Environmental Management and Law: 1 (1)

Open Access Article

1 - Environmental Espionage: Delusion or Fact
Rokhshad Hejazi Elaheh Pahlevan

The concept of soft war has transcended the confines of wartime, extending into peacetime due to the unique characteristics of new media tools—namely, their speed, global reach, affordability, and widespread availability. This form of warfare operates subtly and imperce More

The concept of soft war has transcended the confines of wartime, extending into peacetime due to the unique characteristics of new media tools—namely, their speed, global reach, affordability, and widespread availability. This form of warfare operates subtly and imperceptibly, yet its impact is more profound and far-reaching than in the past. Recognizing these dynamics, it becomes crucial for nations to harness and leverage emerging technologies, particularly in defense against espionage facilitated by robotic insects. This study initiates by exploring the historical dimension of espionage through animals, revealing that conventional animals, given their relatively large size and persistent presence in the environment, prove unsuitable for espionage missions due to the risk of detection. Consequently, the focus shifts to the latest method—espionage through insect robots. The rationale behind employing these robotic insects lies in their exceptional flying capabilities and effective camouflage. The research findings affirm the viability of using robotic insects as tools, emphasizing that nations aspiring to maintain strength and survival in the international arena must embrace new technologies and war tools to safeguard their existence. This article underscores the significance and value of these tools, advocating for the adoption of new war technologies to counter potential threats. Ultimately, it emphasizes the necessity of understanding the threats posed by robotic insects in the context of soft war, highlighting the importance of defense strategies against them. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - The effects of air pollution on kidneys function in Isfahan city
Samaneh Mohammadsoleimani Mozhgan Ahmadi Nadoushan Mozhgan Mortazavi Firouzeh Moeinzadeh Roya Kelishadi

Ambient air pollution is recognized as one of the most serious issues around the world. Some effects of air pollution on human health is due to the penetration of pollutants into the body, which can lead to effects on the body's internal system. In order to carry out th More

Ambient air pollution is recognized as one of the most serious issues around the world. Some effects of air pollution on human health is due to the penetration of pollutants into the body, which can lead to effects on the body's internal system. In order to carry out this study in Isfahan city, the spatial distribution of nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone obtained from the annual average (2023) of Sentinel-P5 satellite products was obtained in terms of moles per cubic meter. The results of the pollutant density accuracy assessment were within the acceptable range of R2 > 0.366 > 0.738. Also, the level of blood creatinine and the geographical coordinates of the residence of 92 patients were also calculated and their spatial relationship with the concentration of pollutants was investigated by linear regression model. The results showed that with the increase in the concentration of each pollutant, the amount of blood creatinine also increased. The best regression model (R2 = 0.234) was obtained for carbon monoxide. The model made for ozone also showed a very low value of detection coefficient equal to (0.023). Based on the results, it seems that the increase in the concentration of these pollutants has caused an increase in blood pressure and stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which can lead to kidney dysfunction and an increase in the level of creatine in the blood. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Development of an educational protocol based on environmental culture in Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr branch
Ehsan Shojaei Narges Atrian Mehri Mahdikhani

The main objective of this study is to develop an educational protocol based on environmental culture at Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University. The research follows an applied approach using a combination method of sequential exploratory type. The development of t More

The main objective of this study is to develop an educational protocol based on environmental culture at Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University. The research follows an applied approach using a combination method of sequential exploratory type. The development of the educational protocol is based on qualitative environmental culture and is structured as a semi-experimental research design with a pre-test, post-test, and control group. The quantitative aspect of the research is employed to determine the executive validity of the protocol. The statistical population in the qualitative section includes students of Shahinshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, in the year 2022, and reference texts covering the period from 2001 to 2021. In the quantitative section, the statistical populations consist of experts in educational interventions of environmental culture and students in the year 2022. Twenty students and eleven references were selected for the qualitative section, while five experts in environmental culture educational interventions and thirty students were chosen for the quantitative section. The results revealed two main themes: individual factors, encompassing increased environmental awareness, improved environmental attitude, and heightened environmental motivation, and situational factors, including utilizing personal resources to preserve the environment, reinforcing responsibility, and creating social pressure. The educational protocol, compiled based on environmental culture, focuses on the main themes, emphasizing that environmental culture and its dimensions (awareness, attitude, and performance) significantly impact the students of Islamic Azad University, Shahinshahr Branch. Therefore, the study suggests the application of an educational package based on environmental culture to enhance students' environmental culture. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - Environmental Challenges of Waste in International Law
زینب پورخاقان شاهرضایی Zahra sadat Hosseini

Today, environmental risks caused by the mismanagement of waste are recognized as a fundamental issue worldwide. With the rapid advancement of technology, waste and its management have emerged as crucial topics in the field of international environmental laws. These law More

Today, environmental risks caused by the mismanagement of waste are recognized as a fundamental issue worldwide. With the rapid advancement of technology, waste and its management have emerged as crucial topics in the field of international environmental laws. These laws go beyond the protection of nature and the environment; rather, they constitute a comprehensive framework of norms, institutions, and methods specifically crafted for waste management, taking into account diverse global dimensions. This study uses an analytical-descriptive method to explore the environmental challenges associated with waste in international law. The research methodology is library-based, relying on the review of existing studies, international laws, and regulations about waste. The research findings emphasize that pollution resulting from waste is a primary global concern, leading to the approval of numerous international documents addressing environmental challenges posed by waste at both domestic and international levels. These documents establish environmental responsibilities for governments. Additionally, the advancement of technology and increase in the production of electronic wastes have introduced new challenges in environmental protection for countries, with recycling standing out as a crucial factor in waste management. The issue of waste is not limited to the internal laws and policies of individual countries; it necessitates global cooperation. It is recommended that relevant organizations take proactive measures to establish a unified procedure in waste management, backed by robust executive guarantees. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Satellite indicators in drought monitoring in Iran
seyed mahdi PAZHUHAN

ought is a natural manifestation influenced by climatic conditions and is considered one of Iran's significant morphoclimatic phenomena. The appearance of this phenomenon is linked to variations in climatic elements such as temperature and precipitation. Drought, as a d More

ought is a natural manifestation influenced by climatic conditions and is considered one of Iran's significant morphoclimatic phenomena. The appearance of this phenomenon is linked to variations in climatic elements such as temperature and precipitation. Drought, as a destructive climatic event, can have adverse effects on the ecology of any region if not properly managed, with its economic losses being a crucial feedback. Effective monitoring of drought is essential for its management. In this research, the most practical indicators for satellite monitoring of drought have been defined and implemented using meteorological satellite images. This method proves to be more economical and time-efficient compared to traditional methods, including field monitoring. The analysis of satellite indicators revealed that, firstly, the electromagnetic spectrum ranges of 670 nm (red band) and 765 nm (infrared band) are commonly utilized in all plant indicators. Secondly, the output map generated from these indicators demonstrates their high efficacy in revealing vegetation changes and, consequently, monitoring drought. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Identifying contextual factors affecting the management of environment-oriented culture through the media
Reza Khalili Faezeh Taghipour Zahra Jafari

The aim of this study is to identify the background factors affecting the management of an environment-oriented culture through the media. To achieve this goal, an interpretive paradigm based on qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing the qualitative content ana More

The aim of this study is to identify the background factors affecting the management of an environment-oriented culture through the media. To achieve this goal, an interpretive paradigm based on qualitative methodology was employed, utilizing the qualitative content analysis method. The statistical sample, comprising 31 individuals, was purposefully selected based on specific criteria. It included in-depth and semi-structured interviews with experts in media, environment, culture, as well as professionals from the Environmental Protection Organization and the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization of the country, particularly the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management in Isfahan province. The selection criteria for these participants were their experience, expertise, and work history in the relevant field. To ensure validity, interviewees validated the interpretation of the interviews. Furthermore, a summary of the formulated model was presented to multiple experts, and their comments were gathered for further correction and adjustment. Following the interviews, the main category identified in the research was labeled "Media and Promotion of the Culture of Environment and Natural Resources." Background conditions influencing the development of the culture of preserving the environment and natural resources encompassed non-scientific treatment of managers with the media, the lack of universality in media facilities, absence of belief in mediating activities, adherence to security aspects, parallelism of environmental activities and natural resources, absence of environmental media, and the limited role of non-governmental organizations. In economic and managerial aspects, factors included the lack of credits and the absence of a communication system between media and the environment, as derived from the coding steps. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - The Effectiveness of Waste Segregation Training on the Environmental Attitude of Female Members of Isfahan Municipality Cultural Centers
محمد علی نادی Hamid Reza Rezvani

The rapid population growth, urbanization, continuous economic development, industrialization, and increased well-being of people have led to a rise in the production of municipal solid waste. One effective approach to promote recycling in waste management is to educate More

The rapid population growth, urbanization, continuous economic development, industrialization, and increased well-being of people have led to a rise in the production of municipal solid waste. One effective approach to promote recycling in waste management is to educate individuals on waste separation at its source. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of waste segregation training on the environmental attitudes of female members of Isfahan Municipality Cultural Centers. This study is practical in its purpose and follows a two-stage exploratory research design, utilizing a mixed-methods approach (qualitative and quantitative). The first stage involved qualitative research, where a waste segregation training package was developed based on thematic analysis. The second stage was quantitative, aiming to determine the effectiveness of the waste segregation training. In the quantitative phase, a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design was conducted. Sixty female members of cultural centers in Isfahan city were selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 software. The results revealed a significant difference in the environmental attitude variable between the control and experimental groups in both the post-test and follow-up phases (p < 0.001). The average environmental attitude scores in both the post-test and follow-up stages were higher in the experimental group than the control group. Considering the study's findings and the importance of waste management, we recommend that the government and high-level officials provide financial support for environmental training programs in society. Environmental education, particularly waste separation education, supports environmental preservation and leads to substantial savings in energy consumption. Manuscript profile

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