• List of Articles Marigold

      • Open Access Article

        1 - Evaluation of Nutritional Value and Shelf Life of Marigold with the Application of Spermidine, Citric acid and Proline
        S. Soroori E. Danaee Kh. Hemmati A.R. Ladan Moghadam
          Introduction: Edible flowers contain a variety of vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins and play an important role in the antioxidant activity and control of diseases. Marigold is also known as one of the most common edible flowers. The aim of this study was to in More
          Introduction: Edible flowers contain a variety of vitamins, carbohydrates and proteins and play an important role in the antioxidant activity and control of diseases. Marigold is also known as one of the most common edible flowers. The aim of this study was to investigate the improvement of nutritional value of Marigold flowers by spraying with spermidine, citric acid and proline. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in a completely randomized design with 14 treatments including two levels of spermidine, citric acid, proline (0, 50 and 100 mg/L) and postharvest shelf life (Start experiment, 5 and 10 days) in 3 replications. Each replication consists of 10 flowers. Foliar application was performed in three stages of six visible leaves, complete tillering and first bud emergence. The samples were stored at 4°C for post-harvest shelf life. Characteristics including biochemical and nutritional values were evaluated. Results: The results showed that, at the 10th day after harvest, the highest fresh and dry weight of flower, carotenoid, phenol, carbohydrate were detected in proline 100 mg/L sample, while the highest vitamin C, total antioxidant and postharvest life were observed in citric acid 100 mg/L sample and the highest flavonoid was determined in spermidine 100 mg/L sample and the highest protein was detected in proline 50 mg/L sample. All treatments showed significant differences at 1% and 5% level of control. Conclusion: All treatments had significant effect on the measured variables, but the best improved characteristics were obtained at the concentration of 100 mg/L proline, citric acid and spermidine. The highest longevity was in citric acid 100 mg/L with 9.7 days and the lowest in control with 5.3 days. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        2 - Investigating the impact of cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles on structural and ultrastructural changes of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) leaves
        Sedighe Jahani Malihe Jahani Sara Saadatmand Homa Mahmoodzadeh Ramazan Ali Khavari-Nejad
        10.30495/zisti.2023.1975082.1148
        Introduction: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are one of the most widely used NPs in the world and their interaction with the ecosystem is unavoidable. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate structural and ultrastructural changes in marigold leaves under Ce More
        Introduction: Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are one of the most widely used NPs in the world and their interaction with the ecosystem is unavoidable. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate structural and ultrastructural changes in marigold leaves under CeO2 NPs. Materials and methods: Seeds were sown in pots under greenhouse conditions and after two weeks, seedlings were exposed to CeO2 NPs (0 and 3200 μg/mL) by leaf spray for five weeks. Then, leaf morphological changes were measured. Also, sampling from the control and NPs treatment leaf were performed to investigate structural and ultrastructural changes. Tissue preparation was performed and samples were examined by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: Morphological changes including diminish in the length, width and area of marigold leaf under CeO2 NPs were observed. Also, ultrastructural changes of mesophilic cells of marigold leaf under CeO2 NPs including diminish of chloroplasts number and their swelling, incement of peroxisomes number, disintegration of cell membrane, and accumulation and deposition of NPs in the intercellular spaces, cell wall and membrane, vacuole, peroxisome and chloroplast stroma were observed. In addition, the results of cerium elemental assessment by methods of inductive coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), in line with TEM results, showed the uptake and accumulation of CeO2 NPs in marigold leaves. Conclusion: Ultrastructural damage in TEM results indicated the toxicity of high dosage of CeO2 NPs at the cellular level. Therefore, potential of hazardous impacts of CeO2 NPs on other medicinal plants and environment should be considered. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        3 - The Response of Pot Marigold Plant (Calendula officinalis L.) to Ascorbic Acid and Brassinosteroid under Drought Stress
        Khatereh Hemmati Ali Ebadi Saeed Khomari Mohammad Sedghi
        To evaluate water deficit stress, brassinosteroid and ascorbic acid effects on photosynthetic pigments and some pot marigold’s compatible solutes, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field and labratory of university of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2014. A fa More
        To evaluate water deficit stress, brassinosteroid and ascorbic acid effects on photosynthetic pigments and some pot marigold’s compatible solutes, an experiment was conducted at the experimental field and labratory of university of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2014. A factorial split experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications were used. Water deficit was induced by two levels of water stress (50 and 100 mm evaporation from class A pan) considered as main factor and brassinosteroid (0, 10-8 and 10-7 M) and ascorbic acid (0 and 10 mM) as sub factors. Results showed that water deficit, brassinosteroid and ascorbic acid increased soluble sugars, carotenoids and polyphenol oxidase activity. Water deficit decreased the rate of a, b and total chlorophylls, lysine and methionine. However, application of brassinosteroid and ascorbic acid decreased water deficit effects and increased the rate of a, b and total chlorophylls. Ascorbic acid application under stress condition increased the rate of lysine and methionine. Considering these results it can concluded that ascorbic acid and brassinosteroid increase marigold tolerance to water shortage by enhancing defensive system and prevention of photosynthetic pigments destruction. It seems application of brassinosteroid can improve medicinal particularity of marigold. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        4 - Effects of Physical Seed Priming and Hydropriming on Physiological and Morphological Characteristics, Yield and Harvest Index in Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
        S. Baser Kouchebagh F. Farahvash B. Mirshekari F. Rahimzadeh Khoei H. Kazemi Arbat
        To study the effect of different seed treatments on germination of calendula, an experiment conducted in field with complete randomized block design and three replications, at Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2013. Treatments we More
        To study the effect of different seed treatments on germination of calendula, an experiment conducted in field with complete randomized block design and three replications, at Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in 2013. Treatments were: treating the most seeds by ultrasonic with maximum (3 w.m-2) and gamma and beta by 2 µc for 10 minutes, laser by 6328A° and magnetic field by 40 MT for 5, 10 and 15 minutes hydro-priming for 24 hours and control. Results indicate that maximum flower yield (13.85g) was produced by seeds treated with laser irradiation for 15 minutes as compared to that of control (4.34g). Highest biologic yield belonged to seeds treated with magnetic field for 10 minutes (33.20 g.m-2) and lowest to control (7.89 g.m-2). Highest harvest index was obtained from seeds treated by gamma irradiation for 10 minutes (69.07) and lowest for 15 minutes (18.81). It may be suggested that marigold growers may improve crop yield by priming the seeds with magnetic field and laser irradiation before sowing. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        5 - Effect of Humic Acid and Phosphorus on the Quantity and Quality of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Yield
        A.A Farjami, S.M. Nabavi Kalat
        To evaluate the effect of humic acid and phosphorus on the quantity and quality of marigold yield an experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran, in cropping season 2010-2011. The experiment was in split plot base More
        To evaluate the effect of humic acid and phosphorus on the quantity and quality of marigold yield an experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran, in cropping season 2010-2011. The experiment was in split plot based on randomized complete block design, with four replications. The main plots were humic acid in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha) and sub plots were phosphorus (P2O5) in three levels (40, 60 and 80 kg/ha). The result showed that the highest dry flower yield (158.4 g/m2), flower number (1356 per m2), essential oil (0.55%), active ingredient of flower (0.31%), obtained in humic acid (10 kg/ha) and phosphorus (60kg/ha). The results also revalued that highest grain yield (133.8 g/m2) and seed oil (0.41%) obtained when (5 kg/ha) humic acid and 80kg/ha phosphorus were used. Based on this study, humic acid (10 kg/ha) and phosphorus (60kg/ha) may result in higher yield. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        6 - The Role of Mycorrhiza in Drought Tolerance of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
        Sh. Moghadasan A. Safipour Afshar F. Saeid Nematpour
        To study the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and drought stress on marigold, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Plant Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur branch in 2014. The first f More
        To study the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and drought stress on marigold, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at the Plant Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur branch in 2014. The first factor consisted of application and non-application of mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices) and the second factor consisted of drought stress with three levels (irrigation based on 100%, 75% and 50% of field capacity). The results showed that growth parameters like plant height, leaf number, leaf area, root, shoot dry/fresh weight, Chla and Chlb content were significantly decreased by drought stress in both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. However, inoculation of plants by mycorrhizal fungus increased growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments as compared with non-mycorrhizal ones. Traits like RWC, potassium and phosphorus in response to drought stress were decreased. Inoculation of plant roots with Mycorrhizal fungi increased significantly RWC, potassium and phosphorus content of the plants under drought conditions as compared with non-inoculated plants. The results also showed the mycorrhizal symbiosis by Glomus intraradices improved drought tolerance of marigold through enhancing the absorption of water and mineral ions.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        7 - Evaluation of Yield, Yield Components and Essential Oil Content of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) with the Use of Nitrogen and Vermicompost
        Alireza Pazoki Hamidreza Tavakoli Haghighat Abolfazl Rashidi Asl
        Environmenal problems resulting from application of nitrogen fertilizers in the production plant materials led agricultural specialists to use clean and alternative methods to towards the organic farming and use of organic fertilizers. In this study, thus, the effect of More
        Environmenal problems resulting from application of nitrogen fertilizers in the production plant materials led agricultural specialists to use clean and alternative methods to towards the organic farming and use of organic fertilizers. In this study, thus, the effect of nitrogen and vermicompost fertilizer rates on yield, yield components, essential oil content and some morphological traits of marigold was studied in a split plot experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with 3 replications in Shahr-e-Rey region during 2013 growing season. Nitrogen rates with 3 levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg.ha-1) were assigned to main plots and vermicompost with 3 levels (0, 10, and 20 t.ha-1) to the sub plots. Mean comparison of simple effects indicated that the plants treated with 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and 20 t.ha-1 organic fertilizer vermicompost produced higher trait values under study than control (non application of vermincompost). Interaction effect of experimented factors was significant on all traits under evaluation. Thus, highest seed yield (1567 kg.ha-1), biological yield (6664 kg.ha-1) and essential oil yield (8.85 kg.ha-1) obtained by the application of 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and 20 t.ha-1 varmicompost. Based on the results obtained it could be said that nitrogen and vermicompost may improve seed and biological yield and yield components of marigold. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        8 - Effect of Vermicompost and Liquid Seaweed Fertilizer on Morpho-physiological Properties of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
        Milad Heydari Amir Mohammad Daneshian Moghaddam Hassan Nourafcan
        Marigold is an ornamental and medicinal plant and has also industrial in cosmetalogical uses. To evaluate the effects of vermicompost and seaweed fertilizers on some morpho-physiological properties of the plant, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete bloc More
        Marigold is an ornamental and medicinal plant and has also industrial in cosmetalogical uses. To evaluate the effects of vermicompost and seaweed fertilizers on some morpho-physiological properties of the plant, a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replications was conducted in pot in Mianeh. In this experiment, the first factor was vermicompost fertilizer at four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t.ha-1) added to the pot soil and the second factor was for levels of liquid seaweed fertilizer (0, 1, 2 and 3 percent) sprayed on foliage. The assessed traits were leaf, root and stem dry weights, root volume, number of secondary shoots, plant height, leaf number, flowering period, number of flowers, flower diameter, dry weight of flowers, leaves electrolyte leakage, leaf area (LA) and essential oil percentage and yield. The results showed that application of vermicompost increased some traits, including plant height (18.58 cm), number of branches (4.3 branches), root volume (3.4 cm³) and leaf area index (65.55 cm2). Using 3 percent of liquid seaweed fertilizer was also effective. In general, application of 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost with 3 percent of liquid seaweed fertilizer resulted in highest flower and stem dry weights. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        9 - Study of lead and cadmium accumulation in Marigold medicinal plant (Calendula officinalis)
        Mehrab Yadegari Samira Eskandari Ramin Irani Pour
        Heavy metals are the most important bioenvironmental pollutants that are found in all industrial communities. The phytoremediation technique is applied to refine the land and reclaim contaminated soil from heavy metals. In order to evaluate the phytoremediation potentia More
        Heavy metals are the most important bioenvironmental pollutants that are found in all industrial communities. The phytoremediation technique is applied to refine the land and reclaim contaminated soil from heavy metals. In order to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of Marigold plant against lead and cadmium heavy metals and their influence on growth, yield, and other characteristics of this plant, a pot experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design in a factorial layout with six replications at Research Field Municipal Parks and Green Spaces of Shahrekord during spring and summer of 2016. Treatments included different levels of cadmium (0, 5, 25, and 50 mg.kg-1 in dry soil) and lead (0, 40, 100, and 250 mg.kg-1 in dry soil). Results showed that different levels of lead and cadmium significantly affected morpho-physiological characteristics. Shoot and root dry and fresh weights and lead and cadmium accumulation in plant soil differed significantly. With an increase in heavy metal concentrations, shoot and root dry and fresh weights significantly decreased compared to the control plants. By adding cadmium concentration, the amount of cadmium in plant and available cadmium in soil increased and therefore translocated to aerial parts of plants along with the more lead. Results of this research showed that Marigold is a super accumulator plant that can accumulate cadmium and lead particularly in its aerial parts. The tolerance threshold in this plant was observed in the treatment containing combination of cadmium (up to 5 mg.kg-1) and lead (up to 250 mg.kg-1) of dry soil after which a decreasing trend was observed in most of the characteristics under study. It seems that negative effects of these heavy metals particularly cadmium is due to their effect on photosynthesis. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        10 - The Effects of sowing date and plant density on seed and flower yield of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
        MJ Seghatoleslami gr Mousavi
        Medicinal herbs have been used to promote health for centuries, and have increased in popularity and sales in the last 10-20 years. Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is a medicinal herb whose dried flower heads are used to heal wounds. In order to understand the e More
        Medicinal herbs have been used to promote health for centuries, and have increased in popularity and sales in the last 10-20 years. Pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is a medicinal herb whose dried flower heads are used to heal wounds. In order to understand the effects of sowing dates and plant density on grain and flower yield of pot marigold, an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Birjand Branch in 2005. Three sowing dates (30 March, 14 April and 30 April) and three plant densities (plant distances on row were 10, 20 and 30 centimeters) were compared in a split- plot design based on randomized complete blocks with 3 replications. Seed and flower yield were significantly different at planting dates and plant densities. Sowing date had significant effects on flower and seed harvest index. The latest sowing date had the highest flower and seed harvest index. Plant density did not have any significant effect on flower harvest index, but the effect on seed harvest index, was significant. In total, the result showed that the first sowing date with 25plants/m2 had the highest grain and flower yield.   Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        11 - اثرات رنگدانه‌های استخراج شده از گل جعفری بر کیفیت تخم مرغ و پایداری اکسیداتیو زرده تخم مرغ در مرغان تخمگذار تجاری
        م. رضایی س. زکیزاده ن. ایلا
        هدف از این تحقیق بررسی اثرات استفاده از رنگدانه‌های استخراج شده از گل جعفری در مقایسه با رنگدانه‌های سینتتیک بر عملکرد تولیدی مرغان تخمگذار و کیفیت و خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی تخم مرغ آنها بود. تعداد 64 قطعه مرغ تخم‌گذار در سن 75 هفتگی به صورت تصادفی به 4 گروه آزمایشی شامل: (1 More
        هدف از این تحقیق بررسی اثرات استفاده از رنگدانه‌های استخراج شده از گل جعفری در مقایسه با رنگدانه‌های سینتتیک بر عملکرد تولیدی مرغان تخمگذار و کیفیت و خواص آنتی‌اکسیدانی تخم مرغ آنها بود. تعداد 64 قطعه مرغ تخم‌گذار در سن 75 هفتگی به صورت تصادفی به 4 گروه آزمایشی شامل: (1) کنترل، جیره پایه بدون رنگدانه، (2) جیره پایه + 25 ppm رنگدانه سینتتیک تجاری، (3) جیره پایه + 20 ppm کل کارتنوئیدهای استخراج شده از گل جعفری و (4) جیره پایه + 40 ppm کل کارتنوئیدهای استخراج شده از گل جعفری، در 16 قفس‌ مجزا با ابعاد استاندارد تقسیم شدند. در طول 8 هفته دوره آزمایشی صفات عملکردی، کیفیت تخم مرغ، شاخص رنگ زرده و پایداری اکسیداتیو لیپیدهای زرده در مرغان اندازه‌گیری و به روش طرح کاملاً تصادفی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که تولید و کیفیت تخم‌ مرغ تفاوت معنی‌داری بین گروه‌های آزمایشی نسبت به گروه شاهد (بدون مصرف رنگدانه) نداشت ولی شاخص رنگ زرده در مرغانی که از رنگدانه طبیعی یا سینتتیک مصرف کرده بودند به صورت معنی‌داری بیشتر از گروه شاهد بود (01/0>P). ثبات اکسیداتیو لیپیدهای زرده در مرغان تغذیه شده با رنگدانه جعفری بعد از 3 هفته به صورت معنی‌داری بهبود یافت (05/0>P). در مجموع استفاده از گل جعفری به عنوان رنگدانه و یا به عنوان آنتی‌اکسیدان در جیره مرغان تخمگذار باید ارزیابی اقتصادی شود. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        12 - The effects of glycine betaine and L-arginine on biochemical properties of pot marigold (calendula officinalis L.) under water stress
        Fatemeh Sadat Feiz Leila Hakimi Amir Mousavi Marzieh Ghanbari Jahromi
        10.30495/ijpp.2019.667133
        Manuscript profile
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        13 - مطالعه مقایسه ای بین واریته های مختلف گل جعفری برای عادت رشد و کیفیت گلدهی در شرایط لاهور
        Malik Mehmood Ghazal Rahim Abdul Wahid
        هشت واریته گل جعفری (’ناری‘ (نارنجی)، ’بیندی‘ (نارنجی)، ’بالی‘ (نارنجی)، ’لیتل داک‘ (نارنجی)، ’بالی‘ (زرد)، ’بالی‘ (طلایی)، ’لیتل داک‘ (زرد) و ’ایگل‘ (زرد)) در یک مزرعه رو با More
        هشت واریته گل جعفری (’ناری‘ (نارنجی)، ’بیندی‘ (نارنجی)، ’بالی‘ (نارنجی)، ’لیتل داک‘ (نارنجی)، ’بالی‘ (زرد)، ’بالی‘ (طلایی)، ’لیتل داک‘ (زرد) و ’ایگل‘ (زرد)) در یک مزرعه رو باز در مرکز پرورشی تخصصی گل و فضای سبز در لاهور پاکستان در سال­های 2019-2018 از نظر عادت رشد و کیفیت گلدهی با هم مقایسه شدند. در بین واریته­ها، تفاوت­های معنی­داری از نظر عادت رشد و گلدهی ثبت شد. حداکثر درصد جوانه­زنی (5/94 درصد) در واریته ’بیندی‘ (نارنجی) و سپس ’لیتل داک‘ (زرد) با 75/82 درصد مشاهده شد. واریته­های ’بالی‘ (نارنجی) و ’بیندی‘ کمترین تعداد روز تا اول گل آغازی (به­ترتیب 75/21 روز و 24 روز) را نشان دادند. نتایج نشان داد که پارامترهای رشد مثل ارتفاع گیاه (675/11 سانتی­متر)، تعداد جوانه (825/22)، تعداد شاخه جانبی (6/34)، قطر گل (9/7 سانتی­متر)، طول ریشه (9/14 سانتی­متر) و تعداد ریشه (575/30) در واریته ’بیندی‘ در حداکثر بودند. این در حالی است که واریته ’ناری‘ (نارنجی) بیشترین تعداد گل (65/6) را داشت. بنابراین ما می­توانیم واریته ’بیندی‘ را واریته برتر از نظر رشد و گلدهی در شرایط لاهور معرفی کنیم. Manuscript profile
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        14 - Studying the Effect of Seed Priming on the Growth and Yield of Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) Under Different Levels of Vermicompost
        Farzin Saeedzadeh
        The present study aims to investigate the effect of different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of the essential oil of marigold plant under seed priming with Azospirillum and humic acid under different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of mari More
        The present study aims to investigate the effect of different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of the essential oil of marigold plant under seed priming with Azospirillum and humic acid under different levels of vermicompost on the growth and yield of marigold essential oil, factorial based on a randomized complete block design in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Astara branch was done. The test treatments included seed priming including Azospirillum brazilense bacteria, humic acid, Azospirillum + humic acid and control and different levels of vermicompost (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1). The results showed that some traits such as chlorophyll a, anthocyanin, essential oil yield and biological yield were affected by vermicompost interaction and seed priming. But plant height, number of seeds and flowers, flower weight, seed weight, essential oil amount and total chlorophyll were affected by the main effect of vermicompost, but seed priming was not significant on some of these traits. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a and total, biological yield, essential oil yield and dry weight of flowers were obtained from humic acid + Azospirillum treatment under the application of 10 t vermicompost ha-1. Manuscript profile
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        15 - Marigold: The Possibilty Using Vermicompost as the Growth Mediu
        F. Shadanpour A. Mohammadi Torkashvand K. Hashemi Majd
        In order to investigation of vermicompost effect on growth and yield of marigold in pot medium, an experiment was done by a randomized completely block design in three raplications. Treatmnets were included control (30% v/v of soil plus 70% v/v of sand) and three levels More
        In order to investigation of vermicompost effect on growth and yield of marigold in pot medium, an experiment was done by a randomized completely block design in three raplications. Treatmnets were included control (30% v/v of soil plus 70% v/v of sand) and three levels of vermicompost (20, 40, 60 % v/v of vermicompost+30% v/v of sand and soil) that applied in three lit. pots. Marigold seeds (Tagetes erecta cv. Tiashan) were planted in media. The shoots were cut and it was measured the bush heigh, the lateral branches, size and flower weight, dry weight of shoot, and the concertretion of nutrient elements. The results showed that added vermicompost to the growth media tend to improve the growth and yield of marigold than in the control. The Vermicompost (60%) had the highest weight, size and dry weight of shoot, but the maximum bush height was obtained by 20% vermicompost. The most lateral branches was belong to 40% vermicompost treatment. The results showed that the plants which cultivated on 60% vermicompost medium had the most amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. The most amount of potassium was ralated to 40% vermicompost treatment. Manuscript profile
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        16 - ترکیبات فیتوشیمیایی و صفات مورفولوژیکی گیاه همیشه بهار تحت تأثیر عناصر ریزمغذی
        محراب یادگاری
        در جهت ارزیابی محلولپاشی عناصر ریزمغذی بر عملکرد و ترکیبات عصاره همیشه بهار، دو آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در طی دو فصل زراعی سال‌های 1393 و 1394 در شهرکرد انجام شد. اهداف مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق بررسی اثرگذاری عناصر ریزمغذی آهن، مس، روی و منگنز هر کدا More
        در جهت ارزیابی محلولپاشی عناصر ریزمغذی بر عملکرد و ترکیبات عصاره همیشه بهار، دو آزمایش در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در طی دو فصل زراعی سال‌های 1393 و 1394 در شهرکرد انجام شد. اهداف مورد مطالعه در این تحقیق بررسی اثرگذاری عناصر ریزمغذی آهن، مس، روی و منگنز هر کدام در غلظت‌های 0، 200 و 400 میلی گرم در لیتر، بر میزان فلاونوئید، فنول، کاروتنوئید، درصد عصاره، وزن خشک و تعداد گل در همیشه بهار بود. نتایج نشان داد که عناصر ریزمغذی آهن، روی، مس و منگنز بر وزن تر و خشک گل، تعداد گل، درصد عصاره، ترکیبات فلاونوئید، فنل و کاروتنوئید، اثر معنی­داری داشتند. بیشترین وزن خشک گل (9/11 گرم در گیاه)، تعداد گل در هر گیاه (5/33)، درصد عصاره (1)، فلاونوئید (2/31 میلی­گرم در 100 گرم وزن تر)، فنل (2/56 میلی­گرم در 100 گرم وزن تر) و کاروتنوئید (8/0 میلی­گرم در 100 گرم وزن تر) در تیمار ترکیبی آهن، روی، مس  و منگنز با غلظت 400 میلی گرم در لیتر نسبت به شاهد و در سال دوم تحقیق بدست آمد. به نظر می­رسد در شرایط اقلیمی و ادافیکی شهرکرد بهترین تیمار در جهت بدست آوردن بهترین میزان عصاره و خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گیاه همیشه بهار، تیمار 400 میلی­گرم در لیتر از عناصر ریزمغذی آهن، روی، مس و منگنز می­باشد. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        17 - The effect of mycorrhizal fungi, water stress and year on flower yield and some characteristics of medicinal plant of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Yasouj region
        Ali Rahimi
        Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal More
        Identifying the critical time and timing of plant irrigation based on a precise and basic plan is the key to water conservation, improvement of irrigation operations and plant tolerance to water shortage in agriculture. In recent years, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have been used in many plants to deal with dehydration and drought stress. In this regard, an experiment was conducted as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design with 3 replications in the Yasuj region at years 2015 and 2016. Water stress was considered as the main factor in the form of irrigation after 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of evaporation from the evaporation pan class A and mycorrhizal fungus was considered as a secondary factor in the form of no application, application of Glomus mosseae and application of Glomus intraradices. The results showed that the interaction of irrigation and mycorrhizal fungi on flower phosphorus, flower yield, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage was significant. In irrigation levels after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan, the use of mycorrhizal fungi Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices compared to the absence of fungi respectively increased the yield of plant flowers (30.04% and 27.35 %), (90.2% and 90.98%), (93.21% and 94.1%) and (81.73% and 78.86%), also, at these levels of irrigation, biological yield and water use efficiency of Borage flower achieved a significant increase in the presence of mycorrhizal fungus, compared to the absence of mycorrhizal fungus application. Application of both strains of mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices in irrigation levels after 90, 120 and 150 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan compared to no application of mycorrhizal fungus, respectively, resulted in a significant increase in the harvest index of Borage flower (44.55% and 43.36%), (13.21% and 15.96%) and (5.6% and 5.41%) and flower phosphorus (44.69% and 20.45%), (150% and 125%) and ( 267.74% and 235.48%). Mycorrhizal fungus was able to moderate the negative effects of drought stress and increase the above-mentioned traits in those irrigation levels, and based on the results of this study, irrigation treatment after 90 mm of water evaporation from the evaporation pan + the use of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi is recommended. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        18 - Effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on vegetative and reproductive growth of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
        Farzaneh Bahadori Mohammad Kazemi Elham Morteza
        In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on vegetative and reproductive yield of marigold, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Medicinal Plants Research Station of Semnan. Treat More
        In order to study the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilizer on vegetative and reproductive yield of marigold, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Medicinal Plants Research Station of Semnan. Treatments consisted of four levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer including 0 (control), 100, 200 and 400 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> that were applied in three stages of plant growth. Measured traits included dry and fresh weight of aerial parts, dry and fresh weight of stem, dry and fresh weight of leaf, plant height, coverage crown diameter, flower diameter and dry and fresh weight of flower. Based on the results, the effects of ammonium nitrate fertilizer was significant on all the studied traits, except plant height and dry wight of aerial parts. Fertilizer application increased vegetative and reproductive traits of marigold. Maximum flower dry weight was obtained by applying 400 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Because flowers of marigold is econnomic part of this plant, application of 400 kg.ha<sup>-1</sup> ammonium nitrate fertilizer was recommended in order to obtain maximum dry weight of marigold flower Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        19 - Effect of seed priming with microelements on germination speed, seedling vigor and flower yield of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)
        Bahram Mirshekari
        Seed &nbsp;nutrient &nbsp;priming &nbsp;is &nbsp;a &nbsp;simple &nbsp;and &nbsp;low &nbsp;cost &nbsp;method &nbsp;for &nbsp;nutrition, &nbsp;germination &nbsp;and &nbsp;primary &nbsp;growth <br />improvement of crops. In order to evaluate the effect of seed priming on g More
        Seed &nbsp;nutrient &nbsp;priming &nbsp;is &nbsp;a &nbsp;simple &nbsp;and &nbsp;low &nbsp;cost &nbsp;method &nbsp;for &nbsp;nutrition, &nbsp;germination &nbsp;and &nbsp;primary &nbsp;growth <br />improvement of crops. In order to evaluate the effect of seed priming on germination and flower yield of marigold (<em>Calendula officinalis </em>L.), an experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch in <br />2011. Treatments were seed priming with zinc and manganese at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%, Zn- <br />1%+Mn1%, Zn1.5%+Mn1% and a control. Mean final germination percentage of seeds treated with zinc and manganese alone was 79% and 79.5%, respectively, while in control only 71% of seeds completed the germination process. Increasing of zinc and manganese concentrations resulted in lower seedling vigor index. Flower yield in treatments of ZnSO41%+MnSO41%, MnSO41.5%, ZnSO41.5%+MnSO41%, ZnSO41.5% and ZnSO42% produced higher flower yield, respectively. Two combined treatments were significantly different in <br />essential oil yield, and essence yield in Zn1.5%+Mn1% &nbsp;was 0.03 ml. ha-1 lower than Zn1%+Mn1%. Response <br />of essential oil yield to the studied treatments was positive and significant and all treatments produced higher yield in comparison to the control, exept 0.5%Zn and 0.5% Mn. In conclusion, seed priming with zinc and manganese solutions could be recommended as a method for improving marigold essential oil yield&nbsp;&nbsp; in field condition. Manuscript profile
      • Open Access Article

        20 - Physiological and antioxidant properties of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) as influenced by methyl jasmonate and estradiol
        Shahram Sedaghat Hoor Fatemeh Raof Hagh Parvar
        <strong>Introduction:</strong> Marigold (<em>Calendula officinalis</em> L.) is an ornamental and medicinal plant from the family Asteraceae that is originated from the Mediterranean region, Western Asia, and Central Europe.<em> </em>The<strong> </strong>application of s More
        <strong>Introduction:</strong> Marigold (<em>Calendula officinalis</em> L.) is an ornamental and medicinal plant from the family Asteraceae that is originated from the Mediterranean region, Western Asia, and Central Europe.<em> </em>The<strong> </strong>application of steroids to plants is an interesting subject. Steroid hormones, such as estradiol, stimulate growth and development and root and stem elongation. Mammalian sex hormones (progesterone, &beta;-estradiol, and androsterone) stimulate antioxidant systems and enhance the growth of plants. Jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) widely occur in plants and are involved in a wide range of processes, including fruit ripening, the production of viable and active pollens, root growth, tendril coiling, and protection against pathogens and insects. The present research aimed to investigate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and estradiol on some physiological traits, including vegetative parameters and antioxidant properties of marigold.<br /><strong>Experimental:</strong> The study carried out as a factorial experiment based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors including MeJA at four rates (0, 10, 100 and 500 &mu;M) and estradiol at four rates (0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/l) with 16 treatments, 3 replications, and 48 plots. The growth regulators were used as the foliar application at three phases in 2-week intervals. The recorded traits included leaf number, plant fresh and dry weight, anthocyanin, carotenoid, chlorophyll a, b and total, catalase activity, peroxidase enzyme, petal flavonoid, and antioxidant property.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis of variance revealed that the simple effect of MeJA was significant on leaf number, antioxidant capacity, total chlorophyll, and petal carotenoid. Also, the simple effect of estradiol was significant on leaf number, plant dry weight, anthocyanin, peroxidase enzyme, and flavonoid. It was found that MeJA &times; estradiol was significant for leaf number, total chlorophyll, petal carotenoid, anthocyanin, catalase enzyme activity, peroxidase enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, plant dry weight, and chlorophyll a and b content.<strong> </strong>The results showed that MeJA at the rate of 10 &mu;M was most effective in the number of leaves and total chlorophyll. At the rate of 500 &mu;M, it was also effective in the antioxidant capacity. Estradiol at the rate of 10 mg/l was the best treatment for dry weight, peroxidase activity, and flavonoid content. It was observed that 10 &mu;M MeJA &times; 10 mg/l estradiol resulted in the highest leaf number and chlorophyll content and 500 &mu;M MeJA &times; 10 mg/l estradiol was related to the highest chlorophyll <em>b</em> content and peroxidase enzyme activity.<strong> </strong>According to the results, it is recommended to apply estradiol and MeJA to improve the pigments and antioxidant capacity of <em>Calendula officinalis</em>. Dry weight and leaf number were increased with estradiol application. The results confirmed that the application of naturally occurring compounds, like MeJA and steroids, can increase secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes and activity.<br /><strong>Conclusion</strong>: To further learn about plant regulators in the future, it is recommended to examine the impact of MeJA and steroids on other plants under biotic and abiotic stresses.<strong> </strong><br /><strong>Extension:</strong> Based on the results, growers can apply estradiol and MeJA to improve the pigments and antioxidant capacity of <em>Calendula officinalis</em>. Manuscript profile

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