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Open Access Article
1 - Resource Mobilization Theory: Political Movement in Egypt
Farhad Hassan Abdullah -
Open Access Article
2 - The Challenge of the Developmental States in Mobilizing Educated Forces
حمید سجادی ابراهیم متقیDeveloping countries’ priority in programs is given to training human resources. Higher education puts forward new demands and concerns and heightens the expectations of the educated people. Besides, the advancement of modern communication and information technolo MoreDeveloping countries’ priority in programs is given to training human resources. Higher education puts forward new demands and concerns and heightens the expectations of the educated people. Besides, the advancement of modern communication and information technologies accelerates this process. This process could result in a high potential for development; however, the strategy of states in the form of a step-by-step development in various fields has produced the adverse outcome for these countries. What would be the challenges before Developmental States in following a step-by-step development process concurrent with the promotion of education in the society? And how would the rise of new demands along with the objection of modern educated forces, who are focused on economic development, be understandable? Before answering this question, it must be clarified that the modern social forces, having different concerns from those of the planned steps of development, are recognized as the anti-development forces. The requirements of these growing classes of the society are not prioritized within the Development Plans of developing countries. Due to the lack of structural integration, these countries are deprived from utilizing the talents of these educated forces as the main source of development. Based on the necessity of solidarity and mobilization of social forces for development specifically the educated people, in this study we will analyze the Development Plans and by redefining development, we will try to identify the solidarity and balance required by the society for the realization of development as a strategy for fulfillment of development plans. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - The Challenge of Development-oriented Government in Mobilizing the Educated Force
Hamid Sajadi Ebrahim Mottaghi -
Open Access Article
4 - Immobilization of arsenic in a calcareous soil using an iron-,manganese- and aluminum-modified zeoilite
Saeed Bagherifam Amir Lakzian Amir Fotovat Reza Khorasani Samaneh Akbarzadeh Ali MotadaienContamination of soil and water with arsenic, which is a toxic and carcinogenic metalloid, canincrease the danger of its entrance into the food chain.Material and Methods:In order to improve the efficacy of natural zeoilte for adsorption and stabilization of arsenic in MoreContamination of soil and water with arsenic, which is a toxic and carcinogenic metalloid, canincrease the danger of its entrance into the food chain.Material and Methods:In order to improve the efficacy of natural zeoilte for adsorption and stabilization of arsenic in soil, anIranian zeoilte of clinoptilolite type was modified by iron, manganese and aluminum, and used in aseries of chemical extraction tests by DTPA as well as greenhouse experiments using barley as a testcrop. Moreover, the biological effects of amending these soil modifiers were evaluated throughmeasuring soil dehydrogenase and phosphatase activity. The experiment carried out in a completelyrandomized design with Factorial arrangement including 5 types of zeolite (modified with iron,manganese, aluminum, iron+ manganese and iron+ aluminum) and two levels (2% and 5%) of eachamendment.Results and discussion:The results of this study revealed that the applied amendments could increase the produced biomassand decrease both arsenic concentration in barely and arsenic extracted by DTPA. Also, furtherincorporation of amendments increased the activity of dehydrogenase, as a soil health index.However, the iron- and aluminum-modified zeolite was the only amendment which meaningfullyincreased the phosphatase activity. The reslts indicated that the iron-, manganese- and aluminummodifiedzeolite can be considered as a good alternative, low cost and environmental friendlyamendment for immobilization of arsenic in contaminated soils, and can mitigate the risk associatedwith arsenic entrance into the food chain. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
5 - Mechanisms of Heavy Metals Immobility in Soils
Ramin SalmasiBackground and Objectives: Pollutant discharge from agricultural systems as a result if agricultural activities, is one of the factors for soil and water quality. Various soil and water remediation techniques including the use of chemical amendments have been applied to MoreBackground and Objectives: Pollutant discharge from agricultural systems as a result if agricultural activities, is one of the factors for soil and water quality. Various soil and water remediation techniques including the use of chemical amendments have been applied to reduce the risks associated with these contaminants. This paper reviews the use of chemical amendments for immobilizing chemical amendments, the chemistry of contaminant immobilization, and environmental concerns associated with the use of these products. Total Contents of heavy metal in the soils of polluted villages of Hashtrood city and determining the relationships of these metals and soil properties are the goals of this research.Material and Methodology: The commonly used chemical amendments were grouped into aluminum-, calcium-, and iron-containing products. Other products of interest include phosphorus-containing compounds and silicate clays.Results: Mechanisms of contaminant immobilization include one or a combination of the following: surface precipitation, adsorption to mineral surfaces (ion exchange and formation of stable complexes), precipitation as salts, and co-precipitation. Reviews of environmental implications revealed that undesirable substances such as trace elements, fluoride, sulfate, total dissolved solids, as well as radioactive materials associated with some industrial wastes used as amendment could be leached to ground water or lost through run off to receiving water bodies.Discussion and Conclusion: The acidity or alkalinity associated with some of the industrial-waste amendments could also constitute a substantial environmental hazard. Chemical amendments have elements capable of affecting the activities of certain microbes that could influence geochemical processes such as mineral dissolution and formation, weathering, and organic matter mineralization. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Immobilization of laccase in nafion and carbon nanotubes biocathode of Biofuel cells and Biosensors
maasome ahmadiNowadays demands for clean power source enhanced. Bio-fuel cell (BFC) can convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The enzyme-based biofuel cell (BFC) is a special fuel cell using enzyme as catalyst and can directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Bio MoreNowadays demands for clean power source enhanced. Bio-fuel cell (BFC) can convert chemical energy to electrical energy. The enzyme-based biofuel cell (BFC) is a special fuel cell using enzyme as catalyst and can directly convert chemical energy to electrical energy. Bio-fuel cells are energy conversion devices based on bio-electrocatalysis leveraging on enzymes or microorganisms. Enzymatic fuel cells are promising low cost, compact and flexible energy resources. The basis of enzymatic fuel cells is transfer of electron from enzyme to the electrode surface and vice versa.. The DET of laccase enzyme has been studied using Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/Nafion polymer. Laccase was entrapped by nafion polymer . As Nafion is a proton exchange polymer but not an electron conductive, the MWCNTs were also used to facilitate electron transfer of laccase. Cyclic voltammetric results showed a well-defined redox peaks at 170 µA in a solution containing 10 µM o-dianisidine as a substrate for MWCNTs/Nafion composite. The cyclic voltammetric results showed that laccase immobilization on MWCNTs/Nafion is efficient. Therefore, this method can be used to fabricate biocathode of biofuels cellor laccase based biosensors. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
7 - Immobilization of Cobaloxime on MCM- 41
Goldasteh Zarei Forouzan Zonouzi -
Open Access Article
8 - The Effect of Nitrogen Supplies at Flowering on Dry Matter Production and Distribution, the Relationship Between Source Strength and Sink Size, and Yield Formation Processes in Wheat, Barley and Triticale
Masoud Ezzat ahmadi Mojtaba Hassanzadeh Ahad MadaniIn order to compare the yield response of wheat, barley and triticale to nitrogen, a split plot experiment was conducted in Mashhad during the 2017-2018 crop year. Nitrogen factor with two levels of non-foliar application (N1) and application of urea fertilizer 46% in t MoreIn order to compare the yield response of wheat, barley and triticale to nitrogen, a split plot experiment was conducted in Mashhad during the 2017-2018 crop year. Nitrogen factor with two levels of non-foliar application (N1) and application of urea fertilizer 46% in the flowering stage at a rate of 20 kg / ha (N2) were allotted to the main plots and cereal type factor in the subplots. The results showed that N2 treatment increased grain yield by 12.6%, which was mainly due to the increase in the contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield formation from 43.6 to 51.2% and had little relationship with the efficiency of dry matter distribution to grain. Also, N2 treatment, despite a significant reduction in 1000-seed weight, increased the number of seeds per spike by 20.9% and grain weight per spike by 12.9%. Nitrogen foliar application increased the contribution of current photosynthesis in grain yield formation from 43.6% to 51.2% and decreased the rule of stem dry matter remobilization in yield formation from 72.4% to 53.4%. Despite having the same harvest index as wheat, triticale had 13.3% higher grain yield than wheat due to its higher biological yield. The amount of current photosynthesis in triticale was %46.8 more than wheat, but the relative contribution of stem reserves to yield formation was not significantly different. The main reason for the higher in triticale compared to wheat was the higher number of grains per spike, and the difference in grain weight was less important. The results indicate that grain weight is not affected by nitrogen uptake and transport processes and is mostly a function of photosynthesis. Based on these results, the source-sink balance in triticale resulted in higher yield of it compared to wheat and barley. It seems that nitrogen in the flowering stage can increase the yield of wheat and barley by preventing abortion of florets and increasing the size of the reservoir as well as improving the strength of the source by increasing the current photosynthesis. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
9 - Effects of Foliage Removal and Using Different Nitrogen Rates on Remobilization of Pre-anthesis Assimilates to the Grain in a Dual-purpose (Forage and Grain) Barley
Adel Modhej Mani Mojadam Reza Mamaghani -
Open Access Article
10 - Response of Some Bread and Durum Wheat Genotypes to Different Levels of Nitrogen in South West of Iran
Atosa Enayat Shahram Lack Adel Modhej -
Open Access Article
11 - Assess Effect of Different level of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Redistribution, Efficiency and Contribution of Redistribution and Current Photosynthesis of Wheat Genotypes
Fatemeh Torfi -
Open Access Article
12 - Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum chelate-bonded supported on magnetic nanoparticle as an efficient and recyclable catalyst system for C–N cross coupling of amides
Maryam Gorjizadeh Mozhgan Afshari -
Open Access Article
13 - Immobilization of Bacillus alkalitelloris in agar for alpha-amylase enzyme production
Marjan Alimohamadiyan Mehdi Ebrahimi Sahar Honarmand JahromiDue to the high consumption of amylase, the use of amylase-producing strains and optimizing the production conditions of this enzyme is an efficient way to produce this enzyme. Due to the fact that the amylase gene of Bacillus alkalitelluris has not been identified so f MoreDue to the high consumption of amylase, the use of amylase-producing strains and optimizing the production conditions of this enzyme is an efficient way to produce this enzyme. Due to the fact that the amylase gene of Bacillus alkalitelluris has not been identified so far, it is important to achieve stable enzyme production conditions by the bacteria that produce these enzymes. One of the most important methods is to immobilization of the bacteria in suitable support so that the ability of these bacteria to produce enzymes is maintained. In this study, Bacillus alkalitelluris was first cultured in LB broth culture medium containing starch. The bacteria were then immobolized on agar and the amount of enzyme produced was measured using the DNS method. Finally, the amount of enzyme production when re-use stabilized cells in successive cultures was evaluated. According to the results, the bacterium Bacillus alkalitelluris immobilized in agar support is still able to produce alpha-amylase enzyme. Maximum alpha-amylase production was obtained after 24 hours. In addition, the immobilized bacteria remain after 4 times of changing the culture medium and are able to produce amylase enzyme so that up to 72 hours no significant change in enzyme production is observed. Due to the fact that the immobilized of Bacillus alkalitelluris in agar leads to the maintenance of alpha-amylase production capacity, so this method can be used in mass production of amylase enzyme. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Application of immobilized enzymes in the food industry as biocompatible methods
Ismail Faramarzi-Aghgonbad Leila Amirkhani Seyed Mahdi Hedayatzadeh Fahimeh DerakhshanfardEnzymes or microorganisms are widely used in food preparation. With the advancement of technology, new enzymes with a wide range of applications and properties have been developed, and new fields of application are still being investigated. Microorganisms such as bacter MoreEnzymes or microorganisms are widely used in food preparation. With the advancement of technology, new enzymes with a wide range of applications and properties have been developed, and new fields of application are still being investigated. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, and fungi and their enzymes are widely used in many foods to improve flavor and texture and have many economic benefits for industries. Enzymes are also able to remove organic substances from food wastes effectively. Microbial enzymes are preferred sources over plants or animals due to their many advantages such as easy production, cost-effectiveness, and compatibility. However, the use of enzymes in processes has a series of disadvantages. Due to the high price of enzymes, enzymatic processes are one of the most expensive reactions. They are also sensitive to environmental conditions and can easily change their nature and lose their properties. Using a heterogeneous catalyst and immobilized enzymes on a solid support is a method that can make the recycling of enzymes possible. In this research, after examining the structure and types of enzymes, the thermodynamics of enzyme reactions and methods of enzyme stabilization were studied. Finally, recent advances in enzyme technology for food industries and a comprehensive list of enzymes used in food processing, the microbial source of these enzymes, and their wide range of applications are discussed. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Analysis of Political Thoughts Based on Ideologization from Constitutional Revolution to Islamic Revolution
morteza badri kamal pouladi AliAshraf NazariThe origin of political thought in Iran is constitutional revolution period. Political thought in Iran was difference with critical rationality and methodic thought. Main characters of thought was based on spatial definition from ideology witch was a set of regular idea MoreThe origin of political thought in Iran is constitutional revolution period. Political thought in Iran was difference with critical rationality and methodic thought. Main characters of thought was based on spatial definition from ideology witch was a set of regular idea and ideals with stressed on its fixed element. Identical problem in current political thought was emphasize on circular time and retrospective element for macro issues resolution. Identity of this problem is as main question of research and irregular subjectivity of thinkers and political organizations is as research hypothesis. In this thinking method, mass mobilization in facet of quantity and no qualify for substantial changes in political and social arena consider as main principals. In current research, cognition and emphasize on non-unique pattern in political thought by classic ideologies perception considering as goal. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Histologic and histomorphometric study of epididymis after immobilization stress in mice
esmaiel safavi hadi khayyatnouriImmobilization stress as a physical and psychological stress, has adverse effects on various body tissues. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of stress on reproductive system and fertility. The Main aim of this study is evaluation of effect of immobiliz MoreImmobilization stress as a physical and psychological stress, has adverse effects on various body tissues. Numerous studies have been conducted on the effects of stress on reproductive system and fertility. The Main aim of this study is evaluation of effect of immobilization stress on epididymal tissue in mice. In this study 140 adult male mice were randomly divided in to 7 groups as test and 7 groups as control animals. In test groups,the animals were subjected to immobilizationstress for 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days respectively. In control groups,the animals were only handled. After the experimental periods, blood samples were collected for measurements of serum cortisol and testosterone and epididymal tissue samples were obtained for histologic and histomorphometric study. The results of this study showed that level of testostrone in all test groups significantly decreased in comparison tothe control groups(p<0/05). Cortisol level in test group at 1, 3, 7, and15 days significantly increased (p<0/05) and in other groups no significant difference was observed. Histological study showed that in groups which were stressed for 30,45 and 60 days ,in head ,body and tail of epididym ,diameter of tubules were decreased and interstitial tissue significantly increased (p<0/05). thickness of epithelium in head and body of epididym and in the tail region significantly decreased (p<0/05) in groups which were under stress for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days and 30, 45and 60 days respectively (p<0/05). Result of this study confirmed adverse effect of immobilization stress on epididymal tissue with increasein time of stress, side effects also increases. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - The effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and photosynthetic material remobilization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions
Maryam Shirvanian Mani Mojaddam Shahram Lack Mojtaba Alavifazel Seyed Keyvan MarashiIn order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete b MoreIn order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Removal of malachite green by using immobilized glucose oxidase onto silica nanostructure-coated silver metal-foam
Mansour Hemmati Mohammad Barkhi Hadi Baharifar Kamyar Khoshnevisan -
Open Access Article
19 - Removal of Malachite Green by Using Immobilized Glucose Oxidase Onto Silica Nanostructure-Coated Silver Metal-Foam
Mansour Hemmati Mohammad Barkhi Hadi Baharifar Kamyar Khoshnevisan -
Open Access Article
20 - Photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in the presence of synthesized ZnO nanocatalyst: The effect of operational parameters
Solmaz Aghdasi Mohammad Shokri -
Open Access Article
21 - Introduction of Brönsted acidic ionic liquid supported on nanoporous Na+-montmorillonite as an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 2-amino-tetrahydro-4H-pyrans
Farhad Shirini Masoumeh Makhsous Mohadeseh Seddighi -
Open Access Article
22 - Polymer-supported basic ionic liquid as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst system for straightforward synthesis of flavanones
Soheil Sayyahi Somayeh Heidari -
Open Access Article
23 - The evaluation of effects the nitrogen and potash fertilizer on yield, yield components and remobilization of rice (Oryza sativa L.) promising line
Abdolhossein Sheikh hosseinian , Majid Ashouri Majid Nahvi Saeid Bakhshipour Mohmmad Roudpeyma Mitra Yekta Farhad Biranvand In order to evaluate of effects, the nitrogen and potash fertilizer on yield, yield components and remobilization on number 4 rice promising line. The study was conducted using a factorial experiment arranged in completely randomized More In order to evaluate of effects, the nitrogen and potash fertilizer on yield, yield components and remobilization on number 4 rice promising line. The study was conducted using a factorial experiment arranged in completely randomized design with three replications at the Rice Research Institute of Iran in 2012. The factors were nitrogen with 3 levels (60, 90 and 120 Kg.h-1) from Urea fertilizer’s resource and Potash fertilizer with 3 levels (0, 50 and 100Kg.h-1) from the sulfate potash resource. Analysis of variance showed that the Nitrogen Factor was significant on all the considered traits at 1 probability levels. The Potash Factor was significant on the grain 1000 weight at 1 probability level. The interaction effect of Nitrogen in Potash on traits the number of filled grain and the grain 1000 weight were showed significant difference at 5 probability levels. The highest of treats seed yield (7818 kg.h-1), the percentage of panicle reproduction (88.47%), grain 1000 weight (30.08g), the number of seed filled (149.4), height plant (110.6 cm) and for remobilization of dry matter (1198g.m-2) were obtained 120 kg. ha-1. Mean comparison effects of Nitrogen in Potash interactive showed that for grain yield of a 120 kg nitrogen per 50kg Potash with the average of 7994 kg h-1 was consider a higher class. Finally, for the number 4 promising line of rice can use a level of fertilizer which includes 120 kg pure Nitrogen (260 kg urea fertilizer) and 50 kg Potash (100 kg super triple phosphate fertilizer) per a hectare. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
24 - Study of assimilate remobilization as affected by heat stress in rice cultivars in north of Khuzestan
Abdolali Gilani1 Seyed Ataallah Siadat2 Sami Jalali3 Kaveh Limouchi4An experiment was carried out to study of heat stress on assimilate remobilization of rice in north of Khuzestan province in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blokes design with three replication in 2006 and 2007 at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station MoreAn experiment was carried out to study of heat stress on assimilate remobilization of rice in north of Khuzestan province in a split-plot arrangement using randomized complete blokes design with three replication in 2006 and 2007 at Shavoor Agricultural Research Station, Dependent in Research Center of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Khuzestan. For exposing rice cultivars to different higher temperature regimes, main plot were assigned to three sowing dates from 5 May, 26 May and 16 Jun and cultivars were; Hoveizeh, Hamar (heat tolerance) Ghermez Anbori, Champa (heat sensitive) and Danial (relatively heat tolerant) were in sub-plots. Results showed that the highest dry matter redistribution was in Ghermez Anbori and heat tolerant cultivars. The grain, stem and leaf portions were significant on sowing date and cultivars. The second and third planting dates and heat tolerant cultivars had higher content. The highest remobilization, current photosynthesis and the portion of organs in filling grain yield were 1140.8 kg.ha-1, 3923.3 kg.ha-1, and 22.5%, respectively, in 26 May planting. But the highest share portion of current photosynthesis in grain yield was in 5 may in the planting date. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - The effect of planting date on yield and yield components of maize hybrids in Ahvaz
rahil chehrazi Mojtaba Alavi FazelIn order to investigate the effect of sowing date on yield and dry matter redistribution in maize hybrids in Ahvaz. This experiment in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year 2020-2021, it was pe MoreIn order to investigate the effect of sowing date on yield and dry matter redistribution in maize hybrids in Ahvaz. This experiment in the form of split plots in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the crop year 2020-2021, it was performed at the station of Khuzestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in the southwest of AhvazThe main factor of planting date was August 1, 10 and 20 and the sub-factor of hybrids SIMON, PL712, K.S.C703 and K.S.C704 (control),were evaluated in three replications. The results of analysis of variance showed the effect of sowing date on number of rows per ear, number of seeds per row, number of seeds per ear, 1000-seed weight, ear length, plant height, ear length, grain yield, harvest index, re-transfer rate, efficiency Remittance, current photosynthesis rate, current photosynthesis efficiency, remittance share and current photosynthesis share were significant. There was a statistically significant difference between the studied hybrids in number of seeds per ear row, 1000-seed weight, ear length, plant height, seed yield and harvest index. The results showed that PL712 cultivar had the highest yield of 9294.217 kg on the 20th of July. With a delay in the planting date and the encounter of the pollination period with more favorable climatic conditions, Among the hybrids studied, Performance traits and performance components increased. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
26 - Effects of plant density and different amounts of nitrogen on remobilization changes in yield of corn (Zea mays L.) S.C. 704
Mandana Sotodeh Mojtaba AlaviFazelTo evaluate of the role of remobilization in yield of corn (S.C. 704)in conditions of change of density and nitrogen, this experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Ramhormoz city, southwest of Iran, dur MoreTo evaluate of the role of remobilization in yield of corn (S.C. 704)in conditions of change of density and nitrogen, this experiment was conducted as a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Ramhormoz city, southwest of Iran, during 2015-2016 cropping season. a factor consisted of plant density per square meter (8, 10 and 12) and another factor of pure nitrogen consumption (from 46% urea source) included 50, 100, 150 kg. ha-1.The results showed that the plant density and nitrogen fertilizer significant effect on grain yield, biological, remobilization, remobilization and contribution of current photosynthesis is. The highest grain yield (8090.4 kg. ha-1) of 8 plants per square meter and the lowest (6480.1 kg. ha-1) were obtained from 12 plant per square meter. The highest grain yield (8650.7 kg. ha-1) was obtained from 150 kg. ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer treatment and the lowest (6160.7 kg. ha-1) was obtained from 50 kg. ha-1nitrogen fertilizer treatment. Most current photosynthesis and remobilization and current photosynthesis contribution of 8 plants per square meter and 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare, respectively. Most remobilization of 8 plants per square meter (143.1 g.m-2), respectively. Overall, the experimental results showed that consumption of 150 kg / ha of pure nitrogen at a density of eight plants per square meter could increase grain yield by 46% compared to consumption of 50 kg / ha nitrogen and a density of 12 plants per square meter and improve corn production. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
27 - The Role of Internet in Elections (A case study of the Presidential Election of the USA in 2008)
Mohammad Taghi Delforooz -
Open Access Article
28 - Historical explanation of the role of the Ministry of Economy in the Eight-Year War
nowruz hashemzehi Rasol Yahai somayeh hashemzehiThe Iraq-Iran war is a milestone in contemporary history.In the defense of Iran during these eight years, various civilian organizations have also played a role.This article analyzes the performance of the Ministry of Economy and Finance in helping and supporting the wa MoreThe Iraq-Iran war is a milestone in contemporary history.In the defense of Iran during these eight years, various civilian organizations have also played a role.This article analyzes the performance of the Ministry of Economy and Finance in helping and supporting the war in the historical period from 1980 to 1988. The main approach of the research is qualitative and the data is collected by documenting and filing techniques from first and second hand sources.The results show that the Ministry of Economy and Finance measures include sending staff to war fronts, collecting and donating cash, sending donated machinery and vehicles, providing temporary accommodation to war veterans, and paying pensions to war refugees.Has imposed an imposition that is one of the most important forms of public performance of the Ministry.Price control in times of war, formation of economic mobilization headquarters, building economic trust, maintaining war budgets, creating liquidity, monitoring direct and indirect taxes, monitoring foreign exchange policies, increasing production productivity growth, reducing rent-seeking Cooperation with Iran Insurance has been one of the most important types of specialized performance of this ministry.The paper also discusses the performance of central bank monetary instruments and the economic effects of wartime, including economic sanctions and damages Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
29 - Designing the model of the roles of Basij managers of departments based on the Supreme Leader's list in order to realize the Islamic state (with emphasis on Yazd province)
mohammadreza niknam amin nikpour Yaser Salari ameneh firoozabadiWhile outlining the stages of the formation of the revolution, which includes the Islamic revolution, the Islamic system, Islamic State, the Islamic country, and the Islamic civilization, the Supreme Leader emphasizes the important role of the officials in the realizati MoreWhile outlining the stages of the formation of the revolution, which includes the Islamic revolution, the Islamic system, Islamic State, the Islamic country, and the Islamic civilization, the Supreme Leader emphasizes the important role of the officials in the realization of the Islamic state, therefore, one of the strata that has the most connection with the government body. And it can have an effective role in this regard, it is the mobilization of departments; This research aims to Designing the model of the roles of Basij managers of departments based on the Supreme Leader's list in order to realize the Islamic state based using a qualitative method in the form of content analysis. which at each stage is based on documents and interviews conducted with 20 experts and managers The mobilization of departments was examined and the model of the roles of the managers of the mobilization of departments in the realization of the Islamic state based on the Supreme Leader's 7 components (belief, service orientation, justice, economy, legalism, rationalism and internalization of rulers) it was calculated that the mobilization of departments can play an effective this model in realizing the Islamic state by planning and using. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
30 - The Effect of Competitiveness Index on mobilization of financial resources in Selected Bourses
mahdi Jafari Abolfazl Shahabadi Vahid omidi,The efficiency and performance of the stock market in mobilization of financial resources because of the impact on the amount and quality of investment has great importance in the economy. Although competitiveness is a set of institutions, policies and factors that can MoreThe efficiency and performance of the stock market in mobilization of financial resources because of the impact on the amount and quality of investment has great importance in the economy. Although competitiveness is a set of institutions, policies and factors that can create a high return on production factors, including capital by maintaining and deepening in business, industry and the country. Therefore, competitiveness is one of the determinants of the returns of stock companies and, consequently, the mobilization of financial resources in the stock market. For this purpose, the present study examines the effects of competitive components on mobilization of financial resources in members of World Federation of Exchanges with using panel data and Generalized Method of Moments(GMM) data from 2007 to 2019.The results of the research show that innovation-driven factors (INV), efficiency-driven factors (EFF) and basically-based factors (BAS) have a positive and significant effect on investment flow of the stock market financial resources. Also, liquidity of the stock market and real interest rate have a positive and significant effect on investment flow of the stock market financial resources. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
31 - Bio-ethanol production by an autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized in alginate-chitosan complex carrier under furfural tension
Mahroo Ahooy Simin Azadeh Tofighi Mohammad Hosein-Arash AsadiradBackground & Objectives: One of the major problems in bio-ethanol production is formation of toxic compounds such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural from acidic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Cells immobilization is a useful method for protecting micro MoreBackground & Objectives: One of the major problems in bio-ethanol production is formation of toxic compounds such as furfural and hydroxymethyl furfural from acidic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. Cells immobilization is a useful method for protecting microorganisms against direct physicochemical tensions and reusing them. This study was conducted to assess the effect of alginate-chitosan complex carrier on immobilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae in order to enhance the yield of ethanol production in the presence of furfural. Methods & Materials: In this study, S. cerevisiae AT-1350 were immobilized in alginate-chitosan complex carrier. Then, 3 g/L of furfural was added to the fermentation medium as the stressor. Glucose consumption was determined using glucose sensing kit. High performance liquid chromatography was used to measure the amount of ethanol production. Results: The results showed that the ethanol yield was decreased 21% by non-immobilized autochthonous yeast, in the medium containing 3 g/L furfural as compared to the control (furfural-free medium). On the other hand, in the presence of furfural, using yeast immobilized in alginate-chitosan complex increased the ethanol yield 6.9% and 14.4% in comparison with yeasts immobilized in alginate and non-immobilized yeasts, respectively. Conclusion: The alginate-chitosan complex can be used as a suitable carrier to immobilize and protect yeast cells against tensions and thusto enhance the ethanol yield obtained from lignocellulosic wastes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
32 - Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles in microbiology and the effects on microorganisms
Alireza Ebrahiminezhad Aydin Berenjian Seyyed Amin Kohpayeh Yones GhasemiA broad application of nanostructures in various fields of science has led to their commercialization in different industries. For instance, application of the antimicrobial activity of nanosilver is one of the consequences of such these strategies. Furthermore, iron ox MoreA broad application of nanostructures in various fields of science has led to their commercialization in different industries. For instance, application of the antimicrobial activity of nanosilver is one of the consequences of such these strategies. Furthermore, iron oxide nanoparticles is currently employed in microbial cell fixation. In addition, nanoparticles can be used for effective targeted drug delivery to the site of infection. In this term, study on the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on the physiology of microorganisms is highly demanded. At low concentrations, since iron oxide nanoparticles can act as iron source of microorganisms, they may be eliminated from microbial environment. However, higher concentrations of these particles can result in cell stress and reduction in microbial cell growth. These nanoparticles attach to the microbial cell wall via electrostatic and hydrophobic forces, reducing microbial pathogenicity. The attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles to bacterial cell wall interferes in functionality of cell membrane and thereby increase membranes permeability. These phenomenon increases molecular transportation through the cell membrane and increases productivity in industrial process. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
33 - Comparison of function of immobilized and free Bacillus licheniformis cells in production of alkaline protease
Mohammad Mashhadi-Karim Mehrdad Azin Seyyed Latif Mousavi Gargari Meysam SarsharAbstract Background and Objective: Proteases are an important group of industrial enzymes, which are widely used in different industries such as detergent, leather tanning, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The aim of this study was to immobilize Bacillus lichenifor MoreAbstract Background and Objective: Proteases are an important group of industrial enzymes, which are widely used in different industries such as detergent, leather tanning, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The aim of this study was to immobilize Bacillus licheniformis cells in calcium alginate beads and study of its effects on the amount of alkaline protease production. Effects of several different conditions on stability of the beads were also examined. Material and Methods: Bacillus licheniformis cells were immobilized in calcium alginate beads and were used for production of alkaline protease. The amount of enzyme production was compared in immobilized and free-cell fermentation. Effect of stuffing rate (%) on the enzyme production was studied. Optimum pH and temperature of enzyme activity were also determined. Furthermore, effects of pH, curing time and treating the beads by glutaraldehyde on stability of the beads were examined. Results: In this study the amount of production and productivity of protease in immobilized cells state showed an increase of 74% and 54% in comparison to free cells state, respectively. The highest amount of the production of the enzyme was obtained in stuffing rate of 5% (v/v). Optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme activity were determined 8 and 65oC, respectively. The highest stability of the beads was observed at curing time of 1 hour at pH of 7.4. Treating the beads by glutaraldehyde was detrimental to their stability. Conclusion: Use of immobilized cells of Bacillus licheniformis in calcium alginate beads on the one hand, can increase productivity of the alkaline protease in comparison to free cells method, and on the other hand, reduces the cost of the enzyme production because of eliminating the need of preparation of inoculum for the new batches. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
34 - The effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on fodder production and dry matter distribution of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)
Farhad Beiranvand masoud rafiee Ali Khorgami Kazem TaleshiIn order to study the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the performance and transfer of photosynthetic materials of triticale under rainfed conditions, a split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design in two cropping years MoreIn order to study the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on the performance and transfer of photosynthetic materials of triticale under rainfed conditions, a split plot experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design in two cropping years (2014 and 2015). The tested factors include biofertilizer (main factor) at five levels, control (no use), azotobarvar-1, mycorrhiza, phosphate fertilizer-2, potabarvar-2 and chemical nitrogen fertilizer (urea source) (secondary factor) at four levels, included, control, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha-1. The results showed that the combination of bio-chemical fertilizer increases the yield of fodder and transfer of materials. The efficiency of dry fodder in the combination of 100 and 150 kg/ha-1 of urea fertilizer with biological fertilizers was 5428, 5668 and 3528 kg/ha-1, respectively. The results showed that the maximum and minimum transfer of photosynthetic substances from vegetative organs to seeds (transfer of dry matter, share of transfer of dry matter to seeds, rate of transfer of dry matter from the stem) changes (634.6 g/plant) and (121%). The general results showed that in rainy conditions, the combined application of biofertilizer with urea during planting will result in the optimal yield of triticale. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
35 - The effect of the amount nitrogen applied on grain yield and dry matter remobilization of maize (Zea mays L.) in drought stress conditions
abdol karim Banisaeidi mohammad motamediA field experiment was carried out in shushtar in 2012.The experiment was carried out in a split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with four replications. This study included drought stress as irrigation at different stages of plant growth (V1= withholding MoreA field experiment was carried out in shushtar in 2012.The experiment was carried out in a split plot design based on randomized complete blocks with four replications. This study included drought stress as irrigation at different stages of plant growth (V1= withholding irrigation at the beginning of 10 leaves to emerge tassel, V2= withholding irrigation at rise of 50 percent of tassel, until becoming a brown silk, V3= irrigation according to plant requirement until the end of the growing season) as main plot and three levels of nitrogen rate (50, 100, 150 kg N/ha) as sub plots were investigated. The results showed that the grain yield significantly under the influence of stress the lack of moisture. The maximum dry matter remobilization was in the rise of 50 percent of tassel, until becoming a brown silk and increase N fertilizer, dry matter remobilization decreased. Treatment of no water stress (control) and application of 150 kg N/ha with an average of 7.4% has a minimum rate of dry remobilization efficiency. The rise of 50 percent of tassel, until becoming a brown silk treatment, with an average of 29.1% has the maximum contributions of dry matter remobilization in grain yield. Increase the amount of nitrogen was significantly reduced nitrogen agronomic efficiency. Applied moisture and N fertilizer on before flowering stage in the event of water stress at this stage was increased through stimulation of the amount of dry matter remobilization can be prevented to some extent a drastic reduction of grain weight. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
36 - Effect of irrigation regime and phosphorus application methods on phosphorus recovery efficiency and grain yield of two rapeseed cultivars
R. Baladi E. Bijanzadeh R. NaderiTo investigate the effects of water deficit and chemical phosphorus (P) application methods on yield and phosphorus recovery efficiency of two rapeseed cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University d MoreTo investigate the effects of water deficit and chemical phosphorus (P) application methods on yield and phosphorus recovery efficiency of two rapeseed cultivars, a field experiment was conducted at Agriculture College and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University during 2013-2014. Treatments including irrigation regimes (common irrigation, cutting off irrigation at mid-flowering and mid-silique formation stages), P application methods (without P, broadcast and band) and rapeseed cultivars (Sarigol and RGS) were assigned in main plots, sub plots and sub sub plots, respectively. Results showed that cutting of irrigation at common irrigation with 25.31 seed numbers per silique had significant differences with mid-flowering with 22.25 seed numbers per silique and cutting of irrigation at mid-silique formation with 22.94 seed numbers per silique . In cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering and band application of P, RGS had the highest biological yield (12435 hg/ha). Common irrigation had the highest (11.02 kg/ha) and cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering had the lowest (5.95 kg/ha) P absorption amount. Overall, P recovery efficiency in broadcast and band application methods of P was 1.09% and 1.38%, respectively. RGS cultivar compared to Sarigol had maximum grain yield under cutting of irrigation at mid-flowering (3830 kg/ha) and mid-silique formation conditions (5428 kg/ha). RGS had the highest rate of assimilate remobilization under cutting off irrigation at mid-flowering and band application of P and it can prevent a further reduction in grain yield when exposed to late season water shortage. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
37 - Evaluation of storage capacity and stem reserves contribution to grain yield of bread wheat affected by terminal drought stress
Mandana Azhand Saeid Jalali-Honarmand Mohsen Saeidi Mokhtar Ghobadi Kianosh Chaghamirza majid abdoliIn order to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and soluble sugars and their remobilization to the growing grains of wheat cultivars under terminal drought stress, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block desi MoreIn order to evaluate the accumulation of dry matter and soluble sugars and their remobilization to the growing grains of wheat cultivars under terminal drought stress, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2009-2010 in Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Water regime (includes: complete irrigation (control) and withholding irrigation from starting grain-filling stage till maturity) and wheat genotype (includes: Marvdasht and Pishtaz cultivars and DN-11 and 336 lines) were placed in main and sub-plots, respectively. Under control and drought stress treatments, DN-11 line and Marvdasht cultivar had the highest and the lowest grain yield. Drought stress significantly increased dry mater and soluble sugars remobilization of peduncle and penultimate internode in all genotypes and in 336 and DN-11 lines respectively. 336 and DN-11 lines significantly had higher capacity of stem reserves for remobilization from stem to the growing grains than Marvdasht cultivar (sensitive to drought stress). Among studied internodes, lower internodes in addition to having higher potential for accumulation of photosynthetic material also had higher remobilization rate than penultimate and the peduncle internodes. The evidence from this study suggests that DN-11 line with lower grain loss under terminal drought stress then had the highest drought stress resistance. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
38 - Evaluation of dry matter remobilization of assimilates materials amount and their contribution to the yield of different bread wheat varieties and lines in Ardabil
Roghayyeh Zabihi-e-Mahmoodabad Ahmad Tobeh Marefat Ghasemi Shahzad Jamaati-e-SomarinIn order to evaluation of dry matter remobilization of assimilates materials amount and their contribution to the yield of different bread wheat varieties and lines in Ardabil, an experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications with ten cultivars MoreIn order to evaluation of dry matter remobilization of assimilates materials amount and their contribution to the yield of different bread wheat varieties and lines in Ardabil, an experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications with ten cultivars (Includes: Uroom, Zare, MV-Magdalena, Soissons, MV-Toborzo, Mihan, Pishgam, FD-11111 and FD-12073) was done in Research Station of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Ardabil in 2015-2016. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the lines and cultivars studied, for different traits. FD-11111 line has the highest number of grain per spikes, grain yield per square meter, the share in the filling and grain growth (7417.9 grams per square meter).The MV-bodri variety has the highest biological yield per square meter, the percentage of share the transfer process dry matter from shoot (19.723%) in the yield and maximum transfer of dry matter from total of shoots to the grain. The MV-Magdalena variety also has the lowest biological yield and highest harvest index, the highest percentage (47.797%) of dry matter remobilization efficiency of shoots and with 3.57 percent was the highest current photosynthesis efficiency. The highest current photosynthesis contribution in Zare cultivar (89.923 grams per square meter) that has the lowest proportion of dry matter remobilization was obtained. So generally can be said that was much higher current photosynthesis contribution in increasing grain yield, and FD-11111 line between studied genotypes, was the best lines. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
39 - Effect of citrus peel and time on the immobilization of nickel and zinc in contaminated soil
B. Lorestani M. Cheraghi H. Merikh PourInvestigating and identifying soil contaminants soil are essential. A wide range of techniques are available for the removal of metal ions from polluted environments. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages based on simplicity, flexibility, efficiency of processes MoreInvestigating and identifying soil contaminants soil are essential. A wide range of techniques are available for the removal of metal ions from polluted environments. Each of them has advantages and disadvantages based on simplicity, flexibility, efficiency of processes, cost, technical and maintenance problems. Therefore, easy, effective, economical and environmentally friendly techniques for treatments are needed. Use of organic absorbents is one of the newest and most appropriate cost techniques. In this study, soil was treated with citrus peel as low cost organic immobilizers in order to investigate the time effect on decreasing mobility of Ni and Zn. The soil was artificially contaminated with Ni and Zn in separate containers. Both elements were incorporated at a dose of 600 mg l-1 and then citrus peel was added to soils at the rate of 5%. Sampling of treatments was in 1h, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 days of incubation. The experiment was done with 2 treatments including polluted soil samples with and without citrus peel as control in completely randomized design. Statistical analysis done using the SAS software (version 9.1) and Duncan test was performed at 5% level. Results indicated that at the first time of incubation, the pH of soils decreased due to the presence of citrus peel and increased the availability of metals. But the prolonged incubation time led to increasing metal adsorption onto organic adsorbent surfaces and decreasing the metal concentration in exchangeable fraction. Mean Zn concentrations in the control soil and soil treated with citrus peel, were 107.8 and 98.3 mg kg-1 and mean Ni concentrations were 144.5 and 134.4 mg kg,-1 respectively. Differences in control and the citrus peel treatment for both elements were significant. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
40 - Interaction effects of nitrogen and seed inoculation by free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on phyllochron, dry matter remobilization and their contribution to grain yield of wheat
R. Seied Sharifi P. Ghanbari H. Kamari In order to study the interaction effects of nitrogen and seed inoculation by free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on phyllochron, dry matter remobilization and their contribution to yield of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized c More In order to study the interaction effects of nitrogen and seed inoculation by free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on phyllochron, dry matter remobilization and their contribution to yield of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in experimental field of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2012. Factors were: nitrogen rates in three levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha-1) from urea and seed inoculation with free living nitrogen fixing bacteria in five levels containing: without inoculation (as control), seed inoculation with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain OF, Psedomunas putida strains of 4 and 11. Results showed that maximum of grain yield (3829.5 kg/ha), yield components and leaf appearance rate belonged to application of N180×seed inoculation with Azotobacter and minimum was obtained from N0 × control. Maximum dry matter remobilization from stem and shoot organs was obtained from N0× control. In conclusion, to increase grain yield and decrease phyllochron, application of N180 × seed inoculation with Azotobacter can be recommended. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
41 - Prioritize the Factors Affecting Financial Resources in Bank-e-Mehr-e-Eqtesad Isfahan Province (AHP Approach)
M. Fadaee H. EsmaeiliThis study aimed to prioritize the Factors Affecting Financial Resources in Bank Mehr-e-Eghtesad Isfahan using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was performed. The study’s sample involved 13 executives & staff managers of Bank Mehr-e-Eghtesad of Isfahan tha MoreThis study aimed to prioritize the Factors Affecting Financial Resources in Bank Mehr-e-Eghtesad Isfahan using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was performed. The study’s sample involved 13 executives & staff managers of Bank Mehr-e-Eghtesad of Isfahan that were selected by purposive sampling.To gather information from paired comparisons questionnaire was used. Validity of the questionnaires from masters and professionals and experts was assessed positively. Reliability of questionnaire based on the Inconsistency rate were calculated. To test the hypothesis using AHP Approach and Expert Choice software was used. The results showed that the central bank policy criteria, has largest share and the legal limitations criteria, has the lowest share in decision-making. The interest rate paid on deposits, according to all indicators, as the most influential factor on the mobilization of bank resources and service quality as the low- influential factor. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
42 - Effect of source restriction on yield and physiological indexes of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid KSC704 in water deficit stress
Meysam Oveisi Mohamad javad Mirhadi Hamid Madani GHorban Noormohammadi Reza Zarghami The effect of source restriction on yield and physiological indexesof corn was studied in Varamin, Iran, during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with split More The effect of source restriction on yield and physiological indexesof corn was studied in Varamin, Iran, during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with split plot arrangement. The irrigation regimes were allotted to main plots. The intensity and time of defoliation combination were allotted to sub plots. In moderate irrigation plots, the irrigation was done when the soil water content reached to 75% of available water content. In under stress plots, two short periods of water-holding were applied at V8 and tasseling growth stages. Defoliation treatments were consisted of: Control, cutting 1:3 of leaves at V8, cutting of 2:3 of leaves at V8, Cutting 1:3 of leaves at tasseling and cutting 2:3 of leaves at tasseling. This result showed that remobilization efficiency of stem reserves for grain yield is mostly related to sink capacity than source strength. Under moderate irrigation, later or more intensity defoliation decreased the RGR. While under drought stress, cutting the 2/3 of leaves did not decrease the relative growth rate. The improved NAR due to defoliation caused to compensate the decreased leaf area. So, late and more intensity defoliation could not decrease the CGR. The grain yield of 8.9 t ha-1 was attained by moderate irrigation which was a results of 16.4% and 27.3% greater biomass and harvest index compared to the water stress conditions. This indicates that pot-anthesis water deficiency decreased the sink capacity more than source strength. The results showed that under water deficiency and source strength restriction, the stem reserves play an important role in grains filling process. But under high soil water supply, these reserves will be needed when the source strength is limited after flowering stage. Under moderate irrigation, there were not significant differences among defoliation treatment for remobilization efficiency of reserves from stem to grains. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
43 - The study of nitrogen use efficiency and its related traits in winter cereals
Ali Rahemi Karizaki Abbas Biabani Shahryar Kazemi Hosein Sabouri Maral EtesamiNitrogen is the most important factor limiting the growth and performance of crops, especially cereals. Therefore, with the aim of investigating the nitrogen use efficiency and its components in different cereals under the conditions of control (no use nitrogen) and opt MoreNitrogen is the most important factor limiting the growth and performance of crops, especially cereals. Therefore, with the aim of investigating the nitrogen use efficiency and its components in different cereals under the conditions of control (no use nitrogen) and optimal conditions of nitrogen, a factorial field experiment was conducted base on randomized complete block design with three replications at Gonbad Kavus University in 2017-2018. The experimental treatments included cereals at 7 levels, including bread wheat Koohdasht cultivar, durum wheat Seimareh cultivar, two rowed barley Khoram cultivar, six rowed barley Sahra cultivar, hull less barley Line 17, triticale Javanilo cultivar and oat Canadian cultivar) and the nitrogen factor were evaluated at two control (zero) and optimum levels. The result showed that cereal × nitrogen interaction was not significant on nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, nitrogen content and grain protein. But the main effect of nitrogen and cereals on nitrogen uptake efficiency, nitrogen utilization efficiency and grain protein percentage was significant at 1% level. While the nitrogen harvest index was only affected by cereals, Also, nitrogen remobilization was affected by cereals, nitrogen and cereals × nitrogen interaction. Finally, the results of this experiment showed that nitrogen use efficiency increased in all studied cereals under optimal nitrogen conditions. Nitrogen use efficiency consists of two components, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen utilization efficiency, as a result, the increase in nitrogen use efficiency is mostly due to the improvement in nitrogen uptake efficiency. Also, in all cereals under optimal nitrogen conditions, protein percentage and grain yield increased, in order to the increase in protein percentage was due to increased nitrogen remobilization. On the other hand, hull less barley had a higher nitrogen use efficiency than other cereals. Manuscript profile
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