Leucas aspera (Willd.) L.: Antibacterial, antifungal and mosquitocidal activities
Subject Areas : Phytochemistry: Isolation, Purification, CharacterizationManickam Pavunraj 1 , Ganapathy Ramasubbu 2 , Kathirvelu Baskar 3
1 - Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, Vivekananda College, Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University (MKU), Tiruvedakam West, Madurai District – 625 234, Tamil Nadu, India
2 - Department of Zoology, Saiva Bhanu Kshathriya College (SBK), Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University (MKU), Aruppukkottai – 626 101, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
3 - Optimurz Bio and IT Solutions, Shenoy Nagar West, Chennai-600030, Tamil Nadu, India
Keywords: Ethnomedicinal plant, Minimum inhibitory concentration, <i>Leucas aspera</i>, Bioactivities, Mortality,
Abstract :
The various organic extracts from the leaves of Leucas aspera were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal and larvicidal activities against selected bacterial, fungal strains and mosquito larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using disc-diffusion method and MIC of the extract was tested by the broth micro-dilution method. The results revealed that all the extracts showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against selected microbes at 1, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/disc concentrations. The maximum zone of inhibitions were recorded in dichloromethane (DCM) leaf extract of L. aspera against S. aureus (23.4 ± 2.90 mm), E. coli (20.3 ± 1.56 mm), B. subtilis (17.1 ± 2.04 mm), P. aeruginosa (16.5 ± 1.05 mm), P. vulgaris (16.1 ± 2.56 mm) and K. pneumonia (15.1 ± 3.66 mm) at 10 mg/disc concentration. The DCM extract of L. aspera exhibited significant growth inhibition against T. viride (29.2 ± 2.00 mm), C. albicans (24.4 ± 0.80 mm), A. flavus (22.8 ± 0.36 mm) and E. floccosum (19.5 ± 2.17 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges between 75.5-425.5 µg/mL and 125-425 µg/mL against bacterial and fungal pathogens, respectively. In addition, DCM extracts of L. aspera showed 100% larvicidal activity against C. quinquefasciatus at 1000 ppm concentration. The biological activities could contribute to the medicinal properties of the plants, and also provide more scientific authentication of traditional medicinal plants to fight against the various infectious diseases
Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18, 265-267.
Akroum, S., 2017. Antifungal activity of acetone extracts from Punica granatum L., Quercus suber L. and Vicia faba L. J. Med. Mycol. 27, 83-89.
Al-Bayati, F.A., 2008. Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 116,403-406.
Anitha, R., Geethapriya, D., 2012. Larvicidal activity of plant extracts on Aedes aegypti L. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 6, 1578-1582.
Anonymous, 1994. The Useful Plants of India, Publication & Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, pp. 326.
Bacha, K., Tariku, Y., Gebreyesus, F., Zerihun, S., Mohammed, A., Weiland-Bräuer, N., Schmitz, R.A., Mulat, M., 2016. Antimicrobial and anti-Quorum sensing activities of selected medicinal plants of Ethiopia: implication for development of potent antimicrobial agents. BMC Microbiol. 16,139, In press.
Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Elango, G., Zahir, A.A., Rahuman, A.A., 2009. Adulticidal and larvicidal efficacy of some medicinal plant extracts against tick, fluke and mosquitoes. Vet. Parasitol. 166, 286-292.
Bagavan, A., Kamaraj, C., Rahuman, A.A., Elango, G., Zahir, A.A., Pandiyan, G., 2009. Evaluation of larvicidal and nymphicidal potential of plant extracts against Anopheles subpictus Grassi, Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Aphis gossypii Glover. Parasitol. Res. 104, 1109-1117.
Bagavan, A., Rahuman, A.A., Kamaraj, C., Geetha, K., 2008. Larvicidal activity of saponin from Achyranthes aspera against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 103, 223-229.
Balaji, P., Sakthivadivel, M., Bharath, P., Hariharan, G.N., 2012. Larvicidal activity of various solvent extracts of Lichen Roccella montagnei against filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus. Drug Discov. 2, 36-39.
Baskar, K., Sudha, V., Nattudurai, G., Ignacimuthu, S., Duraipandiyan, V., Jayakumar, M., Al-Dhabi, N.A., Benelli, G., 2017. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. Physiol. Molec. Plant Pathol. In press.
Bi, F.H.T., Kone, M.W., Kouame, N.F., 2008. Antifungal activity of Erigeron floribundus (Asteraceae) from Cote d’Ivoire, West Africa. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 7,975-979.
Bosire, C.M., Tsegaye, D., Kabaru, J.M., Kimata, D.M., Yenesew, A., 2014. Larvicidal activities of the stem bark extract and rotenoids of Millettia usaramensis subspecies usaramensis on Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Asia. Pac. Entomol.17, 531-535.
Chew, A.L., Jessica, J.J.A., Sasidharan, S., 2012. Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different parts of Leucas aspera. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2, 176-180.
Chopra, R.L., Nayar, S.L., Chopra, I.C., 1996. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, NISC, New Delhi. 153.
Das, K., Das, B., Arpita, F.K., Morshed, M.A., Uddin, A., Bhattacherjee, R., Hannan, J.M.A., 2015. Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of Leucas aspera. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2(7), 1746-1752
Dube, P., Meyer, S., Mernewick, J.L., 2017. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of different solvent extracts from fermented and green honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) plant material. S. Afr. J. Bot. 110,184-193.
Dubois, V., Arpin, C., Dupart, V., Scavelli, A., Coulange, L., André, C., Fischer, I., Grobost, F., Brochet, J.P., Lagrange, I., Dutilh, B., Jullin, J., Noury, P., Larribet, G., Quentin. C., 2008. Beeta-lactamand aminoglycoside, resistance rates and mechanism among Pseadumonas aeruginosa in French general practice (community and private healthcare centres). J. Antimicrob. Chemother.62,316-323.
Duraipandiyan, V., Ignacimuthu, S., 2007. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of Cassia fistula L. an ethnomedicinal plant. J. Ethnopharmacol.112, 590-594.
Eliza, J., Daisy, P., Ignacimuthu, S., Duraipandiyan, V., 2009. Antidiabetic and antilipidemic effect of eremanthin from Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm., in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Chem. Biol. Interact.182,67-72.
Goudgaon, N.M., Basavaraj, N.R., Vijayalaxmi, A., 2003. Anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions of Leucas aspera Spreng. Int. J. Pharmacol.35, 397-398.
Govindarajan, M., Jebanesan, A., Pushpanathan, T., Samidurai, K., 2008. Studies on effect of Acalypha indica L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf extracts on the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol. Res. 103, 691-695.
Gupta, N., Subhramanyam, E.V.S., Jha, S., Bhatia, V., Narang, E., 2011. A comparative antipyretic activity of the crude extracts of the plant Leucas aspera and Glycosmis pentaphylla. J. Chem. Pharm. Res.3, 320-323.
Hotez, P.J., Remme, J.H.F., Buss, P., Alleyne, G., Morel, C., Breman, J.G., 2004. Combating tropical infectious diseases: report of the disease control priorities in developing countries project. Clin. Infect. Dis.38, 871-878.
Ignacimuthu, S., Pavunraj, M., Duraipandiyan, V., Raja, N., Muthu, C., 2009. Antibacterial activity of a novel quinone from the leaves of Pergularia daemia (Forsk.), a traditional medicinal plant. Asian J. Tradit. Med.4, 36-40.
Kamaraj, C., Rahuman, A.A., Bagavan, A., Elango, G., Zahir, A.A., Santhoshkumar, T., 2011. Larvicidal and repellent activity of medicinal plant extracts from Eastern Ghats of South India against malaria and filariasis vectors. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 3, 698-705.
Kidgell, C., Reichard, U., Wain, J., Linz, B., Torpdahl, M., Dougan, G., Achtman, M., 2002. Salmonella typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, is approximately 50,000 years old. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2, 39-45.
Mangathayaru, K., Lakshmikant, J., Shyam, S.N., Swapna, R., Grace, X.F., Vasantha, J., 2005. Antimicrobial activity of Leucas aspera flowers. Fitoterapia76, 752-754.
McGaw, L.J., Bagla V.P., Steenkamp, P.A., Fouche, G., Olivier, J., Eloff, J.N., Myer, M.S., 2013. Antifungal and antibacterial activity and chemical composition of polar and non-polar extracts of Athrixia phylicoides determined using bioautography and HPLC. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 13, 356.
Mishra, M.P., Rath, S., Swain, S.S., Ghosh, G., Das, D., Padhy, R.N., 2017. In vitro antibacterial activity of crude extracts of 9 selected medicinal plants against UTI causing MDR bacteria.J. King Saud Uni. Sci. 29, 84-95.
Mohamad, S., Zin, N.M., Wahab, H.A., Ibrahim, P., Sulaiman, S.F., Zahariluddin, A.S.M., Noor, S.S., 2011. Antituberculosis potential of some ethnobotanically selected Malaysian plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 133, 1021-1026.
Mohammadhosseini, M., 2016. A comprehensive review on new methods for processing, separation and identification of the essential oils. Islamic Azad University of Shahrood Press, Shahrood, Iran.
Mohammadhosseini, M., 2017. The ethnobotanical, phytochemical and pharmacological properties and medicinal applications of essential oils and extracts of different Ziziphora species. Ind. Crops Prod. 105, 164-192.
Mohammadhosseini, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Flamini, G., 2017a. Profiling of compositions of essential oils and volatiles of Salvia limbata using traditional and advanced techniques and evaluation for biological activities of their extracts. Chem. Biodiv. 14(5).
Mohammadhosseini, M., Sarker, S.D., Akbarzadeh, A., 2017b. Chemical composition of the essential oils and extracts of Achillea species and their biological activities: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 199, 257-315.
Mohana, D.C., Raveesha, K.A., 2007. Anti-fungal evaluation of some plant extracts against some plant pathogenic field and storage fungi.J. Agr. Sci.Tech. 4,119-137.
Mostafa, A.A., Al-Askar, A.A., Almaary, K.S., Dawoud, T.M., Sholkamy, E.N., Bakri, M.M., 2017. Antimicrobial activity of some plant extracts against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. In press.
Muthu, C., Baskar, K., Duraipandiyan, V., Ignacimuthu, S., Al-Dhabi, N.A., 2015. Bioefficacy of pectolinaringenin from Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. F. against Anopheles stephensi and Bhendi Fruit Borer, Earias vittella fab. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 58, 358-366.
Nair, R., Kalariye, T., Chanda S., 2005. Antibacterial activity of some selected Indian Medicinal Flora. Turk. J. Biol. 29,41-47.
Pavunraj, M., Baskar, K., Paulkumar, K., Janarthanan, S., Rajendran, P., 2016. Antifeedant activity of crude extracts and fractions isolated from Catharanthus roseus leaf against spotted bollworm, Earias vittella. Phytoparasitica. 44(3), 419-422.
Pavunraj, M., Baskar, K., Duraipandiyan, V., Al-Dhabi, N.A., Rajendran, V., Benelli, G., 2017. Toxicity of Ag nanoparticles synthesized using stearic acid from Catharanthus roseus leaf extract against Earias vittella and mosquito vectors (Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti). J. Clust. Sci. In press.
Pavunraj, M., Baskar, K., Janarthanan, S., Arumugam, M., 2014. Antibacterial and antifeedant activities of Spilanthes acmella leaf extract against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and brinjal fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis larvae. J. Coast Life Med. 2,980-985.
Rajkumar, S., Jebanesan, A., 2007. Repellent activity of selected plant essential oils against the malarial fever mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Trop. Biomed. 2,71-75.
Raju, N.J., Rao, B.G., 2010. Evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Glycosmis pentaphylla roots against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in rats. Inter. J. Pharma. Sci. Rev. Res. 4, 81-86.
Sarkar, S.L., Saha, P., Sultana, N., 2016. In vitro evaluation of phytochemical components and antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of Tridax procumbens L. against pathogenic microorganisms. J. Pharmacog. Phytochem. 5(5), 42-46.
Saundane, A.R., Hidayat, U.K.M., Satyanarayan, N.D., 2000. Anti-inflammatory activity and analgesic activity of various extracts of Leucas aspera spreng. Ind. J. Pharm. Sci. 62, 144-146.
Singh, M.P., Gindha, G.S., 2017. Leucas aspera a perfect poor man remedy. J. Pharmacog. Phytochem. 6(1), 275-277.
Singh, G., Kumar, P., 2013. Phytochemical study and screening for antimicrobial activity of flavonoids of Euphorbia hirta. Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res. 3(2), 111-116.
Srinivasan, D., Sangeetha, N., Suresh, T., Perumalsamy, P.L., 2001. Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine. J. Ethnopharmacol.74, 217-220.
Srivastava, S., Singh, P., Mishra, G., Jha, K.K., Khosa, R.L., 2011. Costus speciosus (Keukand): A review. Der Pharm. Sin. 2, 118-128.
Tchinda, C.F., Voukeng, I.K., Beng, V.P., Kuete, V., 2017. Antibacterial activities of the methanol extracts of Albizia adianthifolia, Alchornea laxiflora, Laportea ovalifolia and three other Cameroonian plants against multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 24, 950-955.
Verma, S., 2016. A review on ethnomedicinal plant Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Wild. J. Pharmacog. Phytochem. 5(2), 241-242.
WHO, 2010. Malaria Fact Sheets No. 94. WHO Report. Genava, WHO Media Centre.