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Open Access Article
1 - Effect of Metabolic Stress on Ovarian Activity and Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle: A Review
م. فرمان س. ناندی و. گریش کومار س.ک. تریپاسی پ.س.پ. گوپتاReproductive efficiency in dairy cattle has been decreased over the last 5 decades despite significant gains in genetic selection, improved reproductive technologies and nutritional care. In high-yielding dairy cattle, the negative energy balance (NEB) during the first MoreReproductive efficiency in dairy cattle has been decreased over the last 5 decades despite significant gains in genetic selection, improved reproductive technologies and nutritional care. In high-yielding dairy cattle, the negative energy balance (NEB) during the first week post-partum adversely affects ovarian activity, mainly follicle growth and steroidogenesis. Circulating levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and urea are elevated during NEB and are known to be accumulated in the follicular fluid of dominant follicle where they exert adverse effect on oocyte maturation, leading to low fertilization rate and early embryonic development. This study aimed to review the literatures on the interaction between NEB, metabolic stress and reproductive performance of dairy cattle. In this review, the adverse effects of high circulating NEFAs, a biomarker of NEB and urea on oocyte maturation, embryonic quality and developmental and pregnancy outcomes is highlighted. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Genetic Perspective of Ascites Syndrome in Meat-Type Chickens
ج. احمدپناه ع.ا. شادپرور ن. قوی حسین-زاده ع. پاکدلPulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) is a metabolic disorder in fast-growing broilers. Inconsistency of oxygen requirement and the cardiovascular ability make the birds susceptible to ascites. Incidence of ascites was accompanied by right ventricular hypertrophy, f MorePulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) is a metabolic disorder in fast-growing broilers. Inconsistency of oxygen requirement and the cardiovascular ability make the birds susceptible to ascites. Incidence of ascites was accompanied by right ventricular hypertrophy, fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity and finally mortality. The objective of the current study was to review the genetic basis of ascites syndrome and investigation of indicator traits of ascites syndrome to use in selection indices for reducing ascites susceptibility in broilers. Developing a breeding objective to increase body weight and to reduce ascites susceptibility in broilers is of ongoing interest, because the ascites syndrome is still a major challenge for poultry breeders. The blood gas parameters, which measured early in life, make it possible to design alternative selection schemes to reach birds resistance to ascites. In this way, ascites susceptibility can be effectively reduced but it might be comes at a cost, including a reduction in selection response for growth rate, due to genetic correlations. Based on the best combination of traits considered, reduction in gain for growth rate might be decreased, although with limited efficiency. Also, marker-assisted selection can be used effectively to reduce ascites susceptibility with respect to benefit-costs analysis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Optimization of Energy Consumption in Milk Production Units through Integration of Data Envelopment Analysis Approach and Sensitivity Analysis
ح. سلطانعلی ب. عمادی ع. روحانی م. خجستهپور ا. نیکخواهThe aims of this study were to evaluate the energy consumption and its modeling in industrial milk production units using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and sensitivity analysis. Data were collected from 44 industrial milk production units in Guilan province o MoreThe aims of this study were to evaluate the energy consumption and its modeling in industrial milk production units using data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach and sensitivity analysis. Data were collected from 44 industrial milk production units in Guilan province of Iran with face to face questionnaire method during 2012-2013. Inputs included animal feed, fossil fuels, electricity, machinery and human labor and output was milk yield. The results highlighted that the highest share of energy consumption belonged to the animal feed (82%) followed by fossil fuels (13%). The results of DEA application revealed that the technical efficiency (TE) was 44.6%, pure technical efficiency (PTE) was 74.48% and scale efficiency (SE) was 0.53 for the investigated units. The results of variable returns to scale (VRS) illustrated that out of 44 producers considered for the analysis, 15 units were purely technically efficient in energy consumption from the different sources. The greatest potential inputs for saving energy were related to animal feed and diesel fuel, respectively. About 3852.39 MJ (47.74% of total energy input) could be saved without reducing the milk yield through following recommendations resulted from this study. Moreover, sensitivity analysis results showed that with one MJ extra use of human labor, fossil fuels and animal feed energy, it would lead to an additional increase in yield by 3.14, 1.36 and 0.95 kg, respectively. Also, one MJ extra energy use for either electricity or machinery result in a decrease in milk yield by 1.03 and 7.16 kg, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - In vitro Gas Production and Dry Matter Digestibility of Irradiated Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Seeds
م. زارعی ف. خلیلی پ. شورنگThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of irradiation of pomegranate seed (PS) on chemical composition, digestibility and kinetic of gas production. Pomegranate seeds were exposed to gamma ray (GR) and electron beam (EB) at doses of 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy MoreThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of irradiation of pomegranate seed (PS) on chemical composition, digestibility and kinetic of gas production. Pomegranate seeds were exposed to gamma ray (GR) and electron beam (EB) at doses of 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy. Three ruminally fistulated rams were used for obtaining ruminal fluid for in vitro digestibility and gas production measurements. Irradiation had no effect on chemical composition of PS. Orthogonal contrast did not show any significant effect for EB irradiation on neutral detergent fiber % (NDF%), but GR irradiation of PS at low doses (i.e.; 5 and 15 kGy) increased NDF percentage (P<0.05). Irradiation decreased condensed tannin (CT) content of PS at all doses (P<0.01). Gas production potential (b) and gas production rate (c) of PS were decreased; but EB irradiation at doses of 5 and 20 kGy did not effect on gas production potential of PS. Irradiation treatment did not affect partitioning factor. Ionizing radiation decreased PS digestibility, but EB irradiation at a dose of 20 kGy and 5, 15 and 20 kGy did not change in vitro dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility. In conclusion, the result of this study suggests that ionizing radiation processing, especially EB irradiation, can be regarded as an efficient method in decreasing CT of pomegranate seeds. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Delayed Ovarian Cyclicity Does not Reflect Blood Metabolites Irregularity in Postpartum Holstein Cows
م. الشابراوی قانمAn experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different types of ovarian cycles on reproductive indices and blood metabolites in 61 Holstein cows. Blood samples were taken from each cow between day 12 and day 50 postpartum (PP). Serum progesterone concentrati MoreAn experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different types of ovarian cycles on reproductive indices and blood metabolites in 61 Holstein cows. Blood samples were taken from each cow between day 12 and day 50 postpartum (PP). Serum progesterone concentrations were measured to determine the onset of luteal function and different types of luteal dysfunctions in cows. Serum glucose, cholesterol and blood urea nitrogen concentrations were measured in the cows with normal and abnormal ovarian cyclicity. In this study, 29 (47.5%) cows showed normal ovarian cyclicity with first luteal activity detected before day 50 days PP, whereas 32 (52.5%) cows showed abnormal cyclicity. Of the 32 cows with abnormal patterns, 13 (21.3%) had prolonged luteal phase (PLP), 7 (11.5%) had short luteal phase (SLP) and 12 (19.7%) had delayed first ovulation (delayed ovulation).Progesterone concentration at different times was considerably varied from day to another day (P≤0.01), while the main effect of the group on the progesterone concentration was significant (P≤0.01). Cows that had normal cyclicity showed earlier luteal activity (P≤0.01) and shorter interval to first ovulation (P≤0.01) compared to cows with abnormal cyclicity. There were no significant differences in different blood metabolites between cows with normal or abnormal cyclicity. In conclusion, a high percentage (52.5%) of the postpartum cows had abnormal ovarian cycles. The abnormal ovarian cycles reduced the reproductive performance of dairy cows, including the onset of luteal activity and interval to first ovulation. Blood metabolites were not associated with postpartum abnormal cycles in cows. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Estimation of Genetic Trends for Test-Day Milk Yield by the Logarithmic Form of Wood Function Using a Random Regression Model
ز. پزشکیان ع.ا. شادپرور س. جوزی شکالگورابیEstimation of genetic trends is necessary to monitor and evaluate selection programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic trends for milk yield in Iranian Holsteins cows using random regression test day model. Data set was consisted of 743205 test-da MoreEstimation of genetic trends is necessary to monitor and evaluate selection programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic trends for milk yield in Iranian Holsteins cows using random regression test day model. Data set was consisted of 743205 test-day records from 1991 to 2008, which were collected by the Animal Breeding Centre of Iran. Breeding, environmental and phenotypic values were estimated using a random regression test-day model. The logarithmic form of Wood function was chosen to fit the additive genetic and permanent environmental effects of milk yield. Genetic, environmental, phenotypic trends were estimated by regressing the mean of breeding values, environmental values and phenotypic values on birth year. The genetic and phenotypic trends were positive and significant, whereas environmental trends were not significant. Genetic trends of sires and dams were estimated separately and it was positive and significant for dams, but it was not significant for sires. The phenotypic, environmental and genetic correlation between each days in milk and total 305 days were estimated. The correlations related to breeding values were weak and it showed that with the logarithmic transformation of milk yield, persistency can be improved independently from milk production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Genetic and Phenotypic Trends of Fertility Traits in Iranian Holstein Cows
ح. قیاسی م. هنرورA total of 72124 fertility records was used to estimate the genetic and phenotypic trend of fertility traits in Iranian Holstein cow from 1981 to 2007. Fertility traits in this study were: days from calving to first service (DFS), number of insemination per conception ( MoreA total of 72124 fertility records was used to estimate the genetic and phenotypic trend of fertility traits in Iranian Holstein cow from 1981 to 2007. Fertility traits in this study were: days from calving to first service (DFS), number of insemination per conception (INS), days open (DO), interval between first and last insemination (IFL), calving interval (CI) and success to first insemination (SF). The overall genetic trend in fertility traits was as desired and statistically significant. Mean breeding value of SF increase by 0.00067 percent per year. The annual genetic trends for INS, DFS, IFL, CI and DO were -0.0029 number/year, -0.062 days/year, -0.041 days/year, -0.23 days/year and -0.24 days/year, respectively. Phenotypes trends for fertility traits were unfavorable except for DFS and DO. Phenotypic trends in IFL, INS and SF were as undesirable positive. Phenotypically DO and CI did not change over the time period. Phenotypically IFL has increased 1.6 days/year and DFS has decreased 1.6 days/year. The annual phenotypic trends for INS and SF were 0.04 and -0.018, respectively. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Polymerase Chain Reaction of Mgc2 and 16S rRNA Genes for Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
ا. ذاکریMycoplasmas are very small bacteria lacking cell walls that belong to various genera within the class Mollicutes, and also the smallest organisms that can live independently. They are able to cause serious and chronic disease because of some unique characteristics. Myco MoreMycoplasmas are very small bacteria lacking cell walls that belong to various genera within the class Mollicutes, and also the smallest organisms that can live independently. They are able to cause serious and chronic disease because of some unique characteristics. Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) is an important avian pathogen causing significant economical losses within the poultry industry. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of M. gallisepticum in poultry by PCR of mgc2 and 16 s rRNA. We examined the differentiating potential of diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers targeted to the 16S rRNA and mgc2 genes present in MG. For serological screaming test, we selected 26 farms and took blood samples for RSAT assay. For 16S rRNA and mgc2 PCR assay, we took 109 samples from 10 rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) positive farms, including: lung, air sacs and tracheal swabs. The 16S rRNA and mgc2 PCR diagnostic primers are specific for MG in tests of all avian Mycoplasmas or bacteria present in the chicken trachea and are sensitive enough to readily detect MG in tracheal swabs from field outbreaks. 530 bp and 300 bp PCR products on electrophoresis gel appeared respectively with 16S rRNA and mgc2 PCR diagnostic primers, specific for MG. The test was successfully applied in vivo for detection of MG in clinical samples. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effect of Methanolic Extract of Pomegranate Peel on in vitro Rumen Fermentation Kinetics of Oil Seed Meals
ش. نظارتی ن. ماهری سیسThis study was carried out to determine the effects of supplementing different levels (0, 0.5 and 1% of buffered rumen fluid) of methanolic extract of pomegranate peel, on rumen fermentation kinetics of four oil seed meals (soybean meal, cotton seed meal, rapeseed meal MoreThis study was carried out to determine the effects of supplementing different levels (0, 0.5 and 1% of buffered rumen fluid) of methanolic extract of pomegranate peel, on rumen fermentation kinetics of four oil seed meals (soybean meal, cotton seed meal, rapeseed meal and sunflower seed meal), using in vitro gas production technique. The samples were incubated in syringes containing rumen liquor taken from three fistulated Iranian Ghezel rams for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36 h. Results showed that, addition of methanolic extract of pomegranate peel led to significant increase in gas production volume in all incubation times and all of oil seed meals as well. Amount of gas production, also increased by increasing dose of the extract. Also, amounts of a (the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction), b (the gas production from the insoluble fraction) and a + b (the potential gas production) in all of tested oil seed meals increased by increasing pomegranate peel extract doses. Adding pomegranate peel extract resulted in increase volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. Production of VFA increased significantly by the level of the extract supplementation. In conclusion, it is suggested that, adding methanolic extract of pomegranate peel can be lead to higher ruminal fermentation and VFA production in ruminants. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Thymus kotschyanus Essential Oil Components and Their Effects on in vitro Rumen Fermentation, Protozoal Population and Acidosis Parameters
ز. میرزایی ف. هژبری د. علیپورThis study aimed to identify chemical composition of Thymus kotschyanus essential oil (TKEO) and to evaluate the effects of different doses of TKEO on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, acidosis and protozoal population using a completely randomized desig MoreThis study aimed to identify chemical composition of Thymus kotschyanus essential oil (TKEO) and to evaluate the effects of different doses of TKEO on in vitro gas production, fermentation parameters, acidosis and protozoal population using a completely randomized design with four replicates. Two diets (D1: 100% forage and D2: 30% forage+70% concentrate) were incubated with buffered rumen fluid as fermentation substrates. The plant materials were dried and hydro-distilled in order to obtain their essential oil (EO). The essential oil was analyzed by capillary GC/MS. Gas production (GP144 h) was recorded up to 144 h of incubation. After 24 h, the parameters of apparent in vitro dry matter digestibility (AIVDMD), true in vitro dry matter digestibility (TIVDMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), partitioning factor (PF) and microbial biomass (MB) were estimated. The main components of TKEO were 25.77% geraniol and 14.85% thymol. Asymptotic GP144 h decreased by TKEO. Addition of TKEO also decreased GP24 h, AIVDMD, TIVDMD and OMD. However, PF and MB increased. Acidosis test was not affected by EO. Inclusion of TKEO decreased the total number of protozoal population. These results indicated that TKEO could potentially be used to modulate rumen fermentation therefore further in vivo research is needed to determine the optimal doses. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - In vitro Estimation of Microbial Nitrogen Production and Ruminal Fermentation Responses to Levels and Applying Duration of a Commercial Enzyme Mixture
ع. فرامرزی-گرمرودی م. دانش مسگران ع.ر. وکیلیThe objective of the present experiment was to quantify the gas production parameters, methane emission and microbial nitrogen production of a conventional total mixed ration including corn silage, alfalfa hay, wheat straw and concentrate (390, 110, 22 and 478 g/kg of d MoreThe objective of the present experiment was to quantify the gas production parameters, methane emission and microbial nitrogen production of a conventional total mixed ration including corn silage, alfalfa hay, wheat straw and concentrate (390, 110, 22 and 478 g/kg of diet DM, respectively) treated with different levels of Natuzyme® and pre-incubation time after enzyme administration. Two hundred fifty mg of milled and dried basal diet (n=4) was weighed into a 125 mL serum bottles for an in vitro gas production trial. A solution of a commercial enzyme blend (Natuzyme®) was added at 0, 12 and 24 h prior to starting the incubation (96 h) to make treatments of 0.84, 1.68 and 2.52 g/kg, respectively. No added enzyme bottles were considered as control. Half time of gas production (t1/2) was calculated. Then, another gas test was run for each treatment and terminated at t1/2 to measure gas volume, methane emission and solid residues. Dose rate of Natuzyme® did not make any significant differences in gas production parameters and fermentation responses except for microbial nitrogen production. Pre-treatment of the basal diet at 24 h incubation significantly (P<0.05) lowered dry matter degradability and accumulated gas, but percentage and amount of produced methane, produced methane by mg degraded dry matter and microbial nitrogen production was significantly increased. Twelve and twenty four h pre-treatment of the basal diet significantly (P<0.05) increased accumulated gas by 16% and 8%, respectively. However, fractional constant rate was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 31% and 13%, respectively, using twelve and twenty four h pre-treatment of the basal diet. However, a specific pre-treatment time must be taken into consideration to allow the enzyme mixture to bind to the feed particles. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - Effects of Gender and Dietary Ionophores on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics in Moghani Lambs
س. صادقی س.ع. رافت ج. شجاع ح. امانلوAn experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of gender and two dietary ionophores on growth performance and slaughter characteristics in Moghani sheep. A total of 30 Moghani lambs (15 males and 15 females) were distributed randomly into 30 individual cages. Each ge MoreAn experiment was carried to evaluate the effects of gender and two dietary ionophores on growth performance and slaughter characteristics in Moghani sheep. A total of 30 Moghani lambs (15 males and 15 females) were distributed randomly into 30 individual cages. Each gender group consisted of 5 animals and fed with a basal diet with no supplement, the same basal diet plus 25 mg/kg monensin (MON) or 25 mg/kg lasalocid (LAS). The lambs were weighed and slaughtered after a feeding period of 134 days and carcass parameters were determined. Average slaughter weight (SW) was significantly influenced by gender (48.9 kg for females vs. 51.4 kg for males) (P<0.01) but not by diet type. Neither gender nor ionophore supplementations affect average daily gain (ADG) (P>0.05). Lambs fed MON had the lowest feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) which significantly differed from those of the lambs fed the other two diets. Females had a significantly higher average internal fat compared with their male counterparts (P<0.01). In regard to fat-tail weight, significant decreasing was observed in ionophore groups as compared to control group (P<0.05). Males exhibited higher growth performance with heavier offals and carcass cuts including valuable cuts than in females. Dietary MON could be used as a potent feed additive improving feed efficiency and reducing internal fat and offals proportions in Moghani lambs. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Effect of Different Levels of Egg Yolk on Cryopreservation of Black Bengal Buck Semen in Tris Egg yolk Citrate Fructose Glycerol Extender
ال. گویجن سینق ک. رای ب. سرکارThis study was conducted to assess the physical and morphological characteristics of fresh, pre-freeze and post-thaw black Bengal buck (Capra hircus) semen processed in Tris-egg yolk-citrate-fructose-glycerol (TEYCFG) extender containing 4 different concentrations (2.5, MoreThis study was conducted to assess the physical and morphological characteristics of fresh, pre-freeze and post-thaw black Bengal buck (Capra hircus) semen processed in Tris-egg yolk-citrate-fructose-glycerol (TEYCFG) extender containing 4 different concentrations (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%) of egg-yolk. Ejaculates were collected once a week for eight weeks from six mature bucks (48 ejaculates) using an artificial vagina. It was found that a general decrease in values of pre-freeze and post-thaw semen parameters such as progressive sperm motility (%), live sperm (%), acrosomal integrity (%) and positive sperm (%) in the hypo-osmotic swelling (HOS) test, but an over-all increase in abnormal spermatozoa compared to fresh semen for extenders containing different concentrations of egg-yolk. Best values for all the semen parameters were obtained using extender with 2.5% egg-yolk. Of all egg-yolk concentrations, the 10% egg-yolk supplement caused the highest percentage of abnormal sperm, which was significant (P<0.05), compared to 2.5% and 5% egg-yolk containing extenders, but non-significantly (P>0.05) different compared with 7.5% egg-yolk containing extender. Only progressive motility was significantly different (P<0.05) within extenders containing 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% egg-yolk. We conclude that Black Bengal buck semen can be cryopreserved effectively with tris-egg yolk-citrate-fructose-glycerol extender containing 2.5% egg yolk (V/V). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Fatty Acid Composition of Fat-Tail and Visceral Fat Depots from Chaal and Zandi Pure Bred Lambs and Their Crosses with Zel (Three Iranian Breeds)
م. مؤمن ن. امام جمعه کاشان س.د. شریفی م. امیری رودبار ا. آیتالهی مهرجردیThe present study was done to evaluate the breed, sex and sampling site influence on fat-tail and visceral fatty acid composition of five pure and cross bred lambs from three Iranian sheep breeds. Particularly, on the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from MoreThe present study was done to evaluate the breed, sex and sampling site influence on fat-tail and visceral fatty acid composition of five pure and cross bred lambs from three Iranian sheep breeds. Particularly, on the content of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids from two cut-able fat depots (fat-tail and visceral). All animals were managed and finished up together and received the same diet. Statistically significant differences (P0.05). The result showed that SFA in Zel × Zandi, Chal × Chal and Zandi × Zandi lambs are more than the USF (P<0.05). In all the five groups, the most content of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) was made of palmetic acid (C16:0) and stearicacid (C18:0) and also, palmitoleic (C16:1 n7), oleic (C18:1) and linoleic acids (C18:2 n6) compromised most part of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). However, the overall content of SFA and UFA was significantly affected by sampling site (P<0.01). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Improvement of Fertility Performance of Farahani Ewes Raised on Supplementary Feeding
آ. میرشمسالهی ر.ع. عزیزیThis study deals with effects of supplementary feeding on fertility performance of Farahani ewes. The study was conducted using three local flocks in Arak city, Iran. Half ewes in each flock (50 ewes from each flock) were used as control group and fed according to tradi MoreThis study deals with effects of supplementary feeding on fertility performance of Farahani ewes. The study was conducted using three local flocks in Arak city, Iran. Half ewes in each flock (50 ewes from each flock) were used as control group and fed according to traditional method without supplementary feed. The other half per flock was fed on supplementary feed throughout the experiment that included three stages of breeding, late Pregnancy, and lactation. Weight and body condition score was measured in all ewes before supplementary feeding at breeding and at the end of the experiment. Average weight and body condition score at the measuring period were 39.4 ± 1.3 kg and 2.09 ± 0.26 for the control group; and 42.34 ± 1.26 kg and 2.56 ± 0.34 for the experimental group, respectively. The difference between two groups was significant (P<0.01). Implementation of supplementary feeding had significant effect on the birth and weaning weights of lambs. Average birth weight of lambs in control and experimental groups was 3.38 ± 0.14 and 4.09 ± 0.14 kg, respectively. Lambs weights at one, two and three months of ages for the control group were 9.16 ± 1.4, 12.99 ± 2.03 and 22.65 ± 2.3 kg and for the experimental group were 11.23 ± 1.4, 16.55 ± 2.03 and 27.21 ± 2.3 kg, respectively (significant difference (P<0.01)). Pregnancy rates for the control and experimental group were 85.29% and 94.4%, respectively (P<0.01) and lamb mortality rates were 10.34% and 3.48%, respectively (P<0.01). These findings showed that supplementary feeding improved fertility and lambing performance. Moreover, the birth weight and weaning weight of lambs showed significant improvement as well. The overall, increasing of lambing ewes (of about 14 percent) and increase in lamb birth and weaning weights were the obtained economic benefit from this research. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Evaluation the Impact of Carcass Weight, Age at Slaughter, and Sex on the Chemical Composition of Lamb Meat: The Case of the Boutsiko Sheep Breed
و. الکساندریدیس ب. اسکاپتاس د. کانتاس پ. گولاس م. کالایتزیدوThe effect of carcass weight, age at slaughter and sex on some chemical components was evaluated in twenty-two Boutsiko lambs (twelve females and ten males). Chemical composition of meat was expressed as percentage of fat, protein, collagen and moisture content. Measure MoreThe effect of carcass weight, age at slaughter and sex on some chemical components was evaluated in twenty-two Boutsiko lambs (twelve females and ten males). Chemical composition of meat was expressed as percentage of fat, protein, collagen and moisture content. Measures of the four chemical components were taken by carcass cuts included shoulder, leg, racks, kidney, rear flank, breast ribs and scrag-end. Results have shown that the percentage content of fat, protein, moisture and collagen are in a good level compared to the other sheep breeds and E.U. Directives. Regression analysis showed that among the three independent variables only carcass weight had significant effect on the content of fat, protein and moisture, while the age at slaughter was the only factor which has an impact on the value of collagen. The significant positive relation of carcass weight with fat content and its negative relation with moisture and protein is an indication that lessening the weight by a small amount will have comparatively favorable results in the chemical quality of meat through the reduction of fat and the increasing of moisture and protein content. Small reduction of age at slaughter will further improve the level of collagen, which is the basic parameter affecting the tenderness of the meat. Reduction of carcass weight and age at slaughter means less meat in the market and lower returns for producers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Phenotypic and Genetic Factors Affecting on Reproductive Lifetime of Lori-Bakhtiari Ewes
م. وطن خواهIn this study phenotypic and genetic factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of Lori-Bakhtiari ewes were determined using 8202 reproductive records of 2478 ewes collected at Shooli research station in the southwestern part of Iran (Shahrekord) during 1989 to 2012. MoreIn this study phenotypic and genetic factors affecting the reproductive efficiency of Lori-Bakhtiari ewes were determined using 8202 reproductive records of 2478 ewes collected at Shooli research station in the southwestern part of Iran (Shahrekord) during 1989 to 2012. Reproductive efficiency over all consecutive lambing opportunities were calculated by adding the total reproductive efficiency traits per ewe joined for all of the parturition opportunities. Reproductive traits included in the current study were: number of parity (NP), total number of lambs born (TNLB), total number of lambs weaned (TNLW), total of lambs birth weight (TLBW), total of lambs weaning weight (TLWW), total of lambs weaning weight per kg ewe body weight (TLWW/EBW) and total of lambs weaning weight per kg metabolic ewe body weight (TLWW/MEBW). The data set analyzed with multi-trait animal model included the fixed effects of birth year of ewe, number of parturition in ewe's lifetime, ewe body weight as covariate and random effects direct additive genetic and residual. The overall mean of NP, TNLB, TNLW, TLBW, TLWW, TLWW/EBW and TLWW/MEBW were 3.31, 3.31, 3.21, 16.51 kg, 87.31 kg, 1.51 and 4.16, respectively. The effect of non-genetic factors were significant for all investigated traits in this study (P<0.01). The heritability estimates were medium (0.30) for NP and low (0.08 to 0.11) for other reproductive efficiency traits. The estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations between the traits were high (0.72 to 0.99) or medium to high (0.57 to 0.99). Thus, improving environmental effects could make significant improvements in reproductive efficiency traits at first. The low to medium heritability estimate and high genetic correlations obtained between reproductive efficiency traits in ewe's lifetime and high phenotypic standard deviation from them indicated that improvement by selection of all of traits, especially NP can be improved TLWW as net reproductive efficiency trait in Lori-Bakhtiari ewes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Estimation of Inbreeding Coefficients Using Pedigree and Microsatellite Markers and Its Effects on Economic Traits of Shirvan Kordi Sheep
س. نقویان س. حسنی م. آهنی آذری ع.ر. خان احمدی د.ع. ساقی ن. مامیزادهIn this study, pedigree data of 7170 lambs produced from 177 rams and 2182 ewes collected during 1989 to 2009 in the Shirvan Kordi sheep breeding station, were used for calculating inbreeding coefficients. The impact of inbreeding on the studied traits was investigated MoreIn this study, pedigree data of 7170 lambs produced from 177 rams and 2182 ewes collected during 1989 to 2009 in the Shirvan Kordi sheep breeding station, were used for calculating inbreeding coefficients. The impact of inbreeding on the studied traits was investigated by including inbreeding coefficients for each animal as a covariate in the animal model. Average inbreeding coefficient of the flock in base year, 1989, was estimated as 0.668%. The low average inbreeding in the flock could be ascribed to the structured breeding regime of the station for preventing mating among relatives. Totally, 23.3% of the animals were inbred with average inbreeding coefficient of 2.87%. Out of these, 1668 animals were inbred including 823 males and 845 females with the mean inbreeding coefficients of 2.81% and 2.93%, respectively. Coefficients of inbreeding were also estimated in this population using 6 microsatellite markers (BM8125, BMS2361, BM6526, BM6526, BMS1004 and BM6444) and 100 blood samples. Within population, inbreeding F-statistic (FIS) ranged from -0.1859 (BM6526) to 0.3329 (BM6438). The FIS estimates were positive for BM6438 and BM6444 loci (0.3329 and 0.2287), respectively and estimates for the other loci were negative. Average inbreeding coefficients based on molecular markers was estimated as 0.2617%. Birth weight, weaning weight, body weight at 6 months, body weight at 9 months, body weight at 12 months, annual wool production and number of lambs per ewe lambing were changed by -0.0131, 0.0795, 0.0013, -0.0653, -0.0921, 0.0083 and -0.023 kg, respectively for every one percent increase in inbreeding. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - Effects of Different Fat Sources in Finisher Diet of Broiler Chickens on Performance, Fat Deposition and Blood Metabolites
س.ع. میرقلنج ا. گلیان م.ع. بهروزلک س. مرادیThe aim of this experiment was to assess the effects of using saturated fatty acid (SFA) and some unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) sources in finishing period on performance, fat deposition and blood metabolites of broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four 28-d old male MoreThe aim of this experiment was to assess the effects of using saturated fatty acid (SFA) and some unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) sources in finishing period on performance, fat deposition and blood metabolites of broiler chickens. One hundred and forty four 28-d old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments and 6 replicates in a completely randomized design. Four isocaloric/isonitrogenous diets containing 5% tallow fat (TF) as SFA source or olive oil (OO), soybean oil (SO) and canola oil (CO) as UFA sources were provided during finisher period (from 29-42 d of age). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily weight gain (ADWG) of birds fed TF were significantly (P<0.05) lower as compared to birds fed vegetable oils in finisher diet. Abdominal fat percentage of birds fed TF and OO increased significantly (P>0.05) as compared to those fed SO and CO from 29-42 d of age. Relative weight of bile sac in birds fed TF diet, were significantly (P<0.05) higher than birds fed vegetable oils in finisher diets. Blood serum triglyceride of birds fed SO and CO was significantly (P<0.05) lower than birds fed TF at 42 d of age. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) of birds was significantly (P<0.05) reduced with feeding SO and CO compared to birds fed TF. These data suggest that performance, abdominal fat pad, relative weight of bile sac and some blood serum metabolites may be changed by modification of dietary fat sources, 14 days prior to slaughter. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Effect of Peppermint and Basil as Feed Additive on Broiler Performance and Carcass Characteristics
ی. گوربوز آی.آ. اسماعیلThis research was conducted to find out the effect of peppermint and basil as natural feed additives on broiler performance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of the peppermint (Mentha pipreitae) and basil (Ocimum basilicum) as a feed addi MoreThis research was conducted to find out the effect of peppermint and basil as natural feed additives on broiler performance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of the peppermint (Mentha pipreitae) and basil (Ocimum basilicum) as a feed additive on live body weight (LBW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass weight, abdominal fat and liver weight characterization of broiler chickens. A total of 210 broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) were selected and divided into 7 treatments and 3 replicates based on completely randomized design. One day-old chicks were reared for 35 days. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Chicks were divided into seven treatments (30 birds each). Each treatment contained three replicates of 10 birds. Each group of birds were supplied with 0% (T1-control) 0.5% (T2), 1.0% (T3) and 1.5% (T4) of peppermint and 0.5% (T5), 1.0% (T6) and 1.5% (T7) of basil as feed additive and control group was supplied with neither peppermint nor basil in their ratio. As a result of this study, mean LBW, BWG, FI, FCR and liver weight against T4 (1.5% peppermint) was significantly (P<0.05) higher for broilers in the other group. But had there were non significant effect on the carcass, carcass yield and abdominal fat. Findings of the present study suggested that feeding peppermint and basil tend improve the growth performance and FCR of the broilers. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Effect of Different Levels of Molasses Distillers Condensed Soluble on Broiler Chickens Performance, Carcass Traits and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers
ط. امجدیان م.م. معینی ش. قاضی ش. ورکوهیAn experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of molasses distillers condensed soluble (MDCS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 400 one day-old, unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted MoreAn experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of molasses distillers condensed soluble (MDCS) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 400 one day-old, unsexed Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 20 cages. The dietary MDCS levels incorporated 0% and 4% in the starter and 0%, 4% and 8% in grower diet, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained from 7 to 42 days of age. As a result of this study, the dietary inclusion of MDCS had no negative effects on productive performance of broilers or on the microbial population's enumeration, villus width, villus height, crypt depth and carcass traits. Thus it can be concluded that MDCS can be included in broiler dietary up to 8% without any adverse effect on broiler performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - The Effect of Dried Poultry Droppings Levels Supplementation on Body Linear Measurements of Growing Rams Fed with Sorghum Stover
آ.آ. بلوEffect of dietary treatment levels on body linear measurements of growing Yankasa rams (Ovis aries) fed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)Moench stover supplemented with graded levels of dried poultry dropping based diets was assessed using thirty growing Yankasa rams (Ovis arie MoreEffect of dietary treatment levels on body linear measurements of growing Yankasa rams (Ovis aries) fed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)Moench stover supplemented with graded levels of dried poultry dropping based diets was assessed using thirty growing Yankasa rams (Ovis aries) consisting of five treatments (T1-T5). Each treatment consisted of three replicates with two animals per replicate. T1: were rams fed with 0% dried poultry droppings based diet (DPDBD), T2: with 20 % DPDBD, T3: with 40 % DPDBD, T4: with 60 % DPDBD and T5: with 80% DPDBD. Significant (P<0.05) differences were observed amongst the treatments for body length, height at wither, chest girth, fore leg length, ear length, neck length and face length. Hind leg length, horn length, poll distance, neck circumference, tail length and horn base circumference varied non-significantly. The highest correlation coefficient was observed between horn base circumference and poll distance (r=0.990) followed by neck circumference and height at wither (r=0.980). Therefore it was concluded that horn base circumference, poll distance, neck circumference and height at wither were highly influenced by the dietary treatment levels in the present study. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - The Influence of Drinking Water Containing Lemon Juice and Thyme Supplemented Diet on Performance and some Blood Parameters of Broilers under Heat Stress
ح. بهبودی ا. اسماعیلیپور ر. میرمحمودی م. مظهریThis study was conducted to find out the effects of drinking water containing lemon juice and thyme supplemented diet on growth performance, serum concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides, heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), H/L ratio and enzyme activity of glutathi MoreThis study was conducted to find out the effects of drinking water containing lemon juice and thyme supplemented diet on growth performance, serum concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides, heterophils (H), lymphocytes (L), H/L ratio and enzyme activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in broilers under heat stress condition. The experiment was carried out as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of lemon juice (0 and 2 mL/L of drinking water) and 3 levels of thyme (0, 0.5 and 1 % of diet). Each dietary treatment consisted of 4 replicate pens (9 birds/pen). The birds were kept at 34 ˚C ± 2 (9.00 to 17.00) from 25 to 42 d of age. Feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), H/L ratio and GPX activity and serum cholesterol concentration were not affected (P>0.05) by individual addition of lemon juice or thyme; whereas, combination effect of the two additives improved performance and reduced H/L ratio and serum triglycerides concentration (P≤0.05). Concurrent usage of 0.5 thyme and 2 mL/L of lemon juice increased FI and BWG by 229 and 165 g, respectively. Addition of 0.5 and 1% thyme to the diet and 2 mL/L lemon juice to drinking water reduced the serum triglycerides concentration by 9.8, 11.1 and 8.5 mg/dL, respectively (P≤0.05). It is concluded that the concurrent administration of 0.5% of thyme to diet and 2 mL/L lemon juice to drinking water provides a potential protective management strategy in preventing heat-stress-related reduction in the performance of broiler chickens. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Antioxidant Effect of Dietary Zataria multiflora boiss Extract Supplementationon and Susceptibility of Chicken Meat to Lipid Oxidation during Frozen Storage
ف. محمدپور ح. درمانیکوهی م. مطیحی اصلیThe antioxidant effect of dietary Zataria multiflora boiss (ZMBE) extract supplementation on the susceptibility of chicken thigh muscle to lipid oxidation during frozen storage at -20 ˚C for 6 months was examined in this experiment. Three hundred thirty six day-old chic MoreThe antioxidant effect of dietary Zataria multiflora boiss (ZMBE) extract supplementation on the susceptibility of chicken thigh muscle to lipid oxidation during frozen storage at -20 ˚C for 6 months was examined in this experiment. Three hundred thirty six day-old chicks were allocated to 7 dietary treatments with 4 replicates (12 birds each) in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments in this study were: T1) basal diet [control group, without Zataria multiflora boiss extract (ZMBE)], T2) and T3) [basal diet plus 0.5% and 1% of ZMBE for 42 days], T4) and T5) [basal diet plus 0.5% and 1% ZMBE in the last two weeks of rearing period] and T6) and T7) [basal diet plus 0.5% and 1% ZMBE in the last week of rearing period], respectively. The susceptibility of meat to lipid oxidation was determined by measuring the pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level of thigh muscle after 2, 4 and 6 months of storage, respectively. Results clearly demonstrated a major impact on the oxidative stability of broiler meat by ZMBE treatments when compared to control group (P<0.05). However, TBARS values of meat increased pH and moisture content decreased with increasing storage time (P<0.05). Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The Effect of Prebiotics and Isoleucine Addition to the Finisher Diet of Broilers on Their Performance and some Blood Parameters
ا. اژدر ن. ایلا ج. یدیThis study conducted to evaluate the effect of prebiotics (Fermacto) and isoleucine and their combination on performance and some blood parameters of broiler chickens during finisher period. At the first of experiment 300 one-day-old mixed Ross broiler chicks reared in MoreThis study conducted to evaluate the effect of prebiotics (Fermacto) and isoleucine and their combination on performance and some blood parameters of broiler chickens during finisher period. At the first of experiment 300 one-day-old mixed Ross broiler chicks reared in same condition according to Ross manual guide up to 21 days old. Chicks at 21 day old were randomly allocated to 20 groups of 15 birds in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Control group were fed with the basal diet of corn-soya and wheat. In the experimental group, 0.1% of prebiotics and 0.04% isoleucine were added. Weight gain and feed intake of birds were measured and at the end of the experiment one bird from each pen were sampled and weighed and then killed. The results showed that prebiotics and isoleucine significantly (P<0.05) improved feed conversion and weight gain and serum cholesterol but it did not have any significant effect on traits such as feed, the serum amount of urea, uric acid, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein(LDL), high-density lipoprotein(HDL), very low-density lipoprotein(VLDL), LDL/HDL and serum total protein. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Evaluation of Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Litter Quality and Foot Lesions of Broilers Reared under High Stocking Densities
د. فرهادی س.م. حسینیTwo repeated experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different stocking densities onbroiler performance, carcass characteristics, litter quality and foot lesionsusing 5224 one day-old Ross 308 broilers. In each experiment, a total of 2612 one day-old br MoreTwo repeated experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different stocking densities onbroiler performance, carcass characteristics, litter quality and foot lesionsusing 5224 one day-old Ross 308 broilers. In each experiment, a total of 2612 one day-old broilers were allocated in 16 floor pens at densities of 16, 18, 20 and 22 birds/m2 of floor space in an environmentally controlled broiler house. Data collected from the two experiments were pooled together for statistical analysis. The results indicated that body weight gain significantly decreased with increasing stocking density (P<0.05). Density beyond 16 birds/m2 significantly decreased the body weight gain at 1 to 21 day of age and density beyond 20 birds/m2 significantly decreased the body weight gains at 22 to 42 day of age and in whole experimental period (P<0.05). Body weight gain expressed as kg BW/m2 increased linearly with increased stocking density (P<0.05). Treatments had no significant effects on feed conversion ratio, mortality rate, production efficiency index (PEI), carcass dressing measurements (carcass weight and relative weights of liver, abdominal fat, bursa of fabricius, spleen and parameters of the broiler litter (moisture, pH and ammonia level) (P>0.05). Foot pad lesions significantly increased as stocking density increased (P<0.05), but hock burns was not affected by increasing stocking density. In conclusion, based on the obtained results of this study, 20 birds/m2 of floor space was an appropriate density for rearing broilers in an environmentally controlled broiler house. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol on Productive Performance, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Certain Blood Metabolites in Heat Stressed Broilers
ح. سعادت شاد م. مظهری ا.ع. اسماعیلیپور ح. خسروینیاThe present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on performance, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activity and blood parameters of heat stressed broilers. Broilers were fed with commercial diet till 25 d of age, then t MoreThe present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of thymol and carvacrol supplementation on performance, immune response, antioxidant enzyme activity and blood parameters of heat stressed broilers. Broilers were fed with commercial diet till 25 d of age, then they were allocated to a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with 6 treatments including 3 levels of carvacrol (0, 300 and 500 mg/kg of diet) and 2 levels of thymol (0 and 250 mg/kg of diet) in 4 replicates of 9 birds each. To induce heat stress, diurnal cyclic temperature at 35 ˚C for 8 h from 09:00 h to 17:00 h, were used from 26 day of age until the end of the experiment. Dietary carvacrol did not affect performance parameters of broilers but feeding 250 mg/kg thymol increased body weight gainand decreased feed conversion ratio by 6 and 4%, respectively (P<0.05). Red and white blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin were not influenced by treatments, but heterophile and heterophile to lymphocyte ratio decreased in the birds fed on thymol- and carvacrol- added diets (P<0.05). Carvacrol and thymol supplementation decreased (P<0.05) serum cholesterol level but had no effect on triglyceride, low and high density lipoproteins and glucose. Both thymoland carvacrol elevated(P<0.05) serum glutathione peroxidase activity compared to the control group. Carcass and breast percentage were increased (P<0.05) in the birds received thymol-added diet (P<0.05). No carvacrol and thymol effect were observed on relative weight of internal organs in broilers. It was concluded that dietary thymol at an inclusion rate of 250 mg/kg diet might positively modulate the negative effect of heat stress in broiler chickens through improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), increased water intake and antioxidative potential of blood tissue. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
28 - The Effect of Different Levels of Rapeseed Meal with and without Enzyme on the Performance and the Serum Level of Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in Broiler Chickens
م. احمدیIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of rapeseed meal on performance and content of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in broiler chickens’ blood, 640 1-d-old Ross male broiler chickens were studied throug MoreIn order to investigate the effect of different levels of rapeseed meal on performance and content of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in broiler chickens’ blood, 640 1-d-old Ross male broiler chickens were studied through a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement including 4 levels of rapeseed meal (RSM) (0, 5, 10 and 15 percent) and two levels of enzyme (0 and 0.05%) with a completely randomized design and 4 replicates. Feed intake weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured at 8, 21 and 42 days of age. In order to investigate the level of T3, T4 and TSH at the end of each period, three chickens from each treatment group were sampled for blood collection. Results indicated that different levels of RSM and enzyme separately had no significant effect on the feed conversion ratio, weight gain and feed intake (P≥0.05). However, the interaction effect of rapeseed RSM and enzyme significantly improved the feed intake (P≤0.05). Treatments significantly affected the amount of T3 and TSH in blood serum that was decreased, with adding rapeseed and enzyme into the diet, while the level of T4 was not affected significantly. Therefore, according to obtained results, it seems that rapeseed RSM can be used in the diet of broiler chickens up to 15% without decreasing their performance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Efficacy of Bactocell® and Toyocerin® as Probiotics on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters and Intestinal Morphometry of Turkey Poults
م. چمنیA feeding trial was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Pediococcus acidlactici (Bactocell®) or Baccillus cereus (Toyocerin®)-based probiotics on turkey’s performance, carcass yield, blood parameters and intestinal morphology. A total of 240 1- day-ol MoreA feeding trial was conducted to investigate the efficacy of Pediococcus acidlactici (Bactocell®) or Baccillus cereus (Toyocerin®)-based probiotics on turkey’s performance, carcass yield, blood parameters and intestinal morphology. A total of 240 1- day-old male Nicholas turkey poults were allocated into three dietary groups with four replicates. A corn-soybean-based diet was used as a basal diet. The dietary groups were 1) control (basal diet), 2) basal diet plus Bactocell® (1×109 cfuof Pediococcus acidilactici/g of the diet) 3) basal diet plus Toyocerin® (1×109 cfuof Bacillus cereus/g of the diet). Poults assigned in a normal condition from 1 to 84 days of age. Birds raised on floored pen and in an environmentally controlled house. Birds given ad libitum access to water and diet. Poults weighted at every week by pen basis to determine average body weight. Feed intake per pen recorded at the same age and feed conversion ratio calculated for whole period. Eight birds per treatment randomly selected to measure the serum cholesterol, triglyceride, heterophil, lymphocyte levels and histomorphological measurements of small intestine on day 84. The result of this study shown that there was not a significant association between added probiotics to feed and weight growth, feed conversion ratio, cholesterol, triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein (HDL) andlow-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (P>0.05). There was a significant result of decrease epithelium thickness, increase villus height and increase cell area of Goblet (P<0.05). Birds fed diet supplemented with probiotics also had lower (P<0.05) Coliforms number of the ileum than that of the control. It could be concluded that under the condition of the current study, the probiotic affected small intestinal morphology of turkey poults significantly, but inclusion of these probiotics at the recommended dose (1 g/kg in diet) has no adverse effect on blood parameters and performance of turkey poults. The key points of using probiotics are in maintaining gastrointestinal health and resistance to pathogens and prevent digestive disorders that may express. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis of Kappa-Casein Exon 4 Gene in Iranian Bacterianus and Dromedaries Camels
م. طهمورثپور م.ه. سخاوتی ا.ع. کهبیری ع. محمدهاشمیKappa-casein, as a major protein component in mammalian milk, plays an essential role in formation and stabilization milk micelles and preventing them from aggregating and therefore, helping to keep calcium phosphate in solution and transfer of calcium and phosphors fro MoreKappa-casein, as a major protein component in mammalian milk, plays an essential role in formation and stabilization milk micelles and preventing them from aggregating and therefore, helping to keep calcium phosphate in solution and transfer of calcium and phosphors from animal milk to consumers. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate genetic and phylogenetic analysis of exon 4 of k-casein (CSN3) gene in Iranian camels using 10 blood samples from Dromedary camels and 5 blood samples from Bacterian camels. After DNA extraction, partial DNA fragment (713 bp) of the k-casein gene was amplified and sequenced using specific primers by PCR reaction. Obtained sequences were edited and subsequently were compared with other k-casein gene sequences which were submitted in NCBI data base. The results showed that there were no significant variations among analyzed sequences. Furthermore, the Neighbor-Joining phylogenetic analysis showed that according to k-casein gene sequence, Iranian Dromedary and Bacterian camels have the lowest genetic distance with Lama species. Manuscript profile
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