بررسی اثر ارتفاع رویشگاهها بر خصوصیات فیتوشیمیایی و مورفولوژیکی درخت کنار کوهی Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight. & Arn. ، مطالعه موردی رویشگاه‌های استان خوزستان
محورهای موضوعی : گیاهان دارویی
کورش زندی فر
1
(گروه علوم باغی و زراعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران، تهران، ایران)
علی مهرآفرین
2
(مرکز تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی، پژوهشکده گیاهان دارویی جهاد دانشگاهی، کرج، ایران)
حسنعلی نقدی بادی
3
(مرکز تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی، پژوهشکده گیاهان دارویی جهاد دانشگاهی، کرج، ایران)
مجید قربانی نهوجی
4
(مرکز تحقیقات گیاهان دارویی، پژوهشکده گیاهان دارویی جهاد دانشگاهی)
کلید واژه: ارتفاع از سطح دریا, ترکیبات فنلی, تانن, ساپونین, فلاونوئید, رملیک,
چکیده مقاله :
کنارکوهی (رملیک) با نام علمی Ziziphus nummularia درختچه‌ای خاردار متعلق به خانواده Rhamnaceae است که دارای ترکیبات فیتوشیمیایی متنوعی می‌باشد. این تحقیق با هدف ارزیابی فیتوشیمیایی و مورفولوژیکی جمعیت های درخت کنار کوهی در ارتفاعات مختلف رویشگاه‌های استان خوزستان انجام شده است. برگ و میوه گیاه از ارتفاعات مختلف رویشگاه‎های طبیعی استان خوزستان شامل گروه‎های ارتفاعی 200-0، 400-300، 800-400 و 800-1000 متر ارتفاع از سطح دریا در فصل تابستان و پاییز جمع‌آوری شد. خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی با استفاده از ابزارهای دقیق اندازه گیری و صفات فیتوشیمیایی با استفاده از دستگاه اسپکتروفتومتر اندازه‎گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد که صفات مورفولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی مختلف شامل طول برگ، طول خار، وزن میوه رسیده، قطر میوه رسیده، تعداد خارها، و همچنین میزان ترکیبات فنلی، فلاونوئیدها، تانن‌ها و ساپونین‌ها در زیستگاه‌های مختلف استان خوزستان به طور معنی داری متفاوت است. براساس تجزیه خوشه‎ای صفات مورفولوژیکی، درختانی که در ارتفاع 200 تا 400 متری بودند نسبت به درختانی که در ارتفاع بالاتر از 400 متر قرارداشتند در خوشه مجزا قرار گرفتند. تجزیه و تحلیل به مولفه اصلی (PCA) نشان داد که صفات طول و عرض برگ، میزان ساپونین و فنل میوه و برگ، و تانن برگ بعنوان مهمترین صفات با بیشترین عامل همبستگی برای تشخیص جمعیت‌ها شناخته شدند. ارتفاع از سطح دریا یک فاکتور مهمی است که تاثیر معنی‌داری بر صفات مختلف مورفولوژیکی و فیتوشیمیایی گیاه از جمله کیفیت و کمیت برگ و میوه کنار داشته است.
Ziziphus nummularia is a thorny shrub belonging to the Rhamnaceae family which has a variety of phytochemical compounds. This study was conducted with the aim of phytochemical and morphological evaluation of Z. nummularia populations in different heights of habitats in Khuzestan province.The leaves and fruits of Z. nummularia were collected from different heights of natural habitats of Khuzestan province, including altitude groups of 0-200, 200-400, 400-800 and 800-1000 meters above sea level in summer and autumn. The morphological characteristics were measured using accurate measuring tools and also phytochemical characteristics were measured using a Spectrophotometer.The results showed that different morphological and phytochemical traits including leaf length, thorn length, ripe fruit weight, ripe fruit diameter, number of thorns, and also content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were significantly different in various habitats of Khuzestan province. Based on the cluster analysis of morphological traits, the trees in habitats with a height of 200-400 m were different from other groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that leaf length and width, saponin and phenol content of leaf and fruit, and leaf tannin content were identified as the most important traits with the highest correlation factor for population identification. Altitude above sea level is an important factor that had a significant impact on various morphological and phytochemical traits of Z. nummularia, including the quality and quantity of leaves and fruits.
Akhtar, Y., Choudhary, R., Chandra Sharma, K. and Sharma, M. 2017. Genetic variability and relationship studies of Ber Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) using morphological and molecular markers. Pharmacogn. J. 9(3): 417-424. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2017.3.71.
Arndt, S. K., Clifford, S. C. and Popp, M. 2001. Ziziphus— a multipurpose fruit tree for arid regions. In: Breckle SW, Veste M and Wucherer W. (eds). Sustainable Land Use in Deserts. Berlin: Springer; 2001: 388-399.
Baghazade, L., Sharifi, Gh., and Samsamzade, D. 2019. Evaluation of total saponin of six populations Ziziphus spina-christi by spectrophotometry.Third International Conference of Applied Researchers in Agricultural Sciences AFPIconf.
Bina F., Zamani, Z. and Nazeri, F. 2012. Morph-based Genetic variation in Christ's thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 19(2): 274-288.
Chorly, S., Khorasani Nejad, S., Hemmati Khodayar and Kashefi, B. 2015. Evaluation of morphological, antioxidant and essential oil content of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. In habitats of Semnan, North Khorasan and Razavi provinces. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 41: 52-41.
Court-Picon, M., Gadbin-Henry, C., Guibal, F., and Roux. 2004. Dendrometry and morphometry of Pinus pinea L. in lower province (France): adaptability and variability of provenances. Forest Ecology and Management, 194, 319-333.
Dahiru, D., Sini, J.M. and John-Africa, L. 2006. Antidiarrhoeal activity of Ziziphus mauritiana root extract in rodents, Afr. J. Biotech., 5: 941-945.
Fazelinasab B, Sirousmehr A, Mirzaei N. and Soleimani M. 2016. Evaluation and comparison of phenol content, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit in 41 different genotypes of Ziziphus mauritiana L. in southern Iran. ; Quarterly journal of ecophythemistry of medicinal plants, Serial No. 16, Year 4.
Gupta, D., Mann, S., Isha, J. and Rajinder KG. 2011. Phytochemical, Nutritional and Antioxidant Activity evaluation of Fruits of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.F). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences; 2(4): 629-638.
Howizeh H, Dinarvand M and Salehi H. 2002. Medicinal plants of Khuzestan. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic PR., 14(1): 55-72.
Jahromi, M., and Zandi, P. 2012. A study of the phenology of the species. Journal of Forest and Poplar Research. V:20, Number 1, P: 110-122.
Jiang, J.G., Huang, X.J., Chen, J. and Lin, Q.S. 2007. Comparison of sedative and hypnotic effects of flavonoids, saponins and polysaccharids extract from semen Ziziphusjujube. Natural Product Research, 21: 310-320.
Joint, F.A.O. 2000. Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A laboratory manual for the FAO/IAEA co-ordinated research project on'Use of nuclear and related techniques to develop simple tannin assays for predicting and improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage' (No. INIS-XA--553). Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture.
Khakdaman, H., Pourmidinani, H. and Adnani, SM. 1989. Study of genetic variation in Iranian Jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) ecotypes. Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Forests Plant Breeding and genetic Research.14 (26): 202-214.
Koike, T., Kiato, M., Quoreshi, A. M., and Matsuura, Y. 2003. Growth characteristics of root-shoot relation of three birch seedlings raised under different water regimes. Journal of Plant Soil, 225, 303-310
kumar, S., Singh, S.K., Nag, A. and Ahuja, P.S. 2011. Genetic structure of Indian valerian (Valeriana jatamansi) populations in Western Himalaya revealed by AFLP. Biochem Genet. 49: 674–681.
Mahishwar, J.K. 1963. The flora of Delhi. New Delhi: CS and Industrial Research: 102-103.
Mirza Azim Beg, UVS Teotia and S Farooq. 2016. In vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity of Ziziphus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 4(5): 230-233.
Muñoz-Bertomeu, J., Arrillaga, I. and Segura J. 2007. Essential oil variation within and among natural populations of Lavandula latifolia and its relation to their ecological areas. Biochem. system. Ecol., 35(8): 479-488. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.03.006.
Omidbaigi, R. 2013. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Tehran: Behshahr publication; 1-270.
Pandey A and Sing R. 2010. Exploring the Potential of Ziziphus nummularia Wight ET -Arn. from drier regions of India. Genet Resour Crop Ev.; 57: 929-936. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-010-9566-4
Paterson, A.H., Tanksley, S.D and Sorrels, M. E. 1991. DNA markers in plant improvement. Adv. Agron. 46: 39-90. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60578-7.
Ranjith, A. 2009. Phytochemical investigation on Sea buckthorn (Hipppophae rhamnoides, L) berries. Dissertation, Cochin University of Science and Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR). Kerala, INDIA; 47-49.
Rechinger, K. H. 1977. Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden Gebiege, Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt Graz-Austria, 123: 4-9.
Roupioz, L., Jia, L., Nerry, F. and Menenti, M. 2016. Estimation of daily solar radiation budget at kilometer resolutionover the Tibetan plateauby integrating Modis data products and a DEM. Remote Sensing of Environment8: 1-24.Sivaci, A Seasonal changes of total carbohydrate contents in three variaties of apple (Malussylvestris Miller.) stem cuttings. S Horticulture, 109: 234-237.
Wettasinghe, M. and Shahid, F. 1999. Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of ethanolic extracts of defatted borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds. Food Chem. 67: 399-414. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00137-5
Saeidi, K., Shahhoseini, R., Tavakoli, Neko, H. and Saadatjou, B. 2016. Evaluation of some phytochemical, morphological characteristics and minerals content in different populations of Jujube (Ziziphus jujaba Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 32(2): 245- 255.
Salehi Surmaghi, M.H., Aynehchi, Y., Amin, G.H. and Mahmoodi, Z. 1992. Survey of Iranian plants for saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Daru., 2: 281-291.
Singh, S. 2019. Phytoconstituents of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm .f.) Wight & Arn. Leaves ExtractsUsing GC-MS Spectroscopy. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences. 9(1):109-118.
Wei, X., Sykes, S.R and Clingeleffer, P.R. 2002. An investigation to estimate genetic parameters in CSIRO's table grape breeding program. 2. Quality characteristics. Euphytica; 128: 343–351. DOI: 10.1023/A:1021288618316.
Yavari, A.R., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F. and Hassani, M.E. 2010. Evaluation of some ecological factors, morphological traits and essential oil productivity of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 26(2): 227-238. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6938
Yousefi, B. 2015. Comparison of morphological and chemical properties of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) fruit across two habitats in Kurdistan Province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 2(23): 368-378. [in Persian]
_||_Akhtar, Y., Choudhary, R., Chandra Sharma, K. and Sharma, M. 2017. Genetic variability and relationship studies of Ber Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) using morphological and molecular markers. Pharmacogn. J. 9(3): 417-424. DOI: 10.5530/pj.2017.3.71.
Arndt, S. K., Clifford, S. C. and Popp, M. 2001. Ziziphus— a multipurpose fruit tree for arid regions. In: Breckle SW, Veste M and Wucherer W. (eds). Sustainable Land Use in Deserts. Berlin: Springer; 2001: 388-399.
Baghazade, L., Sharifi, Gh., and Samsamzade, D. 2019. Evaluation of total saponin of six populations Ziziphus spina-christi by spectrophotometry.Third International Conference of Applied Researchers in Agricultural Sciences AFPIconf.
Bina F., Zamani, Z. and Nazeri, F. 2012. Morph-based Genetic variation in Christ's thorn (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research. 19(2): 274-288.
Chorly, S., Khorasani Nejad, S., Hemmati Khodayar and Kashefi, B. 2015. Evaluation of morphological, antioxidant and essential oil content of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. In habitats of Semnan, North Khorasan and Razavi provinces. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 41: 52-41.
Court-Picon, M., Gadbin-Henry, C., Guibal, F., and Roux. 2004. Dendrometry and morphometry of Pinus pinea L. in lower province (France): adaptability and variability of provenances. Forest Ecology and Management, 194, 319-333.
Dahiru, D., Sini, J.M. and John-Africa, L. 2006. Antidiarrhoeal activity of Ziziphus mauritiana root extract in rodents, Afr. J. Biotech., 5: 941-945.
Fazelinasab B, Sirousmehr A, Mirzaei N. and Soleimani M. 2016. Evaluation and comparison of phenol content, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of leaf and fruit in 41 different genotypes of Ziziphus mauritiana L. in southern Iran. ; Quarterly journal of ecophythemistry of medicinal plants, Serial No. 16, Year 4.
Gupta, D., Mann, S., Isha, J. and Rajinder KG. 2011. Phytochemical, Nutritional and Antioxidant Activity evaluation of Fruits of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.F). International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences; 2(4): 629-638.
Howizeh H, Dinarvand M and Salehi H. 2002. Medicinal plants of Khuzestan. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic PR., 14(1): 55-72.
Jahromi, M., and Zandi, P. 2012. A study of the phenology of the species. Journal of Forest and Poplar Research. V:20, Number 1, P: 110-122.
Jiang, J.G., Huang, X.J., Chen, J. and Lin, Q.S. 2007. Comparison of sedative and hypnotic effects of flavonoids, saponins and polysaccharids extract from semen Ziziphusjujube. Natural Product Research, 21: 310-320.
Joint, F.A.O. 2000. Quantification of tannins in tree foliage. A laboratory manual for the FAO/IAEA co-ordinated research project on'Use of nuclear and related techniques to develop simple tannin assays for predicting and improving the safety and efficiency of feeding ruminants on tanniniferous tree foliage' (No. INIS-XA--553). Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture.
Khakdaman, H., Pourmidinani, H. and Adnani, SM. 1989. Study of genetic variation in Iranian Jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.) ecotypes. Iranian Journal of Rangeland and Forests Plant Breeding and genetic Research.14 (26): 202-214.
Koike, T., Kiato, M., Quoreshi, A. M., and Matsuura, Y. 2003. Growth characteristics of root-shoot relation of three birch seedlings raised under different water regimes. Journal of Plant Soil, 225, 303-310
kumar, S., Singh, S.K., Nag, A. and Ahuja, P.S. 2011. Genetic structure of Indian valerian (Valeriana jatamansi) populations in Western Himalaya revealed by AFLP. Biochem Genet. 49: 674–681.
Mahishwar, J.K. 1963. The flora of Delhi. New Delhi: CS and Industrial Research: 102-103.
Mirza Azim Beg, UVS Teotia and S Farooq. 2016. In vitro antibacterial and anticancer activity of Ziziphus. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 4(5): 230-233.
Muñoz-Bertomeu, J., Arrillaga, I. and Segura J. 2007. Essential oil variation within and among natural populations of Lavandula latifolia and its relation to their ecological areas. Biochem. system. Ecol., 35(8): 479-488. DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2007.03.006.
Omidbaigi, R. 2013. Production and processing of medicinal plants. Tehran: Behshahr publication; 1-270.
Pandey A and Sing R. 2010. Exploring the Potential of Ziziphus nummularia Wight ET -Arn. from drier regions of India. Genet Resour Crop Ev.; 57: 929-936. DOI: 10.1007/s10722-010-9566-4
Paterson, A.H., Tanksley, S.D and Sorrels, M. E. 1991. DNA markers in plant improvement. Adv. Agron. 46: 39-90. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60578-7.
Ranjith, A. 2009. Phytochemical investigation on Sea buckthorn (Hipppophae rhamnoides, L) berries. Dissertation, Cochin University of Science and Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR). Kerala, INDIA; 47-49.
Rechinger, K. H. 1977. Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden Gebiege, Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt Graz-Austria, 123: 4-9.
Roupioz, L., Jia, L., Nerry, F. and Menenti, M. 2016. Estimation of daily solar radiation budget at kilometer resolutionover the Tibetan plateauby integrating Modis data products and a DEM. Remote Sensing of Environment8: 1-24.Sivaci, A Seasonal changes of total carbohydrate contents in three variaties of apple (Malussylvestris Miller.) stem cuttings. S Horticulture, 109: 234-237.
Wettasinghe, M. and Shahid, F. 1999. Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of ethanolic extracts of defatted borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds. Food Chem. 67: 399-414. doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00137-5
Saeidi, K., Shahhoseini, R., Tavakoli, Neko, H. and Saadatjou, B. 2016. Evaluation of some phytochemical, morphological characteristics and minerals content in different populations of Jujube (Ziziphus jujaba Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 32(2): 245- 255.
Salehi Surmaghi, M.H., Aynehchi, Y., Amin, G.H. and Mahmoodi, Z. 1992. Survey of Iranian plants for saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Daru., 2: 281-291.
Singh, S. 2019. Phytoconstituents of Ziziphus nummularia (Burm .f.) Wight & Arn. Leaves ExtractsUsing GC-MS Spectroscopy. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Life Sciences. 9(1):109-118.
Wei, X., Sykes, S.R and Clingeleffer, P.R. 2002. An investigation to estimate genetic parameters in CSIRO's table grape breeding program. 2. Quality characteristics. Euphytica; 128: 343–351. DOI: 10.1023/A:1021288618316.
Yavari, A.R., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F. and Hassani, M.E. 2010. Evaluation of some ecological factors, morphological traits and essential oil productivity of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 26(2): 227-238. DOI: 10.22092/ijmapr.2010.6938
Yousefi, B. 2015. Comparison of morphological and chemical properties of wild pistachio (Pistacia atlantica) fruit across two habitats in Kurdistan Province. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 2(23): 368-378. [in Persian]