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Open Access Article
1 - Estrogens Receptors-New Players in Spermatogenesis
س. سارازواتThe mammalian testis is a complex organ that serves two important functions, synthesis of steroids, with significant amount of estrogenic hormones produced and production of spermatozoa. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in cells of the testis as well as the epidid MoreThe mammalian testis is a complex organ that serves two important functions, synthesis of steroids, with significant amount of estrogenic hormones produced and production of spermatozoa. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in cells of the testis as well as the epididymal epithelium. We have demonstrated that estrogen receptor expression is higher in reproductive tissues as compared to non-reproductive tissues. In addition to this, western blot analysis showed a signal for estrogen receptor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Effect of Different Amounts of Protein and Varying Proportions of Corn Silage and Alfalfa Hay on Milk Production and Nitrogen Excretion of Dairy Holstein Cows
ب. محتشمی ح.ر. میرزایی ح. امانلوFour treatments were assigned to determine the effects of dietary potential digestible fiber (pdF) and crude protein (CP) levels in mid lactating Holstein cows on milk production and nitrogen efficiency. Sixteen primiparous (n=8) and multiparous (n=8) Holstein cows (bod MoreFour treatments were assigned to determine the effects of dietary potential digestible fiber (pdF) and crude protein (CP) levels in mid lactating Holstein cows on milk production and nitrogen efficiency. Sixteen primiparous (n=8) and multiparous (n=8) Holstein cows (body weight (BW)=546±72 kg; days in milk (DIM)=118±50 day) were allocated to one of four diets in balanced randomized complete design in two periods (each period including 28 day). Diets consisted of 50% forage and 50% concentrate. The experimental diets were as follows: 1) 19% CP and low pdF (HPLDF); 2) 17% CP and low pdF (MPLDF); 3) 15% CP and high pdF (LPHDF) and 4) 17% CP and high pdF (MPHDF). Milk yield was similar among dietary protein levels in each treatment, when data were combined across treatments. Both milk urea nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen concentrations increased as the protein content of diet was increased. As dietary protein was increased from the lowest to the highest concentrations, mean fecal N concentration increased from 2.8 to 3.0% and urinary N from 5.8 to 7.3 g/L (P<0.05). Overall, based on N utilization as well as milk production, 17% protein in diets utilizing various proportions of alfalfa hay and corn silage as the forage source appeared sufficient for cows producing 27 kg/d of milk in this study. Reducing protein to this amount can reduce N excretion, especially environmentally labile urinary N, without affecting milk production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Growth Performance and Feed Conversion Efficiency of Crossbred Heifers
ن.ک.د. نس م.آ. باست ن. زاهان شوشه اس.آ. بلال م. آکتاروزمان م.ن. اودینTheexperiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of crossbred heifer at different age level in Government Dairy Farm in Bogra, Bangladesh. Twelve female crossbred heifers were equally distributed (n=3) into four groups [Gr MoreTheexperiment was conducted to investigate the growth performance and feed conversion efficiency of crossbred heifer at different age level in Government Dairy Farm in Bogra, Bangladesh. Twelve female crossbred heifers were equally distributed (n=3) into four groups [Group A: (7±2 months), B: (12±2 months), C: (15±2 months) and D: (20±2 months)] according to age and fed concentrate mix, rice straw and Napier grass at the rate of 2% of live weight. Napier grass and rice straw were offered at the ratio of 1:1. The concentrate mixture was provided at the rate of 1% of their body weight. It was found that dry matter content was higher in concentrate mix and rice straw and lower in Napier grass. Organic matter content was higher in Napier grass than that of concentrate and rice straw. Crude fiber concentration was higher in rice straw than that of concentrate and Napier grass. Intake of dry matter and organic matter differed significantly among the treatment groups. Crude protein intake was higher in C group heifer than other groups. Intake of crude fiber was higher in C group followed by B, D and A group. The final live weight was higher in D group than C, B and A group. Unit feed dry matter intake was higher with the advancement of age, being lowest in younger group. The heifers of D group showed higher value of feed conversion efficiency followed by C, B and A group respectively and concluded 20 ± 2 months of heifer is more economical than the other ages. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Chemical Composition, Fatty Acids Profile and Biological Evaluation of Tannins of Selected Date Seeds Grown in Iran
آ. رضایینیا ع.ع. ناصریان ا. مختارپورThis study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acids profile of six predominant date seed cultivars grown in Iran including Barhi, Estamaran, Mazafati, Khasi, Kharak and Zahedi and the biological effects of their tannins based on in vitro gas pr MoreThis study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acids profile of six predominant date seed cultivars grown in Iran including Barhi, Estamaran, Mazafati, Khasi, Kharak and Zahedi and the biological effects of their tannins based on in vitro gas production. Organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were estimated after 24 h of incubation without or with inclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG). Results showed that date seeds of all cultivars contained high amount of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), ether extract (EE) and total phenolics (TP), which ranged from 689 to 782, 82 to 118 and 41 to 110 g/kg DM, respectively. However, they had low levels of crude protein (CP) (50 to 69 g/kg DM) and ash (10 to 26 g/kg DM). Gas chromatography revealed that the major unsaturated fatty acid was oleic acid (40.13 to 46.35 g/100 g fatty acids), while the main saturated fatty acid was lauric acid (20.96 to 26.25 g/100 g fatty acids). Except for Estamaran, all cultivars had low OMD ( Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Modelling Anaerobic Digestion of Cow Manure to Predict Methane Flow Rate
م. کمالی نسب ع. وکیلی م. دانش مسگران ر. ولی زاده س.ر. نبویAnaerobic digestion (AD) of biowastes is one of the most common ways to produce methane-rich biogas, which has considerable potential to replace the fossil fuel used in multiple applications, such as vehicular transportation, internal combustion engines, cogeneration of MoreAnaerobic digestion (AD) of biowastes is one of the most common ways to produce methane-rich biogas, which has considerable potential to replace the fossil fuel used in multiple applications, such as vehicular transportation, internal combustion engines, cogeneration of heat and power systems and many other systems. Many companies are involved in the design and construction of anaerobic digestion systems. Empirical methods have been used to improve AD facilities, but these have needed time-consuming studies and construction of expensive prototype systems. On the other hand, design and optimization of AD processes for biogas production can be enhanced via validated mathematical models. In this paper a dynamic mathematical model has been developed to a pilot anaerobic reactor fed dairy cow / cattle manure. The model is based upon material balances and comprises four state variables, namely biodegradable volatile solids, acid generating microbes (acidogens), methane generating microbes (methanogens) and volatile fatty acids. The model predicts the methane gas flow produced in the reactor. At the end, a sensitivity analysis is done to show how the gas flow rate, maximum reaction rate of acidogens, maximum reaction rate of methanogens, reaction rate of acidogens and reaction rate of methanogens and solid retention time, would change due to changes of some key parameters such as: reactor temperature and also reactor volume. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Dose-Response Effects of Various Rumen Microbial Modifier Essential Oils on Protein Degradation Using in vitro Gas Production Technique
م. دانش مسگران م.ر. نظری ع.ر. وکیلی ج. فلاحتی زو س. فداییThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various doses of essential oils (EO) of thyme (TEO) or cinnamon (CEO) on in vitro rumen degradation of protein of a commercial total mixed ratio (TMR) containing 16.4% crud protein (CP). Treatments were TMR without MoreThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various doses of essential oils (EO) of thyme (TEO) or cinnamon (CEO) on in vitro rumen degradation of protein of a commercial total mixed ratio (TMR) containing 16.4% crud protein (CP). Treatments were TMR without any of EOs (control); control plus 25 µL of TEO (TEO25); control plus 50 µL of TEO (TEO50); control plus 25 µL of CEO (CEO25) and control plus 50 µL of CEO (CEO50). Rumen fluid was collected before the morning feeding from two rumen fistulated dairy cows. Approximately, 90 mL of buffered rumen fluid (BRF), 400 mg of feed sample plus carbohydrates (maltose, xylose and starch) at four concentrations (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg) were added to screw-cap bottles. Gas production (mL) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (mg) in each bottle were measured at 4, 8, 12, 24 and 30 h post-incubation and in vitro crude protein degradation (IVDP) was calculated via a linear regression. Both TEO and CEO caused a significant reduction in IVDP values compared with those of control (P<0.05). The IVDP values for treatments of control, TEO50 and CEO50 after 30 h post incubation were 0.56, 0.33 and 0.48, respectively. Amount of the readily fermentable fraction and the potentially degradable fraction of the feed protein were affected significantly by treatments (P<0.05). Also, the effective crude protein degradability (EPD) was significantly affected by the EOs (P<0.05). These results suggest that the TEO and CEO might be used for manipulating the ruminal protein degradability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - The Chemical Composition, Digestibility and Degradability of Processed Pistachio Peel with Neurospora sitophila
م. وهاب زاده O. دیانی J. نصرThe nutritive values of non-processed and processed pistachio peel with Neurospora sitophila were evaluated. The chemical composition of samples was evaluated by laboratory analysis. An in vitro digestibility study was done to determine digestibility coefficients of dry MoreThe nutritive values of non-processed and processed pistachio peel with Neurospora sitophila were evaluated. The chemical composition of samples was evaluated by laboratory analysis. An in vitro digestibility study was done to determine digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM). Digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) to estimate the metabolizable energy (ME) content of pistachio peel samples. In addition, the disappearance of DM, OM and crude protein (CP) of the samples was determined by an in situ method. For each sample 12 bags were incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and their kinetics were described using the equation p= a + b(1-e-c(t-tl)). The nutritive value index (NIV) of samples was calculated using the equation: NIV= a + 0.4b + 200c. The collected data were analyzed in a completely randomized design. The average total phenolic and total tannin compounds, DM percentage and digestion coefficient of DM in pistachio peel decreased (P<0.05) by processing. However, the percentage of CP, acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), effective degradability of DM, OM and CP, and NIV of DM, OM and CP increased (P<0.05). The results showed that processing of pistachio peel with Neurospora sitophila, decreased compounds of phenol and tannin and increased its CP and effective degradability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Immunohistochemical Localization of Ghrelin in Testicular Tissues of Holstein Bulls
آ. بایزیدی آذر ب. شکرالهیGhrelin, a 28-amino acid acylated peptide, was identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor and its role in reproduction has recently been established. It is believed that the site of ghrelin expression in testes may indicate its MoreGhrelin, a 28-amino acid acylated peptide, was identified as the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor and its role in reproduction has recently been established. It is believed that the site of ghrelin expression in testes may indicate its role in local regulation. This study investigated the immunohistochemical (IHC) localization of ghrelin in Holstein bull testis using a monoclonal anti-ghrelin antibody as primary antibody and donkey anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase (HRP) polyclonal antibody as secondary antibody. Samples of testis were collected from three Holstein bulls aged of 1.5 to 2 years old and preserved in 10% formalin for posterior inclusion in paraffin. Histological sections with 5 micron in thickness were prepared for IHC. Immunoreactions were assessed for spermatogenic cells and leydig and sertoli cells. It is believed that the site of ghrelin expression in the spermatogenesis process, leydig and sertoli cells, may indicate its role in local regulations. This is one of the first studies to provide molecular evidence for the presence of ghrelin within testicular tissue cells of Holstein bulls. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - The Effect of Administering Equine Chorionic Gonadotropins (eCG) on Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cows with a CO-Synch + CIDR Protocol and Insemination at a Fixed Time
م.م. منشادی ع. رستگارنیا Sh. اسماعیلی ثانیThe success of a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) program depends on a high ovulation rate during a short interval. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) has been used in FTAI protocols to improve follicular growth and thereby to produce larger, more responsive fol MoreThe success of a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) program depends on a high ovulation rate during a short interval. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) has been used in FTAI protocols to improve follicular growth and thereby to produce larger, more responsive follicles for ovulation with increased pregnancy rates. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of eCG on conception rates of early post-partum dairy cows treated by progesterone-based estrous synchronization with artificial insemination at a fixed time (CO-Synch+CIDR protocols). 144 Holstein cows ≥ 55 days postpartum were used. All cows were enrolled in a 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol which included 100 μg gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) at CIDR insertion (day 0); 500 µg prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) at CIDR removal (day 7); and 100 μg GnRH at FTAI, 66 hours after PGF2α (day 10). Cows were randomly assigned as control cows (n=69) or treated cows (n=75) which received 500 IU eCG at the time of CIDR removal. All cows were examined by ovarian ultrasound at FTAI. The addition of eCG to CO-Synch+CIDR protocols improved the frequency of estrous response (control cows 51.4%, eCG-treated cows 87.8%; P<0.01). It reduced the interval between the end of treatment and the start of estrus (control cows 56.8±5.52 hours, eCG-treated cows 45.7±5.87 hours; P<0.01). It increased dominant follicular size at FTAI (control cows 15.1±2.41 mm, eCG-treated cows 19.6±1.84 mm; P<0.001). However, eCG had no effect on pregnancy rates (control cows 49.3%, eCG-treated cows 54.6%; P=0.131). The use of eCG, prior to termination of 7-day estrus synchronization when using the CO-Synch+CIDR program alone, could hasten the time of estrous expression and should be considered in FTAI dairy cows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Genetic Transformation of Amylase Gene to Ruminal Bacteroides Species Using Conjugation Consequence for Improvement of Rumen Enzyme
ح. عقبی طلب ف. مرادیان ق. رحیمی ح. رحیمیانRumen bacterial strains can potentially be manipulated to perform functions different from wild type species. The most numerous species of bacteria in the rumen and gut are species of the familyBacteroidetes, whichcan have the potential for genetic modification for enzy MoreRumen bacterial strains can potentially be manipulated to perform functions different from wild type species. The most numerous species of bacteria in the rumen and gut are species of the familyBacteroidetes, whichcan have the potential for genetic modification for enzyme production. One of the genetic manipulation of rumen bacteria can perform for production of starch digestive enzyme for the enhancement of nutrient flow to the rumen. In this study, Bacteroides species were isolated from rumen of cows. The 16S rRNA gene analysis was used to confirm the classification of the Bacteroides species. The amylase gene from Bacillus spp. was cloned into expression vector pET28A and then subcloned in Escherichia coli-Bacteroides pGFK114.1 shuttle vector. Conjugation between Escherichia coli and a Bacteroides strainwas accomplished with two Escherichia coli donors containing pGFK114.1 and pRK231 and one Bacteroides strain as a recipient. Transfer of amylase gene by vector was confirmed using a marker cefoxcitin antibiotic resistant gene. The amylase activity assay showed that successful expression of enzyme occurred in ruminal Bacteroides species. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - Predicting CpG Islands and Their Relationship with Genomic Feature in Cattle by Hidden Markov Model Algorithm
A. برازنده م.ر. محمدآبادی م. قادری ح. نظام آبادی پورCattle supply an important source of nutrition for humans in the world. CpG islands (CGIs) are very important and useful, as they carry functionally relevant epigenetic loci for whole genome studies. As a matter of fact, there have been no formal analyses of CGIs at the MoreCattle supply an important source of nutrition for humans in the world. CpG islands (CGIs) are very important and useful, as they carry functionally relevant epigenetic loci for whole genome studies. As a matter of fact, there have been no formal analyses of CGIs at the DNA sequence level in cattle genomes and therefore this study was carried out to fill the gap. We used hidden markov model algorithm to detect CGIs. The total number of predicted CGIs for cattle was 90668. The number of detected CGIs and CGI densities downwardly varied across chromosomes. Chromosome 25 had the largest number of CGIs (4556) and the highest CGI density (106.20 CGIs/Mb).A significant positive correlation observed among CGI densities with guanine-cytosine (GC) content, ObsCpG/ExpCpG, recombination rate and gene density. When the size of chromosomes increased, the CGI densities decreased and a trend of higher CGI densities in the telomeric regions observed. This feature may be the reason of a positive correlation between CGI density and recombination rate. To detect information on CGI density differences between cattle and other vertebrate genomes, CGI density was also scanned in eleven vertebrate genomes. The CGI densities varied greatly among genomes. These discoveries may contribute to a better understanding of epigenomic role of CGIs and their molecular evolution in the cattle. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Influence of Protein Source on the Growth of Lambs
م. سیمنوو ک. ندلکوThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of roasted soybean and sunflower meal on the consumption and growth performance of lambs from the Blackhead Pleven Breed. The results indicated that the addition of roasted soybean caused the lambs to grow signi MoreThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of roasted soybean and sunflower meal on the consumption and growth performance of lambs from the Blackhead Pleven Breed. The results indicated that the addition of roasted soybean caused the lambs to grow significantly faster than those fed sunflower meal (P<0.01). Adding roasted soybean to the feed caused lambs to intake significantly less maize and roughage, while intake more protein feed at the same time. Combined with the significantly higher growth rate (P<0.01), lambs receiving roasted soybean exhibited lower expenditure of dry matter, concentrated feed and raw protein for 1 kg of growth, compared to lambs who were fed with sunflower meal (P<0.01). The intake amount of dry matter had a significant effect on the average daily gain in lambs consuming roasted soybean, with a high correlation coefficient (r=0.645). In both groups of lambs, raw protein and FUG feed units for growth intakes significantly affected the animals’ growth performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Effects of Replacing Alfalfa Hay and Wheat Straw by Pistachio by-Product Silage and Date Waste on the Performance and Blood Parameters of Fattening Lambs
ب. سلطانی نژاد O. دیانی ر. طهماسبی ا. خضریIn this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizab MoreIn this trial effects of feeding pistachio by-product silage with date waste (PBSD) on dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain and blood parameters of lambs were studied. Ensiling of pistachio by-products (PBP) with date waste increased dry matter (DM) and metabolizable energy (ME), but decreased the percentages of crude protein (CP), total tannins and phenolic compounds (P<0.05). Treatment diets were: 1) control (without PBSD); 2) diet containing 7% PBSD; 3) diet containing 14% PBSD and 4) diet containing 21% PBSD (DM basis). Forty male lambs were allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized design. All groups were fed a control diet for 21 days prior to the start of the 90-day experiment. Thereafter, one group (control) continued to receive the same diet while other groups received the diets containing PBSD. At the end of experiment, all lambs were slaughtered on the same day. The lambs fed diets containing 14 or 21% PBSD had more DMI than those fed with the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased final weight, live daily gain, the weight of the warm or cold carcass and lean meat. The lambs fed 14 and 21% PBSD had lower TG than lambs fed the control diet (P<0.05). Feeding 21% PBSD significantly (P<0.05) increased the blood total protein and albumin concentration when compared with the control group. The concentrations of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) enzymes in blood were not affected. The results showed that feeding 21% PBSD to fattening lambs increased their performance, and it had no adverse effects on liver function. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Economics of Feeding Sun-Dried Poultry Dropping Based Diets on Growing Rams Consuming Sorghum Stover
آ.آ. بلوThis study analyzed the economics of feeding dried poultry droppings as supplement in ram production. Gross margin analysis and profitability ratio was used to analyze the data collected. The result of the budgetary analysis revealed that highest total cost of ₦5292.98/ MoreThis study analyzed the economics of feeding dried poultry droppings as supplement in ram production. Gross margin analysis and profitability ratio was used to analyze the data collected. The result of the budgetary analysis revealed that highest total cost of ₦5292.98/ram was incurred, highest total revenue of ₦7565.40/ram, highest gross margin of ₦3272.41/ram and highest net farm income of ₦2272.42/ram were observed for the supplemented treatment groups. The profitability ratio gave the best benefit-cost ratio of 1.43, rate of return of 0.43, gross ratio of 0.70 and expense structure ratio of 0.23. This indicates that feeding of dried poultry droppings to rams is a profitable venture. This study therefore recommends the supplementation of dried poultry droppings at 20% inclusion level for optimum profitability. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Effect of Supplementation with Different Proportion of Concentrate Mixture and Untreated or Calcium Hydroxide Treated Acacia toritilis Leaves on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Nutrient Retention and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Arsi-Bale Goats Fed Rhodes Grass Hay Basal Diet
م. بایسا ت. نگس آ. تولراAn experiment was conducted to examine the effect of replacing a concentrate supplement with untreated or calcium hydroxide (3% w/w) treated Acacia toritlis leaves in Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay basal diets on feed intake, digestibility, nutrient retention and rum MoreAn experiment was conducted to examine the effect of replacing a concentrate supplement with untreated or calcium hydroxide (3% w/w) treated Acacia toritlis leaves in Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hay basal diets on feed intake, digestibility, nutrient retention and rumen fermentation parameters of 54 yearling male goats of Arsi-Bale breed (body wt of 13.78 ± 1.9 kg and 12 months old). The experiment was conducted for 84 days in a 2 × 5 factorial design (factor 1: alkali treatment of leaves (treated or untreated) and factor 2: five levels of leaves in concentrate mixture). The treatment diets were: UL-0: hay + 300 g concentrate mixture; UL-25: hay + 225 g concentrate and 75 g untreated dried leaves, UL-50: hay + 150 g concentrate and 150 g untreated dried leaves; UL-75: hay + 75 g concentrate and 225 g untreated dried leaves; UL-100: hay + 300 g untreated dried leaves; TL-0: hay + 300 g concentrate; TL-25: hay + 225 g concentrate and 75 g treated dried leaves; TL-50: hay + 150 g concentrate and 150 g dried treated leaves; TL-75: hay + 75 g concentrate and 225 g treated dried leave and TL-100: hay + 300 g treated dried leaves. Both Ca(OH)2 treatment and partial replacement of the concentrate mixture by Acacia leaf meal (ALM) significantly (P<0.05) reduced ether extract (EE), total phenolics (TP), total tannins (TT) and CT contents of the diets. Whereas, dietary concentrations of ash, acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and calcium (Ca); intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), nitrogen, Ca and P; digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), CP and NDF; concentration of rumen ammonia nitrogen and pH of the rumen fluid were significantly (P<0.05) increased by the alkali treatment and partial replacements. In general comparable results of intake, digestibility and balances of nutrients were observed when concentrate ration in the diets was replaced by treated ALM at 75% and untreated 50% in order of importance against untreated leaf meals. It is concluded that partial replacement of acacia leaf meals in the concentrate mixture combined with calcium hydroxide treatment at 75% level gave maximum benefits to goats than other levels of untreated or treated leaves. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Effect of Pre-Pubertal Plan of Nutrition on Reproductive Performance, Hormone Concentrations and Milk Production in Kurdish Female Lambs
ص. منتیان ح.ر. میرزایی الموتی ف. فتاح نیا ر. معصومیTo determine the value of pre-pubertal plan of nutrition on reproductive performance, hormonal concentrations and milk production in ewe lambs, a total of 40 clinically health Kurdish female lambs (30±8.6 d and weighing 10.2±3.4 kg) were randomly allocated MoreTo determine the value of pre-pubertal plan of nutrition on reproductive performance, hormonal concentrations and milk production in ewe lambs, a total of 40 clinically health Kurdish female lambs (30±8.6 d and weighing 10.2±3.4 kg) were randomly allocated to one of two experimental diets in pre-weaning period: high quality diet (HQD) (HQD, 2.50 Mcal ME/kg dry matter (DM) and 148 g CP/kg DM) or low quality diet (LQD) (LQD, 2.02 Mcal ME/kg DM and 87 g CP/kg DM). At weaning, one half of lambs from each group was randomly separated and assigned to HQD or LQD. There were four treatment groups in post-weaning period: H-H (HQD pre-and post-weaning); H-L (HQD pre-weaning and LQD post-weaning); L-H (LQD pre-weaning and HQD post-weaning) and L-L (LQD pre and post-weaning, control group). Dry matter intake was measured weekly and body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were measured every 2 weeks from 30 to 210 d of age. Serum insulin, leptin and progesterone concentrations were determined by ELISA. In general, the HQD treatment increased dry matter intake (DMI), compared with the LQD treatment during pre-weaning period (P<0.01). Results showed that initial BW was similar between all experimental groups (P>0.05). During post-weaning, lambs of H-H treatment had higher DMI, metabolize energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) intake compared with other lambs treatments (P>0.05). Within the post-weaning, serum progesterone concentrations was greater for ewe lambs fed at H-H group than for other groups (P<0.05). Serum insulin concentration was affected by the diet quality at both periods (P<0.05). Leptin concentration was affected by treatment and ewe lambs of L-H group had higher leptin concentrations (P<0.05). Age at the time of puberty was affected by treatments (P<0.05). In addition, Ewe lambs in the H-H and L-H groups were younger and weighed more at puberty. Diet plan in the pre-pubertal period was affected milk yield at the first lactation (P<0.05). It was concluded that pre-pubertal plan play an important role in secretion of progesterone, insulin and leptin, which can leads to early sexual puberty. And also these strategic plans should be improve economic traits the start of lamb’s puberty in sheep husbandry. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Effect of Synbiotic on Performance, Intestinal Morphology, Fecal Microbial Population and Blood Metabolites of Suckling Lambs
ا. معرب ت. قورچی س. رمضانپور ف. گنجی ع.ر. کوچک زادهThe effects of synbiotic supplementation to the Moghani suckling lambs diet were investigated using 18 lambs (initial BW 5-6 kg, age 3±2 day) were divided into 3 groups and fed experimental diets for 90 days. The dietary treatments were: 1) control (lambs were fe MoreThe effects of synbiotic supplementation to the Moghani suckling lambs diet were investigated using 18 lambs (initial BW 5-6 kg, age 3±2 day) were divided into 3 groups and fed experimental diets for 90 days. The dietary treatments were: 1) control (lambs were fed with mother’s milk, along with their normal diets), 2) control + 3 g of synbiotic and control and 3) control + 6 g of synbiotic for each lamb per day. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured monthly throughout the experimental period. Blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the experiment. Intestinal microflora was assessed monthly in feces, assaying for coliform bacteria, total aerobics and lactic acid bacteria. Also, at the end of study 4 lambs were slaughtered for assaying intestinal morphology changes. The lambs that fed 3 g synbiotic had a higher BW, greater BWG, increased FI and a better FCR compared to the control diet although the differences not statistically significant. Supplementation with 3 g symbiotic significantly reduced (P<0.05) serum cholesterol levels. Fecal coliform bacteria were reduced and lactic acid bacteria increased by supplementation. The results indicate that synbiotic can be used as a growth promoter in suckling lamb’s diets and can improve their gut health. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Different Sources of Protein Effect in the Flushing Rations on some Blood Parameters and the Reproductive Performance of Ghezel Sheep
ح. دقیق کیا آ. احمدفاضل ع. حسین خانیSixty Ghezel ewes (age 3.5 years) were used to study the effect of different nitrogenous supplements in flushing ration on reproductive performance. Experimental treatments were divided in five groups: group A: urea; group B: soybean meal (SBM); group C: corn gluten mea MoreSixty Ghezel ewes (age 3.5 years) were used to study the effect of different nitrogenous supplements in flushing ration on reproductive performance. Experimental treatments were divided in five groups: group A: urea; group B: soybean meal (SBM); group C: corn gluten meal (CGM); group D: barley grain and group E: control or basal diet (no flushing). The four flushing rations had nearly the same amounts of nitrogen and energy (crude protein (CP)=10.5% and metabolizable (ME)=2.1 Mcal/kg). CGM and control groups had the highest and lowest number of progeny, respectively (16 vs. 9 lambs). Flushing rations increased average blood glucose, insulin and blood serum protein compared to the control group; however, glucose, insulin, cholesterol and BUN reached their highest levels in SBM, CGM, barley and urea treatments, respectively. Using suitable protein sources especially bypass or rumen undegradable protein (such as CGM) in the flushing ration can improve the reproductive performance and herd recovery efficiency, maximizing profitability of sheep farming enterprise. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effects of Non-Genetic Factors and Permanent Maternal Environment on Biometric Traits in Moghani Sheep
س. بخشعلی زاده م. غفاری ع. هاشمی ش. جعفریThe present study investigated basic statistics for biometric traits as well as non-genetic factors that may affect these traits in the Moghani breed of sheep. The data-set was computed by using biometric records of the Moghani sheep breeding and raising station over a MoreThe present study investigated basic statistics for biometric traits as well as non-genetic factors that may affect these traits in the Moghani breed of sheep. The data-set was computed by using biometric records of the Moghani sheep breeding and raising station over a period of 15 years (1996 to 2012). Year of birth, month of birth, birth type and lamb's sex and dam permanent environment were considered as the non-genetic factors. The studied biometric traits were: height at withers (HW), height at rump (HR), body length (BL), heart girth (HG) and leg circumference (LC). Least square means (cm) ± standard error were 69.8 ± 4.1, 69.7 ± 4.2, 50.2 ± 4.6, 85.9 ± 8.2 and 29.0 ± 5.4 for HW, HR, BL, HG and LC, respectively. All traits were affected significantly (P<0.05) by the fixed effect of year of birth. The lamb's sex had a significant effect (P<0.001) on the investigated traits except HG. The traits were affected significantly (P<0.001) by the birth type and month of birth. The maternal permanent environment as a non-genetic factor had no significant effect on the traits under study. The results of the present study suggested that non-genetic factors can be considered as notable sources of variation in the biometric traits. Therefore, improving environmental conditions can be suggested if an improvement in the biometric traits of Moghani sheep is desired. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Effect of Fat-Tail Docking on the Reproductive Performance in Ghezel and Mehraban Sheep
هـ آتشی ج. ایزدی فرد78 Ghezel and 76 Mehraban sheep were used to evaluate the effect of fat-tail docking on reproductive performance. Within two days after birth the tails of 32 Ghezel female lambs and 28 Mehraban female lambs were docked using a tight rubber ring. The lambs were allowed t More78 Ghezel and 76 Mehraban sheep were used to evaluate the effect of fat-tail docking on reproductive performance. Within two days after birth the tails of 32 Ghezel female lambs and 28 Mehraban female lambs were docked using a tight rubber ring. The lambs were allowed to reproduce for three lambing opportunities and their reproductive performances were evaluated. The effect of docking on the fertility (ewe lambing per ewe exposed), litter size (lambs born per ewe lambing) were evaluated employing a multivariate logistic regression procedure, through the inclusion of tail docking in a 2-way interaction with breed, the fixed effect of parity and the random effect of the ewe. The results showed that the interaction of docking and breed significantly impacted fertility rate (P<0.05). In Ghezel ewes, docking reduced fertility [odds ratio (OR) (95%confidence interval (CI))= 0.29 (0.11-0.79) for docked vs. undocked Ghezel ewes]. Docking had no effect on fertility in Mehraban ewes [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI))= 1.19 (0.38-3.71) for docked vs. undocked Mehraban ewes]. The interaction effect of docking and breed had no impact on litter size, lamb birth weight and lamb weaning weight. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Study of Factors Affecting Longevity and Survival of Iranian Guilan Sheep Using Linear and Non-Linear Models
م. نداف فهمیده ن. قوی حسین زاده م. گلشنیThe objective of this study was to evaluate non-genetic factors affecting longevity and survival of Guilan sheep from birth to yearling. Longevity and survival records of 41037 lambs born from 496 rams and 10256 ewes of Guilan sheep were analyzed using linear and Weibul MoreThe objective of this study was to evaluate non-genetic factors affecting longevity and survival of Guilan sheep from birth to yearling. Longevity and survival records of 41037 lambs born from 496 rams and 10256 ewes of Guilan sheep were analyzed using linear and Weibull models. Results indicated that the overall mean of longevity was 1260.84 days. The fixed effects of flock, dam age, sex, year and month of birth and interaction between dam age-sex had significant effects on longevity (P<0.05). But birth type, birth weight and interactions of sex-birth type and dam age-birth type had no significant effect on longevity (P>0.05). Male lambs had lower survival and greater hazard ratio compared with female lambs. Lambs which born in recent years and last months of year had greater hazard ratios and lower survival in the period from birth to 2-months and birth to yearling. Lambs which born in early months of year had greater survival and lower hazard ratio than those birth to 3, 6 and 9 months of age. Although twin lambs had lower survival and greater hazard from birth to 2 and 3 months of age periods, difference of single and twin lambs was not significant in other time periods. In conclusion, linear and non-linear models can be used to study the survival of lambs and it’s possible to improve this important item through modifying non-genetic factors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Estimating Genetic Parameters of Body Weight Traits in Kourdi Sheep
ع.ر. شهدادی د.ع. ساقیFor estimating genetic parameters for body weight traits in Kourdi sheep data were collected from 1996 to 2013 in Kourdi Breeding Station in Northern Khorasan province of Iran. Studied traits were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), six-month weight (6MW), nine-mont MoreFor estimating genetic parameters for body weight traits in Kourdi sheep data were collected from 1996 to 2013 in Kourdi Breeding Station in Northern Khorasan province of Iran. Studied traits were birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), six-month weight (6MW), nine-month weight (9MW) and yearling weight (YW). The fixed effects in the model were lambing year, sex, type of birth and age of dam. (Co)variance components and corresponding genetic parameters were obtained with the univariate and multivariate analyses fitting animal models using the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) methods. The most appropriate model for each trait was determined based on log likelihood values. Model including maternal genetic effects as well as direct genetic effects, without considering covariance between them, was chosen as the most appropriate model for BW and WW. Model which included only direct genetic effects was the best model for other traits (6MW, 9MW and YW). Year of birth, lamb sex and type of birth were significant sources of variation on body weight traits (P<0.01). Direct heritability estimates of 0.10, 0.28, 0.32, 0.22 and 0.20 were obtained for BW, WW, 6MW, 9MW and YW, respectively. The estimate of maternal heritabilities for BW and WW were 0.27 and 0.13, respectively. Direct genetic correlation estimates between body weight traits were positive ‎and varied from 0.56 for BW-YW to 0.97 for 6MW-9MW. Estimates of maternal genetic correlations between body ‎weight traits were positive and ranged from 0.84 to 0.99. The estimates of correlations between body weight traits suggest that selection for any of these traits could result in genetic progress for the other traits.‎ Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - Association between Insulin–Like Growth Factor I Polymorphism and Early Growth Traits in Iranian Zandi Sheep, Found Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
ف. نظری ع. نوشری ب. همتیEarly growth traits in sheep are economically important. Breeding for these traits has been shown to be problematic using quantitative genetic methods, particularly in native sheep herds. Molecular genetics is useful for sheep breeding. The gene for insulin-like growth MoreEarly growth traits in sheep are economically important. Breeding for these traits has been shown to be problematic using quantitative genetic methods, particularly in native sheep herds. Molecular genetics is useful for sheep breeding. The gene for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is one of the important candidate genes known for ovine early growth traits. The aim of this study was to investigate IGF1 polymorphism in exon 1 and its association with some early growth traits in Iranian Zandi sheep. For this purpose, 120 male and female lambs were selected randomly at up to 5 months old and blood samples were taken individually. Also, phenotypic records were collected from related farms. Genomic DNA was extracted by a salting-out method. A 265 bp region in exon 1 of IGF1 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), then genotyped using the restriction endonuclease HaeII. Two alleles, here called A and B, were found. Examination using PopGene32 showed allele frequencies of 0.47 A and 0.53 B. Genotype % frequencies were 28.33 AA, 37.50 AB and 34.17 BB. Chi-squared and G-squared tests showed that the population was not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P<0.01). An association study in SAS 9.2 found no significant effect of IGF1 genotype on any of these early growth traits: birth weight, average daily gain up to age five months and weight at age five months. However the AA genotype was linked to the highest values of birth weight. IGF1 polymorphism should be investigated as a molecular marker along with other polygene effects for growth traits in native sheep breeding programs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Molecular Characterization of Iraqi Local Goat Breeds Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers
Y. Muhammad Salih Al-Barzinj ر. اسمات اوراماری ر. عبد الغنی ال-سنجوریCashmere is only produced from Maraz (Kurdi) goat breed in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of different Maraz color types, black goat and Shami breeds using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Fourteen MoreCashmere is only produced from Maraz (Kurdi) goat breed in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of different Maraz color types, black goat and Shami breeds using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Fourteen primers were used and nine out of them were selected based on their number of bands (NB) and polymorphic characteristics. These primers generated a total of 154 bands ranged from 100 to 2800 bp. Out of the total bands detected only 50 bands were found to be polymorphic. Thirteen unique bands were found in Maraz goat, whereas the highest unique band was obtained in primer 7-MO2 locus. The overall Nei’s gene diversity (gene diversity/heterozygosity) averaged 0.40, while the Shannon diversity index value was 0.58 ranged from 0.45 to 0.69. Phylogenetic dendrograms showed that three clusters, the 1st cluster branch consisted of the black goat breed, the 2nd cluster includes Shami goat with both black and light brown Maraz goat. The 3rd cluster includes both white and dark brown Maraz goats. Maraz color types grouped in one cluster that contains white and dark brown types and the black with light brown types were included in another cluster. It was concluded that the Maraz goat breed was closer to Shami goat than to the black goat breed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Mitochondrial Diversity and Phylogenetic Structure of Marghoz Goat Population
ح.ر. سیدآبادی ک. پهلوان افشاری م. عبدالمالکیThe genetic diversity and phylogenetic structure was analyzed in Marghoz goat population by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using hyper variable region 1 (968 bp) obtained form 40 animals. Marghoz goat proved to be extremely diverse (a MoreThe genetic diversity and phylogenetic structure was analyzed in Marghoz goat population by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using hyper variable region 1 (968 bp) obtained form 40 animals. Marghoz goat proved to be extremely diverse (average haplotype diversity of 0.999) and the nucleotide diversity values 0.022. A total of 40 Marghoz goats were grouped into six haplotypes and the large majority of haplotypes were present in 15 animals. All Marghoz haplotypes were classified into C haplogroup and revealed remarkably high genetic distances within the population when compared with other Asian goat populations, indicating high genetic variation in the Marghoz goat. These results indicate high-divergence status of the Marghoz goat and will influence breeding and conservation strategies adopted for this breed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Economic Evaluation of Ostrich Production Using Fuzzy Approach in Sistan
ز. غفاری مقدمThis study aimed to economic evaluation of ostrich production in Sistan region by the use fuzzy conception in five platforms including (1 bird, 30 birds, 50 birds, 100 birds and 200 birds). The result showed that amount of benefit cost for 30, 50, 100 and 200 was 0.20, MoreThis study aimed to economic evaluation of ostrich production in Sistan region by the use fuzzy conception in five platforms including (1 bird, 30 birds, 50 birds, 100 birds and 200 birds). The result showed that amount of benefit cost for 30, 50, 100 and 200 was 0.20, 0.26, 0.30, 0.31 and present value was 105, 549, 1460, 2927 million rials. According to the results obtained from present value and benefit-cost in fuzzy state, all the suggested units in the study are economically justified. Therefore, construction of fattened ostrich production, from one bird to 200 birds, is justified in the region of Sistan. Results shows that, the implementation of some research projects, such as ostrich farming, would be an effective step to revive the livestock industry in this region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Effects of Isoflavones in Feed on Plasma Estradiol Concentration and Productive Performances in Laying Hens
ن. جرگوسکا ک. فیلو و. لوکو و. کوستو ر. جورجیوسکی س. جورجیوسکی س. گریگرواIsoflavones are phytoestrogens which have estrogen-like activity in animals and humans with structure similar to 17-β-estradiol and capable of binding to estrogen receptors (ERs).This experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effect of isoflavones on estradiol co MoreIsoflavones are phytoestrogens which have estrogen-like activity in animals and humans with structure similar to 17-β-estradiol and capable of binding to estrogen receptors (ERs).This experiment was conducted to demonstrate the effect of isoflavones on estradiol concentration in blood and its influence on the productive performances in ISA Brown laying hens fed with supplemented feed with large amount of isoflavones. Isoflavones as non steroid phytoestrogens were added in large amounts to the feed of laying hens in 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg kg-1 of feed. Estradiol concentration in blood of the isoflavone-treated chickens was significantly higher in comparison with the control group (P<0.01). The supplemented isoflavones in the feed have significant improvement on the egg weight during the 1st month (P<0.05) and 2nd month (P<0.01) and also for the whole experimental period (P<0.05). Further studies are required to investigate the effect of isoflavones on other reproductive hormones (follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and progesterone) which are related with the egg production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - Effect of in ovo Feeding and Dietary Feeding of Silybum marianum Extract on Performance, Immunity and Blood Cation-Anion Balance of Broiler Chickens Exposed to High Temperatures
ا. زارعی م. مروت م. چمنی ع.ا. صادقی پ. دادورThis experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo feeding (IOF) and dietary feeding of Silybum marianum (SM) extract on the immunity of chicken under heat stress conditions. A total of 360 fertile eggs from a commercial broiler breeder (Ross-308) farm wa MoreThis experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo feeding (IOF) and dietary feeding of Silybum marianum (SM) extract on the immunity of chicken under heat stress conditions. A total of 360 fertile eggs from a commercial broiler breeder (Ross-308) farm was used for in ovo feeding of 0, 100 and 200 mg/L SM water extract at day 17.5 of incubation. After hatching, 240 chicks were transferred to the experimental cages. Two types of diet were used; one of them without extract and the other one containing 100 mg/kg of SM extract. Then chicks were exposed to elevated temperatures 4 ˚C above optimum from 7 to 28 days of age for 4 h daily and then they were kept at the optimum temperature. The chicks were divided into six treatments with four replicates as a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The results showed that chicks fed diet containing the extract had the highest feed intake, daily weight gain and final body weight and lowest feed conversion ratio (P<0.01). At 28 and 42 days, dietary feeding of the extract increased the relative weights of bursa (P<0.05), thymus and spleen (P<0.01) significantly. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in antibody titer against infectious bursal disease (IBD) by feeding extract. White blood cell counts was significantly higher (P<0.01), and heterophile/lymphocyte(Het/Lym) ratio was lower in dietary-feeding SMextract treatments (P<0.01). The dietary feeding of extract increased blood cationic charge (Na+ and K+) at 28 d and led to increase cation-anion equation (P<0.01). However at 42 d, effect of dietary feeding of extract on these parameters was not significant. The ash percentage was significantly higher in chicks fed 100 mg/kg of extract at 28 d (P<0.01). It seems that dietary feeding of the extract to broiler chickens considerably increased immunity response under elevated temperatures, but in ovo feeding of the extract had no much impact on immunity parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Characterization of Production and Reproduction Performances in Rhode Island Red-White Strain Chicken
آ.ک. داس اس. کومار آ. رحیم آ.ک. میشراThis study aimed to characterize production and reproduction performances in Rhode Island Red-White strain chicken developed and maintained at the Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar. Three hundred and forty six fertile eggs were set in automated electric incuba MoreThis study aimed to characterize production and reproduction performances in Rhode Island Red-White strain chicken developed and maintained at the Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar. Three hundred and forty six fertile eggs were set in automated electric incubation and 234 chicks were investigated in three hatches. The performance data was analyzed by least squares analysis of variance. The percent differences in fertility, hatchability and mortality among different hatches were assessed by the normal deviate test. Percent fertility, total egg set and fertile egg set basis hatchability, chick mortality and least squares means of chick weight, body weights, sexual maturity, egg weights and part period egg production were estimated. The different hatch significantly (P˂0.05) influenced the estimates of the fertility, total egg set basis hatchability, chick weight to housing weight, sexual maturity, egg production and mortality at younger age. The sex of the chicks also affected (P˂0.05) the estimates of the body weights at eight week onwards. The significant regression effect of the chick weight was demonstrated on the body weights at first to twelfth week of age. The chick weight demonstrated a positive association with the sexual maturity and various body weight and egg weight estimates with a low to high phenotypic correlation coefficients; but a negative association with the egg production. The light weighed pullets would face delayed sexual maturity, which would again provoke lower egg weight and production. These phenomics might serve as strain characteristics of this rare strain of Rhode Island Red (RIR) chicken. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Influences of Partially Replacement of Maize Corn by Broken Rice and Sugar Beat Pulp on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits and Economics of Meat-Type Quails
ای. آ. عاشور اف.م. ردا م.ای. عبد ال-هکThe present study was performed to investigate the effect of partially replacing of corn by broken rice (BR) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) in the diet on growth performance and carcass traits of growing Japanese quails. A total number of 324 unsexed one week old Japanese qu MoreThe present study was performed to investigate the effect of partially replacing of corn by broken rice (BR) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) in the diet on growth performance and carcass traits of growing Japanese quails. A total number of 324 unsexed one week old Japanese quail chicks fed on diets replacing 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15% of corn by BR and SBP mixture (1:1) to study their effect on Japanese quail performance. Results indicated that live body weight increased significantly by 4.05 and 7.63% when birds fed 9% BR and SBP at 3 and 5 weeks of age, respectively, compared to the control. Compared to the control, treatment with 9% BR and SBP improved body weight gain by 5.54, 12.31 and 9.08% during 1-3, 3-5 and 1-5 weeks of age. The best feed intake was recorded in quails fed BR and SBP at 6% substituted for corn diet, while the best feed conversion ratio was observed in quails fed BR and SBP at 15%. The relative weights of internal organs were significantly affected by the dietary treatments, but the effect on either dressing or carcass yield was not significant. The economic feasibility was higher when birds fed the highest level of BR plus SBP (15%) in the diet being 1.64 compared with the control and other treatments. In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that, taking the economic efficiency into consideration, the dietary level of 15% BR plus SBP replaced maize diet could be the best percentage till 5 weeks of age. Manuscript profile
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