The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between the Stress Caused by Covid-19 and Productivity of South Khorasan Gas Company’s Employees
The Mediating Role of Emotional Intelligence in the Relationship between the Stress Caused by Covid-19 and Productivity of South Khorasan Gas Company’s Employees
Subject Areas : Human resources management)
Samira Pour
1
(
Assistant Professor of Organizational Behavior Management, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
)
Negar Kargar
2
(
Graduated from Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran
)
Mehdi Rashidi
3
(
Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, Payame Noor University,Tehran, Iran
)
Keywords: emotional intelligence, Stress, individual performance, covid 19,
Abstract :
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the stress caused by Covid 19 on individual performance with a mediating role of emotional intelligence. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-correlational research in terms of data collection procedure. This research was conducted among 250 employees of South Khorasan Gas Company. Using Cochran's formula, the number of sample size was 152 people who were selected by simple random sampling procedure. The required data was gathered using standard questionnaires; for the questions related to the stress caused by Covid-19 Thorsen et al.'s questionnaire (2010), for the questions related to individual performance the Romas Villagrasa questionnaire (2019), and for the questions related to emotional intelligence the Weng and Lau questionnaire (2002) were used. In addition to using standard questionnaires, the face validity of the data collection instrument was approved by the relevant experts. Moreover, the reliability of the final questionnaire, measured by Cronbach's alpha, was reported to be 0.805 and favorable. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software and the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The results of the data analysis showed that the stress caused by Covid-19 has a negative effect on the personal performance of employees and their emotional intelligence. Additionally, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive significant effect on the employees’ individual performance and that their emotional intelligence has a mediating role in the relationship between the stress caused by Covid-19 and their individual performance.
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the stress caused by Covid 19 on individual performance with a mediating role of emotional intelligence. The present study is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive-correlational research in terms of data collection procedure. This research was conducted among 250 employees of South Khorasan Gas Company. Using Cochran's formula, the number of sample size was 152 people who were selected by simple random sampling procedure. The required data was gathered using standard questionnaires; for the questions related to the stress caused by Covid-19 Thorsen et al.'s questionnaire (2010), for the questions related to individual performance the Romas Villagrasa questionnaire (2019), and for the questions related to emotional intelligence the Weng and Lau questionnaire (2002) were used. In addition to using standard questionnaires, the face validity of the data collection instrument was approved by the relevant experts. Moreover, the reliability of the final questionnaire, measured by Cronbach's alpha, was reported to be 0.805 and favorable. The data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software and the hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The results of the data analysis showed that the stress caused by Covid-19 has a negative effect on the personal performance of employees and their emotional intelligence. Additionally, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive significant effect on the employees’ individual performance and that their emotional intelligence has a mediating role in the relationship between the stress caused by Covid-19 and their individual performance.
Key Words: stress, Covid 19, individual performance, emotional intelligence.
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Alonazi, W. B. (2020). The impact of emotional intelligence on job performance during COVID-19 crisis: A cross-sectional analysis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 749–757. doi:10.2147%2FPRBM.S263656.
Amini, A.; Dorri Giv, R. & Ahmadi Zahrani, M. (2022). Identifying Factors Affecting Teleworking Productivity During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Fuzzy Techniques. Productivity Management, 2(61), 101-138. [In Persian] doi:10.30495/qjopm.2022.1938636.3213.
Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., and Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: psychometric properties of the Coronavirus stress measure. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 19(6):2423-2439. doi:0.1007/s11469-020-00337-6.
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Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. D. (2017). Emotions in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 67-90. doi:10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-032516-113231.
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Drigas, A., & Chara, P. (2020). The need for emotional intelligence training education in critical and stressful situations: The case of Covid-19. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), 8(3), 20–35. doi:10.3991/ijes. v8i3.17235.
Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., & Sala, F. (Eds.). (2005). Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups, 1-340.
Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. doi:10.30520/tjsosci.748404
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Ganjnama vaghe, k. (2022). The effect of authentic leadership on the individual performance of employees of the education and training department with a focus on emotional performance (case study of the employees of the education and training department of Gilan province). Psychology studies and educational sciences, 4(35), 95-110. [In Persian]
Giorgi, G., Lecca, L. I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G. L., Bondanini, G., Lulli, L. G, & Mucci, N. (2020). COVID-19-related mental health effects in the workplace: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7857. doi:10.3390%2Fijerph17217857
Hu, Sh., & Zhang, Y. (2021), COVID-19 pandemic and firm performance: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Economics & Finance, 74, 365-372. doi:10.1016/j.iref.2021.03.016
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Kamara, S., Walder, A., Duncan, J., Kabbedijk, A., Hughes, P., & Muana, A. (2017). Mental health care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 95(12), 842-847. doi:10.2471/blt.16.190470
Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 salgınının çok boyutlu sosyolojisi ve yeni normal meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 40(1), 541–573. doi:10.26650/SJ.2020.40.1.0048
Kavas, N.B., & Develi, A. (2020). Çalışma yaşamındaki sorunlar bağlamında Covid-19 pandemisinin kadın sağlık çalışanları üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 4(2), 84-112.
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Martins, E.; Luis, E. O.; Fernández-Berrocal, P., Martínez, M., , Sarrionandia, A., (2021), The role of emotional intelligence and self-care in the stress perception during COVID-19 outbreak: An intercultural moderated mediation analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110679. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110679
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290–300. doi:10.1177/1754073916639667.
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Alonazi, W. B. (2020). The impact of emotional intelligence on job performance during COVID-19 crisis: A cross-sectional analysis. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 749–757. doi:10.2147%2FPRBM.S263656.
Amini, A.; Dorri Giv, R. & Ahmadi Zahrani, M. (2022). Identifying Factors Affecting Teleworking Productivity During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Fuzzy Techniques. Productivity Management, 2(61), 101-138. [In Persian] doi:10.30495/qjopm.2022.1938636.3213.
Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Tanhan, A., Buluş, M., and Allen, K. A. (2020). Coronavirus stress, optimism-pessimism, psychological inflexibility, and psychological health: psychometric properties of the Coronavirus stress measure. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 19(6):2423-2439. doi:0.1007/s11469-020-00337-6.
Asadullahpour, M.; Tajari, J. & Paqa, A.A. & Sadeghi, A. (2018). Investigating the relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance considering the mediating role of organizational justice and job security of employees of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Golestan Province. The fourth national conference on accounting, management and financial engineering with emphasis on regional and world paradigms, Tehran, 1-14. [In Persian]
Ashkanasy, N. M., & Dorris, A. D. (2017). Emotions in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 67-90. doi:10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-032516-113231.
Baba, M. M. (2020). Navigating COVID-19 with emotional intelligence. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 810-820. doi:10.1177%2F0020764020934519.
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. doi:10.1037/ocp0000056.
Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., et al., 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 395, 912-920.
Carroll, D., Lovallo, W. R., and Phillips, A. C. (2009). Are large physiological reactions to acute psychological stress always bad for health. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 3(5), 725–743 doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009. 00205.x.
Ciarrochi. J., Deane, F.P., & Anderson S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 32(2), 197-209. doi.org/10.1016/ S0191-8869(01)00012-5.
Cote, S. (2014). Emotional intelligence in organizations. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 459–488. doi:10.1146/ annurev-orgpsych-031413-091233.
Dehghani Soltani, M.; Shiri, A.; Faraji, E. & Farsizadeh, H. (2016). The effect of emotional intelligence on employee performance in the hotel industry: the mediating role of acting strategies and emotional burnout. tourism management studies, 12(37), 71-94. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/ paper/202613/fa
Drigas, A., & Chara, P. (2020). The need for emotional intelligence training education in critical and stressful situations: The case of Covid-19. International Journal of Recent Contributions from Engineering, Science & IT (iJES), 8(3), 20–35. doi:10.3991/ijes. v8i3.17235.
Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., & Sala, F. (Eds.). (2005). Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups, 1-340.
Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), 426-437. doi:10.30520/tjsosci.748404
Erer, Beyza, (2020), Impact of Covid-19 Fear on Employee Performance, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 10(4), 845-852. doi:10.26579/jocress.412
Fernandez-Berrocal, P., Alcaide, R., Extremera, N., & Pizarro, D. (2006). The role of emotional intelligence in anxiety and depression among adolescents. Individual Differences Research, 4(1), 16–27.
Fernández-Berrocal, P., Salovey, P., Vera, A., Extremera, N., & Ramos, N. (2005). Cultural influences on the relation between perceived emotional intelligence and depression. International Review of Social Psychology, 18(1), 91-107.
Fu, W. & Deshpande, S. p. (2014) The impact of Caring Climate, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment on job performance of employees in a china’s Insurance Company. Journal of business Ethics, 124(2), 339-349. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1876-y.
Ganjnama vaghe, k. (2022). The effect of authentic leadership on the individual performance of employees of the education and training department with a focus on emotional performance (case study of the employees of the education and training department of Gilan province). Psychology studies and educational sciences, 4(35), 95-110. [In Persian]
Giorgi, G., Lecca, L. I., Alessio, F., Finstad, G. L., Bondanini, G., Lulli, L. G, & Mucci, N. (2020). COVID-19-related mental health effects in the workplace: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7857. doi:10.3390%2Fijerph17217857
Hu, Sh., & Zhang, Y. (2021), COVID-19 pandemic and firm performance: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Economics & Finance, 74, 365-372. doi:10.1016/j.iref.2021.03.016
Iranzadeh, S.; Khedevi, A. & Mushatzadegan, M. (2013). The relationship between managers' emotional intelligence and their performance in Bahman Industrial Group in 2012. Productivity Management, 7(27), 113-131. [In Persian] dor: 20.1001.1.27169979.1392.7.4.5.0
Kamara, S., Walder, A., Duncan, J., Kabbedijk, A., Hughes, P., & Muana, A. (2017). Mental health care during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Sierra Leone. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 95(12), 842-847. doi:10.2471/blt.16.190470
Karakaş, M. (2020). Covid-19 salgınının çok boyutlu sosyolojisi ve yeni normal meselesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 40(1), 541–573. doi:10.26650/SJ.2020.40.1.0048
Kavas, N.B., & Develi, A. (2020). Çalışma yaşamındaki sorunlar bağlamında Covid-19 pandemisinin kadın sağlık çalışanları üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 4(2), 84-112.
Kelly, E. J., & Kaminskienė, N. (2016). Importance of emotional intelligence in negotiation and mediation. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 2(1), 55-60. doi:10.1016/j.icj.2016.07.001
Lazaurus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1986). Stress appraisal and coping. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1-456.
Lea, R. G., Davis, S. K., Mahoney, B., & Qualter, P. (2019). Does emotional intelligence buffer the effects of acute stress? A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 810. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00810.
Martins, E.; Luis, E. O.; Fernández-Berrocal, P., Martínez, M., , Sarrionandia, A., (2021), The role of emotional intelligence and self-care in the stress perception during COVID-19 outbreak: An intercultural moderated mediation analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 177, 110679. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110679
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: Principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8(4), 290–300. doi:10.1177/1754073916639667.
Mensah, J. K., Bawole, J. N., and Wedchayanon, N. (2016). Unlocking the “black box” in the talent management employee performance relationship: evidence from Ghana. Manag. Res. Rev. 39, 1546–1566. doi:10.1108/MRR-08-2015-0190
Mergel, E., and Schützwohl, M. (2021). A longitudinal study on the COVID-19 pandemic and its divergent effects on social participation and mental health across different study groups with and without mental disorders. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 56, 1459–1468. doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02025-9
M´erida-L´opez, S., Bakker, A. B., & Extremera, N. (2019). How does emotional intelligence help teachers to stay engaged? Cross-validation of a moderated mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 151(4), Article 109393. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.048
Mishra, P. S., & Mohapatra, A. D. (2010). Relevance of emotional intelligence for effective job performance: An empirical study. Vikalpa, 35(1), 53–62. doi:10.1177% 2F0256090920100104.
Moro´n, M., & Biolik-Moro´n, M. (2021). Trait emotional intelligence and emotional experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Poland: A daily diary study. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 1-11. doi:10.1016/ j. paid.2020.110348
Narayanamurthy, G., Tortorella, G., (2021), Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on employee performance – Moderating role of industry 4.0 base technologies, Int. J. Production Economics 234, 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108075
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