Journal of Environmental Science and Technology: 4 (2)

Open Access Article

1 - Environmental Base Study and investigation of environmental impact of Hydroelectric Power Plant Case study: Sardabrud Hydroelectric Power Plant
Majid Abbaspour Abdolreza Karbasi Ateke Pahlevan Hamid Rahimipour Anaraki Saeed Motahari

Life and development of human societies is based on production and consumption of energy, necessity of paying more attention to environment, the fact of running out of fossil fuel and also the need of renewable energy resources has attracted human attention. With having More

Life and development of human societies is based on production and consumption of energy, necessity of paying more attention to environment, the fact of running out of fossil fuel and also the need of renewable energy resources has attracted human attention. With having reached renewable energy resources, Iran tends to use these sorts of energy. Hydroelectric energy specially is one of the most important and also most economic renewable sources of energy. To assess environmental impacts of Sardabrud hydroelectric power plant, construction and operation phases Leopold Matrix was used to analyses impacts of each phase on physical-chemical, biological, economical and socio economic environments. Also some experiments were carried out in 4 periods to study the quality of the river. Based on  obtained results of the existing status and values from Leopold Matrix, and comparing  impacts between the operation and no action alternatives, it was revealed that operation alternative is -62 and +69 in construction and operation phases respectively, and no action alternative is -52 and -82 in construction and operation phases respectively. This after averaging the operation score was +7 and no action score was -133 Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

2 - Determination of Diazinon in Water of Rice fields of Amol city by Thin Layer Chromatography Technique
Reza Arjmandi Mitra Tavakol Mansoreh Shayeghi

Increasing growth of population, undesirable economic situations of the world especially the third world, shortage of foodstuffs, hungriness, illness, they are all problems to be solved from economical and agricultural aspects. Protecting agricultural products from pest More

Increasing growth of population, undesirable economic situations of the world especially the third world, shortage of foodstuffs, hungriness, illness, they are all problems to be solved from economical and agricultural aspects. Protecting agricultural products from pests and diseases which inflicts considerable damage to farmers and cultivators each year which is another puzzle to be played and sorted. For this purpose, each year repeated, irregular and uninformed pesticides sprayings are carried out too many times which unfortunately cause resistance of pests against these drugs as well as environmental pollution and it can disaffect other live creatures. It is therefore necessary that more extensive research to be performed on agricultural pesticides and their relative health sciences in the light of bioenvironmental remarks. Mazandaran province is one of the agricultural poles of our country. Diazinon is one the most consumed agricultural pesticides in order to destroy the pests in this region. In this research study of residua of pesticide (Diazinon) in water, Rice field in Amol city, Mazandaran province was performed in year 2007. Findings:  The sampling was carried out on an accidental basis and the samples were taken from each station from the whole width of the river at each interval and mixed and studied the primary experiment and extractions which were carried out by using di-cholero methane and Acetone and finally the amount of pesticide residue was determined by using the H.P.T.L.C (High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography) method and CATS-4 software. According to the ANOVA, trails were in statistical analysis .Time of sampling of water was reported in one day after poisoning. Results show: Diazinon insecticide: this insecticide is used to destroy the stem boring caterpillar of Rice and Citrus tree pests frequently and was observed in the sampling stations 1 and 4 for 2 weeks after poisoning and in station 2 and 3 for one month after poisoning and in station 5 up to second month after application. The greatest amount of Diazinon poisons in station 1 was 1.14ppm which was greater than European Standard. This study cleared physical and chemical properties of the studied insecticides، such as fumigation quality، ecological conditions and type of soil، cause the decrease and finally disappearance of insecticides during the period of plant growth. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

3 - Guideline for Hazarsous Liguid Waste Designing Disposal Methods by Evaporation Lagoons
Amir Hesam Hasani Amir Hossain Javid Faramarz Naseri

One of the most important issues in environmental science and technology is disposal of hazardous liquid waste, which should be done based on engineering rules and specific standards. Therefore investigation on different ways of disposal is important, considering geogra More

One of the most important issues in environmental science and technology is disposal of hazardous liquid waste, which should be done based on engineering rules and specific standards. Therefore investigation on different ways of disposal is important, considering geographic and climate condition and economic status in order to select suitable and optimum approach. In the present research after recognition and classification of hazardous liquid waste, their environmental effects and international standards and rules are investigated, and then different methods of disposal are presented. Considering Irans climate and economic situation, therefore, evaporation lagoon as a technical method of disposal is investigated, and then this system by using Isfahans rain fall and evaporation values (from 1991 to 2000) and assuming waste water maximum flow 14300 m3/year has been designed for a decade and simulated model. According to the results, recommended evaporation pond should be 124 (m) in length, 62(m) in width, 2.5(m) in depth and 1:2 in slope. By controlling the system, maximum depth of waste water in lagoon must be 1.76(m) during operation of 10 years period time. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The Study of Evaporation in Persian Gulf Using an Air-Sea Interaction Model
Masoud Torabi Azad Afshin Mohseni Arasteh Rezvan Salami Abyaneh Daruish Mansori

In this study, the drag coefficient in Persian Gulf is computed by the Bulk Model and then the rate of evaporation and moisture flux has been computed in the Bushehr station for two dry and rainy years.   After some studies it has been realized that the amount More

In this study, the drag coefficient in Persian Gulf is computed by the Bulk Model and then the rate of evaporation and moisture flux has been computed in the Bushehr station for two dry and rainy years.   After some studies it has been realized that the amount of evaporation is more in summer than winter. The most evaporation has been hold in July.                 The rate of evaporation and moisture flux has been studied experimentally but it wasn’t successful. So it has been reviewed again because the experimental relation didn’t give the exact information. So the correct coefficient and new experimental relation obtained. The rate of evaporation and moisture flux has been calculated by the use of it, similar to the Bulk Model, the rate of evaporation is more in summer than winter .For more accurate study of the marine information, two months of a year (May and December) has been used as a sample. This study proved the results but there is a little difference between the evaporation in warm and cold months for high accuracy of the marine information. The evaporation has a direct relation with wind speed and temperature. It has been approved in the warm months. The wind speed and temperature is high but in cold months as the wind speed is high but temperature is lower than warm months for higher evaporation in warm months Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

5 - Survey of amount of removed detergents and organic Materials of hospital wastewater with SBR developed method (case study of Yazd city)
Bahman Banaiy Ghahfarrokhi Mohamad hassan Ehramposh Parvin Nasiri Asghar Ghasemee Reza Rezaee Javanmardi

Introduction: There are many different methods for waste water treatment such as Physical, Chemical and Biological and activated sludge process. The most significant aims of waste water treatment include controlling of environmental pollutions, protecting of concinnity More

Introduction: There are many different methods for waste water treatment such as Physical, Chemical and Biological and activated sludge process. The most significant aims of waste water treatment include controlling of environmental pollutions, protecting of concinnity of environment and controlling of infectious diseases. Among different type of waste water in a society, hospitals’ waste water are very important because of carrying various type of harmful, pathological and infectious micro-organisms and elements. One the harmful elements are detergents which are counted as biological pollutant in biological waste water treatment process. This research was carried out to eliminate detergents and organic material from hospitals’ waste water through developed SBR method with the aim of expressing of designing parameter and improved SBR potential process in order to use in waste water treatment process in hospitals. Methods: This research is experimental - applied study. At first pilot of advanced system was designed which was carried out in a period of 4 months. To chemical analyses 20 waste water samples were taken out from input and output pilot water and BOD, COD, SVI. MLVSS, SVI and detergents parameters were measured according to the suggested standard methods. Results: results in this research indicated that removal percentage of BOD is %95.54, COD%92.97, detergent 84.995 and average rate of mlss is 4327.65 mg/l, mlvss3172.05 mg/l and volume index 113.97 mg/l SVI obtained and average rate of F/M  in this system was 0.0865BOD/kg mlss.d. Conclusion: according to the results obtained from advanced SBR it could be said this method of process treatment has high standard of flexibility against organic and hydraulic shock and was capable to remove BOD, COD and detergents and also it can process the output standards. Also low volume of established sludge and low growth of sulfa bacteria are advantages which cause use of this system in industrial waste waters treatment and competes with other methods of waste water treatment which is an economical and money saving method Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Comparative Study of Efficiency using of Cyclone, Spray Scrubber and integrated system of cyclone- spray scrubber to collect Silica Particles in stone Crushing Workshops
Mohsen Aliabadi Abdorrahman Bahrami Farideh Golbabae Farshid Ghorbani

The purpose of this research is efficiency determination of conventional cyclone with spray scrubber for removal of silica in stone crushing factories in Azaandarian area at Hamadan state. The iso-kinetic sampling of total dust was obtained down stream and upstream of c More

The purpose of this research is efficiency determination of conventional cyclone with spray scrubber for removal of silica in stone crushing factories in Azaandarian area at Hamadan state. The iso-kinetic sampling of total dust was obtained down stream and upstream of cyclone and scrubber in exhaust ventilation system base on EPA method No 5. The mass of all samples collected was determined by gravimetrically method. Also sampling of dust base of size distribution was performed by using of cascade centripetal.  The results of this study showed that using traditional cyclone with scrubber has significant efficiency to remove particles from the Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system. The mean of outlet concentration from stack in stone crushing type 1 (rate of free silica more than 95%), was 43-131 mgm-3 and in stone crushing type2 (rate of free silica more than 85%), was 64-12.7 mgm-3 that is less than standard permissible limit recommended by Iran Environmental protection Agency. The efficiency of cyclone to treat dust particles from LEV system was 80-97 percent and increases to 92-99 percent when cyclone with spray scrubber was used and therefore this integrated system is the most efficient for collecting silica dust emission in the air of factories. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Study of organic matter of loading on the application of wastewater treatment of water refinery of Sewerage of Abadan industrial estate
Iran Baraee Mahdi Farzadkia Nematollah Jafarzadeh

The stabilization ponds are more effective systems for treating of the wastewater whit high organic and hydraulic loading shocks. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many of industrial wastewater treatment. Module 1 of phase 1 has been done in Ab More

The stabilization ponds are more effective systems for treating of the wastewater whit high organic and hydraulic loading shocks. Therefore, those are most popular methods for municipal and many of industrial wastewater treatment. Module 1 of phase 1 has been done in Abadan wastewater treatment plant. The main objective of this study was investigation of the organic matter of loading on the application of wastewater treatment of Abadan industrial estate. In this study, The  efficiency  of  Abadan  wastewater treatment  plant  was  studied  over ten months  from  February 2004 to December 2005 . The general  conditions  and  operation  of  the  plant  were  considered  and  wastewater  treatment  indexes  such  as pH  , COD , BOD5 , TSS , Total   coli form  and  fecal  coli form and helminthes ova in influent  and  effluent and loading of organic matter level  were  determined. The maximum removal efficiency of pollutants was in July. The  average  amounts  of COD , BOD5 , TSS  , total  and  fecal  coli form and helminthes ova in effluent in July were 805  mg/l ,440 mg/l , 30mg/l,9/2×105 MPN/100ml  6/1×105MPN/100ml ,22 ova/l respectively. so, maximum and minimum volume loading level in the anaerobic ponds 694.6 &384.1 g BOD5/m3.d and maximum and minimum surface loading level in the facultative ponds 554 & 272.06 kg BOD5/ha. d were determined. These results showed that the amounts of these parameters (exception of the TSS) had significant difference with the standard limits recommended by Iran Department of Environment (DOE) for irrigation or discharged to surface water and recycling water for agricultural re-use. In this section, problems and proposals have been presented. For sanitary disposal and reuse of this effluent the optimization of existing system must be noted.                                                             Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

8 - Corrosion and Scaling Analysis of Groundwater Resources of Hamedan Bahar Aquifer
Hamid Zare Abyaneh Sayyedeh Elham Abdolsalehi Azade Kazemi

Water corrosion and scaling are one of the problems in qualitative management and directing of water distribution system. Rizener and Langelier Indices were used based on the chemical equilibrium between salts in the water to determinate level of corrosion and scaling H More

Water corrosion and scaling are one of the problems in qualitative management and directing of water distribution system. Rizener and Langelier Indices were used based on the chemical equilibrium between salts in the water to determinate level of corrosion and scaling Hamedan-Bahar groundwater resources. Results showed according to Langelier Index, amounts of corrosion and scaling for       64.25 % of ground water samples were low. Also based on Rizener index 85.2% of water samples had low potential of corrosion and scaling. Corrosion and scaling Qantas water resource were lower than underground water of wells. It might be due to removing of some soluble salts caused by cutting some part of water channel. Piper curve also showed that groundwater resources contain: calcite bicarbonate (70%), Sedic bicarbonate (15%), calcite sulfate (3%), Magnesium bicarbonate (6%), sedic sulfate (3%) and calcite chlorite (3%). Chemical composition of water showed scaling problem due to calcite bicarbonate, Sedic bicarbonate and variation in environment temperature. Physicochemical reactions of existed ions in the water with pipes can cause a weak corrosion for sediment which in turn plays a washing role. Overall results indicated that however, Hamedan-Bahar groundwater resources have low-medium corrosion and scaling potential, scaling in the distribution network is higher which causes reduction in the cross area and therefore head losses. So considering economic wastes, scaling in the network should be prevented as much as possible. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - The effect of some amino compounds on the structure and activity of RNase A
Farshid Kafilzade Sahar Janfeshan Hamid Mohammadi

Increase of bio-environmental pollution due to presence of different kinds of choler and brome compound in Atmosphere, the industrial composition of chemical carcinogens and many other pollutants directly or through the destruction of ozone layer can have cancer effects More

Increase of bio-environmental pollution due to presence of different kinds of choler and brome compound in Atmosphere, the industrial composition of chemical carcinogens and many other pollutants directly or through the destruction of ozone layer can have cancer effects. Cancer is associated with important inter cell changes such as increasing some of natural amines. Therefore in this research the effect of density increase of some natural amines on structure and function of one of the most important mammals enzyme called rib nuclease A has been studied. First the mentioned enzyme activity has been measured in the both in presence and absence of natural amine compounds       (Putrescine, Spermine, Spermidine, Cadaverine) by the use of spectrophotometer method and in the 284 nm wave length. The results have shown that only putrescence compound caused the decrease of enzyme activity and thus the effect of putrescence on rib nuclease A enzyme structure has been studied by Circular Dhchorism technic .The total results show that putrescene agent causes both the lowering of rib nuclease A activity and  also the disorganization of its second structure.  Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

10 - Assessment of Primary Education Curricula in Iranian Higher Education System for Increasing Environmental Knowledge of its Graduates
Mohammad Hossein Pour Mohammad Sadegh Sekhavatjou

The present study investigated the status of primary education curricula in the system of higher education from the educational experts perspective. It also proposed applicable ways to improve curricula status with the point view of increasing the environmental knowledg More

The present study investigated the status of primary education curricula in the system of higher education from the educational experts perspective. It also proposed applicable ways to improve curricula status with the point view of increasing the environmental knowledge and achieve to sustainable development. In this study, four hypotheses concerned with primary educations status, purposes, content, teaching methodology and evaluation. This research was conducted through field research design. Research population comprised 500 instructors teaching Islamic Azad University. Sample population (n=100) were selected through cluster random sampling. They filled an 83-item researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted through descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean and SD) and inferential (Z scores) statistics. The results of the study showed that the present primary curricula should be radically revised due to curricula problems concerning specific educational purposes. Also in current condition the knowledge and information level of primary education curricula is very low. And we should mention that the learning of some concepts like environmental protection and pollution prevention and the correct use of natural resources such as water, paper and others in childhood will be very effective. Also it causes the growth of sustainable development principles in next generation Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

11 - Heavy Metals (Ni, Pb, Cd, & Cu) Concentrations in Barbus grypus and Sediments from Arvand River
Neda Kheirvar Ali Dadolahi Sohrab

This assessment of heavy metals contamination was made in Arvand River based on fish (Barbus grypus) and sediments which were collected during 2007 in two seasons (winter and spring). In total, 64 fish samples were taken from 4 sites and experiments were carried out on More

This assessment of heavy metals contamination was made in Arvand River based on fish (Barbus grypus) and sediments which were collected during 2007 in two seasons (winter and spring). In total, 64 fish samples were taken from 4 sites and experiments were carried out on two kinds of fish tissues (muscle and gill). In order to digest fish tissues, Nitric Acid was used and for sedimentations, mixture of Nitric Acid and HCl was used and concentration of metals was determined by aspiring the samples into an Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). During this study, metals concentrations showed 0.77, 16.42, 2.83 and 2.98 µ g g-1 dry wt in muscle tissue and 1.52, 9.03, 2.79 and 6.97 µ g g-1 dry wt in gill tissue and 47.09, 47.07, 7.55 and 25.21 µ g g-1 dry wt in sediments to Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cu, respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

12 - Study of Legal Aspects to present and execute POPs convention in Iran in order to submit legal framework to control persistent Organic Pollutants
Farhad Dabiri Taghi Ebadi Abbas Pourhashemi Niloofar Manoochehri

In the recent years, the world has been considerably confronted with environmental problems and threats which have affected all human kind and other creatures and ecosystems. Therefore it created an international obligation to solve these global problems. Hazardous chem More

In the recent years, the world has been considerably confronted with environmental problems and threats which have affected all human kind and other creatures and ecosystems. Therefore it created an international obligation to solve these global problems. Hazardous chemicals and persistent organic pollutants are among environmental risks and threats. These substances can affect humans and other creatures’ health in a long run.  Risk of different types of cancers, abnormal reproduction and transferring from generation to generation in human and animals are dire consequences which has also resulted increasing concerns about these dangerous situations. Persistent Organic Pollutants consist of 12 substances. Being aware of hygienic risks of pollutants, particularly their effects on women’s health and resulting problems in future generations and acknowledging disorders in oceans ecosystems and its native communities and subject to danger and their foodstuff contamination, are considered as general health issues, so global measures regarding persistent organic pollutants is essential. Therefore the UNEP governors’ council decided to develop and establish an international binding document on persistent organic pollutants on Feb 07, 1997. This convention is known as Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and was enforced in 2004. Regarding commitments of Islamic Republic of Iran to Stockholm Convention, one of the central fields of enrichment to enforce the POPs convention requirements in Iran is using legal means as well as proper executive structure observing the related bindings within legal rules and regulations, the commitments are enforced via a purposeful way. Trying to have a healthy, unpolluted environment and keeping it for the future generations among the required principles to achieve sustainable development is one of the most important goals of the international society Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

13 - Investigation on Regulations and Commitments of the Climate Change Convention and Assessment of their Implementation in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Farideh Atabi Mehrdad Nazemi Amir Abbas Sedighi Narmin Tavakoli

Climate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Cha More

Climate change has been one of the main concerns of societies in the world during the last two decades. Hence, the international community has taken some measures to solve this problem. Such measures include developments of the UN Framework Convention on the Climate Change (UNFCCC) to maintain the current concentration levels of the green house gases in the atmosphere in order to minimize the anthropogenic impacts on the climate. The convention has envisioned common but different responsibilities for all parties. Iran is also a party to the Convention and has developed the Empowerment Plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran to meet its commitments with financial support of the Global Environmental Facilities (GEF) and the UNDP Office located in the Department of the Environment in Iran. In the present study, after reviewing climate change and green house phenomenon, the steps to form the UNFCCC, its goals and the commitments of member countries towards the Convention as well as its status in Iran, have been investigate. Although Iran has honored most of its commitments, the major drawbacks are weak regulations, lack of research and mismanagement of activities. The inadequate coordination amongst different sections of Iran and ineffective environmental laws are the major challenges to the implementation of the Climate Change Convention in Iran. Manuscript profile

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