Effect of in ovo Feeding and Dietary Feeding of Silybum marianum Extract on Performance, Immunity and Blood Cation-Anion Balance of Broiler Chickens Exposed to High Temperatures
Subject Areas : Camelا. زارعی 1 , م. مروت 2 , م. چمنی 3 , ع.ا. صادقی 4 , پ. دادور 5
1 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
2 - Young Researchers and Elite Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
5 - Department of Animal Science, Ramin Agricultural and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, Iran
Keywords: antibody titer, incubation, cation-anion equation, elevated temperatures,
Abstract :
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo feeding (IOF) and dietary feeding of Silybum marianum (SM) extract on the immunity of chicken under heat stress conditions. A total of 360 fertile eggs from a commercial broiler breeder (Ross-308) farm was used for in ovo feeding of 0, 100 and 200 mg/L SM water extract at day 17.5 of incubation. After hatching, 240 chicks were transferred to the experimental cages. Two types of diet were used; one of them without extract and the other one containing 100 mg/kg of SM extract. Then chicks were exposed to elevated temperatures 4 ˚C above optimum from 7 to 28 days of age for 4 h daily and then they were kept at the optimum temperature. The chicks were divided into six treatments with four replicates as a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The results showed that chicks fed diet containing the extract had the highest feed intake, daily weight gain and final body weight and lowest feed conversion ratio (P<0.01). At 28 and 42 days, dietary feeding of the extract increased the relative weights of bursa (P<0.05), thymus and spleen (P<0.01) significantly. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in antibody titer against infectious bursal disease (IBD) by feeding extract. White blood cell counts was significantly higher (P<0.01), and heterophile/lymphocyte(Het/Lym) ratio was lower in dietary-feeding SMextract treatments (P<0.01). The dietary feeding of extract increased blood cationic charge (Na+ and K+) at 28 d and led to increase cation-anion equation (P<0.01). However at 42 d, effect of dietary feeding of extract on these parameters was not significant. The ash percentage was significantly higher in chicks fed 100 mg/kg of extract at 28 d (P<0.01). It seems that dietary feeding of the extract to broiler chickens considerably increased immunity response under elevated temperatures, but in ovo feeding of the extract had no much impact on immunity parameters.
Ait-Boulahsen A., Garlich J.D. and Edens F.W. (1995). Potassium chloride improves the thermotolerance of chickens exposed to acute heat stress. Poult. Sci. 74, 75-87.
Al-Murrani W.K. (1982). Effect of injecting amino acids into the egg on embryonic and subsequent growth in the domestic fowl. Br. Poult. Sci. 23, 171-174.
Borges S.A. (1997). Suplementação de cloreto de potássio e bicarbonato de sódio para frangos de corte durante o verão. MS Thesis. Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
Brugh M., Beard C.W. and Wilkes W.J. (1978). The influence of test conditions on Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titers. Avian Dis. 22, 320-328.
Bruno L.D.G., Luquetti B.C., Furlan R.L. and Macari M. (2007). Influence of early qualitative feed restriction and environmental temperature on long bone development of broiler chickens. Therm. Biol. 32, 349-354.
Bruno L.D.G., Furlan R.L., Malheiros E.B. and Macari M. (2000). Influence of early quantitative food restriction on long bone growth at different environmental temperatures in broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 41(4), 389-394.
Chakarverty A. and Parsad J. (1991). Study on the effect of Neem leaf extract and Neem and cake extract on the performance of broiler chicks. Indian Poult. Advisor. 24(9), 37-38.
Chand N., Durrani F.R., Qureshi M.S., Muhammad D. and Rehman Z. (2011a). Protective effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) against aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 24(7), 1011-1018.
Chand N., Muhammd D., Durrani F.R., Qureshi M.S. and Ullah S. (2011b). Protective effects of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) against aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 24, 1011-1018.
Cherian G. and Sim J.S. (1992). Preferential accumulation of n-3 fatty acids in the brain of chicks from eggs enriched with n-3 fatty acids. Poult. Sci. 71, 1658-1668.
Cherian G. and Sim J.S. (1997). Egg yolk polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E content alters the tocopherol status of hatched chicks. Poult. Sci. 76, 1753-1759.
Cherian G., Gopalakrishnan N., Akiba Y. and Sim J.S. (1997). Effects of maternal dietary 18:3 n-3 acids on the accretion of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissue of developing chick embryo. Biol. Neonate. 72, 165-174.
CookN.C. and Samman S. (1996). Flavonoids-chemistry, metabolism, cardio protective effects and dietary sources. J. Nutr. Biochem. 7, 66-76.
Deeb N. and Cahaner A. (2002). Genotype-by-environment interaction with broiler genotypes differing in growth rate. 3. Growth rate and water consumption of broiler progeny from weight-selected versus nonselected parents under normal and high ambient temperatures. Poult. Sci. 81, 293-301.
Deng W., Dong X.F., Tong J.M. and Zhang Q. (2012). The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens. Poult Sci. 91, 575-582.
Ding T.M., Tian S.J., Zhang Z.X., Gu D.Z., Chen Y.F., Shi Y.H. and Sun Z.P. (2001). Determination of active component in silymarin by RP-LC and LC/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 26, 155-161.
Ghazi S.H., Habibian M., Moeini M.M. and Abdolmohammadi A.R. )2012(. Effects of different levels of organic and inorganic chromium on growth performance and immunocompetence of broilers under heat stress. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 146, 309-317.
Gowda S.K. and Sastry V.R.B. (2000). Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed cake in animal feeding-scope and limitation: a review. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 13, 720-728.
Hadolin M., Skerget M., Knez Z. and Bauman D. (2001). High pressure extraction of vitamin E-rich oil from Silybum marianum. Food Chem. 74, 355-364.
Iranian Council of Animal Care. (1995). Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. IsfahanUniversity of Technology, Isfahan, Iran.
Kalorey D.R., kurkure N.V., Ramgaonkar I.S., Sakhare P.S., Warke S. and Nigot N.K. (2005). Effect of polyherbal feed supplement “Growell” during induced aflatoxicosis, ochratoxicosis and combined mycotoxicoses in broilers. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 18(3), 375-383.
Leeson S. and Caston L.J. (1993). Does environmental temperature influence body weight: shank length in Leghorn pullets. Appl. Poult. Res. 2, 245-248.
Liu X.Y. (1999). Stress and immunity. Pp. 230-252 in Poultry Immunology. T.B. Yin, Ed. China Agriculture Press, Beijing, China.
Loguercio C. and Festi D. (2011). Silybin and the liver: from basic research to clinical practice. World J. Gastroenterol. 17(18), 2288-2301.
Lucena M.I., Andrade R.J., Cruz J.P., Rodriguez-Mendizabal M., Blanco E. and Sanchez de la Cuesta F. (2002). Effects of silymarin MZ-80 on oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 40, 2-8.
Maroof K., Chand N., Khan S. and Qureshi M.S. (2012). Comparative effect of different schedules of administration of medicinal plants (Allium sativum, Berberis lycium, Eclipta alba and Mangifera indica) infusion on the immunity and overall performance of broiler chicks. Sarhad J. Agric. 28, 319-326.
Niu Z.Y., Liu F.Z., Yan Q.L. and Li W.C. (2009). Effects of different levels of vitamin E on growth performance and immune responses of broilers under heat stress. Poult. Sci. 88, 2101-2107.
NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Quinteiro-Filho W.M., Ribeiro A., Ferraz-De-Paula V., Pinheiro M.L., Sakai M., As L.R., Ferreira A.J. and Palermo-Neto J. (2010). Heat stress impairs performance parameters, induces intestinal injury and decreases macrophage activity in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 89, 1905-1914.
SAS Institute. (2005). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 9.1. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Sohail M.U., Hume M.E., Byrd J.A., Nisbet D.J., Ijaz A., Sohail A., Shabbir M.Z. and Rehman H. (2012). Effect of supplementation of prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharides and probiotic mixture on growth performance of broilers subjected to chronic heat stress. Poult. Sci. 91(9), 2235-2240.
Takahashi K., Mashiko T. and Akiba Y. (2000). Effect of dietary concentration of xylitol on growth in male broiler chicks during immunological stress. Poult. Sci. 79, 743-747.
Tako E., Ferket P.R. and Uni Z. (2004). Effects of in ovo feeding of carbohydrates and beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate on the development of chicken intestine. Poult. Sci. 83(12), 2023-2028.
Tedesco D., Steidler S., Galletti S., Tameni M., Sonzogni O. and Ravarotto L. (2004). Efficacy of Silymarinphospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Poult. Sci. 83(11), 1839-1843.
Thelen P., Wuttke W., Jarry H., Grzmil M. and Ringert R.H. (2004). Inhibition of telomerase activity and secretion of prostate specific antigen by silibinin in prostate cancer cells. J Urol. 171, 1934-1938.
Thyagarajan S., Jayaram S., Gopalakrishnan V., Hari R., Jeyakumar P. and Sripathi M. (2002). Herbal medicines for liver diseases in India. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17(l 3), 370-376.
Tullett S.G. (1990). Science and the art of incubation. Poultl Sci. 69, 1-15.
Wilasrusmee C., Kittur S., Shah G., Siddiqui J., Bruch D., Wilasrusmee S. and Kittur D.S. (2002). Immunostimulatory effect of Silybum marianum (Milk thistle) extracts. J. Med. Sci. Monit. 8(11), 439-443.
Yalcin S., Ozkan S., Settar P. and Tolon B. (1996). Influence of ambient temperature and genotype on bone parameters and incidence of leg disorders of male and female broilers. Pp. 580-577 in Proc. World’s Poult. Cong. New Delhi, India
Yang Ch.S., Landau J.M., Huang M.T. and Newmark H.L. (2001). Inhibition of carcinogenesis by dietary polyphenolic compounds. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 21, 381-406.
Zahid R. and Durrani F.R. (2007). Biochemical, hematological, immunological and growth promotant role of feed added Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) in broiler chicks, MS Thesis. University Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
Zulkifli I. and Siegel P.B. (1995). Is there a positive side to stress? Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 51, 63-76.