Presenting the imitative brand model in buying behavior of luxury brands in internet businesses using Grounded Theory
Subject Areas : Jounal of Marketing ManagementMohammad Rahimzadeh 1 , Majid Fattahi 2 * , Nilofar Imankhan 3
1 - Ph.D. student of Business Administration, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Business Management, Firuzkoh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Firozkoh, Iran
Keywords: Grounded Theory, copycat brand, luxury brands, internet businesses,
Abstract :
following the main or leading brand and by taking as an example the distinctive features of appearance or function by which the primary brand has turned into a leading brand. Therefore, the purpose of this The research is to present the imitative brand model in the purchase behavior of luxury brands in internet businesses using Grounded Theory. Method: The nature of the current research is exploratory and qualitative data is used in it. The statistical population of the research are the experts and professors of PhD in marketing management in the universities of Mazandaran province. In this field, the researcher used the snowball method to reach theoretical saturation, which achieved theoretical saturation after interviewing 13 elites and experts. Qualitative data has been collected using structured interviews and data analysis using the qualitative method of Grounded Theory. Findings: Causal factors affecting the imitator brand model in the purchase behavior of luxury brands include brand development, weak resources and facilities, existing threats and existing opportunities. And the influential contextual factors include brand preference, content imitation tendency, appearance imitation tendency, imitation brand tendency factors, mental patterns, customer evaluation and attitude. Also, intervening factors include environmental factors, legal factors, and corporate factors. The main strategies include drafting a legal annex, drafting an ethical annex, buying decision strategies, graphic strategies, brand personality creation, knowledge strategies, imitation strategies, innovative strategies, marketing strategies, advertising strategies. And finally, the consequences, which are the final result of causal factors, strategies, background factors and intervening conditions, include commitment to the store, word of mouth advertising, repeated purchases, behavioral loyalty, attitudinal loyalty, profitability and increasing market share. Result: This research was started by using the Grounded Theory to find the imitative brand model in the buying behavior of luxury brands in internet businesses, and by using the qualitative method, it has completed its development course and reached a model. At the end, the suggestions derived from the researcher's experiences are stated.
ابراهیمی، سیدبابک؛ کتابیان، حمید؛ رحیمی، حسام (1394) شناسایی معیارهای موثر بر انتخاب برند مقلد در کالاهای مصرفی، مدیریت بازرگانی، 7(2)، ۲۷۳-۲۹۴.
ایمان خان, نیلوفر. (1397). کسب و کار الکترونیکی و عملکرد بنگاههای نوظهور. فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشی مدلسازی اقتصادی, 12(41), 83-105.
خداداد حسینی حمید؛ نجات، سهیل؛ هاشمی، مسلم (1396) گفتمان کاوی الگوهای ذهنی خریداران محصولات جعلی برندهای لوکس بر مبنای روششناسی کیو، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی مدیریت برند، 4(1)، 13-40.
کشتی دار, محمد, طالب پور, مهدی, دارابی, مسعود, نظری ترشیزی, احمد. (1399). شناسایی الگوهای ذهنی خبرگان دربارة مصرفکنندگان برندهای مقلد و جعلی محصولات ورزشی. مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی, 12(61), 241-264.
غلامی قاجاری حسن، کلاته سیفری معصومه، شیرخدایی میثم (1396) شناسایی راهکارهای موفقیت استراتژی تقلید در شرکتهای کارآفرین ورزشی )مطالعة موردی: شرکت طنین پیک سبلان، برند بتا(، رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی، 5(19)، 37-51.
Bian, Xuemei & Moutinho, Luiz. (2011). The Role of Brand Image, Product Involvement, and Knowledge in Explaining Consumer Purchase Behaviour of Counterfeit: Direct and Indirect Effects. European Journal of Marketing - EUR J MARK. 45. 191-216. 10.1108/03090561111095658.
Chaudary, M. W. T., Ahmed, F., Gill, M. S., & Rizwan, M. (2014). The determinants of purchase intention of consumers towards counterfeit shoes in Pakistan. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4(3), 20-38 .
Choshin, M., & Ghaffari, A. (2017). An investigation of the impact of effective factors on the success of e-commerce in small-and medium-sized companies. Computers in Human Behavior, 66: 67-74.
Gaetano, M., & Rik, P. (2010). Looking more or less alike: Determinants of perceived visual similarity between copycat and leading brands. Journal of Business Research 63 (2010) 1121–1128 .
Giovannini, Sarah and Xu, Yingiao and Thomas, Jane. (2017). Luxury fashion consumption and Generation Y consumers: Self, brand consciousness, and consumption motivations. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. Vol 19. No 1. 22-40.
Horen, Van Femke & Pieters, Rik, (2021). "Consumer evaluation of copycat brands: The effect of imitation type," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 246-255.
Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C., Brown, J., & Jasechko, J. (1989). Becoming Famous Overnight: Limitson the Ability to Avoid Unconscious Influences of the Past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 326–338.
Kastanakis, Minas & Balabanis, George. (2012). Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the “bandwagon” luxury consumption behavior. Journal of Business Research - J BUS RES. 65. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.005.
Kapferer, J. N. (1995). Brand Confusion: Empirical Study of a Legal Concept. Journal of Psychology and Marketing, 12(6), 551–569.
Katie, K., Christopher. Berryb,, Femke, v. H. (2019). The presence of copycat private labels in a product set increases consumers' choice ease when shopping with an abstract mindset. Journal of Business Research 99 (2019) 264–274.
Kervilera Gwarlann de, Carlos M.Rodriguez(2019) Luxury brand experiences and relationship quality for Millennials: The role of self-expansion, Journal of Business Research, Available online 26 February 2019.
Lai, K. K_Y. & Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1999). Brand imitation: Do the Chinese have different view? Asia pacific journal of management, 16(2): 179-192.
Luk Warlop & Joseph W. Alba. (2004). Sincere Flattery: Trade-Dress Imitation and Consumer Choice. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY, 14(1&2), 21-27.
Magdalena, B., Jörg. O., & Christiane, S. (2017). Imitation under stress. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 139 (2017) 252–266.
Mitchell, V. W., & Kearney, I. (2002). A critique of legal measures of brand confusion. The Journal of Product and Brand Management,11(6), 357-379.
Mitceli & Pieters,(2010).Looking more or less alike:Determinants of perceived bvisual similarity between copycat and leading brands.Journal of business research 63:1121-1128.
Moreland, R. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1982). Exposure Effects in Person Perception: Familiarity, Similarity and Attraction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(5), 395–415.
Qian, Shang., Guanxiong, Pei., Jia, Jin., Wuke Zhang3, Yuran Wang3, Xiaoyi Wang(2018). PLOS ONE| https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191475 February 21, 2018.
Riso, J. (2014). Friend or faux: The trademark counterfeiting act's inability to stop the sale of counterfeit sporting goods. Journal of Business and Intellectual Property. Law., 15(2), 233-61.
Sasa, S. (2006). Consumer evaluations of brand imitation: An investigation. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of master of business. Auckland University of technology, New Zealand.
Schewe, G. (1996). Imitation as a Strategic Option for External Acquisition of Technology. Journal of Eng. Technol. Manage. 13; 55-82.
Sayman, S., Hoch, S. J., &Raju, J. S. (2002). Positioning of Store Brands. Marketing Science, 21(4), 378-397.
Shi, Z. (June), Liu, X., Lee, D., & Srinivasan, K. (2023). How Do Fast-Fashion Copycats Affect the Popularity of Premium Brands? Evidence from Social Media. Journal of Marketing Research, 60(6), 1027-1051. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231164403
Scott-Morton, F., & Zettelmeyer, F. (2004). The Strategic Positioning of Store Brands in Retailer – Manufacturer negotiations. Journal of Review of Industrial Organization, 24(2), 161–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.227926.
Van Horen, F., & Pieters, R. (2012b). Consumer Evaluation of Copycat Brands: The Effect of Imitation Type. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29,246–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.04.001
Vigneron, F., & Johnson, L. W. (1999). A review and a conceptual framework of prestige seeking consumer behavior. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1, 1–15.
Warlop, L., & Alba, J. W. (2004). Sincere Flattery: Trade-dress imitation and consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1,2), 21-27.
Yao, Q., Na, W. & Wenyu, D. (2016). Effects of perceptual and conceptual similarities on consumers’ evaluations of copycat brand names. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, J. Consumer Behav., 15: 117–125.
Zhang, S., & Markman, A. B. (1998). Overcoming the Early Entrant Advantage: The Role of Alignable and Nonalignable Difference. Journal of Marketing Research, 35(4), 413−426.
Zaichkowsky, J.L. (2006). The Psychology Behind Trademark Infringement and Counterfeiting (1st ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315820965
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The Personal Involvement Inventory: Reduction, revision, and application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1943.10673459
_||_ابراهیمی، سیدبابک؛ کتابیان، حمید؛ رحیمی، حسام (1394) شناسایی معیارهای موثر بر انتخاب برند مقلد در کالاهای مصرفی، مدیریت بازرگانی، 7(2)، ۲۷۳-۲۹۴.
ایمان خان, نیلوفر. (1397). کسب و کار الکترونیکی و عملکرد بنگاههای نوظهور. فصلنامه علمی - پژوهشی مدلسازی اقتصادی, 12(41), 83-105.
خداداد حسینی حمید؛ نجات، سهیل؛ هاشمی، مسلم (1396) گفتمان کاوی الگوهای ذهنی خریداران محصولات جعلی برندهای لوکس بر مبنای روششناسی کیو، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی مدیریت برند، 4(1)، 13-40.
کشتی دار, محمد, طالب پور, مهدی, دارابی, مسعود, نظری ترشیزی, احمد. (1399). شناسایی الگوهای ذهنی خبرگان دربارة مصرفکنندگان برندهای مقلد و جعلی محصولات ورزشی. مطالعات مدیریت ورزشی, 12(61), 241-264.
غلامی قاجاری حسن، کلاته سیفری معصومه، شیرخدایی میثم (1396) شناسایی راهکارهای موفقیت استراتژی تقلید در شرکتهای کارآفرین ورزشی )مطالعة موردی: شرکت طنین پیک سبلان، برند بتا(، رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی، 5(19)، 37-51.
Bian, Xuemei & Moutinho, Luiz. (2011). The Role of Brand Image, Product Involvement, and Knowledge in Explaining Consumer Purchase Behaviour of Counterfeit: Direct and Indirect Effects. European Journal of Marketing - EUR J MARK. 45. 191-216. 10.1108/03090561111095658.
Chaudary, M. W. T., Ahmed, F., Gill, M. S., & Rizwan, M. (2014). The determinants of purchase intention of consumers towards counterfeit shoes in Pakistan. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4(3), 20-38 .
Choshin, M., & Ghaffari, A. (2017). An investigation of the impact of effective factors on the success of e-commerce in small-and medium-sized companies. Computers in Human Behavior, 66: 67-74.
Gaetano, M., & Rik, P. (2010). Looking more or less alike: Determinants of perceived visual similarity between copycat and leading brands. Journal of Business Research 63 (2010) 1121–1128 .
Giovannini, Sarah and Xu, Yingiao and Thomas, Jane. (2017). Luxury fashion consumption and Generation Y consumers: Self, brand consciousness, and consumption motivations. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management. Vol 19. No 1. 22-40.
Horen, Van Femke & Pieters, Rik, (2021). "Consumer evaluation of copycat brands: The effect of imitation type," International Journal of Research in Marketing, Elsevier, vol. 29(3), pages 246-255.
Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C., Brown, J., & Jasechko, J. (1989). Becoming Famous Overnight: Limitson the Ability to Avoid Unconscious Influences of the Past. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 326–338.
Kastanakis, Minas & Balabanis, George. (2012). Between the mass and the class: Antecedents of the “bandwagon” luxury consumption behavior. Journal of Business Research - J BUS RES. 65. 10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.005.
Kapferer, J. N. (1995). Brand Confusion: Empirical Study of a Legal Concept. Journal of Psychology and Marketing, 12(6), 551–569.
Katie, K., Christopher. Berryb,, Femke, v. H. (2019). The presence of copycat private labels in a product set increases consumers' choice ease when shopping with an abstract mindset. Journal of Business Research 99 (2019) 264–274.
Kervilera Gwarlann de, Carlos M.Rodriguez(2019) Luxury brand experiences and relationship quality for Millennials: The role of self-expansion, Journal of Business Research, Available online 26 February 2019.
Lai, K. K_Y. & Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1999). Brand imitation: Do the Chinese have different view? Asia pacific journal of management, 16(2): 179-192.
Luk Warlop & Joseph W. Alba. (2004). Sincere Flattery: Trade-Dress Imitation and Consumer Choice. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY, 14(1&2), 21-27.
Magdalena, B., Jörg. O., & Christiane, S. (2017). Imitation under stress. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 139 (2017) 252–266.
Mitchell, V. W., & Kearney, I. (2002). A critique of legal measures of brand confusion. The Journal of Product and Brand Management,11(6), 357-379.
Mitceli & Pieters,(2010).Looking more or less alike:Determinants of perceived bvisual similarity between copycat and leading brands.Journal of business research 63:1121-1128.
Moreland, R. L., & Zajonc, R. B. (1982). Exposure Effects in Person Perception: Familiarity, Similarity and Attraction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(5), 395–415.
Qian, Shang., Guanxiong, Pei., Jia, Jin., Wuke Zhang3, Yuran Wang3, Xiaoyi Wang(2018). PLOS ONE| https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191475 February 21, 2018.
Riso, J. (2014). Friend or faux: The trademark counterfeiting act's inability to stop the sale of counterfeit sporting goods. Journal of Business and Intellectual Property. Law., 15(2), 233-61.
Sasa, S. (2006). Consumer evaluations of brand imitation: An investigation. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of master of business. Auckland University of technology, New Zealand.
Schewe, G. (1996). Imitation as a Strategic Option for External Acquisition of Technology. Journal of Eng. Technol. Manage. 13; 55-82.
Sayman, S., Hoch, S. J., &Raju, J. S. (2002). Positioning of Store Brands. Marketing Science, 21(4), 378-397.
Shi, Z. (June), Liu, X., Lee, D., & Srinivasan, K. (2023). How Do Fast-Fashion Copycats Affect the Popularity of Premium Brands? Evidence from Social Media. Journal of Marketing Research, 60(6), 1027-1051. https://doi.org/10.1177/00222437231164403
Scott-Morton, F., & Zettelmeyer, F. (2004). The Strategic Positioning of Store Brands in Retailer – Manufacturer negotiations. Journal of Review of Industrial Organization, 24(2), 161–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.227926.
Van Horen, F., & Pieters, R. (2012b). Consumer Evaluation of Copycat Brands: The Effect of Imitation Type. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 29,246–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2012.04.001
Vigneron, F., & Johnson, L. W. (1999). A review and a conceptual framework of prestige seeking consumer behavior. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 1, 1–15.
Warlop, L., & Alba, J. W. (2004). Sincere Flattery: Trade-dress imitation and consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14(1,2), 21-27.
Yao, Q., Na, W. & Wenyu, D. (2016). Effects of perceptual and conceptual similarities on consumers’ evaluations of copycat brand names. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, J. Consumer Behav., 15: 117–125.
Zhang, S., & Markman, A. B. (1998). Overcoming the Early Entrant Advantage: The Role of Alignable and Nonalignable Difference. Journal of Marketing Research, 35(4), 413−426.
Zaichkowsky, J.L. (2006). The Psychology Behind Trademark Infringement and Counterfeiting (1st ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315820965
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The Personal Involvement Inventory: Reduction, revision, and application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1943.10673459