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Open Access Article
1 - Evaluation of the sunflower yield, water productivity and soil salinity simulation under water and salinity stresses using the AquaCrop model
moazam khaleghiThe AquaCrop model is a powerful tool for the simulation of crop response to the different quantitative and qualitative management of irrigation that advanced by FAO. In this study, the latest version of this model (v. 6) was evaluated for simulating sunflower yield, wa MoreThe AquaCrop model is a powerful tool for the simulation of crop response to the different quantitative and qualitative management of irrigation that advanced by FAO. In this study, the latest version of this model (v. 6) was evaluated for simulating sunflower yield, water productivity and soil salinity under different irrigation management using saline water. Field data were collected in order to calibration and validation of model during two crop years (2014 and 2015). The experiment was conducted as a factorial design in completely randomized blocks including two factors: the quantitative irrigation management in two levels (full irrigation and partial root zone drying irrigation in 75%) and the qualitative irrigation management in three levels (non-saline water, saline water and non-saline and saline water alternation), with three replications. While a significant reduction of 3.1-32% in grain yield were observed under water-saving irrigation treatments compared to FI (4706.7 and 4367.2 kg ha-1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively), the PRD1 treatment resulted in a slight reduction of 3.1% and 5% in grain yield, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. FI had the highest WPET (0.90 and 0.89 kg m-3 in 2014 and 2015, respectively), and PRD1, PRD3, FSI, SI and PRD2 treatments ranked next. Sensitive analysis result showed that the model sensitivity to the volumetric soil water content at soil saturation and field capacity point, maximum canopy cover, HIO, time to flowering, time to CCx and CGC is more than other input parameters. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Study of salinity changes in parts of Turkman Sahra lands using interpolation methods
Parastou Nazari shahla mahmoudi Ebrahim PaziraAssessing the status of a regional salinity is considered as an important step in land management. This study was performed on part of Turkmen Sahra Lands in Golestan Province with Aridic soil moisture regime, in order to evaluation of salinity changes during the years MoreAssessing the status of a regional salinity is considered as an important step in land management. This study was performed on part of Turkmen Sahra Lands in Golestan Province with Aridic soil moisture regime, in order to evaluation of salinity changes during the years of 1355, 1368 and 1392. For this purpose, two geostatic methods (ordinary kriging and cokriging) and four algebra methods (Inverse distance weight, Radial basis function, Global polynomial interpolation and local polynomial interpolation) were used for estimating the amount of salinity in depths of 0-50, 100-50 and 150-100 cm. The results showed the percent of land with more salinity than 32 dS/m has increased from 8.95 percent in 1976 to 45.22 percent in 2013. It seems during the 37- year management period, the improper utilization and collection from water and soil resources have led to increase in salinity of the soil. Therefore, so it is suggested to use various methods and appropriate management proceedings to monitor and control the process of increase soil salinity in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Estimation of Inherent Soil Erodibility against Wind Using Genetic Algorithm in Combination with Artificial Neural Network
Sayna Jafarian Ali Mohammadi Torkashvand Abbas Ahmadi Nazanin Khakipour Maryam MarashiBackground and aim: inherent soil erodibility against wind (SIWE) is the inherent sensitivity of soil constituent particles against uprooting and transport, against erosion. Measuring the inherent erodibility of soil against wind can be done by a wind tunnel device, whi MoreBackground and aim: inherent soil erodibility against wind (SIWE) is the inherent sensitivity of soil constituent particles against uprooting and transport, against erosion. Measuring the inherent erodibility of soil against wind can be done by a wind tunnel device, which is generally expensive, difficult and time-consuming. On the other hand, this feature has significant temporal and spatial changes and depends on the measurement method. Estimating SIWE by artificial intelligence tools can be an important step in planning areas under wind erosion. In this research, the estimation of this index was investigated with the help of genetic algorithm model in combination with artificial neural network. Methods: Seventy two samples were taken from 10 cm of the soil surface in the studied area, which is a part of Allah Abad desert in Qazvin province, adjacent to Alborz province. In the samples, the soil wind erodibility (EF) index, which is the percentage of soil aggregates with a diameter smaller than 0.84 mm, was measured. Also, soil texture (percentage of clay, sand and silt), pH, EC and equivalent calcium carbonate (CCE) were measured. After air-drying, the soil samples taken from the field were passed through a 4.75 mm sieve and poured flat on the tray of the wind tunnel machine. Then, the wind tunnel device created a wind with a constant speed of 18 meters per second for 10 minutes. Using the weight of sediments collected at the end of the tunnel after the test, SIWE was determined. The genetic algorithm model in combination with the artificial neural network was prepared and analyzed according to the Levenberg-Marquardt educational algorithm according to the variables having positive correlation with SIWE as the input of the model. Results: The pH value of the soil varied between 7.00 and 8.81. Electrical conductivity values varied from 0.84 to 49.3 dS/m. The data of the soil texture components show a higher amount of clay compared to the silt and sand in the soils. The minimum lime (CCE) in the soil was 3.15% and the maximum was 30.52%. The inherent erodibility of soil against wind had a significant correlation with only two variables, electrical conductivity and EF. Hybrid genetic algorithm model was prepared with artificial neural network with two input variables EF and EC. The accuracy and precision of the model showed that the value of R2 in the data of the training series was 9% different from test series data and the error value (RMSE) was 1.62 kg s m-4. Conclusion: In the data of the training series, R2 of the results obtained from the model (0.805) was higher than the data of the results obtained from the test series (0.714). Although the training data had more R2, therefore, the error (RMSE) of the training data was higher than the test and in the test series, the model with dispersion (GSDER) was less. Comparing the error, precision and accuracy of the model in estimating the inherent erodibility of the soil against the wind in comparison with different studies of soil erosion and soil physicochemical properties, the integrated model of the genetic algorithm and the neural network of almost appropriate accuracy and precision in predicting and estimating the erosion. The soil has inherent flexibility against the wind. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Effect of irrigation with different salinities on some soil characteristics and salt concentration factor (Case study: Bighard, Khonj)
Ehsan Kamali Maskooni Seyed Fakhadin AfzaliBackground and Objective: Existence of water and soil salinity resources in arid and semiarid areas is an issue that affects agriculture and poses many problems. The adverse effect of water and soil salinity on growth and function of various crops in arid areas is a ser MoreBackground and Objective: Existence of water and soil salinity resources in arid and semiarid areas is an issue that affects agriculture and poses many problems. The adverse effect of water and soil salinity on growth and function of various crops in arid areas is a serious concern. The main objective of this study was to survey the impact of irrigation with different salinities on the changes in some soil properties in top soil. Method: For this purpose, 10 land transects in farmlands with different quality of irrigation were sampled at intervals of 6 m (15 samples). Parameters of electrical conductivity, field moisture content and saturation water content were measured for each sample, and then the salt concentration factor (SCF) was evaluated. Findings: The results showed that there is a significant relationship (R2>90) between ECe and ECw and between saturation water content and field moisture content in the whole lands which underwent transect sampling. The results also indicated that there is a significant relationship (R2>90) between the SCF and saturation water content in the whole lands that underwent transect sampling. Discussion and Conclusion: In general, the results of this study indicated that soil salinity was mainly influenced by water quality and poor water quality could change the physical properties of soil. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Investigation of the Relationship Between Soil Salinity Trend, Land Use and Climatic Factors Change (Case Study: Shadegan, Khuzestan)
Donya Amini Mohsen Tavakoli Marzban faramarziBackground and Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trend of soil salinity, land use and climatic factors in the region of Shadegan, Khuzestan. Method: In this study, using principal component analysis and 54 samples of soil, s MoreBackground and Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between trend of soil salinity, land use and climatic factors in the region of Shadegan, Khuzestan. Method: In this study, using principal component analysis and 54 samples of soil, soil salinity maps were prepared for the years 1990, 2006 and 2015. In the next step, land use maps of the region for the mentioned years have been prepared using satellite images and trend changes are determined. On the other hand, changes in climatic factors (temperature and precipitation) for the period of 1990-2015 were evaluated. Findings: Results showed that, reducing precipitation and increasing temperature caused increasing soil salinity during 25 years and also agricultural land and irrigation by saline water increases the salinity of the soil. Discussion and conclusion: Locating Hoor al-Azim wetland in the western part of the region, although it has fresh, brackish and saline water, it may have negative effects on soil salinity of the area because of using in agriculture irrigation. Finally, it can be concluded that soil salinity of the land might change land use and it can cause desertification in the region. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - The Role of Biochar in the Remediation of Salt-Affected Soils
Younes Shukuhifar Reza Hassanpour Bahman Khoshru Hossein BesharatiBackground and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the exp MoreBackground and Objective: Salts accumulation in soil is a major threat to agricultural production and ecosystem sustainability. The cost imposed on agricultural productivity due to salinity and sodicity is very high and is expected to increase in the future with the expansion of salt-affected areas. In the last decade, a great focus has been made on the application of biochar in farming systems with the primary aim of organic carbon sequestration in soil and subsequently reducing greenhouse gases emission to air and also reclaim soils, and increasing soil fertility. But these studies often were in non-saline soils and it is needed to study the biochar effect in salt-affected soils. Material and Methodology: Due to the lack of research on the role of biochar in salt-affected soils, this paper first provides an overview of the extent and problems of these soils. Then, the researches on the effect of biochar on soil properties, carbon sequestration, and remeduatuib if sakt-affected soils were reviewed and study and research gaps in this field were investigated. Findings: The application of biochar in the soil causes the sequestration of carbon in the soil and reduces the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In the salt-affected soils, biochar, as an organic soil amendment, improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil, thereby mitigating the effects of salt on soil and plants. Discussion and Conclusion: Carbon sequestration and improvement of soil quality are the two reported general benefits of biochar application in soil. The results of researches in this field are different depending on the source and method of biochar preparation, soil properties, and experiment conditions. Therefore, various studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of biochar effect on the properties of salt-affected soils and their remediation. It is not possible to provide a practical solution by doing some research, but developing scientific findings in this field can guide future policies. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Study indexes and mapping of soil salinity using remote sensing data (Case study: Aji Chay river delta)
Majid Pishnamaz Ahmadi Mohammad Hossein Rezaei Moghadam Bakhtiar FeizizadehSoil is a non-renewable and dynamic resource that the improper land use and management, is susceptible to degradation. Soil salinity one of the important land degradation factors in arid and semi-arid region. Identification and mapping of saline soils often due to tempo MoreSoil is a non-renewable and dynamic resource that the improper land use and management, is susceptible to degradation. Soil salinity one of the important land degradation factors in arid and semi-arid region. Identification and mapping of saline soils often due to temporal and spatial variability, and the need for sampling and laboratory work is difficult. In recent years remote sensing technology, due to the ability to identify phenomena has always been of interest to specialists. Information that obtained from satellite images contributed greatly to the study of various phenomena and can be very helpful in detecting phenomena changes. Case study, Aji Chay river delta was selected that is located in the west of Tabriz city and east of Urmia lake, because this region's importance in terms of agricultural and ecological. In this study used ground data and OLI sensor images from Landsat satellite during 2015, and field sampling was taken at the 5 and 6 August 2015. This data used for study and evaluation, soil salinity indexes. With a significance level analysis and measure study between ground data and output of models, best salinity index selected and extraction soil salinity map. In this index, SIT index has the highest correlation (97%) and presented as best index for salinity study in this region that salinity maps extraction from this index. SI2 index with 52% correlation has lowest correlate between salinity index and ground data. In the study region most areas included very saline class with 42% of the total area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
8 - Modeling the impacts of Urmia lake drought on soil salinity of agricultural lands in the eastern area of fuzzy object based image analysis approach
Kayvan Mohmadzadeh Bakhtiar FeizizadehObject based image analysis (OBIA) techniques are known as new methods in the domain of remote sensing image processing methods which are having significant potentialities for a variety of applications in pedology sciences. In this regard OBIA known as approach which in MoreObject based image analysis (OBIA) techniques are known as new methods in the domain of remote sensing image processing methods which are having significant potentialities for a variety of applications in pedology sciences. In this regard OBIA known as approach which integrate spectral and spatial pattern of satellite images for obtaining more accurate results. This approach has developed against of pixel based methods which are facing serious challenges due to the similarity index in spectral properties. The main objective of this study is to analyze soil salinity and apply an integrated approach of Fuzzy-object based for monitoring changes in soil characterize in the eastern area of Uremia Lake which has been under an environmental impact of lake drought. For this goal, Landsat 7 satellite images (ETM+) of 2000 and Landsat 8 (OLI) satellite image, for 2015 was prepared. In doing so, first pre-processing steps on satellite images were established. Accordingly, soil salinity trends of agricultural croplands in eastern area were evaluated using fuzzy object based image analysis approach. For this goal, we employed the object based features including: NDVI, spectral indices, brightness and NDSI. The results of this research indicated that, significant progress in increasing salinity areas while the soil salinity rate measured up about 21.54 % (833/18 Km2). According to the results, the salty barren lands with positive slope 19.7 % represent a positive growth rate while it has increased from 15.3 % to 35.05 %. Results indicated the critical environmental situation for the agriculture croplands located in the Eastern area of Uremia Lake which requires the attention of decision makers and authorizations in the East Azerbaijan province. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Change detection of soil salinity using remote sensing in Zahed Shahr, Fars province
Roya Ranjbar Hamidreza Owliaie Hojjat Ranjbar Ebrahim AdhamiSoil salinization is a predominant process in the degradation of arid and semi-arid soils that causes reduced the yield of crops, increases erosion and intensifies desertification. The Zahed Shahr studied area is located in the south and east of Fasa city, Fars province MoreSoil salinization is a predominant process in the degradation of arid and semi-arid soils that causes reduced the yield of crops, increases erosion and intensifies desertification. The Zahed Shahr studied area is located in the south and east of Fasa city, Fars province and in recent years the soil salinity has affected large areas of the farms and gardens in this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salinity changes of the soils during a 17 year period using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images using the spectral angle mapping method. To do research, the salty soil spectra were extracted from satellite data and then using supervised classification the areas with salty soil were identified changes in salinity soils in ArcGIS software were investigated. Field studies, soil surface sampling, chemical analysis and spectral analysis of soil were performed by Spectroradiometer, and X-ray diffraction analysis for mineral identification was done. The results obtained from visible and shortwave infrared Spectroradiometer, and X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of evaporites minerals (calcite, halite, gypsum). By comparison with real ground data, the spectral angle mapper method was identified to be efficient in the classification of soil salinity. The results of the SAM method for a period of 17 years show four times spatial increase in soil salinity in this area. The area of saline soils has increased from 1600 hectares in 2000 to 6500 hectares in 2017. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - Assessment of land degradation using Landsat satellite data in the period 2011-2021 (Case Study: Isfahan city)
Hadi Eskandari Damneh Hamed Eskandari Damaneh Hassan Khosravi Meysam Cheraghi Mohsen Adeli SardooeiBackground and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, f MoreBackground and Objective Land degradation is one of the destructive phenomena that threaten the stability and security of ecosystems, especially in arid areas. Land degradation can lead to reduced soil fertility and productivity, population migration and displacement, food insecurity, and ecosystem destruction. Despite widespread efforts to combat land degradation, this problem has not only not diminished in recent decades but has gradually intensified. Therefore, monitoring land degradation and revealing its characteristics is essential for land management and recovery, and this monitoring in arid areas facilitates proper management and control of this phenomenon. Monitoring of land degradation in these areas is possible using remote sensing data so that this science will be widely used to monitor land degradation in areas. Considering the importance of land degradation and the need for land monitoring, this study was performed to understandthe degradation situation in Isfahan city properly. Also, this study tries to create appropriate and timely management for the spread of degradation using modeling of environmental indicators obtained from satellite data in the period 2011-2021.Materials and Methods In this study, Landsat satellite imagery, TM, and OLI sensors were used to study the trend of land-use change. In addition, the data from field visits were also used as ancillary information. Satellite images were processed and analyzed in ENVI software environment. The supervised maximum classification method was used to prepare a map of land-use changes. Then, all land uses in the study area were divided into agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas. Finally, the obtained layers were transferred to ArcGIS software to calculate the land use area and prepare a suitable output map. After investigating land-use changes, SI soil salinity indices and Albedo climatic index, NDVI, and the LSM vegetation index were designed using the maximum likelihood method. SI soil salinity index is one of the main indicators of land degradation assessment. This index extracted from satellite images can assess soil salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, calculated using Equation SI=√(ρ_Blue×ρ_Red ) (ρBlue and ρRed, are the red and blue bands on the TM and OLI sensors, respectively). The surface albedo index obtained from remote sensing data is a physical parameter that expresses the sun's surface reflection characteristics and short wavelengths. This physical parameter is affected by vegetation, soil moisture, and other surface conditions. Therefore, by studying the changes in Albedo, it is possible to look at the changes in the ground surface and the result of land degradation. Equation AIbedo = 0.356 ρ_Blue + 0.130ρ_Red +0.373ρ_NIR+0.085ρ_SWIR1+0.072ρ_SWIR2-0.018 (The ρ band corresponds to the Landsat TM and OLI sensor images) was used to calculate the surface albedo in TM and OLI sensors in this study. The NDVI index, which is obtained from Landsat satellite images, TM and OLI sensors, was used to study the vegetation in this study. This index is most sensitive to changes in vegetation and is less susceptible to the effects of climate and soil, except in cases where vegetation is low. Another important parameter for land degradation is soil moisture content, which was studied using changes in the LSM index. Finally, the primary component analysis (PCA) method between Albedo, SI, NDVI, and LSM indices was used to estimate land degradation (LD) in 2011, 2016, and 2021. First, the desired indicators were normalized, and then the amount of land degradation for each year was estimated. So that large amounts of land degradation indicate the maximum land degradation.Results and Discussion The trend of land-use changes in Isfahan city in four uses of agricultural lands, rangelands, barren and saline lands, and urban and man-made areas in the period of 2011-2021 showed that between 2011-2016, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 5.7 and 5.06, respectively. In contrast, barren and saline lands and urban and man-made areas increased by 10.45% and 1.51%, respectively. On the other hand, from 2016 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands have decreased by 0.75 and 1.25 percent, respectively, and barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas have increased by 1.51 and 0.5 percent, respectively. Also, from 2011 to 2021, agricultural lands and rangelands decreased by 6.45 and 6.32 percent, respectively, and land use of barren and salty lands, urban and man-made areas increased by 11.96 and 0.8 percent, respectively. The study of the trend of land use changes showed that in this period of 10 years, the trend of destruction of agricultural lands and rangelands was decreasing, and barren and saline land and urban and man-made areas were increasing. The changes in desertification classes showed that the medium, high, and very high desertification classes have increased. The area of desert lands rose from 3428, 2817, and 1340 in 2011 to 4079, 4276, and 4302 Km2 in 1400, respectively. Low and very low classes have changed from 2826 and 5295 in 2011 to 574 and 2475 Km2 in 2021. These changes indicate an increase in desertification in Isfahan, which is due to land-use changes, especially the conversion of rangelands into agricultural lands and frequent droughts and drying of the Zayanderud River, which abandoned agricultural lands and turned them into barren and salty lands. On the other hand, with the dryness of the air, frequent droughts, and drying of the Zayanderud River, the soil moisture has decreased, which has caused salinization of the soil and increased unusable quality lands of this city. Also downstream of the Zayanderud River is Gavkhoni Wetland, one of the most important wetlands in Iran. Due to the reduction of incoming water, the surrounding beds have become barren and saline lands, which indicates the increasing desertification of this wetland.Conclusion It can be concluded that by using the indicators estimated from remote sensing images, it is possible to monitor the destruction and desertification process with reasonable accuracy and put the necessary measures to deal with this destructive phenomenon on the agenda. In this study, the process of land degradation in Isfahan city was estimated over time, based on which the necessary programs and policies can be applied to deal with this phenomenon. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - تاثیر اختلاط آب زهکش در آبیاری مزارع نیشکر بر خصوصیات خاک
بهنام شجاعی علی عصارهافزایش جمعیت مهمترین عامل افزایش استفاده از آب­های تجدید­پذیر در ایران است و یکی از این آب­ها استفاده مجدد از آب زهکشی می­باشد. وجود چندین کشت صنعت بزرگ در خوزستان سبب شده که حجم عظیمی زه آب تولید گردد. زهاب حاصل از اراضی کشاورزی منبع آب بالقوه­ای اس Moreافزایش جمعیت مهمترین عامل افزایش استفاده از آب­های تجدید­پذیر در ایران است و یکی از این آب­ها استفاده مجدد از آب زهکشی می­باشد. وجود چندین کشت صنعت بزرگ در خوزستان سبب شده که حجم عظیمی زه آب تولید گردد. زهاب حاصل از اراضی کشاورزی منبع آب بالقوه­ای است که با اختلاط آن با آب شیرین رودخانه­ها می­توان منابع آب بالفعلی برای کشاورزی پدید آورد. کیفیت بد آب نه تنها گیاه را تحت تاثیر قرار می­دهد، بلکه ساختار خاک را هم دچار تغییر می­کند. لذا این تحقیق با هدف تاثیر اختلاط آب زهکش و آب آبیاری بر خصوصیات خاک در مزارع نیشکر کشت و صنعت حکیم فارابی انجام شد. دو قطعه زمین مجزا با بافت و شرایط یکسان(سیلتی کلی) انتخاب گردید. مزرعه6 -W3 با آب کارون و مزرعه­ی S2-12 با آب اختلاط، آبیاری شد. در طول دوره رشد نیشکر که از فروردین تا شهریور ماه می­باشد؛ حدود 20 راند آبیاری با حجم آبی معادل 1200مترمکعب در هر راند در هر هکتار آبیاری گردید. نسبت آب شور به شیرین، 1000 به 8000 لیتر اختلاط گردید برای این منظور اقدام به ساخت سازه­ای برای ترکیب آب زهکش به کانال آبیاری برای مزرعه S2-12 شد. نتایج نشان داد اثر تیمارهای متفاوت آبیاری بر هدایت الکتریکی و pH خاک در سطح 5 درصد معنی­دار بود Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - تغییرات شوری اعماق خاک در اثر آبیاری با آب شور
وحید یزدانی سپیده یکه باش محمد سلطانیاین تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39 َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت در Moreاین تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر شوری آب آبیاری بر کیفیت خاک در سطح و اعماق انجام گرفت. در این تحقیق از نسبت­های مختلف سنگ نمک طبیعی و آب چاه با دبی 35 لیتر در ثانیه (در مختصات ً5/39 َ27 º59 و ً2/39 َ27 º36) به منظور ایجاد شوری­های متفاوت در شرایط کشت کلزا استفاده شد. در شرایط ماندگار، در یک غلظت مشخص از آب آبیاری، توزیع متفاوت در جذب آب سبب توزیع متفاوت شوری در خاک می­شود. بر این اساس، از معادلات تابع جذب آب نمایی، ذوزنقه­ای و الگوی جذب جهت بررسی تغییرات شوری استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش زمان بعد از کاشت و اعمال تیمار­های مختلف آبیاری، مقدار شوری عصاره اشباع خاک در اعماق مختلف خاک افزایش می­یابد. در 3 تاریخ اولیه مقدار تفاوت در EC عصاره اشباع خاک خیلی زیاد نیست و در تاریخ 4 و 5 نمونه‎برداری (یعنی 102 و 118 روز بعد از کشت کلزا) مقدار تفاوت­ها بیشتر می­شود. دلیل تفاوت کم در تاریخ‎های 56، 71 و 87 روز بعد از کشت کلزا، وجود بارش در این مدت می­باشد. در 71 روز بعد از کشت کلزا مقدار EC عصاره اشباع در اغلب تیمار­ها کاهش داشت و از روند افزایشی پیروی نمی­کرد که دلیل آن وقوع بارش در بازه اول الی 15 خرداد بود؛ که باعث آب‎شویی املاح شده و EC عصاره اشباع خاک کاهش یافته است. البته باید اشاره داشت که در تیمار I4 چنین روندی مشاهده نمی­گردد. زیرا کم‎آبیاری شدید در این تیمار باعث تجمع املاح در سطح خاک شده است که بارش­ها تنها سطح خاک را آب‎شویی نموده و املاح را به اعماق پایین‎تر منتقل کرده است. نتایج نشان داد که مدل ذوزنقه­ای قادر به پیش‎بینی شوری عصاره اشباع خاک نمی­باشد. این روش شوری عصاره اشباع خاک را بسیار بیشتر از واقعیت برآورد می­کند و نتایج آن تنها در شوری 5/0 دسی زیمنس بر متر تاحدودی قابل قبول است. در مقابل، نتایج دو مدل دیگر یعنی مدل نمایی و مدل تابع جذب، نتایج مناسب‎تری را ارائه دادند. مدل نمایی در این سه سطح آبیاری دارای دقت قابل قبول­تری نسبت به مدل تابع جذب بود. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Assessment of Remotely Sensed Indices to Estimate Soil Salinity
Naser Ahmadi Sani mohammad khanyaghmaSoil Salinization is one of the oldest environmental problems and one of the mainpaths to desertification. Access to information in the shortest time and at low cost isthe major factor influencing decision making. The satellite imagery providesinformation data on salini MoreSoil Salinization is one of the oldest environmental problems and one of the mainpaths to desertification. Access to information in the shortest time and at low cost isthe major factor influencing decision making. The satellite imagery providesinformation data on salinity and also offers large amount of data that can be analyzedand processed to understand several indices based on the type of the sensor used. Inthis research, the capability of different indices derived from IRS-P6 data wasevaluated to identify saline soils in Mahabad County. The quality of the satelliteimages was first evaluated and no noticeable radiometric and geometric distortion wasdetected. The Ortho-rectification of the image was performed using the satelliteephemeris data, digital elevation model, and ground control points. The RMS errorwas less than a pixel. In this study, the correlation between the bands and used indices,including Salinity1, Salinity2, Salinity3, PCA1 (B2, B3), PCA1 (B4, B5), PCA1 (B1,B2, B3, B4, B5), Fusion (Pan and B2), Fusion (Pan and B3) and Fusion (Pan and B4)with EC were investigated. The highest correlation was related to the Fusion (Pan andB2) with a coefficient 0.76 and the lowest correlation was related to B4 with acoefficient 0.2. The results showed that the indices have a high ability for modeling,mapping and estimating the soil salinity.Keywords: Indices, IRS-P6, Remote sensing, Soil Salinity Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Investigating the Relationship between Satellite Remote Sensing Indicators (GIS) and Soil Salinity of Agricultural Lands of Abarkooh-Mehrabad Plain
Reza Sourilaki Mohammad Hassan RahimianIn this study, using linear multivariate regression, the relationship between different remote sensing indices (obtained from Landsat satellite images) and surface soil salinity in the study area in 2014 was determined. One of the notable points in the present study is MoreIn this study, using linear multivariate regression, the relationship between different remote sensing indices (obtained from Landsat satellite images) and surface soil salinity in the study area in 2014 was determined. One of the notable points in the present study is that agricultural areas and rangelands are separated from each other and soil salinity classification has been done only for rangelands. It is inferred that in agricultural lands, soil salinity is a function of farm management, especially irrigation, and it is not possible to determine and model soil salinity without considering this important. Therefore, the soil salinity classification map in this study can be cited in rangeland areas. One of the most important issues that has led to a lack of significant relationship between satellite remote sensing indices and soil salinity of agricultural areas is the type of agricultural cover, which in the study area are mainly perennial pistachio trees. Soil salinity of pistachio orchards at the time of sampling, can not immediately affect the reflections made from the tree surface and computational indicators by these reflections, and this issue creates a significant relationship between soil salinity and remote sensing indicators Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - Study of irrigation effect wastewater on soil salinity by using satellite image ( case study : Birjand treatment)
سعید مرگان عباس خاشعی سیوکی علی شهیدی مصطفی یعقوب زادهA severe shortage of water resource in south Khorasan province caused, water resource managements use waste water for irrigation agriculture lands. Soil salinity is one of the pervasive phenomena in the word that due to its adverse effects on the growth of plants and th MoreA severe shortage of water resource in south Khorasan province caused, water resource managements use waste water for irrigation agriculture lands. Soil salinity is one of the pervasive phenomena in the word that due to its adverse effects on the growth of plants and the final product has become one of the main challenges in the field of natural resource management. In this study attempted to investigate effects of long-term irrigation with wastewater of Birjand refinery on soil salinity characteristic, taken effective step to inhibit this phenomenon and, more importantly, management and conservation of water resources. Since evaluating effects of irrigation with wastewater on soil salinity requires access to soil salinity information before and after constructing the refinery building, and we have no information about soil salinity in the past, so to finding out soil salinity information in the past year’s, the option of using satellite images was selected. For this purpose, satellite images of the study area were downloaded from USGS site, and using PCI-Geomatica software bands of Landsat satellite merged together to create one image that is prepared for studying. Because satellite image contains raw information and hard to interpretation alone, so using some soil salinity indices is required for reach this goal. With an assessment of correlation between gathered information from different soil salinity indices and actual EC amounts, it was found that SI-1 with root square equal to %84 have the most correlation with actual amounts of EC values. Then with making a meaningful relation between this salinity index and EC can achieve a comprehensive relationship to extract data related to soil salinity obtained from satellite images. Results of this study represented that irrigation with waste water generally have not devastating effects on soil salinity and in most cases caused decreasing about 3% to 5% of soil salinity in sampling points. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Investigation of distribution of Aeluropus littoralis in Exclusion and grazed areas inthe saline and alkaline rangelands of Golestan province
amin mahmodian Majid Akherian mohamad naser taherThe shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two MoreThe shape species response along ecological gradients has important implications for both continuum theory and community analysis. The main objective of this study was investigation on the response of the A. littoralis species to some environmental gradients In the two Exclusion and grazer range . The sampling method was randomized-systematic. In the area sampled, presence of the A. littoralis species, was recorded. Soil samples were taken from 0-20 cm in each quadrates. In each sample , bulk density, soil moisture, pH, N, EC, P, organic carbon, the percentage of sand, silt and clay were measured. . Sampling of soil and vegetation was carried out along 100-meter transects in two Exclusion areas and under grazing area. The data were analyzed by R ver.3.0.2 and Spss computer programs . The results showed that the ecological niche and optimum along moisture gradient for A. littoralis species has been recorded 52-42 percent and 44.7 percent respectively. The ecological optimum for S. turcomanica species in relation Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The effects of pesticides on microbial population of saline soils using culture-dependent and next generation sequencing methods
Safoura Hashemi joker Mahmoud Shavandi Azam Haddadi Ebrahim AlaieBackground & Objectives: Despite of widely use of pesticides in agricultural industry, their ecotoxicological impacts on the environment are not still well understood. In the present study, the effects of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin pesticides on soil microbial di MoreBackground & Objectives: Despite of widely use of pesticides in agricultural industry, their ecotoxicological impacts on the environment are not still well understood. In the present study, the effects of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin pesticides on soil microbial diversity in different salinities were investigated.Materials and methods: Four soil samples with various salinities (0, 1%, 2% and 4%) were contaminated with 200 mg/kg of chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin. Then, the effects of these compounds were investigated by culture-dependent and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods. The dominant bacterial strains were isolated and compared with the results of the NGS method.Results: Remarkable groups of active soil species were destroyed. The main groups at the phylum level were, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Examination of the pattern of operational taxonomic unit (OTU) showed that the lowest abundance belonged to the group of soil samples contaminated with chlorpyrifos and the highest abundance belonged to the non-contaminated sample. Alpha diversity analysis revealed that the highest number of strains was observed in non-saline and uncontaminated soil microcosms, and the lowest number of strains was observed in the presence of deltamethrin (1% salinity) and chlorpyrifos (0% salinity).Conclusion: The results indicated that soil salinity had significant impact on the resistance of soil microorganisms to the chlorpyrifos and deltamethrin. Every soil samples will have its own microbial composition based on its physicochemical conditions under the influence of pesticide contamination. By comparison of microbial composition by culture-dependent and molecular-based methods, almost similar findings were obtained. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Impact of Salinity on Tomato Seedling Development: A Comparative Study of Germination and Growth Dynamics in Different Cultivars
Ali Abdulrahman Fadhil Sajeda Y. Swaid Samar Jasim Mohammed Aswan Al-AbboodiSoil salinity is an escalating problem that significantly reduces crop yield, particularly in regions with intensive agriculture or poor irrigation practices. This study aimed to assess the impact of salinity on the germination and early growth parameters of four tomato MoreSoil salinity is an escalating problem that significantly reduces crop yield, particularly in regions with intensive agriculture or poor irrigation practices. This study aimed to assess the impact of salinity on the germination and early growth parameters of four tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars: 'Sakata', 'US-Agriseed', 'Rossen B.V.', and 'Supermarmance'. Methods: The experiment was conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions with a randomized complete block design. Seeds were exposed to five salinity treatments (0, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ds m-1), and growth parameters including germination rate, seedling length, leaf number, and wet and dry weights were measured over a two-week period. The results demonstrated that increasing salinity levels had a significant inhibitory effect on all measured growth parameters across all cultivars. Germination rates and seedling vigor decreased with increasing salinity, and a complete inhibition of growth was observed at the highest salinity levels (EC-8 and EC-10). However, variability among cultivars indicated differential salinity tolerance, with 'US-Agriseed' displaying relatively better performance under saline conditions. The study provides clear evidence that salinity levels as low as 4 dS m-1 can adversely affect the germination and seedling growth of tomato plants. The findings highlight the critical need for developing salinity management strategies and breeding programs to improve salinity tolerance in tomatoes, which could significantly mitigate the impact of salinity stress on crop productivity. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The necessity of water and salt balance monitoring in sugarcane root zone on middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran farmlands
Faezeh RajabzadehConsidering of saline soils in middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran and also the leached soils having capacity to be saline, the irrigation agenda or the percent of irrigation water emission from the roots region must be adjusted and controlled so that a desirable ba MoreConsidering of saline soils in middle part of Khuzestan province, Iran and also the leached soils having capacity to be saline, the irrigation agenda or the percent of irrigation water emission from the roots region must be adjusted and controlled so that a desirable balance of soil salinity in roots growth region is created to prevent salinization of soil after soil optimization. Therefore, current research is about the water and salt balance in roots growth region of sugarcane cultivated soils. Accordingly, the values of ΔZ (the variations of salinity supply), Z1, Z2 (the first and second concentration of salt level in the region of roots growth) and ECe (electrical conductivity level of saturated soil) in different months of cultivation year were calculated. The results indicated that calculated ECe had the intervals between 2.26 dS/m and 2.59 dS/m that by 10% crop decrement, it is less than determined allowable maximum,that is, ECe = 3/4 dS/m. On the other hand, the level of depth percolations resulting from irrigation showed the control sufficiency of salt accumulation in the depth of roots growth and the desirable agronomic conditions to plant growth are provided. Manuscript profile
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