United States of America

Open Access Article

1 - Examining the chosen model of the United States of America in the face of Iran (confrontationalism and redesigning aggressive realism)
علی باقری زاده

The current research aims to analyze the type of strategic orientation of the United States of America in facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The dualism of liberalism and realism, or a policy of mutual punishment and encouragem More

The current research aims to analyze the type of strategic orientation of the United States of America in facing the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially after the Islamic Revolution. The dualism of liberalism and realism, or a policy of mutual punishment and encouragement, has been adopted in the face of J.A. Iran. A. Iran. In order to prove the hypothesis of the research, while using the theory of aggressive realism, the behavioral pattern of the United States will be examined. The main findings of the research show that the approach of the United States is of the type of liberalism of "encouragement, encouragement and maximum participation". Or the harmonious model of liberalism and realism is not "positive and negative". Rather, it indicates the continuation and consolidation of the approach of aggressive realism, of the type of acute discursive, geopolitical and geostrategic confrontation in the form of "threat, punishment, sanctions" in the form of "various and complex balancing". So that the conformity and consistency of aggressive realism propositions with the approach of the United States in the acute confrontation with Iran is clear and obvious. The authors conclude that the behavior pattern of the United States is in the fixed form of aggressive realism, without a paradigm shift to liberalism. And it doesn't even have a tendency to shift within the theoretical paradigm of defensive realism. The main goal of America is to turn Iran into an isolated and victimized actor in the field of international politics. They evaluate J.A.Iran in the form of a game with a negative sum. And they always have a pure compliance with the approach of slander and international politics in their agenda. based on strategic rationality and compliance with international law. Manuscript profile

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2 - Analyzing the legal status of high officials in the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America
hedieh sadat mirtorabi ehsan aghamohamadaghaee

Referring to the legal structure of official and legal authorities in political systems is a question that can be answered by reflecting on the philosophical-political thought of the separation of powers and also by analyzing the text of the constitution of political sy More

Referring to the legal structure of official and legal authorities in political systems is a question that can be answered by reflecting on the philosophical-political thought of the separation of powers and also by analyzing the text of the constitution of political systems. In the American presidential system, the president is considered as the embodiment of unity and has a clear superiority over other heads of state. Also, extraordinary power has been given to the president in the following matters: implementing laws and monitoring their good implementation, directing the country's foreign policy and commanding the armed forces. This is despite the fact that in Iran's legal system, according to the requirements of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the position of leadership is the highest official and political position of the Constitution. In the meantime, the texture and structure of the constitution has been composed in such a way that it is not only limited to the cases mentioned in principles 110 and 112, but also any matter of public affairs, provided that it is within the framework of Islamic standards and is subject to public interest. be included in the aforementioned authority. Considering the political structure of the two legal systems of Iran and the United States, this article evaluates these two authorities through the lens of the Constitution. Manuscript profile

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3 - Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Permanent Membership of Islamic Republic of Iran
Alireza Rezaie Abbas Salehi

Shanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic o More

Shanghai Cooperation Organization with its two permanent members (Russia and China) of UN Security Counci, having more than one-third of the world population, vast territory and economic ability, heralds a potentially powerful coalition in the future. Islamic Republic of Iran, with its present observational role in this organization and the demand to become its permanent member, leads to certain implications which within the framework and opportunities of membership facilitate the analysis of Iranian foreign policy. In this article, we aim to assess Iranian membership in this organization on four dimensions of Iranian politics, security, economic and culture. On this basis, we, first apply theoretical explanation of the origin and continuation of Shanghai Organization. Having done that, we then study the effect of Iranian membership in this organization on four foretold dimensions. Finally, probability and improbability of permanent membership of Islamic republic of Iran will be discussed and suggestions are made to the Iranian diplomatic approaches. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

4 - The United States Media policy against Russia: Hollywood and New Cold War and Revival of Russia Phobia
Bashir Esmaeil Seyed Hassan Malaekeh

Abstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war ag More

Abstract: During the Cold War besides arms and ideological competition between the United States and Soviet Union which was based on balance of power, the United States supremacy in cultural production especially in the form of Hollywood cinema was used as a soft war against the latter. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, gradually the focus of media war of the United States changed from communism to Islam and the Middle East region. This trend was intensified after September 11, 2001 incidents. A large wave of cultural products was produced with Islam phobia content. Meanwhile by the expansion of the influence of Russia in some regions of the world and formation of a new balance of power and rivalry which some observers interpreted it as new Cold War, the media war of America against Russia has been revived. The main question raised by the article is whether the developments in relations of the United States with Russia have affected media policy of America against Russia?” The finding of the study shows that after some of Russia’s success in strategic places of the world the United States media policy after a period of propaganda against Islamist and the Muslims they are now focusing on Russia phobia policy. The methodology used in the paper is comparative and interpretative. Manuscript profile

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5 - The Geopolitics of Ukraine and its Role in the Competition of Russia and the United States of America
Asghar Safari Saeed Vosoghi

Abstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the More

Abstract On 21st November 2013 the Ukrainian president Victor Yanukovych in a meeting in Lithuania cancelled the agreement on trade and cooperation with European Union and refused to sign it. This led to widespread protest in Ukraine and five people were killed in the ensuing unrest. After this incident Ukraine entered one of its most serious political turmoil after Orange revolution in 2004. As in similar crisis like Syrian crisis in 2011, Russia and the United States took side in favor of the government and protesters and this led to the confrontation of the two. The question raised here is what is the importance of Ukraine for Russia and the United States? The present article argues that the main root cause of confrontation of Russia and the United States in Ukraine is geopolitical importance of Ukraine and geopolitical competition of Russia and the United States in post-Cold War era. Ukraine is one of the most important strategic regions of Eurasia and Eastern Europe. The purpose of the present research is to examine the most important determinants affecting the attitude of Russia and West in Ukraine crisis. For analyzing the above issue, geopolitics theory has been used and the research methodology is descriptive-analytical. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

6 - The role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in softening Russia's balance with the America
محمود علیپور گرجی Abdul Majid Seifi Mohadeseh Rozbahani

10.30495/pir.2020.683315

Competition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribut More

Competition and balancing were the major features of the Cold War era. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the international system has undergone a change and has crossed the bipolar stage, and the United States became one of the areas of the international distribution of power structure, and the other actors were marginalized. After Georgia and Ukraine crises, Russia began new balancing with the United States, but, it has not the power and influence of previous years and cannot balance directly with the United States, so it has turned to indirect opposition. In this soft balancing, Russia considers the states like Islamic Republic of Iran which have anti-hegemonic approach in their foreign policy. This consideration is caused to this question: what is the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States of America? This article investigates the status of Islamic Republic of Iran in Russia’s soft balancing against the United States. This article has been conducted using descriptive-analytical method. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

7 - Changes in US Middle East Presence Methodology: Reasons and Contexts
amirhossein nemati Jalal Torkashvand alireza naeej

10.30495/pir.2021.686414

Due to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entr More

Due to its high geopolitical and geostrategic capacities, the West Asian region has always been considered and intervened by global and trans-regional powers, and a significant part of the security structure of this region and its transformation also depends on the entry and exit and the type of action and strategy of trans-regional powers. has it. The United States has always been the most important and influential trans-regional power in West Asia since World War II. The country has always offered interest-based approaches in its foreign policy in line with the changes in politics and power in the region. Following the developments in West Asia in 2011, the foreign policy approach of US governments, as the largest intervening trans-regional power, has undergone more fundamental changes than in the past, and US leaders appear to be seeking a new methodology for US presence in West Asia. Given the importance of the country's role in the global equations, especially the equations of the West Asian region, this article is a percentage with a descriptive-analytical approach and using the theoretical framework of Randall Schuller's balance of interests to answer the important question What is the United States of America in West Asia? Manuscript profile

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8 - AIPAC and its Influence on the United States of America’s Election
Reza Simbar kianoush Nazari

Abstract: The decentralized and distributed political structure of the United States has led to a situation that many groups and organizations have been able to affect the complicated process of decision making. Although the Jews comprise only three percent of the Unit More

Abstract: The decentralized and distributed political structure of the United States has led to a situation that many groups and organizations have been able to affect the complicated process of decision making. Although the Jews comprise only three percent of the United States population yet they have been able to become the most influential ethnic minority in the power structure of the country. The American Jews have created prominent set of different organizations for influencing the United States foreign policy. In this regard the role of American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) as the most powerful and known American Jewish organization is quite conspicuous. The present article wants to know what role AIPAC plays in elections of the members of American Congress and President. The underlying hypothesis is that the majority of congressional and presidential candidates try to attract a positive view of this organization and benefit from its extensive financial support and propaganda. In exchange AIPAC by offering these facilities to candidates wants to shape public opinion and influence foreign policy making institutions to achieve its goals which are mobilizing support for Israel.   Manuscript profile

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9 - Explaining the Security Strategy of the United States of America vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia in Post-Cold War Era (Text in Persian)
Ali Adami Elaheh Pirozian

The present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperati More

The present article is examining the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis the Saudi Arabia during post-cold war period، the 11 September events and the recent uprising of the Middle East region. What is famous as the alliance، friendship and cooperation between the United States and Saudi Arabia had not been free from serious tensions. The Saudi Arabia’s expectations to receive arms and the US no support of Israel and the United States expectations about observance of human rights in Saudi Arabia and providing air base and supply of oil are among the factors that have given serious stress and strain to the cooperative and friendly relations of the two. Unlike what it appears، the cold war between the United States within the framework of combination of realism and idealism had always been problematic. From the viewpoint of both sides، these relations are a necessary alliance but they are quite fragile. The present article is trying to support this hypothesis that the security strategy of the United States vis-à-vis Saudi Arabia after September 11 events had undergone certain changes. It changed from tense cooperation into the policy of containment-suppression. But this strategy did not last long and it could not also continue. After calming down of the post 11 September emotional eruption due to the objectives and interest of the United States it changed from an aggressive position to more moderate form which existed before. Manuscript profile

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10 - Economic and Military Take off of China and its Security Impact on Islamic Republic of Iran
محمدعلی بصیری معصومه رشید

Abstract Islamic Republic of Iran and China can be considered as revisionist state in current international system. Economic and commercial relations between the two have prepared the ground for close and friendly relations. In the question of nuclear program of Iran a More

Abstract Islamic Republic of Iran and China can be considered as revisionist state in current international system. Economic and commercial relations between the two have prepared the ground for close and friendly relations. In the question of nuclear program of Iran and Syrian crisis both the countries have had similar stand. What will be the security consequences of the rise of China as a stronger power than the United States for Islamic Republic of Iran? The present article wants to examine the consequences of this event within the framework of Barry Buzan security approach. The Underlying assumption is; that after the rise of China as a stronger power than the United States the international system undergoes change and the United States no longer be able to dominate or put pressure on Iran or jeopardize Iran's security. The methodology used by the article is descriptive-analytical and collection of data is library sources.   Manuscript profile

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11 - Idea Centric Order: the United States of America's Pattern of Order in Post Cold War International System
Alireza Rezaei

When the power structure changes in international politics in that situation the possibilities and ground for cooperation and new challenges are created and the pattern of relations among the actors will be adjusted out of traditional structure. In transition from bipol More

When the power structure changes in international politics in that situation the possibilities and ground for cooperation and new challenges are created and the pattern of relations among the actors will be adjusted out of traditional structure. In transition from bipolar structure the Americans considered themselves as the triumphant of the cold war and tried to establish their position in international system. The post cold war era created a suitable ground for the implementation of strategic objectives of the United States as the remaining pole of the world order. This referred to the effort of the United States leaders for consolidating their hegemony in post cold war international system. The question which arises is that how can we explain the United States pattern of international order in post cold war era? The underlying hypothesis is that the United States pattern of order in post cold war international order is within the framework of "idea centric order". In idea centric order the hegemony of the single pole designs and manages the world، regional and local dynamics. The idea centric order is based on certain norms، ways، patterns، rules، and criteria which the dominant player formulates، implements and justifies in the direction of its own national interests. Manuscript profile

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12 - The Formation of New Cold War in the Competition of the United States and Russia in Caucasus (Text in Persian)
Esmaeil Shafiee Ali Karam Safari

The study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology a More

The study and measurement of the presence and effectiveness of the United States and Russia in Caucasus region shows the important new development which is taking place in the region. It seems that the United States is having a grand plan to bring change in technology and economic structure of the countries of Caucasus region. Its aim is substituting free market model economy and capitalism with centrally planned and state economies. In this way facilitate the necessary ground for expansion of its influence and also controlling the political structure of the newly independent republics. It also aims at containing regions and forces that challenge the United States. On the other hand Russia which considers itself the Godfather of this strategic region calls this region “the near abroad” and is determined to contain the United States expansion of influence in the region. In the present article by a descriptive analytical method, an attempt is made to raise this question whether a new cold war has started in the Caucasus region after the end of cold war? The underlying hypothesis that the paper examines, is that, with the presence of the United States in Caucasus region, a new cold war has started. On the whole it seems that by increasing the economic, political and strategic and military attractions of the region the possibility of conflict also increases considerably. Manuscript profile

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13 - The Impact of Iranian Nuclear Program on Regional Security System of the Middle East (Persian Gulf) with Emphasis on Offensive Realism Theory
Masoud Jafari Nejad Fidafeh Madabadi

Abstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the More

Abstract: In the past thirteen years the question of nuclear issue of Iran has become one of the important issues in the Middle East. Iran, the United States and the littoral states of the Persian Gulf are the actors who are concerned with security repercussions of the nuclear issue. The position of the United States and the Arab countries of the south of the Persian Gulf is opposition to peaceful Iranian nuclear program. The question raised by the present article is why the United States tried to emphasize that the nuclear program of Iran is a threat to the countries of the region and there existed security problem? The underlying hypothesis is that the securitization of the nuclear issue of Iran along with Iran phobia project can ensure the United States strategic interests in the Middle East particularly the Persian Gulf region. The impression of the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf region has also shaped on the basis of these propagandas. The present article examines the above issue within the framework of aggressive realism.  Manuscript profile

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14 - Third Millennium US Military Strategies in the Persian Gulf Region and National Security of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Ali Asghar Ghafari Charati Hassan Khodaverdi گارینه کشیشیان سیرکی

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15 - Human Rights in US Foreign Policy
Jila Ahmadi Afshin Zargar

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16 - Investigating the Impact of President Joe Biden’s Government on the Relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, Emphasizing the Role of Iran
Khalill Janami Hamed Mohagheghnia Hossein Karimifard Hamed Ameri Golestani

The crisis in Qatar's political relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries took place on June 5, 2017, which followed the talks of the Emir of Qatar regarding the importance of Iran and interaction with it, and the severance of diplomatic relations between Qat More

The crisis in Qatar's political relations with Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries took place on June 5, 2017, which followed the talks of the Emir of Qatar regarding the importance of Iran and interaction with it, and the severance of diplomatic relations between Qatar and the four Arab countries led by Saudi Arabia.  In the wake of this crisis, the Trump administration took a middle position and encouraging Qatar to accept Saudi’s conditions, especially regarding relations and interactions with Iran. It also undertook a wide diplomatic effort to reduce the crisis, but the differences in the positions of American officials such as Trump, Tillerson, Pompeo and other officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs brings to mind a kind of passivity and lack of determination in order to secure the strategic interests of the United States in the region. With the defeat of Trump in the 2020 presidential elections and the ascension of the Democrats to power and the change of priorities in the Persian Gulf region, especially in relation to Iran, it seems that the performance of the Biden administration regarding the crisis in the relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar is different from that of the Trump administration. The signs of this change can be seen in the change of crisis level and reduction of tensions.  This article aims to examine the diplomatic crisis between Saudi Arabia and Qatar from the perspective of the role of Iran and the view of the new administration of the United States of America and Joe Biden himself on this issue and to answer the basic question of how the variable of Iran can affect the role of the United States of America, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar have an impact on the diplomatic crisis that began between Qatar and Saudi Arabia in 2017, and what direction will the future crisis between the two countries go in the Biden administration, and what will be the impact of other influential factors in the Persian Gulf region?  In this article, using the analytical-explanatory method and using library sources, it shows that the change in the approach of the Biden administration towards Iran will cause the position of Saudi Arabia to become softer towards Qatar, and accordingly, the tension between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, one of the main parts of which was Qatar's relations with Iran, to move towards the mitigation of the crisis and the resumption of relations. Manuscript profile

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17 - The Strategies for Realizing the Strategy of Unilateralism in the US Foreign Policy in the Trump Era
Mohammadreza Asl Javadian Seyed Ali Tabatabaei Panah

With the formation of the new world order after the Cold War under the leadership of America, the foreign policy of this country has fluctuated between the two traditions of unilateralism and multilateralism. From this point of view, interacting with different countries More

With the formation of the new world order after the Cold War under the leadership of America, the foreign policy of this country has fluctuated between the two traditions of unilateralism and multilateralism. From this point of view, interacting with different countries, joining regional alliances and coalitions, interacting with international institutions and organizations as the axes of multilateralism and avoiding alliances and coalitions, pessimism towards organizations and international institutions and ignoring issues such as America's role in promoting human rights and democracy are considered as axes of unilateralism. However, the changes that have taken place in the foreign policy of the Trump era have indicated a tendency towards unilateralism and paying more attention to the national and domestic interests of the United States. Based on this, this article raises the question that which solutions influenced unilateralism as one of the strategies of the Trump administration. In other words, what are the solutions to realize the unilateralist strategy of the United States of America in the Trump era? The hypothesis of the article is: Isolationism instead of interactionism, pessimism and non-cooperation with regional and global institutions and organizations, and the pursuit of America first policy and the priority of America's national and economic interests over the costs of this country, are the solutions to realize the unilateralism strategy in the Trump era. The findings of the article show that based on the approach of realism, Trump, by withdrawing from regional and global agreements, put the government's sovereignty at the top of the globalized order, defend the American identity, emphasize national interests, cost Considering America's support for democracy and human rights and reducing America's military role in the world and military and commercial alliances, it has supported the approach of unilateralism through increasing the internal power of the United States of America. Manuscript profile

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18 - EU-Iran relations in the light of transatlantic relations (Case study of the Obama and Trump eras)
Ebrahim Bagheri seyed Davood Aghaee

The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence More

The present study seeks to answer the question why the European Union, despite its political will to expand relations with Iran and in particular its efforts to maintain BRICS within the framework of the designed mechanisms, failed to exercise its strategic independence and fulfill its obligations within BRICS. The findings show that the EU's lack of strategic independence is due to the EU's transatlantic dependence on three levels of institutional security deficit, asymmetric interdependence in the economic sphere, and the preferences of EU transnational corporations in relation to US markets. At the level of the institutional security deficit; Given the United States' security umbrella and lack of military-defense independence, the European Union is forced to adjust its approaches to US interests and goals. At the economic level; The interdependence of economic, trade, and investment interactions on both sides of the Atlantic and the asymmetry of this relationship (US strategic economic superiority) have severely limited the possibility of EU economic action independence. The third level concerns the preferences of the market and the private and transnational corporations of the European Union and the rational and risk-taking pattern of companies under secondary US sanctions, which has been a major obstacle to the independence of the EU approach to Iran. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is library. In this regard, books, articles, documents, Internet resources and comments of relevant officials have been used to collect data. Manuscript profile

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19 - Deterrence as a Security-defense Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Challenges, Requirements, and its Strategic Model
Masomeh Ansarifard امیر محمد Haji-Yousefi

Since the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in t More

Since the collapse of the bipolar system and the change in "system arena" and "issues in the new world system", the Middle East has changed into one of the main bases for implementing the new deterrence strategy. Thus, the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is located in the disputed region of the Middle East, has highlighted deterrence to ensure its security. The present qualitative study aims to see whether Iran's current strategy is consistent with the components of the “new deterrence” by considering identity-, authority-, and interest-based approaches in national, regional and international levels. In this regard, the main hypothesis raised is Iran's security-defense strategy is inspired solely by the military component of deterrence, not all of the new components of deterrence. In other words, the synergy of all dimensions including the military, political, and economic dimensions of Post-Cold War Deterrence did not exist in the strategic equation of Iranian deterrence,and deterrence for Iran has been a military response to deterrent actions of extra-regional adversaries and their regional allies.In this regard, the present study seeks to achieve a comprehensive understanding of deterrence and its evolution with a pathological approach in order to explain the appropriate model of deterrence in Iran. Based on the results, Iran's performance is more based on the requirements of asymmetric warfare than deterrence due to the increasing impact of both regional and international environments on the national environment.Further, the success of Iranian deterrence relies on the use of "deterrence with denial" versus "deterrence with punishment." Manuscript profile

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20 - China-Russia Strategic Alliance against US Unilateralism and its Impact on Iran's National Security 2009-2021
Tahereh Nezafati Garineh Keshishyan Siraki

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and chall More

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the structure of the international system took on a unipolar form, one of its main characteristics being the unilateral approach of the United States as the ruling superpower. But Russia and China have managed to compete and challenge America in the position of great power. This competitive process has also affected the national security of other countries. The main goal of this research is to investigate the impact of the alliance between Russia and China against the unilateralism of the United States on Iran's national security. The main question is, what effect did the alliance between Russia and China have on Iran's national security in 2009-2021 against the unilateralism of the United States? It seems that the strategic alliance of China and Russia based on competition and curbing the hegemony of US has had effects in the direction of strengthening and weakening the national security of Iran. The results show that the alliance between China and Russia against the United States affects Iran's national security in the political dimension Iran's emphasis on the role of the United Nations, Iran's membership in the Shanghai Organization, seeking new horizons in BRICS in the military dimension countering Western sanctions and promoting military cooperation with China and Russia in the economic dimension enhancement of economic cooperation, purchase of Iranian oil and gas and Iran's pivotal capability in China's Silk Road project and in the environmental dimension of the cooperation of the two sides with Iran. Manuscript profile

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21 - Russian security threats Analysis after the U.S. Pullout from Afghanistan in Central Asia with emphasis on Islamic fundamentalism
hassan ainehvand Ali keyvani Mohammadali basiri

The exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of th More

The exit of U.S. troops from Afghanistan in August 2021 was made by the government of Joe Biden, which was preceded by the Doha Agreement on February 29, 2020 between Donald Trump and the Taliban with the official title of "Peace Agreement to Afghanistan." The end of the 20-years US military presence in Afghanistan has challenged international relations researchers with the crucial question of what consequences the military pullout of the United States and its allies will have for other actors active in the Middle East, Central and West Asia? And what aspects of their national interests will be affected? Amongst these players is the Russian Federation, that Afghanistan's proximity to Central Asia, as Moscow's traditional sphere of influence, could lead to new crises, including the expansion of Islamic fundamentalism to the national interests of this country. Therefore, the main question of this present paper is that what are the negative consequences of the US withdrawal from Afghanistan on Russia's national interests in Central Asia? The main assumption of this paper is that the central Asian region should be considered the center of the world crisis in the future as the most prone region for the growth of Islamic fundamentalism, which will destroy the region's security dynamics and confront Russia to new security threats. The authors try to prove their hypothesis in this paper by applying Regional security complex theory. Manuscript profile

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22 - China's New Silk Road Initiative (Aims, obstacles and challenges)
Bahram Amirahmadiyan Roohollah Salehi Dolatabad

Abstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Sil More

Abstract Today, Asia as a continent is faced with new developments and plans in order to meet the goals of different actors in different regions of the continent. China is one of the emerging players who plan to become a global power, has proposed the revival of the Silk Road initiative. Silk Road is one of China's foreign policy initiatives for expanding their influence to other areas. The plan, which almost covers an area of 4.4 billion people 65% of the world's population and 21 trillion of global GDP in total. The initiative was announced by President of China in September 2013 and the two economic belt “New Silk Road" (One road and one belt) and "Marine silk road" has been formed. Effort and dedication of China to promote such huge projects apart from the economic and political consequences could be serious for the country in the lead, also could be the formation of China's ambitious new foreign policy to expand more and trying to play a regional role. Manuscript profile

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23 - An Assessment of Obama's Foreign Policy in the East Asian Region
Mohammad Sadegh Babakan

Abstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from Sout More

Abstract The United States has long regarded itself as the power of the Pacific region and the main purpose of US foreign policy is to prevent a large power or a set of powers aimed at controlling Eurasia. Earlier in 2011 the Obama administration was turning from South Asia and the Middle East to the Asia-Pacific region. This article examines US foreign policy in East Asia with an emphasis on recent history and challenges. It also examines US relations with four key political entities: Japan, the Republic of Korea (South Korea), China and Taiwan. The main purpose of the present paper is to answer the key question of how US foreign policy under Barack Obama's presidency towards East Asia can be assessed. In response to the question the underlying assumption is that Asia is once again the focus of US foreign policy attention and the Obama administration's pivot to East Asia can be seen as the most prominent sign of US pre-occupation announcing the full role of Asia in its foreign policy over the next decade. The results of the research indicate that the American strategic and economic goal is to curb the growth and dynamism of Asia and from the point of view of the realism and deterrence logic the United States will certainly endeavor to prevent China from rising as a strategic competitor in East Asia. It should be noted that the research method used in this paper is of analytical-explanatory nature and using available data. Manuscript profile

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24 - Comparing Study of Strategies of the EU and U.S. in relation to Combat with Terrorism
Ardeshir Sanaie

Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the More

Up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks to world trade organization (WTO) as most effective terrorist attacks which was regarded as turning point at international relations: the issue of terrorism was changed into security agenda. In fact sep.11,2001 terrorist attacks: the issue of terrorism was changed into factor in the way of formation to foreign policy of some countries and in the field of international policy: each country based on its values and norms fight against asymmetric threats and terrorism and selected specific strategy. In his way following up sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks in U.S.A the doctrine of war against terrorism and combat with mass destruction weapons was compiled by neoconservative party. E.U. approved strategy of combat with mass destruction weapons: which resulted in coalition of great worlds powers against terrorism. In the way of combat with terrorism, Sep.11, 2011 terrorist attacks prepared suitable grounds for attacks of U.S.A to Afghanistan in year 2001 and following up attack to Iraq in year 2003 without accompany of EU countries such as: France and Germany and regardless to U.N. which resulted in great gap between relations of EU beyond Atlantic region and U.S.A in the field of combat with terrorism. In the present research it is dealt with this question that: What is similarity and difference among strategies of EU and U.S.A in relation to combat with terrorism?  Manuscript profile

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25 - The U. S. Foreign Policy and Failure of Obama’s Promises and Slogans in the Election
Mohammadali Khosravi Asghar Imani

  Abstract This paper examines the impact of the United States of America Barack Obama on foreign policy with the slogan of change strategies in the American presidential election and the views of conservative and neoconservative parties are analyzed in terms of More

  Abstract This paper examines the impact of the United States of America Barack Obama on foreign policy with the slogan of change strategies in the American presidential election and the views of conservative and neoconservative parties are analyzed in terms of Western liberal’s thoughts which affected by extreme Zionists capitalist in the politics of America's hegemony outside its boundaries. America's new government is also looking at changes in the electoral failure Obama administration's foreign policy is inevitably, some of the priorities of United States foreign policy objective of a comprehensive approach to a multilateral approach objective, the smart change to.     Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

26 - A Survey on Iran-U.S Relationship in the light of the Strategic Culture
Soheil Godarzi Ahmad Soltaninejad Mostafa Zahrani Mohsen Eslami

Abstract: Describing the dominant patterns of Iran-U.S relations after triumph of the Islamic revolution and even explanation of current situation between the two states through conventional foreign policy and international politics will lead to inefficient and inadequa More

Abstract: Describing the dominant patterns of Iran-U.S relations after triumph of the Islamic revolution and even explanation of current situation between the two states through conventional foreign policy and international politics will lead to inefficient and inadequate researches. Although describing the historical facts and using realistic analyses to explain current non war- non peace situation are beneficent, but could not elucidate continuity of hostility situation between Iran and the United States. Analysis of this Iran-U.S extensive conflict and hostility requires focusing on material structures of power and geopolitical contrast in one hand and regarding the cognitive and nonmaterial fundamentals of action on the other hand. Without a doubt, current pattern of Iran-U.S relationship Influenced by both mentioned factors; this reciprocal process of impact with material and non-material elements of power and security have described this issue as a unsolved multi-faceted and multi-layered conflict. It seems that strategic culture framework as a pattern that mutually respect to state's objective, measurable and visible act alongside non material and invisible structures of practice can be useful to explain dimensions and causes of Iran-U.S conflict. According to this, the main agenda of this article is to illustrate a more detailed image about Iran-U.S conflict through a comparative Survey on elements and components of two state's strategic culture, with respect to significant security aspects of this conflict. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

27 - Analysis of the content of the national security strategy of the United States of America towards the Islamic Republic of Iran (2001-2021)
Hossein Mozneb Mohammad Reza Ghaedi Reza Simber

PRB-2303-2429(R1)

After World War II, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America has always claimed supremacy in the international system and has explained its foreign policies based on the national security strategy in every presidential term. On the More

After World War II, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States of America has always claimed supremacy in the international system and has explained its foreign policies based on the national security strategy in every presidential term. On the other hand, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as a regional superpower, has been able to create a new form of regional order with its material and spiritual influence in West Asian countries. The conflict between the interests of the United States and Iran raises the question that the national security strategies of the United States of America during the years 2001-2021 have become in practice what strategies have they turned into in relation to Iran? In response to the proposed hypothesis, "The United States of America, by adopting its aggressive national security strategies towards Iran, is seeking to limit Iran's interests in the international system so that it can increase its interests and finally become the supreme hegemon in The international system should be transformed." After examining the sources of the first category indicators (economic and security strategies) with the method of integrated content analysis (quantitative and qualitative), the results showed: America initially follows the policy of changing Iran's behavior and containment, and then the policy of engagement and pressure And finally, it turned into containment and behavior change, and in order to implement these strategies during this period, it has imposed more and more diverse sanctions against Iran every year Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

28 - Contexts of US Changing position in post-Cold War: From a historical sociological perspective
Mehdi Zibaei Shahla Najafi

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the success of the United States International Coalition outside Iraq's expulsion from Kuwait in the 1990s, the groundwork was laid for the formation of a US-led unipolar system in the international arena. In this regard, the t More

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the success of the United States International Coalition outside Iraq's expulsion from Kuwait in the 1990s, the groundwork was laid for the formation of a US-led unipolar system in the international arena. In this regard, the then President of the United States of America George Herbert Walker Bush (1988-1992) in a speech used the term "New World Order" to indicate the beginning of a new chapter in political relations based on American supremacy in the international arena, including It was a sentence. Had. However, the emergence of China as an emerging power and the non-implementation of its regional policies in the Middle East over the last two decades is an inadequate indication of US power over the desired order. Now the question is, what have been the factors underlying the decline of the US government over the last three decades? The analysis of historical facts shows a set of results of the development of the neoliberal economy worldwide (deepening poverty in the region), international environmental developments (unexpected results of the globalization process), incorrect goals (biased support for Israel), miscalculations. The invasion of Iraq, etc., which sometimes dates back to before the end of the Cold War, has weakened the US position in the international arena in general and in appearance in particular. In the light of the theory of historical sociology of international relations, the present intends to examine the change in US regional writing over the past few decades. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

29 - American Academic Diplomacy Mechanisms for Attracting Iranian Academicians (1979-2017)
mohamadeaza dehshiri mehdi taheri

Today, with the internationalization of higher education and the facilitation of global communication resulting from the globalization process, the use of higher education's capacity as an effective tool for national interest and soft power by countries in the world, es More

Today, with the internationalization of higher education and the facilitation of global communication resulting from the globalization process, the use of higher education's capacity as an effective tool for national interest and soft power by countries in the world, especially developed countries, has grown more and more today; It can be regarded and interpreted as academic diplomacy The US government is seeking to establish connections with younger generation by expanding its cultural programs and academic diplomacy, creating a platform of relationship with countries' future leaders, inter allia Iran. Looking at the performance of American diplomacy in Iran over the past decades, it can be understood that US is trying to promote American values and lifestyle, to establish a west-oriented middle class, especially in the universities, and also to develop English language as a scientific and communication tool.Accordingly, understanding US experience and practice in the field of academic diplomacy towards a country such as the Islamic Republic of Iran will be important. The main question of the present article is to understand how the US academic diplomacy has attracted academicians, especially the Iranian elites? Our hypothesis is that, using its academic tools as well as educational attractiveness, the country has been able to have the largest educational exchanges around the world, and thus, to disseminate its values to academicians, simultaneously with increasing its soft power. These attractivenesses have led many Iranian scholars to study abroad especially in the United States. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

30 - Analyzing the Determinant Factors in the Military Balance of the Korean Peninsula
Hossein Shahmoradi Mohammad Hasan Sheikholeslami

Korean Peninsula as an ancient and strategic land, is the place of one of the most complex and difficult riddles of the international scene and factors such as the persistence of war condition due to non-signing of a peace treaty and consent to a fragile cease fire, the More

Korean Peninsula as an ancient and strategic land, is the place of one of the most complex and difficult riddles of the international scene and factors such as the persistence of war condition due to non-signing of a peace treaty and consent to a fragile cease fire, the continuous confrontational approach of the United States toward North Korea and its attempts to overthrow the North Korean government have made the military situation of Korean Peninsula more and more complicated. Therefore, the whole Northeast Asian region has also been affected. Meanwhile, this long-standing hostility has created several military alliances between the two Korea and global and regional powers, which in turn has a significant impact on the regional balance of power. In such a situation, the rising tensions between North Korea and the United States from the beginning of Donald Trump presidency and the accretion of threats and provocations from both sides, highlights the need for a thorough examination of the military situation on the Korean Peninsula. Research evidences suggest that in many factors, especially in quantitative terms, North Korea has a significant advantage over its southern neighbor, But South Korea has been able to significantly improve the quality of its military forces due to its military alliance with the United States. Nonetheless, factors such as unconventional weapons and missiles and also nuclear power make any conflict on the Korean Peninsula extremely dangerous. Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

31 - The unilateral performance of the United States and the European Union in the international arena
Mehdi Ashtari Ali Pourghasab Amiri Fakhrodin Abooye

Governments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and More

Governments set their own standards and regulations within the country and enforce them within their territory, but when the scope for implementing or influencing decisions goes to the international level, it is possible to intervene and comment on the establishment and enactment of laws and norms. Unilateralism occurs, unilateralism occurs. After the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States, along with European countries, especially Western Europe, has become a new international arena, which after a while with various events in various places, intervened politically, legally, militarily and economically, violating international law. No country, not even the United States, which has a hegemonic role, or the European Union, can intervene in the affairs of other countries, except in one case, according to the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of countries, to which the United Nations is committed. The exception is the issue of humanitarian law, which should not be unilateral and arbitrary with the permission of the Security Council, while the United States openly violates international trade laws, arbitrarily intervenes militarily in various parts of the world, and political institutions. - Domestic law condemns countries Manuscript profile

Open Access Article

32 - The Role of Higher Educatio in US Cultural Diplomacy: Emphasis on Performance in Iran
Mohammad Reza Dehshiri Mahdi Taheri

Due to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and More

Due to the capacity of universities and higher education capacities in cultural diplomacy will be very important. This is the same issue that refers to academic diplomacy. Can be said for countries like Iran that significant capacity in the academic and scientific, and this issue needs more attention to it. According to international experience in the capacity of higher education to cultural diplomacy and policy in this regard could contribute to faster along the road. Different countries according to their economic and cultural power, the cultural and educational exchange programs have invested. America's most prominent and most successful countries in this regard the United States. Through cultural diplomacy programs such as student exchanges and scholarships, Education International projects for foreign visitors, lecture programs, arranged for journalists, English language development, etc., the United States is in transition values and ethical principles. In this context, the United States of America has two major functions, one English and the other quality higher education system. Manuscript profile

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