هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر همکاری معلمان در یک بستر غیرحضوری طراحی شده برای کمک به ارتقا سطح حرفه ای آن ها از طریق افزایش کفایت جمعی بوده است. بدین منظور تحقیق کنونی تلاش دارد تا با در نظر گرفتن سهم خود در زمینه آموزش زبان، برای آماده سازی معلمان زبان در جهت ارتقا سطح حرفه ای آنان گام برداشته و بینش موثری ایجاد نماید. شرکت کنندگان تحت یک طرح شبه آزمایشی شامل سه مرحله پیش آزمون، مرحلۀ آموزشی و پس آزمون قرار گرفتند. یافته ها نشان داد که همکاری در شبکه های اجتماعی به طور قابل توجهی کفایت جمعی معلمان را افزایش می دهد که به نوبه خود به پیشرفت حرف ه ای آن ها کمک می کند. براساس نتایج، مشارکت در حلقه‌های بحث مشارکتی، حرفه‌ای و انتقادی نقش موثری بر مؤلفه کفایت جمعی در ارتقا سطح حرفه‌ای معلمان زبان دارد و جنسیت، سن و سطح تحصیلات معلمان به‌طور متفاوتی بر رشد حرفه‌ای آن ها تأثیر می گذارد. نتایج این مطالعه در چارچوب نظریه‌های اجتماعی- سازنده و فعالیت مورد بحث قرار می‌گیرد. Manuscript profile

هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی تأثیر همکاری معلمان در یک بستر غیر حضوری طراحی شده برای کمک به ارتقا سطح حرفه‌ای آن‌ها از طریق افزایش کفایت فردی بوده است. شبکه‌های اجتماعی آنلاین فرصت‌های جدیدی را برای ارتقا سطح معلمان زبان از طریق مشارکت در بحث‌های غیرحضوری فراهم می‌کنند. بدین منظور تحقیق حاضر تلاش دارد تا با در نظر گرفتن سهم خود در زمینۀ آموزش زبان، برای آماده سازی معلمان زبان در جهت ارتقا سطح حرفه‌ای آنان گام برداشته و بینش موثری ایجاد نماید. شرکت کنندگان تحت یک طرح شبه آزمایشی شامل سه مرحله پیش آزمون، مرحله آموزشی و پس آزمون قرار گرفتند. یافته‌ها نشان داد که همکاری در شبکه‌های اجتماعی به طور قابل توجهی کفایت فردی معلمان را افزایش می‌دهد که به نوبه خود به پیشرفت حرفه‌ای آن‌ها کمک می‌کند. بر اساس نتایج، مشارکت در حلقه‌های بحث مشارکتی، حرفه‌ای و انتقادی نقش موثری بر مؤلفه کفایت فردی در ارتقا سطح حرفه‌ای معلمان زبان دارد و جنسیت، سن و سطح تحصیلات معلمان به‌طور متفاوتی بر رشد حرفه‌ای آن‌ها تأثیر می‌گذارد. نتایج این مطالعه در چارچوب نظریه‌های اجتماعی- سازنده و فعالیت مورد بحث قرار می‌گیرد. Manuscript profile

The notion of teacher commitment has grabbed much attention in the mainstream, and L2 teacher education as teaching has become more complex by recent sociocultural changes in educational practices. Consequently, several instruments have been developed to operationalize the construct. The instruments developed so far have addressed the construct generically. To be sure, this line of inquiry is still untouched in the ELT profession. The present exploratory mixed methods study attempted to develop a questionnaire to measure English language teachers’ commitment. In doing so, an initial 61-item questionnaire was developed conducting a comprehensive literature review and using interviews with domain experts and English language teachers. Then the trial instrument was administered to a sample of 352 teachers for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), reducing the instrument to 32 items. The subsequent Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) obtained from another sample of 577 individuals substantiated a seven-factor model as a robust and valid tool for measuring English language teacher commitment. The seven-factor model of teacher commitment included cognitive language teaching ability, language classroom environment, job satisfaction, opportunities for professional development, language teaching planning and support, language teaching self-image and beliefs, and language teaching exhaustion. ELTCQ can be used for measuring English teachers’ commitment. Researchers, administrators, and teacher trainers can use the questionnaire to improve the quality of in-service courses and examine teacher qualities for future professional predictions. Manuscript profile

Although many studies have documented the impact of fairness on enhancing students’ learning, only a few have been done in language learning situation in general and in the Iranian EFL context, in particular. Therefore, this study sought to investigate fairness in the context of the Iranian General English University Entrance Examination (Konkoor) to see the extent to which it is a fair measure of the candidates’ English language ability in terms of admission requirements, format, structure, and content. The researchers developed a questionnaire called EUEE, containing two sections: a demographic box and close-ended items with a 5-point Likert-type scale asking respondents to express their opinions. The findings showed that while the majority of respondents agreed that the EUEE met the standards of corporate responsibility and no-test product services, there were significant concerns about its validity, fairness, reliability, test design, equating, linking, norming, cut score, test administration, scoring, reporting, and test takers’ rights and responsibilities. Manuscript profile

The current study aimed at finding out the relationship between complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) in speaking performance across language proficiency levels with the focus on Skehan’s Trade-off Hypothesis. The selected participants of the present study included 60 language learners who were selected out of 90 learners. Through the results obtained from Oxford Placement Test, 21 participants were placed at elementary, 20 at intermediate, and 19 at advanced levels. The nationality of all participants was Iranian and therefore they shared similar L1 background. The sample participants were asked to perform the designed speaking tasks in different task complexities (low, mid, and high) and their oral CAF were measured and analyzed. To measure CAF, the percentage of error free C-units for accuracy, clauses per C-units for grammatical complexity, type-token ratio (TTR) for lexical complexity, and total number of tokens (words)/ total task time (per minutes) for fluency were used. The results of Pearson product-moment correlation revealed a significant positive relationship among complexity, accuracy, and fluency in oral performance. The results of the study indicate that there is variation in the process of gradual complexification in spoken L2 production across proficiency levels. In fact, the results of this study revealed distinguishing features in all three CAF components. Moreover, the findings of the present study provide pedagogical implications and recommendations for teachers, syllabus designers, and language assessors. Finally, some suggestions for other interested researchers in this field are presented. Manuscript profile

While research signifies the role of emotions in second/foreign language education, the impact of receiving explicit instruction on EFL students’ emotions and language skills has been overlooked. To fill this gap, this study investigated the contribution of self-regulation strategy instruction to EFL learners' L2 motivational self-system, involving ideal L2 self, ought to L2 self, and attitude to L2 learning. To this end, a mixed-methods research design was utilized. The researchers administered L2 Motivational Self Questionnaire, Self-Regulated Language Learning Questionnaire (SRLLQ), and a Reading Test to 60 Iranian female EFL students. Also, semi-structured interviews were held to unpack students' opinions concerning the impact of self-regulatory instruction on their L2 motivational self-system. The results corroborated the effectiveness of self-regulation instruction in enhancing learners' L2 Motivational Self-System, improving reading performance, and increasing motivation, autonomy, and self-confidence. The results encourage teacher educators to make teachers familiar with novel approaches regarding self-regulation instruction to increase the quality of language teaching. Manuscript profile

Reading and listening skills are regarded as two out of four significant skills in the field of language teaching. However, no valid research was carried out to study the role of the 5E Learning Cycle Model in developing these two receptive skills. Drawing on insight from the 5E Learning Cycle Model, this study aimed at examining the effect of 5E-based online activities on English language students’ reading and listening performances. A sample of 60 adult EFL learners studying in a pre-IELTS course at a private language school participated in the study. The study utilized an experimental method approach to achieve this. Two real samples of listening and reading IELTS tests were used as pre-and post-test to gather quantitative data. Two sessions before the start of a 12-session pre-IELTS course, learners became familiar with their electronic classroom called Easyclass and also received their pre-tests on listening and reading of IELTS. Next, 5E-based online activities were presented to the experimental group participants while the learners in the control group received conventional or non-5E-based instruction. At the end of the semester, learners participated in one extra session to take their post-tests. The independent sample t-test analysis of the quantitative data demonstrated that the employment of 5E-based online activities culminated in the improvement of EFL learners’ listening and reading performances. The findings imply that language teachers, teacher trainers, and material developers can benefit from 5E-based activities to improve language skills among learners. Manuscript profile

Reading and listening skills are regarded as two out of four significant skills in the field of language teaching. However, no valid research was carried out to study the role of the 5E Learning Cycle Model in developing these two receptive skills. Drawing on insight from the 5E Learning Cycle Model, this study aimed to examine the effect of 5E-based online activities on English language students’ reading and listening performances. A sample of 60 adult EFL learners studying in a pre-IELTS course at a private language school participated in the study. The study utilized an experimental method approach to achieve this. Two real samples of listening and reading IELTS tests were used as pre-and post-tests to gather quantitative data. Two sessions before the start of a 12-session pre-IELTS course, learners became familiar with their electronic classroom called Easy class and also received their pre-tests on listening and reading of IELTS. Next, 5E-based online activities were presented to the experimental group participants while the learners in the control group received conventional or non-5E-based instruction. At the end of the semester, learners participated in one extra session to take their post-tests. The independent sample t-test analysis of the quantitative data demonstrated that the employment of 5E-based online activities culminated in the improvement of EFL learners’ listening and reading performances. The findings imply that language teachers, teacher trainers, and material developers can benefit from 5E-based activities to improve language skills among learners. Manuscript profile

Negotiated syllabus addresses learners‟ needs and assists them in developing their own on-going syl- labus through shared decision-making in the classroom. Many studies focus on the effect of this learner-centered syllabus on language learning. However, few studies exist on its effect on the reading ability of language learners, especially in the area of English for specific purposes (ESP). To address this gap, this quasi-experimental pre-test post-test intact group design examined if negotiated syllabus has any significant effect on developing the reading comprehension of ESP students. To this end, 32 students in the experimental group were given the choice to design a negotiated syllabus through col- laboration while 39 students in the control group received a pre-designed syllabus. The data analysis showed that the ESP learners in the experimental group outperformed their counterparts in the control group on the reading post-test. The results of this study have implications for authorities in higher education, educational policy makers, and teacher professional development in ELT and ESP in par- ticular which are discussed in detail in the paper. Manuscript profile

Autonomy as an essential factor contributing to successful second language learning has been extensively studied in recent decades. Despite the importance of autonomy, the casual effect of the negotiated syllabus on enhancing learner autonomy through empirical studies is understudied. Few studies have attempted to document ESP learners’ experience with the negotiated syllabus. Therefore, this study methodologically contributes to the body of knowledge in autonomy by addressing the gaps mentioned above. This mix-methods research used a quasi-experimental design in the quantitative phase to investigate the effects of the negotiated syllabus on Iranian ESP learners’ (N = 71) autonomy. The experimental treatment was carried out with 32 students in the experimental class over eight weeks. The treatment comprised class-time exposure to a negotiated syllabus co-constructed through negotiation of purposes, contents, methodsو and evaluation. The control group used a pre-designed syllabus. T-test analysis showed a significant increase in the autonomy level of the experimental class in comparison to their counterparts in the control group. Qualitative data collected through semi-structured interview and student journal also confirmed the results. The compelling evidence on the positive effect of negotiated syllabus has different implications for different stakeholders including policymakers and teacher trainers. Manuscript profile

This study investigated whether there exists a noteworthy correlation between the L2 motivational self-system of Iranian EFL learners and utilization of self-regulation learning (SRL). A sample of 60 Iranian EFL learners was selected based on convenience sampling strategy. To obtain the necessary data, the researchers discussed the research goals with the language school's supervisor and obtained their consent. The researchers then explained the purpose and procedure to the participants who decided to take part in the research. The participants took the Motivational Self Questionnaire and Self-Regulated Language Learning Questionnaire. Pearson correlation suggested that learners' L2 motivational self-system had a statistically positive correlation with their self-regulation strategy use. Moreover, the analyzed data showed that there was a statistically strong positive relation between learners' score on ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self, and attitudes to L2 learning, with their score on self-regulation strategy use. The study has implications for English language education programs, bringing into focus that educators need to be aware of the significance of personal characteristics including motivation and SRL strategies in language teaching. Teachers can help learners develop their L2 motivational self-system and self-regulation strategies by creating a supportive learning environment and providing chances for students to take ownership of their learning and regulate their progress. Manuscript profile