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Open Access Article
1 - Abūdhar al-Ghifārī, From a Socialist Fighter to a Muslim Revolutionary: History of Ideas in the First Half of the 14th Century AH
Abbas Ali Gorzin Hamed (Farhang ) Khani ( Mehrvash) Mohammad Ali KhaledianAbūdharr al-Ghifārī is considered by Muslims as one of the prominent companions and narrators of the Ḥadīth of the Prophet Muḥammad. Therefore a significant number of traditions were narrated through him in Islamic Ḥadīth literature and also anecdotes about his life wer MoreAbūdharr al-Ghifārī is considered by Muslims as one of the prominent companions and narrators of the Ḥadīth of the Prophet Muḥammad. Therefore a significant number of traditions were narrated through him in Islamic Ḥadīth literature and also anecdotes about his life were written throughout Islamic history. However, in the first half of the 14th century AH/ 20th century CE, the number of works written about Abūdharr and their content underwent a considerable change. Some Muslims in this period tried to present him as the first socialist in human history or at least an outstanding sample of adherence to socialism; And of course, there were some who wanted to oppose such approaches and provide evidence against those two claims. By applying the content analysis method this study aims at understanding the evolution of attitudes towards Abūdharr in the 1st half of 20th century as far as it can be understood from Persian, Arabic and Urdu sources. This study is an attempt to study the grounds of Abūdharr's ccceptance as a socialist by Muslims, the evolution of opinions about his charracter, the debates related to these attitudes, the theoretical consequences of those debates, and finally, the ideas formed about Abū Dharr in the minds of Muslims in that era. The hypothesis of this study is that the totality of theoretical disputes between different sects Islamic and adherents to leftist movements caused the image of a revolutionary with Islamic ideology in its modern sense to be formed from Abūharr. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
2 - Understanding of Nation-State in Theories of International Relations
Sreyed Abdol-Ali Ghavam Afshin ZargarThis article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and d MoreThis article reviews different understandings of Nation-State in IR theories. studying different IRtheories and recognizing their weaknesses and strength for presentation of suitable understandingabout Nation-State, and reentering the theme of order in IR theories and dividing it into two categories- intrastate order and interstate order - this article has made an attempt to achieve suitableunderstanding about the way of making and changing states in International Relations. To achievethis goal, we emphasize on the proximity of IR therory to Political theory. Therefore in this way wecan offer the primary researching pattern for a more precise understanding of why, how and whatthe Nation-Stateis. (appearance, evolution and function.)This study approves that we can not ignore the issue of Nation-State with aspects dimensionsof it, especially appearance, evolution and change (Nation-State making in IR studies because suchignorance will lead to offering defective and incomplete understanding of IR particularly centralactor of it; Nation-State. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
3 - Theoretical and Practical Rethinking of Communism in Soviet Union Collapse
Mohammad Tohidfam Akram SalehiFirmly can say after world war two, soviet union collapsing was the most important international political evolution in twentieth century. This evolution was the end of forty five years of cold war and bipolar system and forced the new basic conditions to the internatio MoreFirmly can say after world war two, soviet union collapsing was the most important international political evolution in twentieth century. This evolution was the end of forty five years of cold war and bipolar system and forced the new basic conditions to the international system. Because of that a lot of scientists and researchers especially in political science field and international relations research on the failure of communism and collapse of the first practical experience of communism system in early decade 1990 and discussed different aspect of this subject. In this article tried discusses the insufficiency attention to end of the bipolar system and in this frame work cases such as nonflexible economic that based on concentrated programs, not attention to personal motivation of people in economic activities, social problems based on the distance between people and governors, lack of dynamism political of society, nonperson freedom, lose in military and scientific competition with imperialism and other things in form of communism scientific insufficiency which explained and then also these insufficiencies in theory aspects were discussed. In communism insufficiencies subject, subjects such as not attention to freedoms and its manifestation, exaggerating in proletariat role, no view in field work, faraway of rationalism no experience historical obligation (dialectical materialism) and finely disability in making a hard ideological link between nations, have been studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
4 - Public sphere and intellectual discourses in Iran
Jean Michel Coget Mehrdad Navabakhsh Maryam Yarmohammad Touski -
Open Access Article
5 - The Antimicrobial and Organoleptic Effects of Mentha aquatica Essential Oil on Kluyveromyces marxianus in Iranian Yoghurt Drink
S. Aghdasi H. Kaboosi L. GolestanIntroduction: Mentha aquatica is one of the species of mint family. The essential oil of this plant has shown effective antimicrobial properties on various kinds of microorganisms in the culture. This study aims to investigate the preventive influence of Mentha aquatic MoreIntroduction: Mentha aquatica is one of the species of mint family. The essential oil of this plant has shown effective antimicrobial properties on various kinds of microorganisms in the culture. This study aims to investigate the preventive influence of Mentha aquatic essential oil on viability of Kluyveromyces marxianus in Iranian yoghurt drink. Materials and Methods: Mentha aquatic essential oil was obtained by distillation method employing Clevenger apparatus. The effective composition of the essential oil was identified by Gas Chromatography equipped with Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS). The inhibitory effect of Mentha aquatic essential oil on kluyveromyces marxianus was examined on Muller Hinton agar culture using diffusion disk method. After assurance of its antimicrobial properties, the Inhibitory influence of Mentha aquatic essential oil was studied on Kluyveromyces marxianus at 0.05, 0.1, 0.125 and 0.25% concentrations in Iranian drinking yoghurt during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that Mentha aquatica essential oil has the highest inhibitory effect on Kluyveromyces marxianus growth at high concentrations. Concerning the antimicrobial property and organoleptic characteristics, it might be concluded that 0.1% concentration of the essential oil might be regarded as the optimum concentration. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Mentha aquatic essential oil, caused a declining effect on the viability of microorganism studied. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
6 - Effects of Ultrasonic and High-Pressure Homogenization Pretreatment on the Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Antioxidant Activity of Yeast Protein Hydrolysate
Z.S. Moosavi S. Mirdamadi M. Mirzaei M. Laripoor -
Open Access Article
7 - Characterization of Yeast Protein Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Autolysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus
M. Mirzaeia S. Mirdamadi M.R. Ehsani M. Aminlari S.E. Hoseini -
Open Access Article
8 - Evaluating the Antimicrobial Effect of Eucalyptus globulus Oil on Yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus: A Study on Biopreservative in Heat Treated Noncarbonated Doogh
N. Rezaee A. S. Tabatabaee Bafroee A. Sharifan -
Open Access Article
9 - Selection of conservation areas with high biodiversity by Marxan software (Case study: Coastal area at the west of Hormozgan Province)
azadeh vaziri nahad Seyed Ali Jozi Rokhshad Hejazi Mohammad Reza Shokri SAEED MALMASIBackground and Objective: In order to preserve diversity of habitats and wildlife, it is inevitable to select the suitable conservation areas representing biodiversity. One of the ways to select conservation areas with high biodiversity is to use Marxan software. The ai MoreBackground and Objective: In order to preserve diversity of habitats and wildlife, it is inevitable to select the suitable conservation areas representing biodiversity. One of the ways to select conservation areas with high biodiversity is to use Marxan software. The aim of this study was to determine suitable conservation patches with high biodiversity by Marxan software and to identify conservation patches under the pressure of pollutant hotspots in the coastal area at the western part of Hormozgan Province. Material and Methodology: In order to identify the conservation areas with high biodiversity, simulated annealing algorithm of Marxan software was used in two scenarios and for this purpose, 36 protection criteria were examined. ArcGIS 10.3 software was also employed to determine the distributions of plant and animal species, as conservation criteria, pollutant hotspots and the existing protected areas. The conservation patches under the pressure of pollutant hotspots were identified by integrating the results of the selected scenario into the map of pollutant sources. Findings: Results of Marxan software which was done in 2020, revealed that the selected conservation areas and the existing areas protected by the Department of Environment were not compatible in terms of biodiversity conservation, nearly 801349 hectares was required to protect 50% of each conservation criterion (second scenario), and the pressure of industrial centers on the eastern and central parts of Kal-Mehran basin should be reduced. Discussion and Conclusion: Since the second scenario covered all the conservation criteria, except for one criterion, it was considered as the best scenario for achieving the conservation goals. Integration of the results from the second scenario into the map of pollutant resources indicated that the conservation patches at the eastern and central parts of the study area were under pressure. Therefore, it was recommended to expand the current protected areas towards the western parts of the study area. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
10 - A Comparative Study of the Marxist Components of Jani Gal by Ebrahim Ahmad and the Daughter of a Peasant by Mahmoud Etemadzadeh
Bahar Kazemi Badrieh GhavamiMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to kn MoreMarxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to know its historical background. With the occupation of Iran, Iraq and the Kurdistan region after the First World War by the Allied forces and Russia, a current dominates Persian and Kurdish literature, which is influenced by many of their writers. Marxism and Communism put Russia. Iranian society during and after World War I due to the inefficiency of the ruling system involved in problems such as; Poverty, the existence of a class system and the pressure on the people by the government of the time, Iraqi Kurdistan has long been a place of conflict with the government and the central government of its time to seek an independent government and government, Kurdish nationalist thought in Iraqi Kurdistan Also, the influence of the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan societies on the communist and Marxist currents after the First World War provides the ground for examining the works of the authors of Persian and Kurdish literature and their influence from these currents. In this study, the Marxist critique of the novel by Jani Gal and the Daughter of a Peasant, which; It can be said that in Persian and Kurdish literature, both works are among the first social realist stories. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
11 - The Comparative Type Definition between Marxism and Shakespeare’s modes of expression
Mahdi Reza Kamali BanianiFeminism (women’s rights advocate), Neo historicism, cultural materialism, post colonial theory and queer theory, all present ideas on the cultural production (which can be attributed to Marx). And also each has a significant relationship with Renai MoreFeminism (women’s rights advocate), Neo historicism, cultural materialism, post colonial theory and queer theory, all present ideas on the cultural production (which can be attributed to Marx). And also each has a significant relationship with Renaissance Literary Studies. However, Marx’s main ideas are rarely explained properly in the works of Shakespeare; and in some courses, it is even claimed that they have lost their relationship. The purpose of this paper is to describe the past and current impact of Marxism on the Shakespearean literature; and also to demonstrate the ways in which this literature can have an important influence on future cultural analysis and dramatic and literary-political criticism. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
12 - An Analysis of the Concept of Revolution in Contemporary Iran's Marxist Discourse
Reza Sadeghiyan Ali Ali Hosseini ALireza GolshaniThe purpose of the present study is to analyze the concept of revolution in the ideas of Iranian Marxists. The hypothesis of this research is that Iranian Marxist forces have interpreted revolution based on Marxist instructions. The method of study is descriptive analys MoreThe purpose of the present study is to analyze the concept of revolution in the ideas of Iranian Marxists. The hypothesis of this research is that Iranian Marxist forces have interpreted revolution based on Marxist instructions. The method of study is descriptive analysis and the results indicate that the concept of revolution is perceived as the transformation of political order and power acquisition such that the foundation of the former establishment falls down to be replaced with a new system instead of the old one. From the perspective of Iranian Marxists, the notion of revolution is comprehended based on the ideas of Heraclitus, Marx, and Lenin. The perception of Marxist movement from the concept of revolution is so different from the interpretation of other political activists in Iran due to their intellectual discrepancies. The distinction between Marxist ideas and revolutionary Islamists in 1340s and 1350s can be interpreted in terms of their perception of the notion of revolution and their different tenets of thinking. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
13 - Conceptual Evolution of Development from Perspective of Radicalism
hadi ajili mahdi rezaeeThe aim of this research is to study Radical theory ideals in Global political economy with emphasis on development. Thus, the main research question is the nature and meaning of development in the various Radicalism approaches including (such as) studies Colonialism an MoreThe aim of this research is to study Radical theory ideals in Global political economy with emphasis on development. Thus, the main research question is the nature and meaning of development in the various Radicalism approaches including (such as) studies Colonialism and Imperialism, Dependency theory, Neocolonialism, Globalization, and the evolution of development concept in each theories. As his research is done in descriptive-analytic method and by desk research, the findings show that all theories has been presented (raised) permanent connection (relation) and links between dynamics of Capitalism system and its functions and the concept of development and underdevelopment in different national and international levels, and the inherent characteristics of capitalist system including exploitation, inequality, and inhuman relations has described in all theories. While understanding Radical’ ideals of Radicalism theory in global political economy or international relationships has many complicated philosophy, but it contradict ideal western human as development basis, and the emphasis is on relative and indigenous nature of different communities ideals in relation to the issue of development. The concept of development, as how to make society equal in the light of economic relationships and production is not in the focus (heart) of attention, but the important matter is the emphasis on humanizing the existing relationships at all levels. However, Radicals have key role in development and promotion of literacy and philosophy related to development and underdevelopment issues, but in fact, they cannot provide an example of development model based on their opinions and assumptions on the national and international level. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
14 - Evaluation of the class-based view of Bahram Beyzai in the light of Wittfogel's and Marx's views, based on plays Arash, Azhdahak, Karname-ye Bandar Bidakhsh, Soltan-Mar [The King Snake], Chahar sandoogh [four boxes] and Dar Hozour-e Bad [in the presence of wind]
Shirzad Tayefi Koroush Salman NasrOne of the important ways to understand the meaning of a literary work is to understand its social, political and historical attitudes. Accordingly, the recognition of the theories of other fields of human sciences is important. The oriental tyrant theory of Wittfogel's MoreOne of the important ways to understand the meaning of a literary work is to understand its social, political and historical attitudes. Accordingly, the recognition of the theories of other fields of human sciences is important. The oriental tyrant theory of Wittfogel's and Marx's views on the concept of class in society are among the approaches that help us understand how social classes are formed. The oriental tyrant theory shows how tyrant governing the oriental, hydraulic empire-based societies, causes the formation of the classes of society. In Marxism, Marxian class theory explains the impact of private ownership and ultimately capitalism on the formation of classes in society. In this way, it is possible to study communities in literary works. Bahram Beyzai is an Iranian playwright that social classes and conflicts are well represented in his works; accordingly, in order to understand his works, the class attitudes in his works must be known. In this study, based on the Wittfogel's and Marx's class views, his plays, including Arash, Azhdahak, Karname-ye Bandar Bidakhsh, Soltan-Mar [The King Snake], Chahar sandoogh [four boxes] and Dar Hozour-e Bad [in the presence of wind], are classically examined. To this end, while using the qualitative analysis method, we will examine his works by relying on library and documentary-based studies and using the classical theories of Wittfogel and Marx. The results show that plays Arash, Azhdahak and Karname-ye Bandar Bidakhsh are associated with Whittfogel's class attitudes; while plays Chahar sandoogh [four boxes] and Dar Hozour-e Bad [in the presence of wind] are related to Marx's class approach. The play of Soltan-Mar [The King Snake] follow an intermediate class approach, which can be read by both Marx's and Wittfogel's approach. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
15 - The Social Criticism of Literature (Birth and Evolution)
Azade montazeri Mohammad Khaghani Mansoureh ZarkoubCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of lit MoreCertainly there is a strong relationship between literature and society and this is what the ancient philosophers and scientists have repeatedly referred to in the theories such as Theory of "Mimesis" and theory of "Reflection" and other ideas.The sociology of literature is one of the main ways in literary studies founded by Marxist dialectic. This study is an attempt to explain the social critique of the literature on descriptive analytical methods and to attribute the thoughts and opinions that have been raised in relation to literature and society. After investigating the theory of "Mimesis", Marxist dialectic theory will be discussed and finally, Lukacs and his followers' theory will be studied due to the fact that there is no contradiction between the sociology of literature and personal literary creations since investigating of literal works without concerning its social context is impossible. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
16 - Imam Khomeini’s Mysticism and Critique of Ashou
Mohamadhasan Mohamadi Ali Akbar Afrasiabpour Amir Javanarasteh Hosein KhosraviAshou is one of the emerging Hindu mystics, the so-called secular mysticism, and his arguments include the basics: the denial of the religion of the Gods, and the introduction of the divine religion, the denial of the religions and the past. His mysticism has characteri MoreAshou is one of the emerging Hindu mystics, the so-called secular mysticism, and his arguments include the basics: the denial of the religion of the Gods, and the introduction of the divine religion, the denial of the religions and the past. His mysticism has characteristics that can include: meditation, Relativism, and much, inner authenticity, reincarnation, and intellectuality, this mysticism leads mankind to selfishness and self-esteem so that everything, even God, becomes a means of gaining the benefit of the self-interest of all mankind towards the delights of the material and material world. To social reality,. In this article, the mystical principles of Imam Khomeini (PBUH) that the Qur'an, the prayers of the Imams' Imams (as), and the mystical aspects of Imam Khomeini (RA) were expressed that in fact the mysticism of the Imam has original attributes that, on the one hand, make their way to the distinct emerging mysticisms of now On the other hand, his interpretation of the world was based on the Holy Qur'an and the infallible tradition of Allah (PBUH) as well as paying attention to spirituality in individual aspects, and also the social aspects, as the source of the establishment of the holy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran . Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
17 - Comparative Study of Characterization and Theme in Missing Slouch and The Grapes of Wrath
Sayed Reza EbrahimiEconomical predicaments have always been a suitable basis for social changes and transformations. Literary authors who have not recognized themselves apart from people and society‟s progress for change have tried to record the social events and serve their duty as a so MoreEconomical predicaments have always been a suitable basis for social changes and transformations. Literary authors who have not recognized themselves apart from people and society‟s progress for change have tried to record the social events and serve their duty as a social writer. The important point in studying the relationship between literature and society is similarities in which different authors from different cultures have responded the same reaction to the similar social upheavals. White Revolution in Iran, for example, and its unsuccessful results has been depicted by Mahmud Dollatabadi, famous Iranian novelist. He shows a realistic literary account of this social-economical change to reflect its unsuccessful consequences in his novel Missing Slouch. On the other hand, John Steinbeck, well-known American novelist and literature noble prize winner, has written a novel in a very critical period of American history called The Great Depression. His novel is one the best literary record of this social-economical process. Social, economical and political similarities of these two events, White Revolution and The Great Depression, prove the similar way of thinking and approaching among writers to mirror the hidden realities of their society. Also, it proves the collective unconscious of human beings in dealing with ups and downs. This paper aims at, first, studying the common social and political origins of above mentioned events. Second, the common themes and characterization in Missing Slouch and The Grapes of Wrath are studied from Marxist point of view to prove the similarities found in two novels resulted from the common viewpoint and collective unconscious of the writers. The paper focuses on appreciating common themes, similarities in creating and developing the characters, changes in traditional structure of social unions to show the role of literature in recording and illustrating social processes. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
18 - Rereading the concept of revolution in the thought of Iranian Marxists with an emphasis on the period of the 40s and 50s
Ali ali hoseini reza sadeghiyanThe current research is in search of understanding the concept of revolution by emphasizing the ideas of Iranian Marxists in the 40s and 50s and the emergence of the Islamic Revolution. The aim of the research is to investigate the concept of revolution in the thought o MoreThe current research is in search of understanding the concept of revolution by emphasizing the ideas of Iranian Marxists in the 40s and 50s and the emergence of the Islamic Revolution. The aim of the research is to investigate the concept of revolution in the thought of Iranian Marxists. research question; Based on which theoretical foundations did Iranian Marxists try to understand the concept of revolution? The hypothesis of the current research is that the Iranian Marxist forces have struggled to understand the concept of revolution based on the knowledge system derived from Marxist ideas. The results of the current research, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical approach and by reading first-hand sources, come to the conclusion that from the perspective of the flow of Iranian Marxists who borrowed their ideas from other Western thinkers, the concept of revolution means transforming the political order and establishing the order. New is understood. They thought exactly in the theoretical framework and thought system of Marxist thinkers and sought to implement the same point of view for change and developments in Iran. From the point of view of Iranian Marxists, the concept of revolution depends on the ideas of Heraclitus, Marx and Lenin, the understanding that is summarized in the macro-narrative of matter and all that transformative force that causes the ruling order to undergo fundamental changes in the system of knowledge of Iranian Marxists, to matter ends Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
19 - The Evolution of International Political Economy
mohsen Jalilvand Mohsen Jalilvand [1] Abstract: International political economy is a term that combines the major disciplines of the humanities, including politics, economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and compara More Mohsen Jalilvand [1] Abstract: International political economy is a term that combines the major disciplines of the humanities, including politics, economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and comparative politics. The basic element of this dynamic and inherent knowledge is that it proceeds in a two-way interaction. Schools and theories are derived from these characteristics. In this article, we have tried to deal with the evolution of international political economy from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present and its impact on human society. [1] - Assistant Professor, International Relations, Department of Law, Hashtgerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran, mohsenjalilvand1351@gmail.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
20 - Women's Political Ideological Participation in political development in Iranian Contemporary History
Mohammadreza Alimardani Alireza AzghandiMohammadreza ALIMARDANI[1] Alireza AZGHANDI[2] Abstract By examining the political and social developments in Iran, it is impossible to determine the broad scope of political participation for women. In this sense, the main question of this study would be to know MoreMohammadreza ALIMARDANI[1] Alireza AZGHANDI[2] Abstract By examining the political and social developments in Iran, it is impossible to determine the broad scope of political participation for women. In this sense, the main question of this study would be to know what are the obstacles to the participation of women? In response, it must be said that women’s political participation in political development is affected by the social, political and economic structure. The social, political and economic structure is a male structure; For this reason, it ideologically reproduces the participation of women and identifies women as dependent and passive variables. In fact, through the approach of Structuralist Marxism, we want to show that “the role of women as a behavior which influences or intends to influence the results of government” is wrong. This study examines and critiques the political participation of women in the development process in three periods: Qajar, Pahlavi and Republic Islamic of Iran. [1]- PHD Student in Political Science, Faculty of Low, Theology and Political Science, Branch of Olum Tahghighat, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran mralimardani29@gmail.com [2]- Full Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Low, Theology and Political Science, Branch of Olum Tahghighat, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Auteur) alirezaazghandi@yahoo.com Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
21 - Comparative study of the social ideas of utopia in Plato, Abonasr Farabi and Karl Marx.
Davood EbrahimpoorThe idea of utopia was in times that social systems suffered from the lack of flexibility and social thinkers of time were unable to influence the social-political system of that time.Scholars attempt in posing utopia is a kind of planning and programming for reforms an MoreThe idea of utopia was in times that social systems suffered from the lack of flexibility and social thinkers of time were unable to influence the social-political system of that time.Scholars attempt in posing utopia is a kind of planning and programming for reforms and changes that its destination in those thinking is utopia. Plato's descriptions of utopia and government begins with the explanation of the origin of political society, that is how people come together to set up the country. Plato believed that the economy as the only source of political community is not dogmatic, but also considers other factors and contribute the economic needs as infrastructure. Farabi's utopia based on the idea of cooperation, sponsors, division of labor and social responsibility among community bmembers in order to meet the needs of individual and collective forms. Karl Marx believed that communism as a man's utopia, actualized the possibility of human long-standing aspirations of elimination of economic benefits and social inequalities and thereby provides the freedom and equality for human to have social action. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
22 - Production of beta-galactosidase from whey using Kluyveromyces marxianus
nahid ebrahimi Fatemeh NejatiBeta-galactosidase is one of the most important industrial enzymes capable of decomposing lactose into glucose and fructose. In this study, two strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus (GY101 and BY101) were investigated for the production of the β-galactosidase from whe MoreBeta-galactosidase is one of the most important industrial enzymes capable of decomposing lactose into glucose and fructose. In this study, two strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus (GY101 and BY101) were investigated for the production of the β-galactosidase from whey as a culture media. Whey was inoculated with each strain and examined for enzyme production with aeration at 100 rpm for 144 hours. In order to increase the enzyme production, the effect of adding yeast extract (0.2 and 0.5%), magnesium sulfate (0.5%) and manganese sulfate (0.5%) at 24, 48, 96, 120 and 144 hours at 30°C and 37°C were investigated and the enzyme activity was measured. The highest enzyme production after 144 hours at 30°C with GY101 and BY101 strains by adding yeast extract (0.5%) were 2.25 and 2.18 U/ml, and with magnesium sulfate added 2.12 and 1.94 U/ml, respectively. According to the results of this study, whey cheese is an appropriate environment for the production of the β-galactosidase enzyme using Kluyveromyces marxianus with the presence of yeast extract and magnesium and manganese sulfate as supplements. The best temperature for the production of the enzyme in both strains was 30°C, and the addition of mineral supplements and yeast extract had a positive effect on the production of β-galactosidase. While the GY101 strain was more suitable than BY101 and magnesium sulfate was more suitable than manganese sulfate, and the enzyme activity increased with increasing yeast extract concentration. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
23 - An Introduction to Morteza Motahari''''s Political Thought
Khosrow Qobadi -
Open Access Article
24 - State and Civil Society in the Political Thought of John Locke and Karl Marx
Shohreh Shahryari Reza Shirzadi HosseinAli NowzariThe position and relationship between the government and the civil society has always occupied the minds of political thinkers, especially in the modern period. In general, governments assume different roles depending on the application of different approaches. From the MoreThe position and relationship between the government and the civil society has always occupied the minds of political thinkers, especially in the modern period. In general, governments assume different roles depending on the application of different approaches. From the point of view of the relationship and the type of influence of the government on the society, there have always been two competing views, which are rooted in the thoughts of two prominent political philosophers: John Locke and Karl Marx. In John Locke's view, the government is a mediating entity, limited and conditional, based on the principle of consent and with the aim of creating peace and public welfare based on the social contract and the right of public rebellion in times of inefficiency and disobedience to the law, and ultimately independent of civil society. And in the view of Karl Marx, the concept of government is based on three different opinions. The government as a means of suppressing the working class, the government as an arbiter or mediator, and finally the government as a function of the changing economic infrastructure, and ultimately relying on classes of society. Manuscript profile -
Open Access Article
25 - Sociological Analysis of the Role of Symbols in Strengthening and Sustaining the Flow of Marxism in Iran during the Pahlavi Era
Mahbubeh Paknia Tohid Rastin -
Open Access Article
26 - Marxist criticism with the analysis of Sawareh Ilkhanizadeh's poems
bahar kazemi jamal ahmadiMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical backgro MoreMarxist is a form of literary criticism about the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist criticism, the basis of literature analysis is the historical conditions of the creator. Hence, for the Marxist crititic, knowing the historical background is highly important. occupation of Iran and the Kurdistan region after World War I A current dominates Kurdish literature, which influences many Kurdish writers and intellectuals under the influence of Marxism and Communism. Savare Ilkhanizadeh (1316-1354) is one of the prominent poets of contemporary Kurdish poetry in the 40s and 50s. Like many intellectuals of that time, he was influenced by the ideological currents of his time. According to the requirements of his time, Saware has chosen symbolic language for his poems. He tries to express his thoughts in a mysterious language. In this research, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, it is tried to analyze the components of Marxist criticism in his poetry, while examining the symbolic language of his poems. The results indicate that the political and social conditions of Saware's time had an impact on his poems and these poems were a means of expressing his thoughts and ideology, which are Marxist-socialist thoughts. Manuscript profile
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