کشف مهر کاتولیکوس بابوی؟
محورهای موضوعی : باستان‌شناسی تاریخی
کریستل ژولین
1
,
مصطفی اختصاصی
2
,
امیر خانمرادی
3
,
احسان خونساری نژاد
4
*
1 - مرکز مطالعات جهان ایرانی، ویلژوئیف، فرانسه
2 - پژوهشگر مستقل
3 - باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا، همدان
4 - باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران
کلید واژه: مهر, بابوی, کاتولیکوس, ساسانی, شبان خوب,
چکیده مقاله :
توجه ویژۀ پژوهش‌گران به مطالعۀ مهرهای ساسانی و به تبع آن شناسایی بسیاری از بزرگان این دوره تاریخی، باعث ایجاد درک بهتری از جامعۀ ساسانی شده است. در این مقاله به بررسی یک مهر از دوره ساسانی خواهیم پرداخت که بنا بر کتیبۀ سریانی حک شده بر آن، متعلق به فردی به نام «بابوی» است. در دوره ساسانی تعدادی از رهبران کلیسای شرق با نام بابی و بابوی معرفی شده‌اند که در سلسله مراتب کلیسا جایگاه‌های مختلفی از کاتولیکوس تا کشیش را در مناطق مختلف شاهنشاهی ساسانی برعهده داشتهاند. برای شناسایی دقیق این فرد، تاریخ‌گذاری اثر، بستر تاریخی نقش‌مایه و همچنین کتیبۀ آن، مورد مداقه قرار گرفته است. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش، نزدیک‌ترین شخصیتی که ما می‌توانیم این مهر را متعلق به وی بدانیم، «بابوی» کاتولیکوس سلوکیه ـ تیسفون است که از حدود ۴۵۷ تا ۴۸۴ میلادی رهبری جامعه مسیحیان شرق را همزمان با سلطنت هرمزد سوم و پیروز بر عهده داشته است. بر اساس تاریخنگاریها و قدیس‌نگاریهای سریانی و مسیحیان عرب، بابوی به عللی چون دسیسه‌های برخی از بزرگان کلیسای شرق، وفاداری مورد تردید، برگزاری مراسم حساسیت برانگیز و ارسال نامه برای زِنون که ممهور به مهر شخصی وی بود، اعدام شده است.
Scholarly attention to the study of Sasanian seals has significantly enhanced our understanding of this historical period, particularly through the identification of prominent figures of the time. This article examines a Sasanian-period seal bearing a Syriac inscription that attributes it to an individual named Bābōy. During the Sasanian era, several leaders of the Church of the East bore the names Babi or Bābōy, occupying various ecclesiastical ranks from Catholicos to priest across the empire. In order to more precisely identify the owner of this seal, we analyze its historical context, the iconography, and the content of the inscription. Based on the findings, the most plausible attribution is to Bābōy, the Catholicos of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, who led the Eastern Christian community between approximately 457 and 484 CE, during the reigns of Hormizd III and Peroz I. According to Syriac chronicles and Arab Christian hagiographies, Bābōy was executed under accusations involving internal Church conspiracies, questions about his loyalty, the performance of politically sensitive rites, and, notably, the dispatch of a letter to Emperor Zeno bearing his personal seal.
Abbeloos, J.-B., Lamy T.-J. (1872). Gregorii Barhebraei Chronicon ecclesiasticum II. Louvain.
Assemani, J. S. (1721). ʿOnithā on the East-Syrian catholicoi. Bibliotheca orientalis
clementino-vaticana, II. Rome: Typis Scarae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide.
Bader, A. (1996). Little Known Materials of Parthian Sphragistics and Epigraphy. Sealing from Old Nisa (Turkmenistan). In M.-F. Boussac, A. Invernitzzi (eds.), Archives et sceaux du monde hellénistique; Archivi e Sigilli nel Mondo Ellenistico, (Bulletin de Correspondance hellénique. Supplément 29). Torino: Villa Gualino, 395-407.
Bedjan, P. (1890-1897). Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum syriace I-VII. In P. Bedjan, (ed.), AMS. Paris, Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
Bedjan, P. (1891). Martyrdom of Babowai. In P. Bedjan. (ed.), AMS II. Paris, Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 631-634.
Bedjan, P. (1892). Vita of Mar Awgīn. In P. Bedjan (ed.), AMS II. Paris, Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 376-480.
Bedjan, P. (1894). Martyrdom of Yazdōy. In P. Bedjan (ed.), AMS III. Paris, Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 201-207.
Bedjan, P. (18952). Martyrdom of Guiwarguis. In P. Bedjan (ed.), History of Mar Jabalaha. de trois autres patriarches, d’un prêtre et de deux laïque, nesotriens. Paris, Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 416–571.
Biernacki A., Klenina E. (2016). The image of the Good Shepherd in the Early Christian
sculpture of Chersonesus. In B. Borisov (ed.), Studia in honorem professoris Borisi Borisov (Veliko Tarnovo University St. Cyril and St. Methodius and the Bulgarian Archaeology 2). Veliko Tarnovo: IVIS, 371-387.
Bivar, A. D. H. (1969). Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum, Stamp Seals, II.
The Sassanian Dynasty. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.
Boyce, M. (1979). Zoroastrians: Their religious beliefs and practices. London: Routledge &
Kegan Paul Ltd.
Brock, S. P. (1985). The Christology of the Church of the East in the Synods of the Fifth to
Early Seventh Centuries: Preliminary Considerations and Materials. In G. Dragas (ed.), Aksum-Thyateira: A Festschrift for Archibishop Methodios. London, 125-142.
Brooks, E. W. (1910). Eliya bar Šinaya, Chronography. In E.W. Brooks (ed), Eliae metropolitae Nisibeni opus chronologicum, I (CSCO 62*, script. syr. Textus 21). Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
Budge, E. A. W. (1886). The Book of the Bee. The Syriac Text edited from
the manuscripts in London, Oxford, and Munich with an English Translation. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
Budge, E. A.W. (1893). The Book of Governors. The Historia monastica of Thomas bishop of Marga A.D. 840, I-II. London: Kegan Paul Ltd.
Chabot, J.-B. (1896). Book of the Founders. In J.-B. Chabot (ed.), Le livre de la chasteté composé par Jésusdenah, évêque de Baçra, (Mélanges de l’École française de Rome 16). Rome: École française de Rome.
Chabot, J.-B. (1898). Bar Hebraeus. Une lettre de Bar Hébréus au catholicos Denḥa Ier. Journal asiatique 11, Series IX, 75-128, syr. 77-102.
Chabot, J.-B. (1899-1904). Michael the Syrian. Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d’Antioche 1166-1199, I-IV. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Chabot, J.-B. (1902). Synodicon orientale ou recueil des synods nestoriens, (Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale et autres bibliothèques 37). Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
Cureton, W. (1864). Acts of Šarbil. In W. Cureton (ed.), Ancient Syriac Documents. London: Williams and Norgate.
Duval, R. (1904-1905). Išō‘yahb III Patriarcha. Liber epistularum, (CSCO 11-12, Script. syr. 11-12). Paris, Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
Fiey, J. M. (1995). Le sceau sassanide d’un catholicos melkite d’Asie Centrale. ProcheOrient chrétien 45(1-2), 6-9.
Finney, P. C. (1994). The invisible God: The earliest Christians on art. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Friedenberg, D. (2009). Sasanian Jewry and Its Culture: A Lexicon of Jewish and Related
Seals. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
Fullerton, M. D. (1990). The archaistic style in Roman statuary. Leiden: Brill.
Gerö, S. (1981). Barṣauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the fifth century, (CSCO 426, Subsidia 63). Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
Gignoux, P. (1978). Catalogue des sceaux, camées et bulles sassanides de la Bibliothèque
Nationale et du Musée du Louvre. II. Les sceaux et bulles inscrits. Paris: Bibliothèque
Nationale.
Gignoux, P. (1980a). Sceaux chrétiens d’époque sassanide, Iranica Antiqua 15, 299-315.
Gignoux, P., Gyselen, R. (1981). Nouveaux sceaux sasanides de la collection M. I. Mochiri,
Studia Iranica 10, 199-211.
Gignoux, P. (1980b). Typologie des inscriptions sur sceaux sassanides. In Zeitschrift der
Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Supplement IV [XX. Deutscher Orientalistentag,
Erlangen, 1977], 354-359.
Gignoux, P. (1986). Noms propres sassanides en moyen-perse épigraphique, (Iranisches
Personennamenbuch Band II. Mitteliranische Personennamen. Fasz. II). Wien: ÖAW.
Gignoux, P., Gyselen, R. (1981). Nouveaux sceaux sasanides de la collection M. I. Mochiri. Studia Iranica 10, 199–211.
Gignoux, P., Gyselen, R. (1982). Sceaux sasanides de diverses collections privées,
(Studia Iranica. Cahier 1). Paris: AAEI, Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
Gignoux, P., Gyselen, R. (1987). Bulles et sceaux sassanides de diverses collections,
(Studia Iranica. Cahier 4). Paris: AAEI, Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
Gignoux, P., Jullien, C., Jullien, F. (2009). Noms propres syriaques d’origine iranienne,
(Iranisches Personennamenbuch Band VII. Iranische Namen in Semitischer Nebenüberlieferungen Fasz. V). Wien: ÖAW.
Gismondi, H. (1897). Ṣalībā ibn Yūḥannā al-Mawṣilī. Book of Mysteries (Asfār al-asrār). In H. Gismondi (ed.), Maris, Amri et Slibae De patriarchis nestorianorum commentaria. Pars altera, Rome: F. de Luigi.
Gismondi, H. (1899). ʿAmr ibn Mattā, Kitāb al-maǧdal. In H. Gismondi (ed.), Maris, Amri et Slibae De patriarchis nestorianorum commentaria. Pars prior, Rome: F. de Luigi.
Greatrex, G. and Lieu, S.N.C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (AD 363-630) II. A Narrative Sourcebook. London: Routledge.
Guidi, I. (1903). Chronicon anonymum (CSCO 1-2, Script. syr. 1-2). In I. Guidi (ed.), Chronica minora I. Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
Gyselen, R. (1989). La géographie administrative de l’emire sassanide. Les témoignages
sigillographique, (Res Orientales I). Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation
du Moyen-Orient.
Gyselen, R. (1993). Catalogue des sceaux, camées et bulles sassanides de la Bibliothèque
Nationale et du Musée du Louvre. I. Collection générale. Paris: Bibliothèque Nationale.
R. Gyselen, (1995). Les sceaux des mages de l’Iran sassanide. R. Gyselen (ed.), In Au Carrefour des religions: Mélanges offerts à Philippe Gignoux [Res Orientales, VII]. Bures s/Y: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient, 121-150.
Gyselen, R. (ed.) (1997). Sceaux d’Orient et leur emploi, (Res Orientales X). Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Gyselen, R. (2001). The Four Generals of the Sasanian Empire: Some Sigillographic
Evidence, (Conferenze 14). Roma: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente.
Gyselen, R. (2002). Nouveaux matériaux pour la géographie historique de l’empire sassanide: sceaux administratifs de la collection Ahmad Saeedi, (Studia Iranica. Cahier 24). Paris: AAEI.
Gyselen, R. (2006). Les témoignages sigillographiques sur la présence chrétienne dans
l’empire sassanide. In R. Gyselen (ed.), Chrétiens en terre d’Iran: implantation et acculturation, (Studia Iranica. Cahier 33. “Chrétiens en terre d’Iran” I), Paris: AAEI, 17-78.
Gyselen, R. (2008). Great-Commander (vuzurg-framadar) and Court Counsellor (darandarzbed) in the Sasanian Empire (224-651): The Sigillographic Evidence. Roma: Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente.
Gyselen, R. (2019). L’administration territoriale de l’empire sassanide d’après les sources
épigraphiques en moyen-perse, (Res Orientales XXV). Bures-sur-Yvette: Groupe pour l’Étude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient.
Herman, G. (2014). The Last Years of Yazdgird I and the Christians. In. G. Herman (ed.). Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians: Religious Dynamics in a Sasanian Context, (Judaism in Context 17). Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
Jackson Bonner, M. R. (2020). The Last Empire of Iran. Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
Jullien C. (2009). Christianiser le pouvoir. Images de rois sassanides dans la tradition syroorientale. Orientalia christiana periodica 75(1), 119-131.
Jullien C. (2021). Conversion to christianity in the Sasanian empire. Political and theological
issues. In C. Barbati, V. Berti (eds.), Iranianate and Syriac Christianity in Late Antiquity and the Early Islmaic Period, (Veröffentlichungen zur Iranistik 87). Wien: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, 11-32.
Jullien C. (ed.) (2022). Discourse, Power Issues and Images. Transversal Studies on the Reigns
of Yazdgird I and Wahrām V, (Late Antique History and Religion). Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
Jullien C., Jullien F. (2021). Comme une flèche envolée. Yazdōy-Christina la martyre. In S. Brelaud, J. Daccache, M. Debié, M. Farina, F. Ruani, É. Villey (eds.), Le calame et le ciseau. Colophons syriaques offerts à F. Briquel Chatonnet, (Cahier des Études syriaques 8). Paris: Geuthner, 361-382.
Jullien F. (2015). Histoire de Mār Abba, catholicos de l’Orient. Martyres de Mār Grigor, général en chef du roi Khusro Ier, et de Mār Yazd-panāh, juge et gouverneur, (CSCO 658-659, Script. syr. 254-255]. Louvai: Peeters.
Khanmoradi, A., Ekhtesasi, M., Khonsarinejad, E. (2023). The Good Shepherd Motif on Sasanian Seals. Persica Antiqua 3(4), 33-47.
Klauser, T. (1958). Studien zur Entstehungsgeschichte der christlichen Kunst I. Jahrbuch für
Antike und Christentum 1, 20-51.
Labourt, J. (1904). Le christianisme dans l’empire perse sous la dynastie sassanide (224-632), (Bibliothèque de l’enseignement de l’histoire ecclésiastique). Paris: Victor Lecoffre.
Lerner, J. A, (1977). Christian Seals of the Sasanian Period. Nederlands HistorischArchaeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.
Lerner, J. A., Skjærvø, P. O. (2006). The Seal of a Eunuch in the Sasanian Court,
Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology 1, 115-117.
Marchioni, G. (2018). Gathering the Shepherds. Uses and Meanings of Pastoral Imagery and
Shepherding Metaphors between 3rd and 6th Centuries. PhD diss., University of Bologna.
Moriggi, M. (2014). A Corpus of Syriac Incantation Bowls. Syriac Magical Texts from Late Antique Mesopotamia, (Magical and Religious Literature of Late Antiquity 3). Leiden: Brill.
McDonough, S. J. (2008a). A Second Constantine? The Sasanian King Yazdgard in Christian
History and Historiography. Journal of Late Antiquity 1(1), 127-140.
McDonough, S. J. (2008b). Bishops or Bureaucrats? Christian Clergy and the State in the Middle Sasanian Period. In D. Kennet, P. Luft (eds.), Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History. Proceedings of a Conference held at Durham University, November 3rd and 4th, 2001, (Bar International series 1810). Oxford, Archeopress, 87-92.
McDonough, S. J. (2011). The Legs of the Throne: Kings, Elites and Subjects in Sasanian Iran. In J. P. Arnason, K. A. Raaflaub (eds.), Chichester The Roman Empire in Context. Historical and Comparative Perspectives. The Ancient World: Comparative Histories. Malden, MA: Wiley & Sons Ltd, 290-321.
Murray, R. (1975). Symbols of Church and Kingdom: A Study in early Syriac Tradition. New
York, London: Cambridge University Press.
Nau, F. (1918/1919). Histoire d’Abraham de Kaskar et de Babaï de Nisibe. Revue de l’Orient Chrétien 21, 161-172.
Patterson, L. E. (2017). Minority religions in the Sasanian Empire: Suppression, integration and relations with Rome. In E. W. Sauer (ed.), Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia, (Edinburgh Studies in Ancient Persia). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 181-198.
Paša, Ž. (2018). Martyrdom of Babowai the Catholicos and Patriarch, and the Confession of the Faith of Barṣawma of Nisibis: Critical Edition and Translation. In Ž. Paša (ed.), Between the Cross and the Crescent: Studies in Honor of Samir Khalil Samir, S.J. on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday, (Orientalia Christiana Analecta 304). Rome: Pontificio Istituto Orientale, 499-525.
Payne, R. (2015). A State of Mixture. Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture
in Late Antiquity, (Transformation of the Classical Heritage 56). Oakland: University of
California Press.
Ramsey, B. (1983). A note on the disappearance of the Good Shepherd from early Christian.
Harvard Theological Review 76(3), 375-378.
Shaked, S. (1977). Jewish and Christian Seals of the Sasanian Period. In M. Rosen-Ayalon (ed.), Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 17-31.
Shavarebi, E. (2019). Sasanians, Arsacids, Aramaeans: Ibn al-Kalbī’s Account of Ardashīr’s
Western Campaign. In P.B. Lurje (ed.), Proceedings of the 8th European Conference of Iranian Studies held in St Petersburg, Russia, 14-19 September 2015, I. Studies on Pre-Islamic Iran and on Historical Linguistics. Saint-Petersburg: State Hermitage Publishers, 363-378.
Scher, A., (1911). Histoire nestorienne inédite (Chronique de Séert), II/1, (Patrologia Orientalis 7). Paris: Firmin-Didot.
Scher, A., (1919). Histoire nestorienne inédite (Chronique de Séert), II/2, (Patrologia Orientalis 13). Paris, Turnhout: Brepols.
Stroszeck, J. (2004). Divine Protection for Shepherd and Sheep: Apollon, Hermes, Pan and
their Christian Counterparts St Mamas, St Themistocles and St. Modestos. In B. Santillo Frizell (ed.), Pecus: Man and Animal in Antiquity, Proceedings of Conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome, September 9- 12, 2002, (Projects and Seminars 1). Rome: Swedish Institute, 231-240.
Smith, K. (2014). The Martyrdom and History of Blessed Simeon bar Sabba‘e, (Persian Martyr Acts in Syriac. Text and Translation 3). Piscataway: Gorgias Press.
Vaschalde, A. A. (1915). Babai Magni Liber de Unione, (CSCO 80, Script. syr. 35). Louvain: Peeters Publishers.
Westenholz, J. G. (2000). Images of inspiration: The Old Testament in early Christian art,
Jerusalem: Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem.
Wilmshurst. D. (2016). Bar Hebraeus, The Ecclesiastical Chronicle. An English Translation [Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies, 40]. Piscataway, Gorgias Press.
Young, W. G. (1972). Patriarch, Shah and Caliph: A Study of the Relationships of the Church
of the East with the Sassanid Empire and the Early Caliphates up to 820 AD with Special
Reference to Available Translated Syriac Sources, with Handbook of Source-Materials for
Students of Church History up to 650 AD. Ph.D. diss., University of Glasgow.
Wood, P. (2013). The Chronicle of Seert. Christian. Historical Imagination in Late Antique
Iraq, (Oxford Early Christian Studies). Oxford: Oxford University Press.