Comparative Literature Studies: 4 (51)

Open Access Article

1 - A Study on Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan from Feminism School Viewpoint
Reyhaneh Sardar Ali Ganjiyan Khonaari Ebrahim Dibaji

Women have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkab More

Women have always had special status in various cultures and in all eras and their statuses have changed according to each era’s culture and tradition. In the history of Iran after Islam which was coincided with Umayyad civilization and culture, woman had remarkable role and two mentioned cultures owned obvious differences and similarities in the field of women’s cultural and social status partially. Khosrow & Shirin by Nizami was an iconoclast work in spite of an ancient background. On the other hand an Arab poet (Jamil ibn Ma'mar) – in Arabic literature –lived in an era in which women had no specific value; but the abovementioned poet paid special attention to women and their values in his poetries whose works aid us to study the aforesaid subject in Nizami’s Khosrow & Shirin and Jamil ibn Ma'mar’s Divan comparatively. Manuscript profile

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2 - Comparative Study on Anti – Colonialism in Seyed Ashrafedin Hosseini and Bahar’s Poetries
Reza Mousa Abadi Mahdi Norouz Batoul Fakhr Islam

Colonialism is one of the phenomena which most orient countries and nations have always been faced with; thus attentive and capable human especially artists and literary men had fought colonization and colonialists by the weapon of poetry. Since colonization maneuvers a More

Colonialism is one of the phenomena which most orient countries and nations have always been faced with; thus attentive and capable human especially artists and literary men had fought colonization and colonialists by the weapon of poetry. Since colonization maneuvers are various, thus the fighting methods should be different, diverse and appropriate. The present article studies anti – colonialism phenomenon based on literary school of East Europe and surveys Maleko-Sho'arā Bahār and Seyed Ashrafedin Hosseini’s viewpoint about anti – colonialism in their poetries comparatively with the librarian method. The researches of the article show both poets versed about anti – colonialism in various ways and offered similar maneuvers to fight it which the most important ones are informing people, inviting them to unity and integration, contemning by satire and motivating people to returning to Islamic culture. Manuscript profile

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3 - Textual Criticism Approach to Humanitarianism Images in Shamloo and Al-Bayati’s Poetries
Javad Hamidi Mahmoud Shakib

Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati is an Iraqi leftist poet and Ahmad Shamloo is an Iranian poet and founder of Free Verse; both are pioneers of Arabic and Persian contemporary poetries and great ones in Romantic school who have common viewpoints in encountering problems of s More

Abd al-Wahhab Al-Bayati is an Iraqi leftist poet and Ahmad Shamloo is an Iranian poet and founder of Free Verse; both are pioneers of Arabic and Persian contemporary poetries and great ones in Romantic school who have common viewpoints in encountering problems of society according to their individual and social conditions of their own eras. Both poets are pilots of free verse with simple language, musical words and new concepts creation. The keystone of Al-Bayati and Shamloo’s mind is human undoubtedly. These two great poets have enjoyed a unique method in talking about subjects such as myth, humanitarianism, rebelliousness, liberalism and ignoring oppression; both are patriots who applied common humanistic culture in order to meet their goals. Talking about society and policy is the characteristic of contemporary poetry which is of special position in Al-Bayati and Shamloo’s poetries. This research attempts to study some of their works and poetries by emphasizing   descriptive method. Manuscript profile

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4 - Analysis of Symbols in Political, Social and Religious Poetries by Javad Jamil
Parviz Heidari Firouzjaei Katayoun Fallahi Leila Qasemi Haji Abadi

Application of symbols in contemporary is one of the main characteristics of the poets who increased their poetries’ beauty by making layers in their language; it’s a method enables poets to apply it to inspiration and transferring their message. Arabic comm More

Application of symbols in contemporary is one of the main characteristics of the poets who increased their poetries’ beauty by making layers in their language; it’s a method enables poets to apply it to inspiration and transferring their message. Arabic committed literature enjoys the mentioned feature and artistic capacity and some committed poets such as Javad Jamil – Iraqi contemporary poet – have chosen mysterious language for their religious, political – social poetries by applying symbols and creating beautiful and rhetoric images. Javad Jamil applied mysterious interpretation according to obstruct atmosphere of the society as well as avoiding outspokenness. Applied data in the present research are librarian, cited from internet, documents and the method is descriptive – analytical. Manuscript profile

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5 - A Study on Rational Trope in Arabic and Persian Poetries
Parviz Azizi Javad Sa’adoun Zadeh Abdol Reza Ataashi

Trope is one of the most important means in creating beauty in poetries and composers have applied and enjoyed it in order to enrich and develop the fancy domain in their poetries. Trope is applying a term in its other meaning from rhetoric scholars’ viewpoint. In More

Trope is one of the most important means in creating beauty in poetries and composers have applied and enjoyed it in order to enrich and develop the fancy domain in their poetries. Trope is applying a term in its other meaning from rhetoric scholars’ viewpoint. In rhetoric, trope includes simile, metaphor, rational trope and synecdoche; as mystery, myth and superstition are interrelated in criticism. Five hundred witness from Arabic and Persian poetries in which rational trope and documents have been applied are studied in order to analyze this beautifier trick comparatively. Comparative assessment of rational trope and applied interests represent many similarities in Arabic and Persian poetries which is not exclusive to specific literary era or history. Time and affinity interest were more frequent in Arabic and Persian poetries respectively. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - Comparative Study on Decoding of Colors in “The Blind Owl” and “The Body of Farhad” Novels
Fatemeh Elhami Fatemeh Qarlaqi

The element of color is a widespread component of our tangible world and is known as common language of people of the world as the music does. Colors almost own symbolic concepts and their representation in literary works is undeniable.  Literary works creators hav More

The element of color is a widespread component of our tangible world and is known as common language of people of the world as the music does. Colors almost own symbolic concepts and their representation in literary works is undeniable.  Literary works creators have enjoyed colors according to their lives environments, believes and interests; hereby many mysteries and secrecies and even social conditions of author’s era as well as their spiritual and mental status could be discovered. In contemporary fictional literature specifically in “The Blind Owl” by Hedayat and “The Body of Farhad” by Ma’roufi colors have distinctive position because of theme, structure and complicated language which is between dream and reality. The present article intends to prevail better understanding of intricate and ambiguous content by comparative study of colors in the abovementioned works. Sadeq Hedayat and Abbas Ma’roufi stayed away from superficial readers by applying colors’ symbolic language. Authors’ mental and conceptual could be discovered and understood by studying the frequency of colors in their works. Hidden meanings of more and less frequent colors in the mentioned works include both negative and positive concepts and meanings. Manuscript profile

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7 - Mysteries and Secrecies in Suhrawardī’s Works and Attar’s Book of Tragedy
Zahra Khalil Nia Reza Ashraf Zadeh

The present research studies symbols of Suhrawardī’s letters in descriptive – comparative method and analyzes the reasons of scarcity in finding the mysteries, similarities and differences with Attar’s Book of Tragedy. Application of mythical, personal More

The present research studies symbols of Suhrawardī’s letters in descriptive – comparative method and analyzes the reasons of scarcity in finding the mysteries, similarities and differences with Attar’s Book of Tragedy. Application of mythical, personal, innovative and major symbols increase ambiguity in Suhrawardī’s allegories. He offered mystical – philosophical interpretation out pf mythical symbols and his understanding made his words more difficult and decreases his works’ attractiveness by his theosophical viewpoint. On the other hand applying short stories and forgoing scientific, philosophical and cosmological expressions increase understanding his words’ structure as well as attractiveness. The most important difference between Suhrawardī and Attar is their ideology; in Suhrawardī’s works, inside messenger or nous is the leader while in Attar’s Book of Tragedy, Mohammad – the Prophet – aids the wisdom and is the light of guidance. Manuscript profile

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8 - Comparative Study of Concept of Dragon in Shahnameh and World’s Literature
Mahsa Salimi

World of epic is the medley of goods and evils. It’s a world that nobility force fights against devils. The heroes in epic contest the evils and badness in all their lives. Whenever Shahnameh puts up for discussion, the image of combat of heroes against dragon dep More

World of epic is the medley of goods and evils. It’s a world that nobility force fights against devils. The heroes in epic contest the evils and badness in all their lives. Whenever Shahnameh puts up for discussion, the image of combat of heroes against dragon depicts in mind. Adventures of Zahhak’s life is the extremity of Iran’s mythical history; an adventure in which has been changed through times repeatedly and each time has had specific effect on Zoroastrian to Persian contexts. One of the important characteristics of each epic is the supernatural act (miracle) of the events in; namely readers face events, characters and creatures in epics which are wonderful and supernatural. They do not exist in nature or do not have real or objective appearance; or own characteristics which can’t be seen in real world. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

9 - Comparative Study of Aspects of Beauty Semantics and Ontology from Avicenna and Mollasadra Viewpoint
Farahnaz Eidi

Semantics is the first criterion which Avicenna discussed it as a pattern of beauty. He believed there is no beauty per se and becomes valuable relating Lord who is the Source of beauty. Regularity, proportion and conditions balance is the fulfilment of beauty and is a More

Semantics is the first criterion which Avicenna discussed it as a pattern of beauty. He believed there is no beauty per se and becomes valuable relating Lord who is the Source of beauty. Regularity, proportion and conditions balance is the fulfilment of beauty and is a beautiful creature and own a desirable perfection. Mollasadra knows beauty as the nature itself. The main source and reference of beauty is Lord from his view point and any excellence is derived from His beauty and Excellence; he believes Lord as beauty originality and aggravation. Thus although both philosophers have mostly similar viewpoints about beauty, some differences and could be found out in expressing some issues in accordance with their philosophical system. Manuscript profile

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10 - Societies in translation of “Adventures of Gil Blas” Novel
Masrooreh Mokhtari Mahsa Kazem Poor

“Adventures of Gil Blas” novel by Alain-René Lesage in four volumes is written in French and Mirza Habib Isfahani has translated it into Persian. Although all translators are faithful to the original text, consciously or unconsciously, may make some c More

“Adventures of Gil Blas” novel by Alain-René Lesage in four volumes is written in French and Mirza Habib Isfahani has translated it into Persian. Although all translators are faithful to the original text, consciously or unconsciously, may make some changes in it because of their own cultural identity which these changes could be derived from translator’s social and cultural era. The present research studies societies in the abovementioned work by applying librarian references and the selected method is analytical – descriptive. The findings show that the author and thus the translator of the work, reflect many social issues such as liberty, women’s social status, leaving children’s education to experts, proposing tradition and marriage, robbery, poverty and class differences, fatalism, mourning ceremony, local games and etc. in this work. The mentioned elements in the work show that literature is not solely scene for verbal beauties. Literature is the language of each society and represents the dominant mood of that time and reflects believes, thoughts and ideologies of the author. Manuscript profile

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11 - Ferdowsi’s Humanitarianism; Revival of Iranshari’s Thought and Termination of Iranian Culture’s Silence
Soheila Loveimi

Any nation’s identity and character is laid in its light of rich and developing culture. Thus if a stranger intends to damage a nation politically and socially, the easiest way is to invade the culture (of that nation); because the nation would lose its identity a More

Any nation’s identity and character is laid in its light of rich and developing culture. Thus if a stranger intends to damage a nation politically and socially, the easiest way is to invade the culture (of that nation); because the nation would lose its identity and character by cultural invasion. Socialists consider three aspects for culture: cognitive, material (technical) and organizational. Cognitive aspect includes believes, myths, ideologies, values, approaches and knowledge. So Shahname is a masterpiece which led Iranians to renovate their national thinking in Samanid era and invited them to revive human’s status in order to find their national dependence and self – scrutiny. The independence which persuaded Sasanian to call their territory: Iranshahr. This research studies Iran’s history after Arabs attack to Fersdowsi’s tender briefly in order to unwrap a type of humanitarianism in which human plays the main role and replaces with myths. Manuscript profile

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12 - Comparative Study on Intertextual Relation between Holy Quran and Sa’adi and Khaqani’s Arabic Poetries
Farzaneh Valizadeh Kheir Abadi Iraj Mehraki

Holy Quran is the most complete source for Muslim authors and poets’ inspiration amongst all pre – textual references in Arabic and Persian because of Its Divinely and Distinctiveness features and the comprehensive and rich stories, concepts and Verses in. M More

Holy Quran is the most complete source for Muslim authors and poets’ inspiration amongst all pre – textual references in Arabic and Persian because of Its Divinely and Distinctiveness features and the comprehensive and rich stories, concepts and Verses in. Making intertextual relation with Holy Quran needs fluency in Arabic language and being familiar with Holy Quran. Khaqani and Sa’adi both are famous Iranian poets who owned both mentioned virtues and advantages and composed eloquent Arabic poetries beside their Persian ones. Two poets applied intertextual relations such as implicit, borrowing, guarantee and analysis in their Arabic poetries such as Persian ones. The present article – which is compiled with comparative – analytical method – attempts to express both poets’ Arabic samples and their translations in order to survey the status and frequency of applying abovementioned methods of intertextual relations comparatively. Since such article has not studied the issue, we hope this paper may pave the way for researching in the field. Manuscript profile

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13 - Methodology of Feminism Prospect in “I Turn the Lights Off” Based on Lukács’s Viewpoint
Neda Yans Kamran Pashaeei Fakhri Parvaneh Adel Zadeh

By emergence of renaissance, novels replace with epics because of their capability in showing lives’ realities. In first half of twentieth century, György Lukács introduces realistic novels as the main harmonic literary form with Bourgeois society. Fem More

By emergence of renaissance, novels replace with epics because of their capability in showing lives’ realities. In first half of twentieth century, György Lukács introduces realistic novels as the main harmonic literary form with Bourgeois society. Feministic viewpoint has been manifested in his works by joining Marxism school. “I Turn the Lights Off” by Zoya Pirzad in Iran is one of the woman – centered novels which could gain a special position among contemporary Persian novels in recent years by discussing women’s world. According to the importance of the mentioned novel in fiction literature, the present paper attempts to survey stylistic elements of womanish writing comparatively based on feministic elements according to Lukács’ viewpoint and comes to conclusion that Pirzad often chooses and applies womanish style features consciously. The findings show that feministic terms, sentences, discourse and viewpoint in various levels are manifested. Manuscript profile

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14 - The Effect of Ashura Poetries after Islamic Revolution on Poetries about Holy Shrine Defenders
Zohreh Yazdan Panah Qareh Tappeh Atousa Rasouli

Since there is no text without pre – text according to intertextuality main rule and all contexts have always been founded based on last contexts (text), thus Ashura event – as an independent context – create proper field for identification with simila More

Since there is no text without pre – text according to intertextuality main rule and all contexts have always been founded based on last contexts (text), thus Ashura event – as an independent context – create proper field for identification with similar situations (to Ashura) in future centuries. In 90th decade and by starting war in Syria and Iraq followed by forming Holy Shrine defenders (group) in various countries including Iran – which evokes Ashura  and its characters – not only the term “Holy Shrine defenders” entered literature vocabulary specifically Iran’s poetry, but also prepared the field for presenting poetries about “Holy Shrine defenders”. The present paper intends to study samples on “Ashura poetries” of Iran after Islamic Revolution as well as the ones on “Holy Shrine defenders” in 90th decade based on intertextuality approach according to Gérard Genette’s attitude and the method is descriptive – analytical. Manuscript profile

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15 - A Study on Effect of Seasons’ Psychology on Artistic Creation of Ahmad Shamloo & Forough Farrokhzad
Mojtaba Asgharnasab Ibrahim Eqbaali

Many intelligentsia and literati have studied poets and authors’ works by various approaches; ipso facto different methods of literary criticism for content analysis and finding hidden and unknown valuable literary works are created. By a perceptive viewpoint, sea More

Many intelligentsia and literati have studied poets and authors’ works by various approaches; ipso facto different methods of literary criticism for content analysis and finding hidden and unknown valuable literary works are created. By a perceptive viewpoint, seasons’ changes footprint would be found in authors and artists’ works. Ahmad Shamloo and Forough Farrokhzad are famous contemporary poets who were remarkably, psychologically and emotionally affected by seasons and related elements. Thus the present paper aims to study the psychological effects of seasons on artistic works’ creation. It also enables us to survey Shamloo and Farrokhzad’s content analysis psychologically. Precise study of the mentioned works show that effect of seasons and related elements such as various colors, coldness and warmth have great manifestation on both poets’ creativity. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

16 - Comparative Survey on Feminism in Savušun and Love in the Kingdom of Oil Novels
Ibrahim Namdari Arash Mohammadi Seyyed Mostafa Ahmad Panah

Feminism is the school of defending women’s rights. First wave was between 1830 – 1920 which the achievement was voting right for women in 1918 in England and in 1920 in United States of America. Women asked for changes in many conditions such as dress type, More

Feminism is the school of defending women’s rights. First wave was between 1830 – 1920 which the achievement was voting right for women in 1918 in England and in 1920 in United States of America. Women asked for changes in many conditions such as dress type, individual rights, political rights – like voting right, families, marriage and religion. The most important demand amongst above was to achieve the rights and privileges which were available for men as well as freeing from structures and traditions limited them (women). Women in Iran and Egypt also have defended their rights; Simin Daneshvar is the first Iranian female writer who expressed feminism in her novel called “Savu&scaron;un” well. Nawal El Saadawi – Egyptian female author who were prisoned for years also studied the abovementioned subject; her most important work is titled “Love in the kingdom of oil”. This paper surveys feminism similarities and sign in two novels comparatively. Manuscript profile

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17 - Comparative Study of Siavash Tragedy in Iran and Geghestik and Shamiram in Armenia
Asiyeh Zabihnia Omran Najmeh Karimi Nezhad

Religiousness – in many nations – started by worshiping nature. But later on nature worshiping accompanied with specific traditions and symbolic customs. Death custom also has been created in matriarchy and agriculture era. Farmers believed that their produc More

Religiousness – in many nations – started by worshiping nature. But later on nature worshiping accompanied with specific traditions and symbolic customs. Death custom also has been created in matriarchy and agriculture era. Farmers believed that their products would be rich and fruitful by holding death ceremony annually. This research – based on librarian tools – studies death custom and herbaceous resurrection in Iran and Armenia and analyzes commonalities and differences in both countries based on their gods and goddesses. Since Iran and Armenia were lifelong neighbor countries and own numerous cultural commonalities and some parts of Armenia were dominated and governed by Iran from Medes era to Qajar, Armenians had tendencies toward Iranian myths. Manuscript profile

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18 - Comparative Study of Terms in Molana, Sanaei and Attar Sample Poetries
Nahid Safari Hakvani Hamid Samsaam Ahmad Reza Keykha Farzaneh

To claim there are no other poets but Hafez and Molanaa who are all Iranian families, various classes of society, literate and illiterate, common and jurist, king and dervish’s favorite (poets) is not wrong. Words are keys to enter poets’ world and manifest More

To claim there are no other poets but Hafez and Molanaa who are all Iranian families, various classes of society, literate and illiterate, common and jurist, king and dervish’s favorite (poets) is not wrong. Words are keys to enter poets’ world and manifest in various forms such as syntax, expression, announcement, allusion and figurative applications. In spite of having remarkable importance in understanding poetry, words are not compiled systematically in a single book via considering principles yet. The present article is the first attempt in this regard and the method is librarian, by taking notes and referring to reliable interpretations, new and old dictionaries. The outstanding characteristic of the research is the couplet – based form of the words and phrases; which means that target is not to compile a dictionary, but the main aim is to solve Molana’s “Mathnavi” problems of his first Book. According to abovementioned note, the meaning of the couplet is chosen – amongst various and different meanings of a single term or word – which is appropriate for it. Manuscript profile

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19 - Application of Color Archetypes in Mathnavi Based on Jung’s Theory
Abolhassan Asadi Ali Eshghi Abolqasem Amir Ahmadi

One of the new types of literary criticism is archetype criticism which is based on psychological criticism and Carl Gustav Jung’s theories – famous and contemporary Swiss psychologist. He believes that human’s mind is made of three stages: conscious, More

One of the new types of literary criticism is archetype criticism which is based on psychological criticism and Carl Gustav Jung’s theories – famous and contemporary Swiss psychologist. He believes that human’s mind is made of three stages: conscious, personal unconscious and collective unconscious. The deepest stage is collective unconscious in which myths, fables and human’s millennium beliefs are derived from. Jung called the results of collective unconscious as the initial samples of archetypes which represent different manifestations such as mother, wise old man, hero, Anima, Animus, rebirth, shadow and persona. According to Jung, archetypal images do not possess content per se; thus they represent themselves in the form of symbols in dreams. Today archetype is the main subject of literary criticism and specifically mythical criticism. Since Molana was a mystic with symbolic mind and versed Mathnavi mysteriously, the present research studies archetype symbols of Mathnavi by Molana based on secondary archetype and color subsidiary. Manuscript profile

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20 - Comparative Study on Deconstruction of Shamloo and Cummings’ Poetries
Hassan Tajik mohamdiyeh Kiyan Pishkar

Comparative literature is the founder of modern viewpoint in universal literature studies era as a new science and attempts to propose common fields between nations and their literature in order to achieve a better universal convergence. Studying literary functions of t More

Comparative literature is the founder of modern viewpoint in universal literature studies era as a new science and attempts to propose common fields between nations and their literature in order to achieve a better universal convergence. Studying literary functions of the countries with distinguished and privileged literary style which may own commonalities in language, structure, culture and even religion can assist development of this field; thus the present article intends to find out lingual, literary and stylistic commonalities and writing styles by studying two stylist, famous, great and contemporary Iranian and American poets – Ahmad Shamloo and E. E." Cummings based on postmodern deconstruction theories and principles. This article tries to survey and present a new window to comparative studies field – specifically contemporary literature – from two various countries with great literary backgrounds but completely different. Manuscript profile

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