed wheat field. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - An Economical Acceptance-Sampling Plan Based on Binomial Distribution with Imperfect Inspection
Mohammad-Saber Fallahnezhad Jamileh Darbeh Mahdi Nakhaeinejad -
Open Access Article
11 - An Economic Design of Combined Double Sampling and Variable Sample Size X ̅ Control Chart
Saeed Khaki Niloufar Ghanbari Mir Mahdi Seyed Esfehani -
Open Access Article
12 - Optimization of environmental additional sampling using spatial simulated annealing in Sepahan-Shahr area.
Saeed Soltani Maliheh Abbaszadeh Ardeshir HezarkhaniOptimization of sampling scheme is one of the important and attractive issues for geo-statisticians andgeochemists. So far, various methods have been presented for optimization of sampling location (initial andadditional samples). In this article, it is tried to optimiz MoreOptimization of sampling scheme is one of the important and attractive issues for geo-statisticians andgeochemists. So far, various methods have been presented for optimization of sampling location (initial andadditional samples). In this article, it is tried to optimize the location of additional sampling in environmentalstudies of Sepahan-Shahr area, by simulated annealing method. In Sepahan-shahr area, adjacency to pollutantfactor (Irankooh mining area), in addition to the winds blowing whole the year from the side of this mine; haveincreased the pollution potentiality of the area. In this article, it is tried to optimize the location of additionalsampling on the basis of the data obtained from initial samplings. For this purpose, objective function has beendefined as “estimation variance minimization”, and simulated annealing optimization method has been used forsolving this optimization problem. All the codes related with computation of objective function are prepared byMatlab software. Additional sampling proposed by this method will result in reduction of average estimationvariance of the area from 0.34 to 0.22, which is the highest reduction of estimated uncertainty possible to makein the results of 20 additional samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Stratified Systematic Sampling in Tappeh Borj, Nishabur, Khorāsān
Mohsen Dana Omran Garazhian Hassan Fazeli NashliRegional archaeological survey involves identifying archaeological traces and sites that can provide a good picture about inter and extra cultural relationships in the region. However, systematic sampling involves dividing the survey area into a sampling frame that give MoreRegional archaeological survey involves identifying archaeological traces and sites that can provide a good picture about inter and extra cultural relationships in the region. However, systematic sampling involves dividing the survey area into a sampling frame that gives us details data and information from the sit. Since the Khorāsān area is poorly studied in the prehistoric period, we chose Tappeh Borj which is located near Nishapur for stratified systematic sampling in order to get better understanding about cultural and archaeological characteristics on the site and the region. In the following we will mention the results of typology and classification of archaeological findings. Based on the archaeological evidence, we would argue that there was a local culture in the site because there is no significant correlation with neighboring areas. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Accelerating Magnetic Resonance Imaging through Compressed Sensing Theory in the Direction space-k
Javad Hosseinzadeh mehdi Rajabioun -
Open Access Article
15 - Cost Analysis of Acceptance Sampling Models Using Dynamic Programming and Bayesian Inference Considering Inspection Errors
mohammad saber fallah nezhad Abolghasem Yousefi Babadi -
Open Access Article
16 - A comparative study of the frequency and intensity of nosemosis based on individual and composite samples of live bees in the apiaries of the cities of East Azerbaijan province
Abbas Imani Baran Gholamreza HamidianDue to the lack of an international standard method to determine the frequency, prevalence and intensity of nosemosis, the researchers are still using individual or composite sampling methods. This study was aimed to compare the frequency and intensity of nosemosis base MoreDue to the lack of an international standard method to determine the frequency, prevalence and intensity of nosemosis, the researchers are still using individual or composite sampling methods. This study was aimed to compare the frequency and intensity of nosemosis based on the above mentioned methods in the apiaries of East Azerbaijan province. To this end, 5 apiaries from 5 cities of East Azerbaijan province were randomly selected. Three hives from each apiary and 10 bees from each hive (equally from inside and outside) were sampled. To determine the frequency, the spore presence in the samples was evaluated. To determine the intensity, the spore count in one bee was calculated in the individual samples and mean spore count per bee in the composite samples. In both methods, 100% frequency was obtained for all samples. To compare infection intensity in both sampling methods, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used. To compare the results of two methods, generally, and also in each city, separately, independent T-test was used. In both methods, the highest intensity was related to samples from Tabriz (p<0.05). However, in the individual sampling method, the infection intensity in Osku samples was significantly lower (p<0.001). Also, in comparison of the two sampling methods, there was generally no statistical difference between the sampling methods and even in one city (p>0.05). In individual samples, overall, the intensity was higher in bees outside of the hive. Based on the average results, the intensity of nosemosis in composite samples was much higher than individual samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The Effect of Investment Opportunities, Growth and Capital Productivity on Firm Performance of Listed Companies in Tehran Stock Exchange
Heidar Mohammadzadeh SaltehInvestors seek to maximize their wealth. Growth opportunities are the driving force that give motivation and are considered bonus for investors. What in the current situation will lead to success is the optimum use of the available investment opportunities in order to i MoreInvestors seek to maximize their wealth. Growth opportunities are the driving force that give motivation and are considered bonus for investors. What in the current situation will lead to success is the optimum use of the available investment opportunities in order to identify the factors affecting the firm's performance. Timely and rational use of investment opportunities by business units has a significant effect on performance improvement. Firm growth, from the perspective of capital market and management is an important variable and can be effective on firm performance. Therefore, in this research, the effect of investment opportunities and growth on firm performance of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange has been studied. The statistical population includes the companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange, out of each a statistical sample of 134 corporates was selected by systematic elimination sampling method. The period under review was a 5-year period (2007-2011) and the hypotheses in this research were tested by using combined data (panel). The results show that investment opportunities do not affect firm performance, and firm growth has a positive and significant effect on return on asset but does not affect market value added. Also, capital productivity has a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Number and projected area estimates of coarse woody debris by line intersect sampling (case study: chafroud forests)
farshad keivan behjo zeynab poorgholiTo determine a suitable method, based on precision and cost of inventory for estimates of residuals in Caspian Forests, a transect method based on probability theory, were selected for comparison. Parameters evaluated were number and projected area per hectare. Consider MoreTo determine a suitable method, based on precision and cost of inventory for estimates of residuals in Caspian Forests, a transect method based on probability theory, were selected for comparison. Parameters evaluated were number and projected area per hectare. Considering all the sampling factors, a grid of 100*100m were determined for randomized systematic sampling. Length of transect was determined as 100m in transect method. To compare the results of these method with the real population statistical parameters, a 100% survey of coarse woody debris was take over 107 hectares including three compartments. The results of t-test show that the population mean was similar to means of transect method based on probability theory for all parameters, the means being within the range of confidence intervals. However in this method and in all cases, the inventory errors were greater than those at the acceptable level (10%). This can be cocluded that transect method based on probability theory is a suitable method for estimating of coarse woody debris in Caspian forests. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Design of Non-Uniform Sample and Hold Circuit for Biomedical Signal Processing Applications
Sara Bagher Nasrabadi Mehdi Dolatshahi Sayed Mohammad Ali Zanjani Hossein PoorghasemBy reducing the amount of data in bioprocessor circuits, the required memory and power consumption are reduced. Therefore, non-uniform sampling (NUS) is feasible, and a sample-and-hold circuit can be used to non-uniformly sample bio-signals and reduce the volume of the MoreBy reducing the amount of data in bioprocessor circuits, the required memory and power consumption are reduced. Therefore, non-uniform sampling (NUS) is feasible, and a sample-and-hold circuit can be used to non-uniformly sample bio-signals and reduce the volume of the data from vital signals. In the present study, a new closed-loop non-uniform sample-and-hold circuit along with a differential clock generator circuit is proposed. The proposed design consumes low power and can minimize the volume of the generated bio-signal data in the frequency range corresponding to vital signals. The proposed non-uniform clock generator circuit uses two comparators with PMOS and NMOS inputs and a control circuit with a few logic gates. After detecting the rate of heart signal variations, the proposed circuit generates non-uniform clock signals at two frequencies of 1000 and 100 Hz for fast and slow variations, respectively. The output signal of the sampling circuit is reconstructed by using resampling and interpolation in MATLAB. Simulations are performed in Cadence in 0.18 µm technology with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The simulation results show a percentage root mean square difference (PRD) of 2.3%, a mean square error (MSE) of 8.57×10-5 and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 71 dB. These results indicate the proper performance of the proposed circuit in comparison with previous designs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Design and simulation of a new sample and hold circuit with a resulation of 12-bit and a sampling rate of 1 GS/s using a dual sampling technique.
Najmeh Chamanpira Seyed Mohammad Ali Zanjani Mehdi DolatshahiIn this paper, a new sample and hold circuit (S & H) with a 12 bit resolution and sampling rate of 1 GS/s is proposed using dual sampling technique. The dual sampling technique allows the circuit to always operate in higher speed and sampling rates. Furthermore, Tra MoreIn this paper, a new sample and hold circuit (S & H) with a 12 bit resolution and sampling rate of 1 GS/s is proposed using dual sampling technique. The dual sampling technique allows the circuit to always operate in higher speed and sampling rates. Furthermore, Transmission gates (TGs) are used to reduce the errors caused by nonlinear input switches because TGs have a more linear resistance in comparison with complementary- metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) conventional switches. The proposed S & H circuit is simulated in the HSPICE using 180 nm CMOS and 45 nm CMOS technologies. Simulation results in both technologies with 1.8 V power supply and have power consumption of 8mW and 300 μW, respectively. Moreover, simulation results show a 12 bit resolution in both technologies, for 50.29 MHz and 43.45 MHz input frequency, for 180 nm and 45 nm respectively while the sampling frequency in both technologies is equal to 1 GHz. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Study of Longevity in Dairy Cattle
M. Rakhshani Nejad N. Emamjomeh Kashan M. Rokouei M. Aminafshar H. Faraji-Arough -
Open Access Article
22 - Bayesian Estimates of Genetic Relationships between Growth Curve Parameters in Shall Sheep via Gibbs Sampling
ن. قوی حسین-زاده -
Open Access Article
23 - ADABOOST Ensemble Algorithms for Breast Cancer Classification
Moshood Hambali Yakub Saheed Tinuke Oladele Morufat Gbolagade -
Open Access Article
24 - Investigation of Beech Increment in Elevation Levels with Trend of Climatic Changes (Case study: Asalem basin)
Alireza eslami ali mohamadi mahmood roshani beit allah amanzadehFagus orientalis as a climatic specie is under climatic varying condition and changing climatic elements has a direct impact on its growth and distribution. The present study was conducted in the Asalem forest, Guilan province, located in north part of Iran. 180 sample MoreFagus orientalis as a climatic specie is under climatic varying condition and changing climatic elements has a direct impact on its growth and distribution. The present study was conducted in the Asalem forest, Guilan province, located in north part of Iran. 180 sample discs were selected in terms of different three elevation level with respect to climatic data in 38 years duration. Results revealed that the growth trend with 7-10 years period were different with diameter class. The growth trends index had no conformity with temperature and rainfall at winter and autumn; however there were conformity with temperature index in small diameter class and with rainfall index in large diameter class in the season of spring and summer. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Distribution of Lead and cadmium Levels in the soil of Borkhar District of Isfahan province
A, Gandomkar M, Hadi -
Open Access Article
26 - Determinants of Poverty among Rural Households in South Western States, Nigeria
Olubunmi Lawrence Balogun -
Open Access Article
27 - Multiple Dependent States Repetitive Sampling Control Chart for Monitoring Rayleigh Distributed Data
Srinivasa Rao Gadde Olatunde Adebayo Adeoti -
Open Access Article
28 - Acceptance sampling for attributes via hypothesis testing and the hypergeometric distribution
Robert Wayne Samohyl -
Open Access Article
29 - Utilization of Mixed Data Sampling model in Identifying the Effects of Monthly Exchange Rate Changes on Seasonal GDP of Iran
Roja Tilik Abbas Najafizadeh S. Fakhredin Fakhr Hosseini Ahmad SarlakAbstract The present study intends to use the Mixed Data Sampling model (MIDAS) to investigate the effect of exchange rate changes on the variable of real production in Iran during the period 1397:1 to1380:4 that Provides implement a flexibility model whit& MoreAbstract The present study intends to use the Mixed Data Sampling model (MIDAS) to investigate the effect of exchange rate changes on the variable of real production in Iran during the period 1397:1 to1380:4 that Provides implement a flexibility model whit high descriptive power, including variables of varying frequency (eg daily, weekly and monthly) together in a regression. The results of this study show that the MIDAS model is statistically strong in identifying the asymmetric dynamic effects of the independent variable with higher freuency (exchange rate changes) on the dependent variable with lower frequency (GDP) compared to the same frequency model of these variables and shows asymmetry better.Also, based on the obtained results, the intensity of the impact of the momentum and the persistence of each momentum are different, so that the negative momentum of the exchange rate has more intense and lasting effects on Iran's GDP. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - A Simulation Model for Estimating Herbage Standing Crop and Grazing Capacity in Sar Ali-Abad Summer Rangelands of Golestan Province, Iran
Ali Hosseini Nafise Fakhar izadi Mansoor Mesdaghi -
Open Access Article
31 - Comparison of Different Methods to Estimate Forage Production of Two Shrub Species Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb and Halostachys caspica C. A. Mey (Case Study: Winter Rangelands of Golestan Province, Iran)
Zahra Mohebi Lyla Khalasi Ahwaz Gholam Ali Heshmati -
Open Access Article
32 - Assessment and Comparison of Different Methods for Estimating Forage Production (Case Study: Rangeland of Kurdistan Province)
Bahram Gholinejad Hassan PourBabaei Asghar Farajollahi Eiraj Parvane -
Open Access Article
33 - Quality and pathology of youth (12-17 years old) Leisurs in Lorestan province
Hossin MehrdadAbstract The current stdy deal with the quality and pathology of leisures of youths between 12 to 17 years old of Lorestan province. In so doing 620 youths (Who determined by using of Takman table, among with 360000 statistical population) and 150 youths problem MoreAbstract The current stdy deal with the quality and pathology of leisures of youths between 12 to 17 years old of Lorestan province. In so doing 620 youths (Who determined by using of Takman table, among with 360000 statistical population) and 150 youths problem experts (as whole) were selected by cluster sampling method and were given questionnaires. The result of study showed that: First, youths pass their leisures in cultural, recreation, free study, religious, skilled, desireable and undesieable roving, and sport activaties, second the major pathology of leisures are organizational-structural, cultural, insufficient public participating, economic position, weakness in giving information and shortage of motivation. Manuscript profile