بررسی تنوع فیتوشیمیایی اسانس گیاه دارویی Perilla frutescens L. var. crispa در مناطق مختلف کشت
محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی
نجمه عباسی
1
,
محمد حسین میرجلیلی
2
,
راهله ابراهیمی
3
,
حسنعلی نقدی بادی
4
,
امیر صحرارو
5
1 - گروه علوم باغبانی و زراعی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
2 - گروه کشاورزی، پژوهشکده گیاهان و مواد اولیه دارویی، دانشگاه شهیدبهشتی تهران، ایران
3 - گروه علوم باغبانی و زراعی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
4 - گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران
5 - گروه علوم باغبانی دانشگاه گیلان
کلید واژه: اقلیم, مونوترپن, تغییرات محیطی, کاریوفیلن, Perilla frutescens, سزکوئیترپن,
چکیده مقاله :
گیاه Perilla frutescens var. crispa دارویی و معطر از تیره نعناعیان است که امروزه مصارف متعددی از جمله رفع یبوست، درمان آسم، ضدپیری، مراقبت از پوست و طعم دهنده دارد. با توجه به تاثیر شرایط اقلیمی محل رویش بر مقدار مواد موثره گیاهان دارویی، در این مطالعه، تغییر در محتوی و ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس گیاه کشت‌شده در مزارع تحقیقاتی چهار منطقه از کشور (رشت، نور، خرم‌آباد و نیشابور) در سال 1399 ارزیابی شد. اندام هوایی گیاه در مرحله رویشی جمع آوری و اسانس آن به روش تقطیر با آب بدست آمد. اندازه گیری کمّی و کیفی ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس با استفاده از گازکروماتوگرافی و گازکروماتوگرافی متصل به طیف سنج جرمی انجام شد. در بین مناطق مورد مطالعه نیشابور و رشت به‌ترتیب از بیشترین و کمترین ارتفاع از سطح دریا و از نظر طبقه بندی اقلیمی نیز، دو منطقه رشت و نور دارای تشابه بیشتری بودند. محتوای اسانس به‌ترتیب 1/45، 1/33، 1/26 و 1/16 درصد وزنی به وزنی برای گیاهان کشت‌شده در رشت، نور، نیشابور و خرم آباد بدست آمد. همچنین درمجموع 28، 27، 25 و 27 ترکیب به ترتیب در اسانس گیاهان کشت شده در مناطق نور، رشت، خرم آباد و نیشابور شناسایی شدند. (ای)-کاریوفیلن (4/7-42/58 درصد)، آلفا-کادینول (2/5-8/16 درصد)، (ای)-نرولیدول (8/5-3/9 درصد)، آلفا- دهیدرو-الشولتزیا کتون (1/5-2/7 درصد)، سیس- دی هیدرو- آلفا- ترپینیل استات (0/5-1/7 درصد) و اِگوما کتون (2/5-0/5 درصد) ترکیبات غالب در اسانس گیاه کشت‌شده در مناطق مختلف بودند. سزکوئی ترپن‌های هیدروکربنه (61/2-44/9 درصد) بخش غالب نمونه‌های اسانس را به خود اختصاص دادند. آنالیز کلاستر بر اساس ترکیبات شیمیایی اسانس، مناطق موردمطالعه را در دو زیرخوشه گروه بندی کرد، به‌طوری‌که مناطق نور و رشت در یک زیرگروه و مناطق خرم‌آباد و نیشابور در گروه دیگر قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد، مناطق با اقلیم معتدل برای بهبود کمّیت اسانس و مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک در افزایش کیفیت اسانس گیاه مناسب هستند.
Perilla frutescens var. crispa, a medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family is widely used for the treatment of constipation, asthma, and skin disorders, and also as spice. As climatic, environmental, and edaphological conditions of the plant habitats affect active substances of medicinal plants, quantitative and qualitative changes in the essential oil content and composition of the plants cultivated in the Research Farms of four regions of Iran (Rasht, Noor, Khorramabad, and Neishabour) were evaluated in the present study in 2020. Aerial organs of the plants were collected at the vegetative stage and their essential oils were isolated by hydro-distillation. The essential oils were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Among the studied areas, the highest and lowest altitudes were Neishabour and Rasht, respectively. The climatic classification of Rasht and Noor was also more similar. The essential oil contents (%w/w) of the plant samples in Rasht, Noor, Neishabour, and Khorramabad were 1.45, 1.33, 1.26, and 1.16, respectively. In total, 28, 27, 25, and 27 compounds were identified in Noor, Rasht, Khorramabad, and Neishabour regions, respectively. (E)-Caryophyllene (42.4-58.7%), α-cadinol (8.2-16.5%), (E)-nerolidol (3.8-9.5%), α-dehydro-elsholtzia ketone (2.1-7.5%), cis-dihydro-α-terpinyl acetate (1.0-7.5%), and egoma ketone (0.2-5.5%) were the major essential oil compounds at different regions. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (44.9-61.2%) were the major class of the compounds of essential oils. Cluster analysis based on the essential oil compositions classified the studied areas into two distinct groups. Noor and Rasht were clustered in one group and Khorramabad and Neishabour were clustered in the other group. Results showed that temperate regions are suitable to increase the essential oil contents of the plants, while arid and semi-arid regions can improve the quality of essential oils.
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