ترکیب شیمیایی، پروفیل اسیدهای چرب و ارزش زیستی تانن در هسته‌های خرمای منتخب در ایران

Subject Areas : Camel

آ. رضایی‌نیا ¹ , ع.ع. ناصریان ² , ا. مختارپور ³

1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
3 - Research Center of Special Domestic Animals, Research Institute at University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran

Received: 2016-02-11 Accepted : 2016-04-15 Published : 2016-09-01

Keywords: ترکیبات فنولی, هسته خرما, تولید گاز, اسید چرب,

Abstract :

این مطالعه به منظور بررسی ترکیب شیمیایی و پروفایل اسیدهای چرب هسته­های شش واریته غالب خرما پرورش یافته در ایران شامل برهی، استعمران، مضافتی، خاصی، خرک و زاهدی و اثرات زیستی تانن آنها به صورت تولید گاز در شرایط برون تنی انجام گرفت. قابلیت هضم ماده آلی (OMD)، انرژی قابل متابولیسم (ME) و غلظت اسیدهای چرب کوتاه زنجیر (SCFA) پس از 24 ساعت کشت با و بدون استفاده از پلی اتیلن گلیکول (PEG) تخمین زده شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تمام واریته­های هسته خرما حاوی مقادیر بالای فیبر نامحلول در شوینده خنثی (NDF)، عصاره اتری و کل ترکیبات فنولی بودند که دامنه تغییر آنها به ترتیب برابر با 689 تا 782، 82 تا 118 و 41 تا 110 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک بود. ولی، دارای سطوح پایین پروتئین خام (50 تا 69 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) و خاکستر (10 تا 26 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) بودند. کروماتوگرافی گازی نشان داد که اسید چرب غیر اشباع اصلی اسید اولئیک (13/40 تا 35/46 گرم در 100 گرم اسید چرب) بود، درحالی که اسید چرب اشباع اصلی اسید لوریک (96/20 تا 25/26 گرم در 100 گرم اسید چرب) بود. بجز استعمران، همه واریته­ها دارای OMD (کمتر از 334 گرم در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) و ME (کمتر از 1/4 مگاژول در کیلوگرم ماده خشک) پایین بودند. استفاده از PEG حجم گاز تولیدی، OMD، ME و SCFA را افزایش داد (05/0P<) که نشان دهنده اثر ممانعت کنندگی تانن­های هسته خرما بر تخمیر میکروبی است. کل تانن با ارزش تغذیه­ای (OMD و ME) هسته­های خرما همبستگی منفی داشت. می­توان نتیجه­گیری کرد که با وجود قابلیت هضم و انرژی قابل متابولیسم پایین، هسته خرما بدلیل وجود مقادیر زیاد کربوهیدرات­ ساختمانی و عصاره اتری ممکن است به عنوان منبع دیگری از خوراک تلقی گردد.

References:

Abramovic H. and Abram V. (2005). Physico-chemical properties, composition and oxidative stability of Camelina sativa oil. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 43, 63-70.

Al-Farsi M., Alasalvar C., Al-Abid M., Al-Shoaily K., Al-Amry M. and Al-Rawahy F. (2007). Compositional and functional characteristics of dates, syrups, and their by-products. Food Chem. 104, 943-947.

Al-Farsi M.A. and Lee C.Y. (2008). Optimization of phenolics and dietary fibre extraction from date seeds. Food Chem. 108, 977-985.

Allman-Farinelli M.A., Gomes K., Favaloro E.J. and Petocz P. (2005). A diet rich in high-oleic-acid sunflower oil favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and factor VII coagulant activity. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 105, 1071-1079.

AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Ardekani M.R.S., Khanavi M., Hajimahmoodi M., Jahangiri M. and Hadjiakhoondi A. (2010). Comparison of antioxidant activity and total phenol contents of some date seed varieties from Iran. Iranian J. Pharm. Res. 9, 141-146.

Ashraf Z. and Hamidi-Esfahani Z. (2011). Date and date processing: a review. Food Rev. Int. 27, 101-133.

Ataye Salehi E., Hadad Khodaparast M.H., Lame S.H., Habibi Najafi M.B. and Fatemi S.H. (2010). Determination of chemical composition and fatty acids profile of date seed. J. Food Sci. Technol. 7, 85-90.

Bauman D.E., Baumgard L.H., Corl B.A. and Griinari D.J. (2000). Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 77, 1-15.

Babu S.V., Veeresh B., Patil A.A. and Warke Y.B. (2010). Lauric acid and myristic acid prevent testosterone induced prostatic hyperplasia in rats. European J. Pharmacol. 626, 262-265.

Besbes S., Blecker C., Deroanne C., Drira N. and Attia H. (2004). Date seeds: chemical composition and characteristic profiles of the lipid fraction. Food Chem. 84, 577-584.

Dayani O., Khezri A. and Moradi A.G. (2012). Determination of nutritive value of date palm by-products using in vitro and in situ measurements. Small Rumin. Res. 105, 122-125.

FAO. (2013). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations the State of Food Insecurity in the World.

Getachew G., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (2002). Tropical browses: contents of phenolic compounds, in vitro gas production and stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production. J. Agric. Sci. 139, 341-352.

Habib H.M. and Ibrahim W.H. (2009). Nutritional quality evaluation of eighteen date pit varieties. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 60, 99-111.

Hall M.B. (2009). Heat stress alters ruminal fermentation and digesta characteristics, and behavior in lactating dairy cattle. Pp. 204 in Proc. 11^th Int. Symp. Rumin. Physiol. Wageningen, Netherlands.

Hamada J.S., Hashim I.B. and Sharif F.A. (2002). Preliminary analysis and potential uses of date pits in foods. Food Chem. 76, 135-137.

Hashempoor M. (1999). Date Treasure. Agricultural Education Publication, Tehran, Iran.

Hossain M.Z., Waly M.I., Singh V., Sequeira V. and Rahman M.S. (2014). Chemical composition of date-pits and its potential for developing value-added product-a review. Poland J. Food Nutr. Sci. 64, 215-226.

ISO. (2000). International Standard ISO 5509. Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils-Preparation of Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids, ISO, Geneva.

Kamalak A., Canbolat O., Gurbuz Y., Ozay O., Ozkan C.O. and Sakarya M. (2004). Chemical composition and in vitro gas production characteristics of several tannin containing tree leaves. Livest. Res. Rural Dev. Available at: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd16/6/kama16044.htm.

Kumara Mahipala M.B.P., Krebs G.L., McCafferty P. and Gunaratne L.H.P. (2009). Chemical composition, biological effects of tannin and in vitro nutritive value of selected browse species grown in the west Australian Mediterranean environment. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 153, 203-215.

Makkar H.P.S. (2005). In vitro gas methods for evaluation of feeds containing phytochemicals. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123, 291-302.

Makkar H.P.S. (2000). Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A Laboratory Manual for the FAO/IAEA Co-ordinated Research Project on Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques to Develop Simple Tannin Assays for Predicting and Improving the safety and Efficiency of Feeding Ruminants on Tanniniferous Tree Foliage. Joint FAO/IAEA, FAO/IAEA of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Animal Production and Health Sub-program, FAO/IAEA Working Document. IAEA, Vienna, Austria.

Makkar H.P.S. (2003). Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Rumin. Res. 49, 241-256.

Makkar H.P.S., Blümmel M. and Becker K. (1995). Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyrrolidones or polyethylene glycols and tannins and their implication in gas production and true digestibility in in vitro techniques. Br. J. Nutr. 73, 897-913.

Mansoori H., Nikkhah A., Rezaeian M. and Mirhadi S.A. (2006). Comparison of microbial population in ruminal fluid of Sistani and Holstein cattle fed different roughages. Pajohesh va Sazandegi. 19, 66-73.

Menke K.H., Raab L., Salewiski A., Steiga H., Fritz D. and Schneider W. (1979). The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J. Agric. Sci. 93, 217-222.

Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 47-55.

Messaoudi R., Abbeddou S., Mansouri A., Calokerinos A.C. and Kefalas P. (2013). Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of date-pits of seven Algerian date palm fruit varieties. Int. J. Food Prop. 16, 1037-1047.

NehdiI., Omri S., Khalil M.I. and Al-Resayes S.I. (2010). Characteristics and chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix canariensis) seeds and seed oil. Indian Crop. Prod. 32, 360-365.

NRC. (2000). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. NationalAcademy Press, Washington, DC, USA.

Rahman M.S., Kasapis S., Al-Kharusi N.S.Z., Al-Marhubi I.M. and Khan A.J. (2007). Composition characterization and thermal transition of date pits powders. J. Food Engin. 80, 1-10.

SAS Institute. (2003). SAS^®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.

Steffensen S.K., Pedersen H.A., Labouriau R., Mortensen A.G., Laursen B., Troiani R.M., Noellemeyer E.J., Janovska D., Stavelikova H., Taberner A., Christophersen C. and Fomsgaard I.S. (2011). Variation of polyphenols and betaines in aerial parts of young, field-grown Amaranthus genotypes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 12073-12082.

Theodorou M.K., Williams B.A., Dhanoa M.S., McAllan A.B. and France J. (1994). A simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 48, 185-197.

Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.