Relationship between L2 Motivational Self-system and Self-regulated Learning (SRL): A Case of EFL Learners in Iran
پرویز مفتون
1
(
دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی علوم و تحقیقات تهران، گروه زبان انگلیسی، تهران، ایران
)
Sepideh Vafakhah
2
(
Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
)
Masood Siyyari
3
(
Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch
)
Keywords: Attitudes to Learning, Ideal L2 Self, Motivational Self-system, Ought-to L2 Self, Self-regulation Strategy Use,
Abstract :
This study investigated whether there exists a noteworthy correlation between the L2 motivational self-system of Iranian EFL learners and utilization of self-regulation learning (SRL). A sample of 60 Iranian EFL learners was selected based on convenience sampling strategy. To obtain the necessary data, the researchers discussed the research goals with the language school's supervisor and obtained their consent. The researchers then explained the purpose and procedure to the participants who decided to take part in the research. The participants took the Motivational Self Questionnaire and Self-Regulated Language Learning Questionnaire. Pearson correlation suggested that learners' L2 motivational self-system had a statistically positive correlation with their self-regulation strategy use. Moreover, the analyzed data showed that there was a statistically strong positive relation between learners' score on ideal L2 self, ought-to L2 self, and attitudes to L2 learning, with their score on self-regulation strategy use. The study has implications for English language education programs, bringing into focus that educators need to be aware of the significance of personal characteristics including motivation and SRL strategies in language teaching. Teachers can help learners develop their L2 motivational self-system and self-regulation strategies by creating a supportive learning environment and providing chances for students to take ownership of their learning and regulate their progress.
Alexander, P., Graham, S., & Harris, K. (1998). A perspective on strategy research: Progress and prospects. Educational Psychology Review, 10(2), 129-154.
Boekaerts, M., & Corno, L. (2005). Self-regulation in the classroom: A perspective on assessment and intervention. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 54(2), 199-231.
Chang, M. M., & Wu, Y. M. (2003). EFL learners’ self-efficacy and strategies use in a web-based learning environment. Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on English Teaching and Learning in the Republic of China, Taiwan, ROC, 117-125. Taiwan, Province University.
Chen, Ch., Chen, L., & Yang, Sh. (2018): An English vocabulary learning app with self-regulated learning mechanism to improve learning performance and motivation, Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(3), 237-260.
Cohen, A. D., & Griffiths, C. (2015). Revisiting LLS research 40 years later. TESOL Quarterly, 49(2), 414-429.
Cook, V. (2000). Linguistics and second language acquisition. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press and Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
Csizer, K., & Dornyei, Z. (2005). The internal structure of language learning motivation and its relationship with language choice and learning effort. The Modern Language Journal, 89(1), 19-36.
Csizer, K., & Tanko, G. (2017). English majors’ self-regulatory control strategy use in academic writing and its relation to L2 motivation. Applied Linguistics, 38(3), 386-404.
Dornyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching motivation. Harlow, England: Longman.
Dornyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Dornyei, Z. (2007). Research methods in applied lingustics. Oxford: Oxford Univesity Press.
Dornyei, Z. (2009). Psychology matters. In Breaven, B. (Ed.) IATEFL 2008: Exeter conference selections (pp. 16-22). Canterbury: IATEFL.
Dornyei, Z. (2014). Motivation in second language learning. In M. Celce-Murcia, D. M. Brinton, & M. A. Snow (Eds.), Teaching English as a second or foreign language (4th ed., pp. 518-531). National Geographic Learning/Cengage Learning.
Dornyei, Z., & Chan, L. (2013). Motivation and vision:An analysis of future L2 self images, sensory styles, and imagery capacity across two target languages. Language Learning, 63(3), 437-462.
Dornyei, Z., & Ryan, S. (2015). The psychology of the language learner revisited. NJ: Routledge.
Duttweiler, P. C. (1986). Educational excellence and motivating teachers. The Clearing House, 371-374.
Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ertmer, P. A., Newby, T. J., & MacDougall, M. (1996). Learners’ approaches to learning from case-based instruction: The role of reflective self-regulation. American Educational Research Journal, 33(3), 719-752.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1972). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Newbury House.
Ghapanchi, Z., Khajavy, G., & Asadpour, S. (2011). L2 motivation and personality as predictors of the second language proficiency: Role of the big five traits and L2 motivational self system. Canadian Social Science, 7(6), 148-155.
Islam, M., Lamb, M., & Chambers, G. (2013). The L2 MSS and national interest: A Pakistani perspective. System, 41(2), 231-244.
Kavani, R., & Amjadiparvar, A. (2018). The effect of strategy-based instruction on motivation, self-regulated learning, and reading comprehension ability of Iranian EFL learning, Cogent Education, 5(1), 1-17.
Kormos, J., & Csizer, K. (2008). Age-related differences in the motivation of learning English as a foreign language: Attitudes, selves, and motivated learning behavior. Language Learning, 58(2), 327-355.
Kormos, J., & Csizer, K. (2014). The interaction of motivation, self-regulatory strategies, and autonomous learning behavior in different learner groups. TESOL Quarterly, 48(2), 275-299.
Krashen , S. D. (1985). The input hypothesis :Issue and implications. New York: Longman.
Lamb, M. (2007). The impact of school on EFL learning motivation: An Indonesian case study. TESOL Quarterly, 41(4), 757-780.
Lindner, R. W., & Harris, B. (1993). Teaching self-regulated learning strategies: Proceedings of selected research and development presentations at the Convention of the association for Educational Communications and Technology, (pp. 641–654) New Orleans, LA, Ames, IA: AECT.
McWhaw, K. & Abrami, P. C. (2001). Student goal orientation and interest: Effects on learners’ use of self-regulated learning strategies. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(3), 311-329.
Mega, C., Ronconi, L., & De Beni, R. (2014). What makes a good student? How emotions, self-regulated learning, and motivation contribute to academic achievement, Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(1), 121-131.
Ning, H. K. & Downing, K. (2010). The reciprocal relationship between motivation and self-regulation: A longitudinal study on academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 20(6), 682-686.
O'Malley, J. & Chamot, A. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cambridge University Press.
Paas, F., Tuovinen, J., Van Merrienboer, J. J. G., & Darabi, A. (2005). A motivational perspective on the relation between mental effort and performance: Optimizing learner involvement in instruction. Educational Technology Research and Development, 53(3), 25-34.
Papi, M., (2010). The L2 motivational self system, L2 anxiety, and motivated behavior: a structural equation modeling approach. System, 38(3),467-479.
Perry, N. E., Phillips L., & Hutchinson, L. R. (2006). Preparing student teachers to support for self-regulated learning. Elementary School Journal, 106(3), 237-254.
Pintrich, P. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts, P. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 452-502). Academic.
Pintrich, P. L. & Schunk, D. H. (1996). Motivation in education: Theory, research and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents.
Rajab, A., Far, H. R., & Etemadzadeh, A. (2012).The Relationship between L2 motivational self-system and L2 learning among TESL learners in Iran. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 66, 419-424.
Reeve, J., Ryan, R., Deci, E. L., & Jang, H. (2008). Understanding and promoting autonomous self-regulation: A self-determination theory perspective. In D. H.
Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research and applications (pp. 223-244). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Salehi, M. & Jafari, H. (2015). Development and validation of an EFL self-regulated learning questionnaire, Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 33(1), 63-79.
Schunk, D. H. (1989). Social cognitive theory and self-regulated learning. In B. J. Zimmerman & D. H. Schunk (Eds.), Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 83-110). Springer-Verlag.
Schunk, D. H. (1994). Self-regulation of self-efficacy and attributions in academic settings. In D. H. Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self- regulation of learning and performance: Issues and educational applications (pp. 75-99). Erlbaum.
Schunk, D. H. & Zimmerman, B. J. (Eds.) (1998). Self-Regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice. New York: Guilford Press.
Shulman, L. (1992). Ways of seeing, ways of knowing, ways of teaching, ways of learning about teaching. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 23(5), 393-396.
Souvignier, E., & Mokhlesgerami, J. (2006). Using self-Regulation as a framework for implementing strategy instruction to foster reading comprehension.
Learning and Instruction, 16(1), 57-71.
Tabachnick, S. E., Miller, R. B., & Relyea, G. E. (2008). The relationships among learners’ future-oriented goals and sub-goals, perceived task instrumentality, and task-oriented self-regulation strategies in an academic environment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(3), 629-642.
Taguchi, T., Magid, M., & Papi, M. (2009). The L2 motivational self system amongst Chinese, Japanese, and Iranian learners of English: A comparative study. In Z. Dörnyei & E. Ushioda (Eds.), Motivation, language identity and the L2 self (pp. 66-97). Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Teng, L. S., & Zhang, L. J. (2016). A questionnaire-based validation of multidimensional models of selfregulated learning strategies. The Modern Language Journal, 100(3), 674-701.
Tseng, W. T., Chang, Y. J., & Cheng, H. F. (2015). Effects of L2 learning orientations and implementation intentions on self-regulation. Psychological Reports, 117(1), 319-339.
Ushioda, E. (2006). Language motivation in a reconfigured Europe: Access, identity, autonomy. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 27(2), 148-161.
Ushioda, E. (2011). Motivating learners to speak as themselves. In G. Murray, X. Gao, & T. Lamb (Eds.), Identity, motivation, and autonomy in language learning (pp. 11-25). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in selfdetermination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educational Psychologist,41(1), 19-31.
Vansteenkiste, M., Sierens, E., Soenens, B., Luyckx, K., & Lens, W. (2009). Motivational profiles from a self-determination perspective: The quality of motivation matters. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101(3), 671-688.
Walker, C., Greene, B., & Mansell, R. (2006). Identification with academics, intrinsic/extrinsic mot ivation, and self-efficacy as predictors of cognitive engagement. Learning and Individual Differences, 16(1), 1-12.
Wigfield, A. (1994). The role of children’s achievement values in the self-regulation of their learning outcomes. In D. Schunk & B. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulation of learning and performance: Issues and educational applications (pp. 101-124). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Winne, P. H. (1995). Inherent details in self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 30(4), 173-187.
Winne, P. H., & Hadwin, A. F. (2008). The weave of motivation and self-regulated learning. In D. H. Schunk & B. J. Zimmerman (Eds.), Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research and applications (pp. 297-314). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zheng, Ch., Liang, J., Li, M., & Tsai, Ch. (2018) The relationship between English language learners’ motivation and online self-regulation: A structural equation modelling approach. System, 76, 144-157.
Zimmerman, B. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated learning and academic learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3), 329-339.
Zimmerman, B. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25(1), 3-17.
Zimmerman, B. (1994). Dimensions of academic self-regulation, A conceptual framework for education. In D. Schunk & B. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulation of learning and performance: Issues and educational applications (pp. 2-21). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Zimmerman, B. (1998). Developing self-fulfilling cycles of academic regulation: An analysis of exemplary instructional models. In D. H. Schunk & B. Zimmerman (Eds.), Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice (pp. 1-19). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Zimmerman, B. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Theory, research, and applications (pp.13-39). San Diego, CA: Academic.
Zimmeman, B. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory into Practice, 41(2), 64-70.
Zimmerman, B. (2008). Investigating self-regulated and motivation: Historical background, methodological development, and future prospect. American Educational research Journal, 45(3), 166-185.
Zimmerman, B., Bonner, S., & Kovach, R. (1996). Developing self-regulated learners: Beyond achievement to self-efficacy. American Psychological Association.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (2005). The hidden dimension of personal competence: Self-regulated learning and Practice. In A.J. Elliot, & C.S. Dweck (Eds.), Handbook of competence and motivation (pp.509-526). The Guilford Press.